Salmonellosis treatment in children Komarovsky. How is salmonellosis transmitted in children and how to treat it

• The main causes of infection
• Diagnostic methods
• Treatment
• Prevention

Almost every second child spends the lion's share of his free time on the street. Here he plays with stray animals and other people's toys, eats food shared with him by friends with dirty hands, and does many other things that are harmful to his fragile immunity.

Therefore, it is not surprising that salmonellosis is much more common in children than in adults, and knowing how to deal with this infection is the responsibility of every good parent.

The main causes of infection

The first thing that needs to be clarified before talking about how to cure salmonellosis in a child is the causes of the disease. This knowledge will not only help protect the baby from reinfection but will also help in its treatment.

The source of infection are:

1. Food products, the process of storage and / or heat treatment of which has been violated.
2. Houseware. For example, dirty toys or things.
3. Contacts with raw water. Equally dangerous is its consumption inside and bathing in untested reservoirs.
4. Livestock and wild animals in which the carriage of salmonellosis is not even accompanied by the disease itself.

Some parents, paying too much attention to the child, forget that they themselves can become a carrier of infection. A striking example to this, newborns who often come into contact with the pathogen transplacentally (i.e., while still in the womb).

In the first months of life, babies have no contact with almost any of what is described above. However, since infants immunity is still quite weak, salmonellosis can provoke even the slightest contact with an infected person, whose disease can also occur in an asymptomatic form.

Good to know. Salmonella is an extremely hardy bacterium. So, once in the soil, it remains active for up to 1.5 years, and in raw water- up to 5 months. In cheeses, it "lives" up to a year, in milk - no more than a month, in kefir - up to two months, and in butter - up to four. As for meat and sausage products, here the average value is 2-4 months, for frozen meat - half a year, for poultry - more than a year.

Types of salmonellosis and their symptoms

Having learned how salmonellosis is transmitted, you can go directly to its symptoms. The disease can proceed in different ways, so it is customary to distinguish three forms of its manifestation.

1. Gastrointestinal (localized) form

In children, this type of salmonellosis is most common. Its severity directly depends on the scale of intoxication and water and electrolyte losses (dehydration).

Common symptoms include a sharp rise in temperature to at least 37.5 ° C, mild fever, chills, headaches and body aches, and “brokenness” of the body as a whole.

This form corresponds to 3 varieties of the disease, differing in the severity of their course:

Gastroenteric salmonellosis

It appears after a couple of hours from the moment of infection and proceeds quite sharply. In addition to the above symptoms, the patient also has:

• spastic pains in the abdomen (in the area of ​​the epigastric and umbilical regions);
• repeated nausea and vomiting;
• diarrhea, during which the feces acquire a greenish tint and a watery, frothy texture.

The temperature in this form rises quickly, but not significantly. Almost immediately, the patient develops bloating, accompanied by rumbling in the intestines. In especially acute cases, cyanosis is observed (cyanosis of the skin and / or mucous membranes) and the occurrence of clonic convulsions in the area lower extremities.

Gastroenterocolitic salmonellosis

On initial stage this type of disease proceeds in exactly the same way as the previous one. Differences appear approximately 2-3 days after infection.

In a child, the volume of bowel movements is significantly reduced, and mucus (sometimes blood) appears in the feces. The very act of defecation is increasingly accompanied by tenesmus (painful false calls). On palpation, a spasm of the large intestine and its general painful condition are clearly felt.

Often, gastroenterocolitic salmonellosis is confused with dysentery, which occurs in an acute form.

Gastritis salmonellosis

It is difficult to say exactly how much this form is being treated (because the nature of the course of the disease manifests itself individually), while listing its characteristic features is much easier. These include:

• no diarrhea;
• abrupt and acute onset of the process;
• insignificance of intoxication;
• pain localized in the epigastric region;
• recurring vomiting.

This type of salmonellosis in children is rare, but they fight it mostly successfully.

2. Generalized form

In many cases, the flow of the disease into this form contributes to insufficiently effective treatment of salmonellosis in children in the gastroenteric stage. It takes quite a long time and is problematic.

The main feature of the generalized form is the occurrence of purulent foci in the lungs (which contributes to the development of pleurisy and pneumonia), heart (the first step to endocarditis), kidneys (which subsequently affects pyelitis or cystitis) and muscles (where phlegmon and abscesses are threatened).

It is divided into 2 varieties:

Typhoid-like salmonellosis

This type of disease can occur without the symptoms characteristic of gastroenteritis. In other words, symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea appear only for the first few days, and then completely disappear.

At the same time, the child is noted:

• undulating temperature drops;
• regular headaches;
• interruptions in sleep and, as a result, lethargy and weakness;
• hepatolienal syndrome (enlargement of the spleen and liver);
• general intoxication of the body and the manifestation of a hemorrhagic rash.

The complexity of treatment is due to the difficulties of diagnosis. Clinical picture in many ways similar to the course of typhoid fever, and therefore there is a high risk of prescribing the wrong treatment. Help in this situation can only additional diagnostics, which often requires time that the child no longer has.

Septic salmonellosis

It is characteristic mainly for infants and newborns. At the initial stage, symptoms characteristic of gastroenteritis are clearly visible, which are replaced by remitting fever (temperature changes that constantly fluctuate between 1-2.5 degrees).

Also, the baby has tachycardia, sweating increases, myalgia begins (muscle pain associated with the fact that the cells are constantly in good shape). There are cases when hepatosplenomegaly is diagnosed (a one-time, significant increase in the liver and spleen).

3. Bacterial excretory form

This form of the disease is remarkable in that during its course, the patient has no clinical symptoms. It is detected only by diagnostics and is divided into:

• acute

Isolation of salmonella in convalescents (recovered children) lasts 15-90 days.

• Transient

Isolation of Salmonella is present, however, at the time of the examination, and for 3 months before it, it was noted no more than 1-2 times. And serological tests also showed a negative result.

• Chronic

Carrier status is confirmed for more than 3 months.

Features of symptoms in newborns

In children under one year old, the symptoms of salmonellosis manifest themselves somewhat differently than in the rest. Here, the signs of intoxication come to the fore:

• excessive anxiety and sleep disturbance;
• frequent regurgitation and bloating;
• dehydration and causeless cooling of the limbs;
• hypotrophy and retraction of the fontanel.

At the same time, the baby's body temperature can remain within the normal range for up to several days (although sometimes it rises to 39 ° C almost immediately).

Vomiting, diarrhea and the rest of the symptoms described above also do not immediately make themselves felt. Diarrhea manifests itself in all its glory for 3-4 days from the moment of infection. The stools are watery and greenish in color. On the seventh day in the feces are found blood streaks. Lack of treatment at this stage mainly leads to lethal outcome.

Good to know. Incubation period disease in newborns ranges from a couple of hours to 2-4 days. Therefore, so that the child does not suffer from complications later, it is worth showing it to the doctor at the slightest suspicion of infection.

Diagnostic methods

In a number of ways, salmonellosis is similar to a number of other acute intestinal infections. Therefore, the first thing to do in order for the treatment to be effective is to make sure the accuracy of the proposed diagnosis. After all, while you do not know, but only assume what your child is sick with. Chief Assistant in this case - the diagnosis, appointed by the attending physician at the first appointment.

Depending on the type of disease, as well as on the stage of its course, one can distinguish different types how children are tested for salmonellosis:

• Bacterial culture of feces and vomit

If there are suspicions that the disease has passed into a generalized form, urine, bile, washings of the stomach and intestines are also used. Among strengths analysis can be distinguished by its high sensitivity. It allows not only to identify infectious agents, but also to assess their number, activity and resistance to various antibiotics. The main disadvantage of the method is its duration (up to 10 days), while any delay can cause irreversible complications in the child's body.

• Express Diagnostics

Immunofluorescence kits and latex agglutination kits are commercially available today. And therefore, having found signs of salmonellosis in a child, before going to the doctor, you can independently check it for the reliability of the diagnosis. In the medical environment for express diagnostics, a test for ELISA, RIA, RKA, RLA is used.

• Serological blood test for the presence of antibodies

This study is carried out when it is already known for sure that the child is infected in order to determine the success of the prescribed course of treatment. For the first time, blood sampling is performed a week after the diagnosis of salmonellosis and 10 days later. The procedure is repeated at the end of inpatient treatment. Doctors are interested in the growth of antibody titer, the minimum diagnostic value of which is 1:200.

Depending on the type of disease and the stage of its course, tests are prescribed for children on an individual basis. However, if all the symptoms of an epidemiological outbreak of salmonellosis are present, in addition to them, a bacteriological analysis of the remains of contaminated food and washings from the dishes in which it was located is also carried out.

Good to know. More often than others, children under the age of 2 years are susceptible to salmonellosis, and the bulk of outbreaks of the disease occur in the summer-autumn season.

Treatment

Now that we know both how salmonellosis manifests itself and how it is diagnosed, it's time to talk about treatment. If in adults it (in the vast majority of cases) does not require specific actions and is limited only to taking drugs, then in the case of children, such a number will not work.

So, the treatment of infants should be carried out strictly within the framework of hospitalization. Otherwise, without timely medical care, the baby risks developing cerebral edema and dying.

Medical therapy

By nature, salmonella is a bacteria. Therefore, it would be logical to assume that it should be treated with various antibacterial drugs, right?

Arguing in this way, you risk not only not curing your child, but also inflicting much more significant harm on him. The fact is that the symptoms of salmonellosis, typhoid fever and a number of other infections are very similar. And medicines for salmonellosis for children are quite different from the same remedies for dysentery.

Even doctors will be able to unequivocally determine what kind of ailment struck your crumbs only after a thorough diagnosis. And improperly prescribed treatment will only provoke an exacerbation.

Remember, only a doctor can prescribe antibiotics for salmonellosis! You only need to deliver the baby to the pediatrician as quickly as possible or call him at home.

Independent measures in the fight against the disease

As already mentioned, the causative agent of salmonellosis is extremely specific and is characterized by increased resistance to cold and a number of antibiotics. Therefore, even drugs such as Enterofuril cannot always help. However, this does not mean at all that you need to be inactive until the doctor arrives.

In some cases, the infection manifests itself in just a couple of hours, and rapid dehydration of the body can cause irreparable harm to the child. As we have already found out, we cannot stuff him with antibiotics, however, it is quite possible to alleviate the condition of the baby by preventing his dehydration.

This can be done either with the help of specialized oral rehydration powders, which can be easily found in every pharmacy, or by using the following recipe:

• in a clean still water(1 l) dissolve baking soda(1 tsp), then sugar (2 tsp), and then salt (1 tsp). Mix the resulting saline solution thoroughly and solder the child to them until the ambulance arrives.

This drink does not taste very pleasant, so if your baby flatly refuses to drink it, offer him any other drink, be it water, tea or compote. From liquids containing various dyes and chemicals (from the same soda) should be.

If you drink a child traditional way it is not possible, for example, if dehydration has overcome a monthly crumb, an ordinary syringe will come to the rescue (naturally, without a needle!). Fill it with the solution described above and, before the ambulance arrives, carefully pour it into the corner of the baby's mouth. Be sure to keep your head down so it doesn't choke.

Nuances of nutrition during and after treatment

What can a child eat with salmonellosis? This issue is no less important than the others discussed in this article. Proper nutrition correction contributes not only to a speedy recovery, but also to the restoration of undermined immunity.

The optimal product for children in their first year of life has been and remains unpasteurized breast milk. It not only easily fills the need of a weakened body for trace elements and vitamins, but also provides it with proteins, carbohydrates, fats and a number of protective, biologically active substances.

If the age of the little one has already exceeded the mark of 4 months, and he himself eats by artificial feeding, then for the first 1-2 weeks in its menu include:

• fermented milk mixtures;
• 10% rice and / or buckwheat porridge brewed in water;
• vegetable puree.

In the future, the doctor analyzes the combined results of treatment and diet, after which he makes a verdict on how effective the diet is and adjusts the course (as a rule, in the direction of expanding the range of dishes allowed for consumption).

The diet of older children who fell ill just the other day is thoroughly pureed, easily digestible food that has undergone mandatory heat treatment. These can be soups, and diverse vegetable dishes, and boiled rice, etc. It is allowed to include meat and fish in the menu, but only on condition that they were steamed.

The following fall under the ban:

• fermented milk products that enhance peristalsis (wave-like contraction of the walls) of the intestine;
• flour products made from rye;
• any sweets and pickles;
• vegetables and fruits served raw;
• berries and various spices.

The duration of the course is 27-30 days from the date of diagnosis of the disease. However, depending on the complexity of its course to restore the child's strength, nutritional adjustments can continue after his recovery.

Since the disease is quite specific, the diet after salmonellosis is prescribed individually by the attending doctor. However, in general terms:

• exclusion from the diet for a certain period are subject to: dairy products, fatty and spicy foods, fresh fruits and vegetables, sweets, some types of legumes, cabbage and juices;
• The basis of the menu for this time should be: dairy-free cereals, soups with meat, but not cooked in meat broth (i.e., the meat is cooked separately and then added to the already prepared soup), soufflé from lean poultry and meat, baked fruits (for example, baked apples or bananas).

If, among other things, the child suffers from food allergies, fermentopathy or dysbacteriosis, his diet for salmonellosis should be adjusted for these diseases. All products with high content allergens, and the list of must-have dishes is supplemented various decoctions, vitamins and other agents used in phage and immunotherapy.

Good to know. The previously popular "water-tea", starvation diet is now recognized as ineffective. However, in the first five days, doctors advise reducing food intake by 5-15%.

Consequences and threats to the health of the child

Why is salmonellosis dangerous in children? It is this question that first arises in parents whose baby is faced with this disease. As a rule, if the appeal to the doctor was timely, the disease does not cause any complications. However, if a baby had a chance to encounter it, whose immunity is not strong enough (for example, a baby), or the treatment was not prompt enough, the consequences can be serious.

We have already mentioned that the course of the disease is accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea and other unpleasant symptoms. However, even after recovery, the child faces a number of complications.

1. Prolonged dehydration leads to interruptions in the functioning of the renal channels ( kidney failure) and contributes to the accumulation of nitrogenous slags in the patient's blood.
2. Bacterial excretion lasting over 3 months after recovery - clear sign the fact that the disease had too strong an effect on the body, and the child now needs treatment for chronic salmonellosis.
3. Prolonged intoxication negatively affects the work of the cardiovascular system. In especially advanced cases, it causes cerebral edema.
4. The consequences of salmonellosis can also be expressed in inflammation of various internal organs, since salmonella spreads throughout the body through the bloodstream.
5. In young patients suffering from chronic diseases, relapses provoked by immunodeficiency are not uncommon.

However, do not forget that in addition to them, the disease also has social consequences.

For example, if there is a suspicion that the child is a carrier, the entrance to public places closed to him. And if in the case of an amusement park or a swimming pool this will not be much of a problem, then a ban on attending a school or kindergarten can serve as a reason for lagging behind the program and biased attitude.

Prevention

Everyone knows that avoiding the disease is much better than dealing with all sorts of its consequences. It is not difficult to prevent the first entry of salmonella into the body or the recurrence of salmonellosis.

For many, especially young and always busy parents, the question is different, are you ready to devote enough time to your child in order to protect him from this and a number of other unpleasant diseases? After all, then you have to:

• Regularly organize wet cleaning in the house and clean not only the rooms themselves, but also the children's toys in them.
• Refuse to visit prohibited water bodies and places with a high content of dust.
• Carefully iron not only the things of the baby, but also your clothes with which he can come into contact.
• Until the baby realizes the importance and significance of personal hygiene, do not let him out of sight. And also to control everything that he pulls into his mouth.
• Minimize contact of the child with farm and wild animals (goats, pigeons, pigs and other potential carriers of Salmonella).
• Store products of animal origin separately from the rest and feed them to children only after thorough heat treatment.
• Refuse fast food and snacks that are harmful to the young body and for a number of other reasons.
• Cut meat on a separate board and wash your hands thoroughly before touching other ingredients of the dish at the end of cutting.
• Purchase products only from certified outlets. Eggs can be stored for no more than 20 days, and homemade mayonnaise- no more than a day and in a tightly closed container.
• To teach the little one to hygiene from an early age and follow its rules yourself. Wash your hands not only exclusively before eating, but also at the end of the meal, after a walk, clean not only clothes, but also toys, do not pick up food from the floor, etc.

It must be understood that salmonellosis in a child can manifest itself even if all of the above rules are observed. Prevention only reduces the likelihood of the disease, and is not a panacea for it. However, sticking to it is much better than fighting the disease for a long time, and then also improving the work of the body depleted by it after recovery.

Do you have any questions? Want to learn more about how to treat salmonellosis in children? Leave comments, let's discuss.

Salmonellosis in children is a disease of the digestive system, the development of which is associated with infection of the body with Salmonella bacteria. The pathology proceeds acutely with severe intoxication and dehydration. Cases of contacting a doctor with salmonellosis are becoming more frequent in warm months of the year. They are explained by eating foods that have expired. The most sensitive patients are children under 2 years of age.

Why does salmonellosis develop?

For the development of salmonellosis in the body, there must be certain conditions. These are:

• the child's tendency to allergies;
• frequent morbidity;
• weak immunity at an early age;
• damage to the gastrointestinal tract by microbes that came with poor-quality food.

The causes of diseases are salmonella - gram-negative mobile microbes that are resistant to various physico-chemical factors. The strains tolerate frost and drought well, persist in dust and feces. They exist for a long time in the soil and water bodies and take root in meat and dairy products.

Animals, waterfowl and sick people become sources of infection for a child. The pathogen is transmitted in several ways.

1. Air-dust - by inhalation of contaminated dust.
2. Food, if the baby consumes milk, meat or eggs without proper heat treatment or raw water.
3. Contact household. This type of infection often develops in infants when parents or medical staff care for them with unwashed hands. Germs can be found on pacifiers, toys, and other accessories.
4. Transplacental. Infection of the child occurs in utero if the pregnant woman is sick with salmonellosis.

Clinical features of salmonellosis

Symptoms of salmonellosis in children do not immediately become pronounced. Many factors influence the incubation period, therefore, parents can notice a significant deterioration in the health of the baby only after 3 days from the moment of infection. What signs the disease will manifest depends on the general condition of the child, his age and the stage of salmonellosis.

• Newborns. In the first month of life, there is no clear evidence of gastrointestinal damage, temperature indicators remain normal. Mothers note the refusal of the baby to eat and the lack of weight. The skin turns pale, the tummy swells, belching comes out of the mouth. The baby is constantly worried.
• Babies. TO early symptoms salmonellosis infections in children under one year old include vomiting and increased stools up to 7 p. per day, poor appetite and a temperature jump to high levels. If left untreated, diarrhea worsens and causes dehydration.
• Preschoolers and older children. Salmonellosis develops rapidly with sharp rise body temperature (38 - 38.5 ° C), abdominal pain, repeated vomiting and diarrhea. Children complain of decreased appetite and general weakness. Delayed or inadequate therapy leads to dehydration, acute renal failure and toxic shock.

The famous pediatrician Komarovsky draws the attention of parents to the external manifestations of salmonellosis. The condition of children deteriorates sharply, the body reacts to microbes with severe intoxication. If you suspect that the baby has become a victim of salmonella, urgently go to the clinic or call an ambulance.

Methods for diagnosing salmonellosis

The primary diagnosis after a general examination is an acute intestinal infection. The final verdict is made by the infectious disease specialist or gastroenterologist based on the results of blood and urine tests and bacteriological culture feces. The tasks of diagnostic measures include the isolation of the pathogen with the definition of its type and the examination of all persons in contact with the child.

Making an incorrect diagnosis and neglecting the child's condition give quite serious complications:

1. reactive arthritis;
2. convulsive syndrome;
3. kidney failure;
4. infectious-toxic shock;
5. swelling of the lungs or brain.

How to treat children with salmonellosis

Drug treatment of salmonellosis in children is prescribed strictly individually and without the involvement of folk methods. With a disease of moderate and high severity, the patient is placed in a hospital. In mild forms of salmonellosis, therapy is carried out at home.

With food contamination, treatment begins with gastric lavage. Sodium bicarbonate solution contributes to the partial elimination of toxins from the body and the elimination of intoxication. A 2% concentrate of the substance is diluted with 2-3 liters of water at a temperature of 18-20°C. Hemosorption, or blood purification, is carried out using the drugs Sorbilact, Reosorbilact, Reopoliglyukin.

The state of dehydration is eliminated by the use of rehydration solutions:

• Oralite;
• Regidron;
• Glucosolan.

The child is drunk with solutions at the rate of 40 - 70 ml of the product for each kilogram of body weight. With severe intoxication without dehydration, the dose is reduced to 30-40 ml.

The use of antibiotics for the treatment of children from salmonellosis is resorted to only in severe cases. First determine the sensitivity of the detected Salmonella. Based on the data obtained, a suitable drug is selected. Usually this is a group of cephalosporins that stop repeated vomiting. From intestinal antiseptics small patients are prescribed Enterofuril or Ersefuril.

Carriers of salmonella and older children are prescribed:

1. probiotics;
2. immune lactoglobulins;
3. bacteriophages are specific anti-salmonella agents.

With salmonellosis, baby food should be sparing, protecting the intestinal mucosa from strong mechanical and chemical effects. Complete exclusion from the diet are subject to:

• whole milk;
• coarse fiber vegetables;
• animal fats;
• marinades, spices, smoked meats, seasonings.

Useful for a child affected by salmonella will be:

• cottage cheese;
• low-fat cheese;
• boiled fish;
• fruit jelly;
• steam cutlets and meatballs;
• oatmeal and rice porridge on water and vegetable broths.

The dietary diet must be followed for 4 weeks from the onset of the disease.

Our expert comments

1. Remember that the effects of salmonellosis undermine the immune system, attracting secondary infection or exacerbation chronic pathologies. Salmonella remaining in the intestines spread throughout the body and form local foci of inflammation. A sick child can subsequently suffer from angina, otitis or pneumonia for a long time.
2. Observe the rules of personal hygiene and do not violate the technology of cooking. High-temperature processing of animal products. Don't give your child raw eggs, and before cooking omelettes and scrambled eggs, wash the shells thoroughly.
3. To prevent salmonellosis infection, store meat in the freezer. Get a separate board for cutting game and chickens.

With a timely visit to the doctor, the prognosis for the treatment of salmonellosis is favorable. Therapy takes place in 5 - 10 days, but immunity against salmonella is not developed. Therefore, the child can get sick again.

Doctor talks about the danger of salmonellosis for a child

Salmonellosis in children is an acute infectious disease of the digestive system that occurs as a result of infection with Salmonella bacteria. The disease is accompanied by dehydration and severe intoxication, sometimes occurs with septicemia (in infants) or typhoid (in older children).

Salmonellosis develops as isolated cases or flashes. Most often, cases of salmonellosis are recorded in the summer due to frequent violations food storage conditions. Read more about what salmonellosis is, what are its causes, how to treat it and how to cure it, read our article.

Causes of the disease and ways of transmission of the pathogen

The causative agent of the disease - salmonella, affects not only people, but also animals. It is stable in the external environment, tolerates low temperatures and the action of many antibacterial drugs, but quickly dies when boiled and the use of disinfectants. Salmonella actively multiply in animal products - milk, meat, butter, eggs.

The source of infection for a child is mainly animals, less often infection occurs from a sick person. Waterfowl are the most dangerous.

The main ways of transmission of the pathogen:

1. Food - when eating dishes from eggs, milk, meat, which are not thermally processed immediately before use (soufflé, cakes, salads). There is also a risk of infection when drinking unboiled contaminated water.
2. Contact-household - the main route of transmission of salmonellosis in infancy. The child can become infected through dirty hands parents or medical personnel, changing tables, care items, nipples, toys, towels.
3. By inhalation of contaminated dust.
4. Transplacental - the pathogen is transmitted in utero from mother to child.

Children under 2 years of age are most susceptible to salmonellosis.

The place of initial localization of salmonella is small intestine. During the incubation period, the bacterium multiplies and spreads to the lymph nodes and bloodstream.

Types and forms of the disease

Depending on the clinical picture and localization of the pathogen, salmonellosis is divided into:

1. Gastrointestinal:

• gastric;
• gastroenterocolitic;
• gastroenteric.

1. Generalized:

• typhoid;
• septic.

1. Bacterioexcretion:

• acute;
• transient;
• chronic.

Symptoms of the disease in children

The incubation period for salmonellosis ranges from several hours to 5 days. Symptoms vary depending on clinical form illness. The main signs of any form of salmonellosis are:

• acute onset with fever (lasting from 5-7 days to 2-3 weeks);
• frequent fetid stools (normalizes after 7-10 days);
• signs of dehydration (dry mucous membranes and skin).

Features of the clinical picture in infants and newborns

In young children over symptoms intestinal disorder symptoms of general intoxication predominate.

Body temperature may remain normal. Hypotrophy is observed in children, they do not gain weight well.

Babies are restless, often spit up, the stomach is swollen, the extremities are cold.

Dehydration is manifested by dry skin, mucous membranes, tongue, oliguria, retraction of the fontanel.

Gastrointestinal form

Most common among children. In children older than 2 years, it occurs in the form of gastritis or gastroenteritis. Symptoms:

• epigastric pain;
• heat;
• general malaise, weakness;
• frequent vomiting;
• frequent profuse diarrhea with particles of undigested food;
• tongue dry, coated with thick coating;
• slight flatulence.

The gastrointestinal form in infants occurs in the form of enteritis. Signs:

• stomach ache;
• episodic vomiting, nausea;
• diarrhea up to 5 - 10 times a day; stools are mushy or liquid, continuous, with an admixture of mucus, greenery, white lumps with a sharp sour smell;
• bloating and rumbling in the abdomen;
• subfebrile body temperature.

The colitis form in children is rarely recorded and has a clinical picture of colitis. Main features:

• acute onset with symptoms of intoxication;
• pain in the large intestine;
• liquid stool green color with streaks of blood and mucus.

typhoid form

Characteristic signs:

• dyspeptic symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, flatulence);
• persistent or fluctuating fever;
• symptoms of general intoxication (malaise, headache, weakness);
• hemorrhagic rash on the skin;
• hepatosplenomegaly.

septic form

More common in newborns and infants. Symptoms:

• dyspeptic phenomena;
• fever with severe chills and profuse sweating;
• hepatolienal syndrome;
• tachycardia.

After salmonellosis, some children continue to release the pathogen into the environment for a month. If bacterial excretion lasts more than 3 months, it is considered chronic.

The danger of salmonellosis in childhood

The disease can have serious complications with high probability death:

1. infectious-toxic shock;
2. cerebral edema;
3. pulmonary edema;
4. kidney failure;
5. convulsive syndrome;
6. reactive arthritis;
7. purulent complications.

Diagnosis of salmonellosis

When the first signs of salmonellosis are detected, parents should contact an infectious disease specialist or gastroenterologist to confirm the diagnosis. doctor uses following methods examinations:

• inspection;
• bacteriological culture of vomit, feces, intestinal and stomach washings;
• analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis;
• coprogram;
• general blood analysis;
• RNGA of blood - detection of antibodies to salmonella.

Treatment of salmonellosis in children

Therapy for a mild form of salmonellosis is carried out at home. Children with severe course illnesses and babies are subject to hospitalization.

Treatment of the disease includes diet therapy, measures aimed at correcting dehydration and cleansing the body of toxins.

The child's nutrition should consist of mashed and boiled foods (diet No. 4). Exclude from the diet:

• animal fats;
• whole milk;
• vegetables with coarse fiber.

The baby can be fed:

• oat or rice porridge on water or vegetable broth;
• boiled fish;
• steam cutlets, meatballs;
• fruit jelly;
• curd, low-fat varieties cheese.

The diet continues 28 - 30 days from the onset of the disease.

Removal of toxins from the body

In order to cleanse the body, apply:

1. Gastric lavage with water or sodium bicarbonate solution.
2. Hemosorption with drugs Rheosorbilact, Sorbilact, Reopoliglyukin. The drugs are administered intravenously-drip after correction of dehydration.

Dehydration Correction

1. Regidron, Glucosolan, Oralit are administered orally at the rate of 40-70 ml per 1 kg of body weight per day (depending on the degree of dehydration). The solution is given in fractional portions (1 tsp every 5 minutes) during the day.
2. Intravenous administration of glucose solution, physiological saline - if oral rehydration is not possible.

With a generalized form, antibiotics are additionally prescribed - Levomycetin, Doxycycline.

With the gastrointestinal form, children are shown taking enzymes - Enzistal, Festal.

With prolonged bacterial carriage, the following is prescribed:

1. means to increase immunity;
2. bacteriophages;
3. probiotics - Bifikol, Bifidumbacterin.

Treatment prognosis

With timely treatment to the doctor, the prognosis for recovery is favorable. Most children tolerate salmonellosis without consequences or complications. A dangerous disease can be infants and weakened children.

How to prevent salmonellosis

Measures to prevent salmonellosis:

1. Eat only well-thermally processed foods (meat, eggs).
2. If there is a patient with salmonellosis at home, provide him with individual hygiene and tableware.
3. During wet cleaning, it is also necessary to wash children's toys.
4. Make sure that the baby does not take various objects from the floor into his mouth.
5. Do not swim in prohibited waters.
6. Limit or exclude contact of the child with pigeons, chickens and other farm animals.

Expert advice

1. Gastric lavage in a child can be done in this way: offer to drink a glass of liquid, then press your finger on the tip of the tongue, causing vomiting. The rinsing continues until the rinsing waters are clear. Remember that gastric lavage on your own at home should not be done for children under 3 years old! It is undesirable to use a spoon to induce a gag reflex, as metal can damage soft tissues oral cavity.
2. Self-medication and treatment folk methods with salmonellosis is unacceptable.
3. For prophylactic purposes, a salmonella bacteriophage can be prescribed to family members of a sick child.
4. After the illness, the child develops immunity, which lasts up to 12 months.
5. Food prepared for a child should not be stored. Otherwise, it must be reheated to a temperature of 70 C.

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Salmonellosis symptoms in children

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One of the most common dangerous intestinal diseases is salmonellosis. Symptoms and treatment in adult patients are practically no different from the signs and treatment of the disease in children. But still, the course of the disease may have its own characteristics depending on the age of the patient.

What is salmonellosis?

How to treat salmonellosis, it is important to know even those who have never encountered similar problem. After all, the disease has become so "famous" throughout the globe that every year the number of people who have been infected is steadily increasing. To understand the nuances of treating a disease, you need to know what kind of pathology it is, how it manifests itself and what consequences it is fraught with.

Salmonellosis belongs to the class of acute infectious diseases provoked by pathogenic microorganisms. In particular, the causative agent of this disease is salmonella. In most cases, when timely diagnosis and the prognosis for recovery is quite favorable when the therapy is started.

How does infection occur?

Salmonellosis in children, the symptoms and treatment of which raise a lot of questions from parents, proceeds in the form of dysfunction of the digestive tract. The most common manifestations are gastroenteritis and colitis. It is not difficult to become infected with this disease, especially since the source of infection is often the people themselves, as well as birds and animals. Signs of salmonellosis in humans (how to treat the disease - only a doctor will answer this question, self-medication can be dangerous) most often appear in the hot summer season.

In addition, salmonella often settles in the human body after eating contaminated foods. The harmful microorganism can be found in meat, milk, butter or dirty untreated water. With insufficient heat treatment, bacteria remain in the product, entering the gastrointestinal tract. It is almost impossible to discern the presence of salmonella, for example, in a piece of meat: it does not have the slightest effect on taste qualities contaminated products or their appearance.

Who is at risk?

In order for a pathogenic bacterium to enter the body through the oral-fecal route, it is enough simply not to wash your hands once after using the toilet or upon returning home from the street. It is not surprising that the question of how to treat salmonellosis is of most concern to parents. Children under the age of 12 are the main risk group for infection, as they most often do not comply with elementary rules personal hygiene. Infant infections are most malleable, since babies do not yet have time to develop strong immunity.

Incubation period and manifestations of salmonellosis

4 days after infection, salmonellosis will begin to manifest itself. Symptoms and treatment in adults are usually determined by the presence of an incubation period during which certain signs of the disease may occur. The absence of pronounced symptoms can be called one of the main reasons for the impossibility of timely early therapy.

Meanwhile, after a 4-day latent phase of an infectious disease, patients at any age begin to be disturbed by painful unpleasant manifestations similar to signs of food poisoning, including:

• pain and pain in the abdomen;
• flatulence, constant feeling of bloating;
• prolonged diarrhea accompanied by a fetid odor;
• the possible presence of blood or mucus in the feces;
• persistent vomiting, nausea;
• dehydration of the body;
• refusal to eat due to lack of appetite;
• high body temperature;
• feeling of ache in muscles and bones;
• mild neurological symptoms.

The last group of signs of infection include dizziness, migraine and sleep disturbances. If any of the above symptoms appear, it is important to isolate the patient from other family members as soon as possible. The predominant part of intestinal infections is characterized by a high degree of spread of the disease.

Features of children's symptoms

Salmonellosis in children has a distinctive feature. Symptoms and treatment largely depend on dehydration. In childhood this sign infection is considered the most dangerous. In babies under 1 year old, dehydration from salmonellosis can develop in a matter of hours. In this case, a group of additional symptoms appears:

• dryness in the mouth;
• lack of tears during crying;
• general weakness of the body;
• pallor skin;
• cold extremities;
• drowsiness.

Hospitalization and diagnosis

For adults, the state of dehydration is also a danger. In severe cases, with a complicated course of the disease, the patient may even fall into a coma, therefore, at the first sign of a significant loss of fluid, urgent hospitalization is necessary, especially for pregnant women and the elderly.

Before treating salmonellosis, it is important to do all the necessary laboratory research. The doctor will give the patient a referral for a stool test, a biochemical and a clinical blood test. Further actions possible only after the doctor makes an accurate diagnosis and confirms salmonellosis. From what the infection occurred, it can also matter for a specialist, therefore, often with this infection, the remains of undigested foods in the esophagus are taken for research.

Drinking plenty of salmonella

Before starting a serious drug therapy aimed at the maximum elimination of pathogenic bacteria in the patient's body, it is necessary to adjust the diet and drinking regimen. The primary task of doctors in inpatient facilities where salmonellosis is treated is to restore the patient's fluid and electrolyte balance. Dehydration can be cured with regular plentiful drink. As a rule, doctors recommend:

• weak tea (black or green) without sugar;
• mineral water in small sips;
• saline solution.

Diet for intestinal infections

Dieting is an equally important fundamental step in the treatment of salmonellosis. task limited diet is the restoration of the full functioning of the digestive organs. Therefore, any products that can irritate the patient's gastrointestinal tract are completely excluded from the daily menu until complete recovery. Among them:

• raw vegetables and fruits (you can only eat boiled, steamed, stewed and baked);
• any bread (white and black);
• mushrooms:
• whole milk;
• animal fats;
• seafood;
• sausages, semi-finished products, fast food;
• confectionery;
• carbonated drinks, coffee, alcohol.

Drug therapy for adults

Since it is impossible to treat salmonellosis without drugs, it is worth considering in detail the list of drugs prescribed to patients. On average, drug therapy for an intestinal infection caused by salmonella rarely lasts more than 10 days. Meanwhile, how much salmonellosis is treated depends largely on the patient's condition.

As already mentioned, at the beginning of treatment it is extremely important to eliminate dehydration, which occurs due to intense vomiting and diarrhea. A drug such as Loperamide will help slow down the activity of the intestines. Manufacturers do not recommend taking it for more than 5 days.

An antibiotic for salmonellosis is prescribed in the case when the disease is severe. The drug is first administered to the patient intravenously. After relief, go to oral intake or intramuscular injections. The most common antibacterial drugs are:

• "Azithromycin".
• "Ciprofloxacin".
• "Cefotaxime".
• "Ceftriaxone".

Cleansing the body of bacteria

For headaches and high fever, Ibuprofen, Paracetamol are prescribed. Cleansing the intestines with an enema is considered effective and useful for salmonellosis. In addition, sorbents, which are considered indispensable for intestinal infections, will help remove all toxins from the body. The most famous drugs can be called Enterosgel, Smecta, activated carbon.

For the subsequent normalization of the activity of the organs of the digestive system, the doctor prescribes enzyme-containing preparations (Festal, Mezim, Creon). After undergoing antibiotic treatment, it is imperative to drink a course of probiotics, which will help restore the disturbed microflora in the intestine. It is necessary to take such medicines for a long time, at least 2-3 weeks. Effective means, which include live bacteria, are Lactobacterin, Bifidumbacterin, Acipol.

The nuances of treating children from salmonellosis

As such, there is no cure for salmonellosis for the treatment of children. The same drugs are used as for adult patients, but in a different dosage. First of all, it is necessary to solder the sick child. To remove all kinds of toxins from the body, it is advisable to give a teaspoon of water or other drink every 5 minutes. In cases of severe dehydration, doctors may prescribe glucose drips.

Antibiotics and antipyretics for a child can only be prescribed by the attending doctor. In no case should you self-medicate. The restrictions that apply to adult patients fully apply to children. It is necessary for a child to adhere to a diet for as long as possible, since it will be difficult for a weakened baby's body to cope with a sharp load on the digestive system.

Folk recipes for intestinal infections

Folk remedies for salmonellosis, unfortunately, do not guarantee one hundred percent positive result. Meanwhile, in combination with drug therapy and diet, homemade recipes for getting rid of an intestinal infection can be an additional option that speeds up treatment. However, it is advisable to approach the use of agents that are absolutely safe at first glance with caution. It is advisable to use at least one of the following recipes only after consulting a doctor.

1. Plantain infusion. You can cure salmonellosis with herbal medicine if you prepare it at the rate of: 1 tbsp. l. crushed leaves a glass of boiling water. It is necessary to brew this infusion for 10-15 minutes, after which you should drink home remedy small sips.
2. Effective against intestinal infection is considered a tincture of walnuts. To prepare it, you will need to take a glass of peeled fruits and 2 glasses of vodka. Put the medicine in a dark place for 3-4 days. It is necessary to use the resulting remedy every 2 hours, 5 drops for children (diluted in 1 tbsp. boiled water) and 10 drops for adults.
3. To maintain the overall resistance of the organism by the most effective tool considered an infusion of chamomile officinalis. For 1 st. l. collection requires 1 cup of boiling water. In a metal container, put the medicine on a slow fire and cook for about 5 minutes. When the broth has cooled and infused, you can use it. For an adult patient, the medicine should be taken at least 4 times a day, 2 tbsp. l. after meal.
4. Eliminate pain in the abdomen with salmonellosis will help essential mint oil. It is applied externally, a few drops are enough, after which the product is rubbed into the skin with gentle circular movements. Such a massage can also be done to improve intestinal motility.

Possible complications of salmonellosis

The symptoms of the disease cannot be ignored. Any intestinal infection provoked by a pathogenic microorganism is dangerous to the health and life of the patient. Untimely belated therapy to eliminate bacteria in the body is fraught with negative dangerous consequences, among which:

• heart and kidney failure;
• sharp jumps in blood pressure;
• respiratory arrest, collapse.

In addition, purulent complications can occur from all internal organs and systems. With salmonellosis, these are often:

• peritonitis;
• appendicitis;
• arthritis.

At an advanced stage of the disease, bacteria, reaching the meninges through the bloodstream, can provoke inflammation and encephalopathy. Infectious-toxic shock, as well as exacerbation of chronic diseases (pancreatitis, cholecystitis) are rare in patients, but such complications in most cases can end in failure. Rarely, salmonella causes problems with blood clotting.

Childhood salmonellosis is a serious pathological condition, which affects mainly the organs of the child's digestive tract. The occurrence of salmonellosis is preceded by the entry of salmonella bacteria into the baby's intestines, as a result of which the child develops general intoxication, dehydration and, in some cases, septicemia. This severe infectious pathology tends to manifest itself as isolated cases or acquire an epidemic variant.

Most often, cases of salmonellosis among children are recorded in the summer, when favorable conditions are created for the activation and reproduction of pathogens of this disease. In addition, the summer increase in ambient temperature plays an important role in the violation of food storage conditions.

If we analyze the statistics of the incidence of salmonellosis in childhood, then children of preschool and school age who attend daily institutions such as nurseries, kindergarten and school.

Causes and ways of transmission of salmonellosis

The only causative agent of this disease is salmonella, which can cause severe infection not only in humans, but also among animals. This bacterium is highly resistant to low temperature, ultraviolet light, oxygen, and some antibacterial drugs. The only way rapid elimination of this pathogen is the use of chemical disinfectants, as well as boiling.

Intensive reproduction of salmonellosis pathogens occurs in foods such as butter, milk, chicken and duck eggs, as well as poultry meat. In childhood, infection with salmonellosis is carried out through contact with a carrier of bacteria, as well as through the use of infected food. The main routes of transmission of salmonellosis pathogens are:

1. Contact household. This route of transmission of an infectious disease is typical for infants. The penetration of salmonellosis pathogens into the body of the baby occurs through the contaminated hands of medical personnel or parents, individual items for caring for a newborn, through untreated changing tables, towels, nipples and toys;
2. Food. In this case, the child becomes infected with salmonellosis through the use of thermally unprocessed milk, eggs and meat. There is also a risk of salmonella exposure through contaminated drinking water;
3. By inhalation of contaminated dust particles;
4. Intrauterine, through the placenta of an infected mother ( transplacental route transmission).

Children under the age of 2 years are most at risk of becoming infected with salmonellosis pathogens. The primary site of localization of pathogens is the lumen of the small intestine. As they multiply, Salmonella spreads through the lymphogenous and hematogenous route throughout the baby's body.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of this infectious disease directly depends on the type of pathology. There is a list of common symptoms that, regardless of the form of the disease, indicate the development of salmonellosis in a child.

These symptoms include:

• A sharp increase in temperature indicators to 38-39 degrees. The duration of the fever phase can vary from 1 to 3 weeks;
• Symptoms of dehydration of the body (dehydration). The manifestations of dehydration include dry skin and mucous membranes;
• Frequent loose stools that have an unpleasant odor.

The clinical manifestations of salmonellosis may differ in infants and older toddlers. In infants, this disease is accompanied by poor weight gain, malnutrition, frequent regurgitation, anxiety, coldness of the upper and lower extremities, and bloating. Clinical symptoms of dehydration of the body are manifested in the form of dryness of the oral mucosa and skin, retraction of the fontanel, as well as a decrease in the frequency and volume of urination.

The most common form of salmonellosis is gastrointestinal. In children older than 2 years, this disease is accompanied by the following clinical symptoms:

• Increase in body temperature;
• Pain in the epigastric region;
• Nausea and frequent urge to vomit;
• Increased gas formation in the intestines (flatulence);
• Dryness of the oral mucosa and the presence of a thick coating on the surface of the tongue;
• Diarrhea, in which elements of undigested food are present;
• Weakness and general malaise.

If a child has become infected with a typhoid-like form of the disease, then such clinical symptoms of the disease may disturb him:

• The appearance of a hemorrhagic rash on the surface of the skin;
• Dyspeptic disorders in the form of flatulence, diarrhea and vomiting;
• Signs of severe poisoning of the body (general weakness, headache and malaise);
• Wave fever.

Another less common form of the disease is septic, which occurs more often in infants. This form of salmonellosis is characterized by the following manifestations:

• fast heartbeat (tachycardia);
• Disorder of the digestive function;
• Fever symptoms, which include profuse sweating and chills.

Having been ill with salmonellosis, the child continues to spread pathogens of an infectious disease in the environment for 1 month. If bacterial excretion lasts more than 1 month, then salmonellosis is considered to have passed into a chronic form.

Diagnostics

If the baby's parents suspected the first symptoms of this infectious disease in him, then they should immediately show the child to a gastroenterologist and an infectious disease doctor. For confirmation clinical diagnosis medical professionals use the following methods:

1. General clinical analysis blood;
2. Examination of the skin and mucous membranes of the child;
3. Coprogram;
4. RNGA of blood in order to detect antibodies to salmonellosis pathogens;
5. Examination of feces for dysbacteriosis;
6. Bacterial culture of washings from the stomach and intestines, vomit and feces.

Treatment

With mild flow this disease in a child, the treatment of the baby is carried out at home. Children with a severe form of the disease, as well as infants, are subject to immediate hospitalization in the infectious diseases department. The general plan of therapeutic measures includes rehydration of the body, diet therapy and detoxification.

The diet of a baby suffering from salmonellosis excludes the use of foods such as whole cow's milk, foods containing animal fats, and vegetables with coarse fiber. Dishes should be prepared from boiled or steamed food.

Within 1 month from the moment the first symptoms of the disease appear, the baby can be fed with the following products:

1. Fruit and berry kissels;
2. boiled fish;
3. Porridge made from rice or oatmeal on vegetable broth or water;
4. Low-fat varieties of hard cheese and cottage cheese;
5. Steamed meatballs and meatballs.

In case of severe intoxication of the body, the child is prescribed for the purpose of detoxification drip introduction drugs Reopoliglyukin, Reosorbilakt and Sorbilakt. Another important stage of treatment is the correction of dehydration (dehydration). For this purpose, intravenous administration of sodium chloride solution (physiological), glucose solution, and solutions for oral administration Glucosolan, Regidron and Oralit.

The danger of salmonellosis

In addition to the fact that the entire period of the active course of this infectious disease exhausts the child's body, leading to general weakness and decrease defensive forces salmonellosis can cause severe complications up to and including death.

The most common pathology complications include:

• Pulmonary edema;
• Infectious-toxic shock;
• Purulent-septic complications;
• severe renal failure;
• Edema of the substance of the brain.

An effective way to avoid the development of complications is the prevention of salmonellosis at any age, however, if infection has occurred, it is important to show the baby to the doctor as soon as possible and take appropriate measures to detoxify the body and eliminate infectious pathogens.

Prevention

It is impossible to 100% protect a child from the penetration of salmonellosis pathogens, however, there are certain recommendations, the observance of which will make it possible to protect the baby from this serious infectious disease as much as possible. These recommendations include:

1. Careful observation of the child, as well as prevention of the ingress of contaminated objects from the floor into oral cavity baby;
2. Inclusion in the children's diet of animal products that have undergone thorough heat treatment;
3. During the implementation of the daily cleaning of the living quarters, special attention should be paid to children's toys;
4. Completely exclude contact of the child with poultry, pigeons and farm animals;
5. Categorically exclude the contact of the baby with a person who suffers from salmonellosis.

These simple guidelines enable parents to keep their children safe from Salmonella contamination. digestive tract with the subsequent development of severe infectious pathology. Any self-treatment at home is strictly contraindicated.

Failure to comply with cooking technology and hygiene rules can cause a serious infectious disease of the digestive system. Salmonellosis in children is often severe and life threatening.

The onset of the disease is acute. The body temperature rises, frequent vomiting is possible, well-marked toxicosis, stool disorder, swollen abdomen. These are typical signs of salmonella infection in the body.

Treatment of salmonellosis in infants is most often carried out in a hospital. During the disease, dehydration of the body is observed, the function of the circulatory system is disturbed, the liver increases in size.

Salmonella bacteria are highly resistant to antibiotics, so their choice is limited. You can not self-medicate and if you suspect salmonellosis, you must contact the child with the clinic to confirm or refute the diagnosis.

With timely and proper treatment, recovery occurs. You can learn more about the disease and the expected treatment by reading the article to the end.

From this article you will learn

What is a disease

The bacterium that causes the disease is named after American veterinarian Salmon. He, along with Dr. Smith, isolated the causative agent of salmonellosis and invented the typhoid vaccine.

Salmonella is a bacterium in the form of a rod. It is pathogenic when it enters the food tract of humans and animals. Some types of these bacteria cause such dangerous diseases as typhus and paratyphoid.

The properties of these bacteria are interesting. They do not die when frozen, they can live outside a living organism for seven days.

Bacteria die at a temperature of +60 degrees in 12 minutes. Therefore, in properly cooked and heated food before eating, bacteria die.

Having settled on the walls of the intestines, salmonella begin to produce deadly dangerous toxin, from which all other bacteria of the intestinal microflora die.

Ways of infection

Infection of the body occurs most often due to food products that contain live salmonella. The greatest threat is posed by milk, chicken or waterfowl eggs, meat and meat products.

Salmonellosis can affect not only people, but also animals. If they are kept in poor conditions, they can be infected with salmonellosis.

The lack of veterinary control in the markets and the purchase of contaminated products is the most common cause of outbreaks of this dangerous infection.

Outwardly quite healthy man can also be a carrier of infection and release dangerous bacteria into the environment.

Therefore, at food enterprises, in grocery stores, children's institutions, when applying for a job, they must hand over the sowing tank.

Violation of product storage rules - joint storage of raw and cooked food, insufficient heat treatment of food before consumption, lack of processing chicken eggs before preparing creams, all this can also cause salmonellosis.

Dangerous bacteria are transmitted to a newborn baby with mother's milk or during intrauterine development through the placenta.

Clinical signs and forms of the disease

The course of the disease can be different. It is especially dangerous for young children. Dehydration of the body together with severe intoxication requires complex treatment in stationary conditions.

In the absence of treatment in the first days of the disease for baby death is possible.

Asymptomatic carriage of dangerous bacteria is possible, when an infected person can become a source of illness for others, but he himself does not even know about it.

This is one of the atypical forms of salmonellosis (there are also subclinical and erased ones).

The course and form of the disease depends on the number of bacteria that have entered the body, their type and the immunity of the infected person. Young children under two years of age are especially vulnerable.

From the moment of infection to the development of symptoms of the disease, it can take from two hours to several days. For all forms of illness characteristic symptoms are considered:

• dehydration of the body;
• acute initial period;
• diarrhea several times a day, foul-smelling.

Infants may experience restless behavior, frequent regurgitation. Dehydration is expressed in the fact that the fontanel sinks. The baby is not gaining weight.

The most common form of the disease is gastrointestinal toxicoinfection. Its sign is the defeat of the digestive organs, accompanied by pain in the abdomen, cold sweat, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat.

Body temperature is often greatly increased (forty degrees). The body becomes dehydrated due to frequent vomiting and diarrhea. The stools are offensive, with particles of food and mucus.

There is a septic form of the disease (the most dangerous), which is accompanied by dyspeptic symptoms (flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting), fever with elevated body temperature.

The child is shivering, he sweats a lot, the work of the heart and liver is disrupted. This form of the disease is especially characteristic of young children under one year old.

Salmonellosis in a child may be accompanied by a rash on the body. This form of the disease is called typhoid.

It passes with a clouding of the child's consciousness and a strong fever. Otherwise, the same symptoms are observed as in other forms of the disease.

Complications of the disease are dangerous because bacteria, spreading throughout the body, can form lesions in various organs.

Treatment is complicated and delayed, relapses are possible. The baby's immunity decreases, other concomitant diseases appear.

Possible treatment

If signs of toxicosis occur, it is necessary to provide first aid to the child before the arrival of an ambulance or the arrival of a doctor. For this, the stomach is washed.

Requires two liters clean water room temperature. The procedure can be carried out only if the child is three years old!

Washing consists in the fact that the baby is given a glass of water to drink, then he presses his finger on the root of the tongue, causing vomiting.

If the disease is severe, hospitalization is necessary. Children under the age of 1 year are also sent to the hospital to be treated.

If a sick child lives in a dormitory, he is sent to a hospital for treatment to prevent an epidemic.

For mild forms of the disease, home treatment is possible. The child is assigned complex treatment, which includes enterosorbents to remove toxins, and other drugs.

The diet should consist of boiled, grated foods (table No. 4 according to Pevzner), milk, animal fats and vegetables with coarse fiber are excluded from the diet.

To improve the absorption of food in the inflamed gastrointestinal tract, prescribe enzyme preparations. To replenish the fluid that the body loses, give plenty of water containing glucose-salt solutions to drink.

To restore normal microflora intestines, the doctor may prescribe bifidumbacterin. Treatment includes vitamins and anti-allergic drugs. Antispasmodics are prescribed to relieve pain.

At severe forms diseases carry out posyndromic and infusion therapy. Antibiotics are prescribed.

Since the disease is accompanied by toxicosis and dehydration, they make droppers, give enterosorbents and probiotics.

Medical diagnostics

If there is a suspicion of Salmonella infection, a visit to the doctor is necessary. Without special tests, the doctor will be able to diagnose an acute intestinal infection.

To determine what was the source of its occurrence, which pathogenic microorganism caused the development of symptoms, the patient is examined. Surrender general analyzes blood and feces, culture tank, special blood test.

After illness

For some time (about a month), the diet after salmonellosis should be gentle on the gastrointestinal tract. The child should not eat fried, fatty foods that are heavy on the stomach.

A sick baby is usually put on a dispensary record. Doctors observe him for some time. He takes tests and tank crops.

If the tests show that the child is healthy and is not a carrier of salmonella, he is removed from the register, allowed to attend kindergarten and other collective institutions.

The family of the sick baby and everyone who was in contact with him are observed for seven days. They take an analysis of feces, if bacteria are not detected, they are considered healthy. To determine the source of infection, a study of suspicious food products is carried out.

Prevention measures

To prevent re-infection, it is necessary to observe hygiene - to teach the child to wash his hands before eating.

An ill child retains immunity to the disease for six months. Then he can get infected again and get sick.

It is necessary to strengthen the immunity of the child. For this, drugs are immunomodulators, vitamins, probiotics.

It is necessary to pay attention to sufficient physical activity, do exercises with the baby, water procedures, hardening. A strong immune system will allow the child's body to resist infection.

Despite low sensitivity salmonella to antibiotics, they die from the action of conventional disinfectants.

Therefore, you need to monitor the cleanliness of the floor in the apartment where the baby lives. Toys also need to be washed every day using washing soap.

It is necessary to limit the contact of the baby with farm and domestic animals that may be carriers of the disease. Swimming in polluted natural water bodies is not allowed during the summer.

If there is a patient with salmonellosis in the house, they allocate for him individual funds hygiene and utensils.

Salmonella is also the cause of typhoid fever, paratyphoid A, B, C.

Salmonellosis is a fairly common disease in children, as is the carriage of the pathogen itself. In terms of prevalence, it ranks second after shigellosis. Infection is most common in preschool children (65%).

food

TO food way infection includes the use of unwashed vegetables, fruits that contain the infection, as well as foods that are not thermally processed enough. In the external environment, bacteria are resistant, low temperatures are not particularly terrible for them. But high temperatures kill salmonella perfectly.

Salmonellosis bacteria multiply very quickly in food - meat, milk, eggs. They are most active at the end of spring and summer, when there are problems with the safety of food.

Animal

Pets - main source diseases of children with salmonellosis after eating. Their feces, urine, saliva, nasal mucus may contain a large number of salmonella. As a result of infection from animals, both salmonellosis itself and the carriage of the infection can occur.

Contact household

Also, salmonellosis is transmitted to children by a simple household contact: through the unwashed hands of parents or nannies caring for children, through general use children's pots, toys in kindergarten.

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Symptoms

The first symptoms in children appear quite quickly after infection, since the children's immune system has not yet strengthened. It is especially difficult for children under one year old. The incubation period lasts at least a few hours, a maximum of 3-4 days.

Typical shapes

Gastrointestinal

Gastrointestinal - the most well-known form of salmonellosis in children from one year and older. The harmful bacterium is transmitted from the source and infects different areas gastrointestinal tract. The reason is the infection with food; the incubation period is less than a day.

Gastrointestinal salmonellosis in children is externally manifested through the following signs or symptoms:

• pain in the epigastric region;
• vomiting with repetition;
• temperature increase;
• weakness in the whole body;
• the presence of a thick coating on the tongue;
• bloating;
• diarrhea (with gastritis);
• liquid greenish stools 3-5 times a day (copious, with parts of undigested food).

typhoid

Symptoms of a typhoid form are as follows:

• clouding of consciousness;
• rave;
• plaque on the tongue;
• bloated belly;
• temperature rise to 39-40 degrees;
• headache;
• vomit;
• decreased appetite;
• decline in activity;
• stupor.

Typhoid-like salmonellosis in children additional symptoms- an increase in the spleen, as well as the child's liver. A rare roseolous rash may also appear. Signs of an intestinal disorder may be absent, but more often the disorder manifests itself from the very beginning of the disease.

If the baby is ill with typhoid-like salmonellosis, a complication may be added: pneumonia or otitis media.

Septic

Septic salmonellosis occurs in newborns, infants, children under one year old, premature babies, in children on artificial nutrition and with a weak immune system. Symptoms of the septic form:

• increasing temperature retention for 21 to 28 days with strong fluctuations;
• the appearance of purulent foci with the prospect of developing purulent meningitis;
• pneumonia;
• otitis;

Treatment

It is absolutely impossible to treat children on their own, especially up to a year. After all, if the treatment is chosen incorrectly, salmonellosis can lead to death. To cure a child, it is imperative to show an infectious disease doctor or a gastroenterologist. He will examine, examine him, according to the results of laboratory tests, appoint necessary treatment including proper nutrition.

In order to accurately diagnose after establishing all the symptoms, bacteriological and serological examination is used. Studied feces, vomit, urine, blood. It may be necessary to resort to intensive care in order to quickly cure the child.

Treatment includes:

• strict diet;
• reception medicines(antibiotics and intestinal antiseptics).

Having identified signs of salmonellosis in children, the doctor prescribes treatment based on the age of the child, the level of severity of the condition, given the absence of pathological consequences.

If a child under the age of three has been infected with a bacterium, he must be hospitalized.

Treatment and recovery period depends on the severity of the disease. In severe cases, treatment involves bed rest, covering a period of about 3 weeks, in mild cases - 1-2 weeks until it gets better. With the normalization of temperature and stool, the diet can be slightly softened, nutrition - gradually expanded to a level close to normal. The treatment itself should continue as prescribed by the doctor.

Diet

The diet during the treatment period should contain:

• additional drink, fermented milk mixtures;
• cereals (wheat, buckwheat);
• vegetable puree;
• light soups.

The main thing is that the food is varied, rich in vitamins and minerals. A strict diet means complete absence in the diet for a long time:

• acute;
• fried;
• spicy dishes.

Vaccine

Taking medications, antibiotics or intestinal antiseptics, not only diet, can remove salmonellosis, its signs and symptoms. In severe cases, they use "heavy artillery" - antibiotics, in the lungs - antiseptics. Medicines are taken according to the doctor's prescription, you should also read the manufacturer's instructions about age dosages. The diet will only eliminate the additional burden on the weakened body.

If the baby is a carrier of the bacteria, visible signs and there are no symptoms of a pathological disease with salmonellosis, then salmonellosis should be treated with bacteriophages that destroy harmful bacteria, immune lactoglobulins and various biological products that correct the intestinal microflora.

If salmonellosis is accompanied in children by severe toxicosis, dehydration, a glucose solution or saline preparations are injected through a vein. It is impossible to allow more fluid to come out of the body due to vomiting, diarrhea than it got inside. Fluid balance needs to be replenished regularly.

At home

At home, treatment of salmonellosis is acceptable if, in the opinion of the doctor, such a situation is acceptable. Children are treated for salmonellosis, in addition to the drugs prescribed by the doctor, folk remedies.

Proven Method folk treatment such:

• Pour 50 grams of chamomile flowers with a glass of boiling water and boil for 5 minutes. After that, insist for four hours, strain and give the infusion to the baby 100 grams several times a day.

Consequences

The consequences of salmonellosis in schoolchildren make themselves felt by gastric and intestinal inflammation. Then balanced diet and the diet must be continued. If after the course of treatment a sample was taken for laboratory testing, the result contained signs of the presence of salmonellosis in the body, then treatment should be continued, especially if individual symptoms of the disease are clearly visible.

If the result of the laboratory test of the child's tests for salmonellosis is negative, special diet prescribed by the doctor must be observed for a minimum of 90 days.

After antibiotic treatment, there may be consequences such as dysbacteriosis, contributing to constipation or loose stools.

Knowing the symptoms of salmonellosis in children and adults will help prevent the spread of this dangerous infectious disease. It is extremely important in as soon as possible see a doctor, and acute symptoms need to call an ambulance.

Salmonellosis is an acute infectious disease of the digestive system caused by rod-shaped bacteria of the genus Salmonella. They live in the intestines of birds, animals, humans.

Bacteria, once in the human body, are introduced into the intestinal mucosa. Toxins, which are formed as a result of their vital activity, cause intoxication, accompanied by diarrhea and pain syndromes.

Sticks can enter the human body in the following ways:

• when using contaminated products of animal origin (eggs, meat, milk) or water in which the causative agent of salmonellosis has entered;
• when they are put on food with dirty hands;
• possible and intrauterine infection of the fetus from the mother.

Symptoms of the disease in children and adults

The causative agent of salmonellosis can be found in animal products: meat, milk and eggs (in quail too)

Symptoms of salmonellosis in children and adults may appear several hours after eating. When the causative agent of the disease is transmitted through the contact-household route, signs of infection can be manifested after a few days.

The incubation period ranges from 8 hours to 3-4 days. The clinical picture is associated with the form of the disease.

Signs of salmonellosis in children:

• stomach ache;
• feverish state;
• vomiting and nausea;
• diarrhea with liquid stool, which have a greenish tint and a pronounced fetid odor;
• dehydration - dry skin and mucous membranes.

Signs of salmonellosis in an adult:

• temperature increase;
• nausea and vomiting;
• cardiopalmus;
• weakness and dizziness;
• liquid stool with frequent urges, sometimes including an admixture of blood.

A person's immunity, age and health condition determine how quickly salmonellosis will progress.

Salmonellosis has similar symptoms with intestinal infection. How to recognize it and quickly cure, read the article.

5 forms of the disease and features of symptoms

Allocate the following forms diseases and the main symptoms corresponding to them:

1. Gastrointestinal (gastrointestinal) - common in most . It is characterized by: an increase in body temperature up to 39 ° C, diarrhea and nausea. Bad feeling accompanied by muscle and joint pain. Symptoms may persist from 3 days to a week.
2. Typhoid - has symptoms similar to the first form. There is an increase in the spleen, liver. Symptoms are longer (10 to 14 days).
3. Septic - the most severe form, which is difficult to treat and can be fatal. The patient's condition worsens even in the course of treatment.
4. Subclinical - it is characterized by the absence of clinical manifestations, salmonella are present in feces.
5. Bacteriocarrier - in this case Clinical signs there are no diseases, but laboratory tests make it possible to detect bacilli of the genus Salmonella.

Diagnostics

A preliminary diagnosis is made based on clinical data. Decisive when installing final diagnosis are the results of bacteriological and serological studies that are carried out in the laboratory.

material for bacteriological analysis are: feces, vomit, gastric lavage, urine, blood. Serological study the patient's blood will help to identify the antigens of the causative agent of the disease and specific antibodies.

Negative test results may be in children early age and in newborns with a severe form of the disease, as well as in the mildest and erased forms of the disease.

Treatment of salmonellosis

It can be done at home or in a hospital. Patients with a severe form of the disease need hospitalization. The hospital treats children and the elderly.

Treatment of salmonellosis in adults with a mild form of the disease may consist of administering to the patient special bacteriophage viruses that infect Salmonella cells.

• Replenishment of fluid in the body (reception of saline solutions based on REGIDRON or GLUKSOLAN).
• To destroy bacteria in the patient's body, antibacterial drugs are used: AMPICILLIN, BISEPTOL, POLYMYXIN M.
• In some cases, INDOMETACIN is prescribed to reduce intoxication.
• To improve the activity of the digestive system, take MEZIM or FESTAL.
• At the final stage of treatment, in order to restore the intestinal microflora, probiotics are prescribed: BIFIDUMA, LACTOBACTRIN, LINEX and other similar drugs.

Treatment of salmonellosis in children is most often carried out in a hospital. Light form illness allows the treatment of the child at home. A baby who lives in a large family or in a shelter is sometimes hospitalized, regardless of the form of the disease, for the purpose of prevention.

Infected infants are always sent to a hospital, since babies need to be treated with constant monitoring by medical personnel.

• Therapy with antibacterial drugs (these include doxycycline, ampicillin).
• Reception of intestinal antiseptics: ENTEROFURIL, ERSEFURIL.
• At elevated temperatures, the use of antipyretics is allowed: PARACETAMOL, NUROFEN.
• Dehydration is eliminated with saline solutions: ORALIT, REGIDRON, GLUKSOLAN. (How to properly dilute and give REHYDRON to children - read the article on).
• To restore the intestinal microflora, ACIPOL, LINKS and other probiotics are used.
• To normalize digestion, ENZISTAL, MEZIM are prescribed.

Possible Complications

The importance of timely treatment cannot be underestimated. The disease is dangerous because it can cause complications. Among them:

• collapse or hypovolemic shock;
• acute heart failure;
• endocarditis;
• meningitis;
• appendicitis, peritonitis;
• suppuration in soft, bone and joint tissues;
• cystitis, pyelonephritis;
• brain abscess;
• pneumonia.

With proper and timely treatment, a full recovery occurs.

Diet while sick

During the treatment period, it is important to follow a diet. Some of the products must be completely abandoned. This will reduce the inflammatory processes that occur in the gastrointestinal tract and normalize the digestive processes.

You will have to say goodbye to some products (even dietary ones) during the period of treatment and recovery.

It is necessary to exclude from the diet foods that are difficult to digest or start fermentation processes in the intestines. Among them:

• milk;
• mushrooms;
• legumes;
• vegetables (cabbage, beets, cucumbers, radish, pumpkin);
• cereals (barley, oatmeal, barley, millet);
• greenery;
• fruits (pears, plums, grapes, citrus fruits);
• marinades, smoked meats, sauces;
• baking, sweets and any desserts;
• drinks (coffee, cocoa, sparkling water).

• dried bread or crackers;
• dairy products;
• boiled vegetables in the form of mashed potatoes (potatoes, carrots);
• light soups on water or on a secondary low-fat broth;
• fruits (apples, bananas);
• cereals cooked in water without oil (buckwheat, rice, semolina);
• compotes, kissels, tea.

With the improvement of well-being, it is permissible to gradually introduce dishes from lean meat or fish into the diet. Steamed cutlets or meatballs are preferable. The diet must be followed for some time after the complete disappearance of the symptoms of the disease, since the normalization of digestion takes quite a long time.

Prevention measures

You can protect yourself and your loved ones by following 10 simple rules:

1. Wash hands with soap before eating and before preparing food, after using the toilet and after caring for animals.
2. Do not use products of unknown origin, poor quality.
3. Dairy products must be cooked before consumption.
4. Pay special attention to the heat treatment of meat. The piece to be boiled should be small. The time spent by him in the boiling broth is at least 1 hour.
5. Eat only fried pieces of meat, without blood.
6. For cutting raw meat you need to use a separate board and knife.
7. Boil eggs for at least 15 minutes.
8. Do not eat raw egg dishes.
9. In the home refrigerator raw foods should be stored separately from ready-to-eat.
10. Drink only clean water.

Salmonella does not die even at low temperatures, so contaminated frozen meat is dangerous, but good cooking kills bacteria. Housewives need to know at what temperature salmonella dies in order to use the information when cooking. The death conditions are as follows:

• 55 °С - 90 minutes;
• 60 °С - 12 minutes;
• 70 °C - 1 minute.

One of the myths should be dispelled that the cause of the disease cannot be quail eggs. Salmonellosis can be the result of consumption raw or poorly processed eggs of any bird, including quails.

With proper heat treatment, the causative agent of salmonellosis dies

Bacteria can be not only on the shell. It turns out salmonella in eggs, penetrating through the porous shell. Therefore, it is not enough just to thoroughly wash the shells before cooking eggs, they must be thermally processed.

conclusions

Animal products (eggs, meat, dairy products) purchased from individuals may be contaminated with a bacillus, since it does not pass the test for salmonella. According to Rospotrebnadzor in 2017, 29 foci of salmonellosis were registered caused by infected poultry products. Probability of getting infected infectious disease be minimized if the recommended preventive measures are followed.

Why is salmonellosis dangerous? child's body, how to avoid it and cure it in case of infection, tells E.O. Komarovsky: