Haloperidol pharmacology. Instructions for use of haloperidol, side effects and precautions

If you at least once thought about your health and how to improve it, then you must also touch on the issue of correct and rational nutrition. Indeed, our body is directly dependent on the food we consume. Therefore, any recovery should begin with the optimization of the usual menu. What does it represent proper nutrition? First of all, it is a balance between the products present in the diet. At the core correct ratio substances are proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

The balance of these three elements is extremely important, since the well-established metabolism, lack or excess weight, and the presence of organ diseases depend on it. digestive tract.

In order to make an approximate calculation of the diet for an adult per day, taking into account, the energy obtained from the products should be divided between carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a ratio of 4:1:1.

It is known that the average daily energy requirement can vary from 1700 to 5000 kcal depending on the type of activity and related factors. With minimal physical activity for an adult, this norm is calculated as follows: it is necessary to multiply normal weight person (in kilograms) per 33kcal for men or 30kcal for women. The resulting number will be yours. daily requirement in energy.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates in this ratio are the most basic element for the life of our body. It is from him that our internal organs, tissues and cells receive required amount energy.

Only one gram of carbohydrates contains up to 17 kJ of energy potential, which is 4 kcal. Carbohydrates enter our body in the form of monosaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides.

If you lead a rather calm lifestyle, do not go in for sports and do not get serious mental and physical loads, from 400 to 500 grams of carbohydrate daily will be enough for you.

This is 60% of the total calories that should be ingested per day. For severe physical or mental stress the amount of carbohydrates should increase.

For normal operation our body, and in particular to optimize the processes of digestion, we should consume large quantity carbohydrates in the form of polysaccharides. These include starch, pectin, glycogen.

These carbohydrates are digested slowly and do not lead to jumps blood glucose levels. Such consumption improves the metabolic processes in our body. Don't be afraid overconsumption polysaccharides, because they do not have a pronounced sweet taste.

The best way to get carbohydrates is to consume herbal products. After all, plants are characterized by a high proportion of these elements in relation to the entire dry mass - up to 90%.

They also contain a lot of cellulose, which contains polysaccharides that are indigestible by the body. They are very important for optimizing the motor activity of the intestines and help cleanse our body of toxins and decay products. In addition, these elements feed beneficial bacteria gastrointestinal tract.

Squirrels

Proteins are an important structural element. It is from them that most of the tissues of our body consist. According to scientists, our body consists of 20% proteins, and in the dry mass of the cell, they occupy up to 50%.

Our body does not have the ability to store these elements in reserve, so they must be consumed daily in enough. The most useful are those proteins that a person receives from meat, milk, liver and eggs. They are absorbed by our body by 97%.

Our protein requirements vary by age and gender, as well as by occupation and location. The average adult without regular physical activity should consume daily 1g of protein per 1kg of body weight. At sports loads or hard work, this figure rises.

Children need between one and four grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. It is important to observe the ratio of vegetable and animal protein in the diet. The first should be at least 55% of the total.

Fats

Fats are necessary for the functioning of many body systems, and in addition, they are a strategic store of energy. Normally, they make up 10-20% of the total body weight, but with metabolic disorders, this figure can rise to 50%. One gram of fat during processing by the body turns into 38 kJ or 9 kcal. Similar indicators of carbohydrates lose more than twice.

Per day human body needs 80-100 grams of fat. They make up 35% of the total energy needs adult person.

Especially important for us are linolenic and linoleic fatty acid. They are not synthesized by the tissues of the body, so their constant intake in food is important.

These acids are present in vegetable oils, nuts and seafood. They are important for the functioning of brain cells, the prevention of atherosclerosis, as well as for the normal functioning of the immune system.

Having built a diet according to this principle, you can easily achieve success in the fight against excess weight.

Ekaterina, www.site

There is such a term as , however, despite the fact that it is often used, is inaccurate. It is more correct to talk about the physiological needs of the body for basic nutrients. In Russia, they were determined in 1930, at present there are many such norms.

In 1991, they installed based on the ratio physical activity(CFA), which is calculated as the ratio of energy costs per day to the value of the main volume.

The norm also includes the ratio between carbohydrates, proteins and fats - 50:15:35. Calorie requirements are determined by gender, age, motor activity health status and other factors.

For example, for women, the norm is 2100, for men - 2700. In children, these indicators are due to the intensity of plastic processes (growth), physical activity, from the age of 11 - gender.

Variant, developed by US scientists in 1989, of daily food intake standards by caloric content + according to age and gender.

Historically changed depending on living conditions. For example, 5 million years ago, a person ate much more than at present, the products were high-calorie and varied. His energy expenditure was about 5000 kcal, since he hunted, foraged for food and constantly waged a fierce struggle for existence.

A modern person who does not go in for sports consumes a little more than 2000 kcal, but consumes more, and as a result, overeats. In addition, with age, a person's need for food and physical activity decreases.

Meanwhile, the opportunity to eat tasty and a lot often increases. At the same time, the quality of nutrition and balance does not get better. As a result, body weight increases, diseases appear, the quality of life deteriorates, and its duration decreases.

Nutritional balance

The composition and quantity of products determine the amount of energy received. The energy balance in the human body can be represented as follows.

Energy input:

Calorie content of food.
The composition of food substances.
Micro and macro elements.
Vitamins.
Liquid.

Energy Consumption:

The processes of cell growth, renewal.
Performing mechanical work.

Energy value of food products and the need for them

Proteins are the basis of life and nutrition. Their minimum need for knocking is 1 g per 1 kg of body weight, for a growing adolescent organism - 5 g. As a result of one meal, 20-30 g of protein is absorbed within three hours.

Another strict requirement for food is ecological cleanliness. However, this issue is extremely complex, for this reason, constant environmental monitoring of food products is necessary.

Based on, an adult needs the following amount of basic nutritional components per day:

two liters of water;
eighty - one hundred grams of fat (10% of them plant origin);
no more than zero point one tenth of a gram of vitamins;
no more than twenty grams of salts;
zero point seventy-five hundredths - one and a half grams of protein per 1 kg of weight.
ten grams of carbohydrates per 1 kg of body weight.

Institute public health Switzerland proposed an original classification of seven food groups.

1. Eggs, meat, fish:

Iron.
Squirrels.
Vitamins A, PP, B2, B1, B12, B6.

2. Dairy products:

Squirrels high value enriched with calcium.
Vitamins A, PP, R.

3. Root crops:

Vitamins C and A.
Carbohydrates.

4. Berries and fruits: vitamin C.

Vitamins C, A, K, P, folic acid.
Cellulose.

6. Fats, including PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids).

7. Bread, grain products:

Carbohydrates.
Vitamins PP, B2, B1.
Iron.

Physiological norms are based on the basic principles of rational nutrition, in particular the doctrine of balanced diet. They are average values reflecting the optimal needs of individual population groups for nutrients and energy. These norms serve as the basis for the organization of rational nutrition in teams and medical nutrition in medical and preventive and sanatorium-resort institutions and dietary canteens.

Nutritional norms for the adult population are divided depending on: a) gender; b) age; c) the nature of the work; d) climate; e) physiological state body (pregnant and lactating women).

When determining the need for basic nutrients and energy for the adult working population special meaning have differences in energy consumption associated with the nature of labor. Therefore, in the nutritional norms, persons aged 18 to 60 years are divided into groups of labor intensity. The groups differ in the degree of energy consumption due to professional activities.

Groups of labor intensity and the main professions related to these groups

Group 1 - predominantly mental workers

heads of enterprises and organizations, engineering and technical workers whose work does not require significant physical activity;
medical workers, except for surgeons, nurses, nurses;
teachers, educators, except for sports;
workers of science, literature and press;
cultural and educational workers;
planning and accounting workers;
secretaries, clerks;
workers different categories whose work is associated with significant nervous tension(employees of control panels, dispatcher, etc.).

2nd group - workers engaged in light physical labor

engineering and technical workers whose work is associated with some physical effort;
workers employed in automated processes;
workers of the radio-electronic and watch industry;
garment workers;
agronomists, livestock specialists, veterinarians, nurses and nurses;
sellers of manufactured goods stores;
service workers:
communications and telegraph workers;
teachers, instructors of physical education and sports, coaches.

3rd group - workers of medium severity of labor:

machine operators (employed in metalworking and woodworking);
locksmiths, adjusters, adjusters;
surgeons;
chemists;
textile workers, shoemakers;
drivers various kinds transport;
workers Food Industry;
public utilities and catering workers;
food vendors;
foremen of tractor and field-breeding brigades;
railroad and water workers;
auto and electric transport workers;
machinists of hoisting and transport mechanisms;
printers.

4th group - workers of heavy physical labor:

construction workers;
the bulk of agricultural workers and machine operators;
miners on surface works;
workers in the oil and gas industry;
metallurgists and foundry workers, except for persons assigned to the 5th group;
workers in the pulp and paper and woodworking industries;
slingers, riggers;
woodworkers, carpenters, etc.;
workers in the building materials industry, except for those classified in the 5th group.

5th group - workers engaged in especially hard physical labor:

miners employed directly in underground work;
steelworkers;
loggers and workers in cutting timber;
masons, concrete workers;
diggers;
loaders whose work is not mechanized;
workers employed in the production of building materials, whose labor is not mechanized.

Each of the labor intensity groups is divided into three age categories: 18-29, 30-39, 40-59 years old. This takes into account the gradual age decline energy consumption, which affects the need for energy and nutrients. The gender division is due to the lower body weight and less intense metabolism in women compared to men. Therefore, the need for energy and nutrients in women of all age and professional groups is on average 15% lower than in men. The exception is the need for iron, which is higher in women (from 18 to 60 years old) than in men. For women, the 5th group of labor intensity is not provided, which includes professions with a particularly difficult physical work. Separately highlighted in the nutritional physiological needs pregnant and lactating women.

When determining the need for nutrients and energy for the population aged 18 to 60 years, 70 kg for men and 60 kg for women are taken as the average ideal body weight. For persons with overweight(taking into account gender, age, height, physique) the need for nutrients and energy is determined individually in accordance with the tasks of health-improving regulation of body weight.

In the nutritional norms, groups of elderly (60-74 years) and old (75 years and older) people are distinguished. Significant reduction metabolic processes and limitation of physical activity, inherent in these populations, lead to a decrease in their need for nutrients and energy. However, for older people who continue to work, the values indicated in the above-mentioned norms may be increased, taking into account the nature of the work.

In the above nutritional norms, the optimal values \u200b\u200bof the consumption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates are given with the physiologically necessary ratios between them. To ensure the completeness amino acid composition food proteins of animal origin should be 55% of the recommended protein requirements. For pregnant women (for periods of 5-9 months) and lactating women, animal proteins make up 60% of the total protein. The share of protein in the daily energy value of the diet, taken as 100%, should be: 13% for the 1st group of labor intensity, 12% for the 2nd and 3rd groups, 11% for the 4th and 5th groups .

The share of fats in the daily energy value of the diet of all population groups averages 33%, subdivided according to climatic zones: for the south - 27-28%, for the north - 38-40% Vegetable fats should be 30% of the total fat. To ensure the usefulness of the fatty acid composition of food, the norm for the need for linoleic acid is 4-6% of the daily energy value of the diet for all population groups.

Nutritional standards provide for a division into three climatic zones: central, southern and northern. The energy requirement of the population of the northern zone exceeds that of the central zone by 10-15%, the need for proteins and carbohydrates in relative terms (as a percentage of the energy value of the diet) is approximately the same. Thus, the need for fats for the population of the northern zone is increased in absolute (in grams) and relative terms. For the southern zone, compared with the central zone, the energy requirement is reduced by 5% due to a decrease in the proportion of fats replaced by carbohydrates.

Basic consumption rates minerals are given taking into account the necessary ratios between calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and the characteristics of iron absorption ().

The nutritional standards give the need for thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B 6, niacin and ascorbic acid based on recommended energy consumption values. The norms include the need for vitamins A, D, E, B 12 and folacin ( ; ; ).

Attention!!!
This publication has an important comment (see below)

Recommendations developed by the State Research Center preventive medicine Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, with the technical support of the project "System preventive measures and health of the population of Russia" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the TACIS program.

What is a healthy diet?

Variety of products
Balanced Diet
Delicious
Inexpensive
Useful for everyone

Why is it important to eat right?

Because it makes it possible:

Prevent and reduce risk chronic diseases
Maintain health and attractive appearance
Stay slim and youthful
Be physically and spiritually active

How to eat right?

Modern model healthy eating has the shape of a pyramid. Based on it, you can create balanced diet on every day.

At the heart of the pyramid are bread, cereals and potatoes (6-11 units per day).

The next step is vegetables and fruits (5-8 units per day).

The next step is dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese - 2-3 units per day), as well as meat, poultry, fish, legumes, eggs and nuts (2-3 units per day).

At the top of the pyramid are fats, oils (occasionally, 2-3 units per day), as well as alcohol and sweets (occasionally, 2-3 units per day).

Balanced Diet- is the consumption of products in the optimal ratio.

All products are divided into six main groups:

Bread, cereals and pasta, rice and potatoes
Vegetables and fruits
Meat, poultry, fish, legumes, eggs and nuts
Dairy products (milk, kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese, cheese)
Fats and oils
Products whose consumption should be limited. Be careful with them!

By consuming the recommended number of servings (conventional units) of each food group, you can be sure that during the day you will fully meet the body's needs for all the necessary nutrients in sufficient quantities.

What nutrients And what functions do they perform in the body?

Squirrels- - "bricks" from which the body and all the substances necessary for life are built: hormones, enzymes, vitamins and other useful substances.

Fats provide the body with energy fat-soluble vitamins and other useful substances.

Carbohydrates- the main supplier of fuel for life.

Alimentary fiber- contribute good digestion and digestion are essential for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Minerals and vitamins support proper metabolism and provide normal functioning organism.

Food groups 1 and 2 are the basis of your diet. They are the most beneficial for your health and can prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

1. Bread, cereals and pasta, rice and potatoes(6-11 units per day)

A source of energy, carbohydrates, fiber (fiber), protein, B vitamins, iron.. Build your diet around these foods.

2. Vegetables and fruits(5-8 units per day)

Source of fiber (fiber), vitamins and minerals. The more varied the diet of vegetables and fruits, the better the nutrition is balanced. They are recommended to eat several times during the day (at least 400 g / day).

3. Meat, poultry, fish, legumes, eggs and nuts(2-3 units per day)

Source of protein, vitamins and minerals. Meat and meat products With high content fat should be replaced with legumes, fish, poultry or lean meats.

4. Dairy products (milk, kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese, cheese)(2-3 units per day)

Source of protein and calcium, which gives strength to bones. Milk and dairy products low in fat and salt are recommended.

5. Fats and oils(2-3 units per day)

Use healthy vegetable oils (olive, sunflower, corn, soybean)
Limit animal (saturated) fats: butter, margarines, cooking fats, and fats found in foods (milk, meat, potato chips, baked goods, etc.).

How to achieve this? Necessary:

Eat foods low in fat skimmed milk, boiled potatoes, lean meat).
Cook food for a couple microwave oven or stew, boil, bake
Reduce the addition of fats, oils in the cooking process

vegetable oil

6. Products whose consumption should be limited. Salt The total amount should not exceed 1 teaspoon (6 g) per day, taking into account the content in bread, canned foods and other foods. The use of iodized salt is recommended. Alcohol (no more than 2 units per day) and sugar (including in sweets, sugary drinks, sweetened foods) They do not contain vitamins and beneficial minerals, are high in calories and cause obesity, diabetes, caries. Alcohol consumption should not be regular, daily!

Example of a one-day menu

BREAKFAST

1 plate rice porridge(1 unit) in low fat (0.5%) milk (½ unit)
1 piece of bread (1 unit)
1 piece of cheese (1 unit)
Tea or coffee

DINNER

1 dessert plate vegetable salad(1 unit) with sunflower oil(1 unit)
1 dessert plate pea soup(1 unit)
1 piece of lean meat (1 unit)
½ dessert plate of buckwheat porridge (1 unit)
2 slices of bread (2 units)
1 glass of juice (2 units)

DINNER

1 piece of bread (1 unit)
1 dessert bowl of vegetable soup (1 unit) with olive oil(1 unit) and boiled potatoes (1 unit)
1 portion of fish (1 unit)

BEFORE BEDTIME

½ cup low-fat kefir (½ unit)

Vladimir Ivanov

The effect of a cold clearly demonstrates the work of provoking mechanisms. Sharp cooling of a warm body, for example, in a draft or drink cold water, leads to a weakening of the factors local immunity which triggers the sneeze reflex. As a result pathogenic microorganisms(bacteria and viruses) enter the paranasal sinuses, where an immune response is induced. Sneezing and coughing contribute to the formation of individual and herd immunity against acute respiratory infections, influenza, meningitis, encephalitis and other infections.

As a result of a pain reaction or a traumatic experience, the following alternating stages occur: repression, displacement, inversion, motivation.
Any motivated state can be decomposed into stages according to this pattern.
Consider, for example, through the prism of this regularity such concepts as love and friendship...

Paranasal air sinuses ( paranasal sinuses, sinuses) have small openings (ostia) in the nasal cavity, through which, when breathing and, especially, sneezing, microorganisms enter the sinuses and settle on the mucous membrane. The periosteum and mucous membrane are closely fused here, they have a common blood supply. Microbial antigens with macrophages or motivated T-lymphocytes can easily be transferred with the bloodstream to Bone marrow, where the cooperation of these cells with B-lymphocytes takes place.

Creative stagnation can occur for several reasons: these are various distractions, and prolonged absence results or feedback, and stress. They call it differently: a creative crisis or stagnation, emptiness, fear of a clean slate, or just laziness. In a word, there is a psychological barrier.
How to achieve such a state, which can be called differently, but the essence is the same: a creative upsurge, inspiration, a boost of energy, a flight of thought, a volcano of ideas, on a creative wave, a surge of fantasy, on the crest of a wave, enlightenment in the brain, unlimited thinking, a breakthrough , stream of consciousness, courage, premonition of success, powerful impulse, fantastic mood, drive, euphoria, intuition, insight, creativity, etc.

A seasoned person gets sick with acute respiratory infections and influenza in summer period, and unhardened - in the autumn-winter. winter period with predominant stay in warm rooms perceived by the body modern man like a continuation of summer. important reflex zones, which can cause cold effects, serve the feet, the surface of the back in men and the buttocks in women. This is apparently due to differences in the distribution of body weight, diaphragmatic breathing in men and chest breathing in women. All of the above in women is certainly related to childbearing.

This diet is for those who want to lose weight and for general health. The diet is based on the observation that meat food is not only a stimulant of metabolism and physical activity, but is also the strongest factor in increasing appetite. But the appetite will decrease throughout the day if meat dishes in combination with other products, use only in the evening, at dinner.
Facilitate the transition to new mode nutrition can be by using herbal infusions. You should be careful not to abuse the infusions of those herbs that have active substances cause diuretic, choleretic or laxative effects.

Article about the nature of atmospheric elements. In particular, the process of condensation of supercooled water vapor is considered, which can cause a sharp drop in pressure, squally winds and whirlwinds. It is likely that the resulting vortex funnel is untwisted by accelerated air flows around the turbulent "protrusions".

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Overeating is the main cause of weight gain. To be slim and healthy, the amount of food per day should be no more than what is required for physiological processes in the body.

The uncontrolled process of eating food occurs:

while watching an interesting TV show
when a person is worried
during stress
in case of non-observance of the daily regimen and diet
if metabolism is disturbed

The process of eating should be without fail, conscious.

In order not to overeat, it is enough to put food on a plate in a certain amount, which is determined simply: by your own hands.

The size of the hands of each person is individual. It happens that a slender and fragile woman has large hands, which means, as they say, she has a “rectum”, her body needs increased amount food and, she can eat plenty, but ... no more than the volume that fits in her hands.

There is a large man with small arms. This means that he needs to reduce the amount of food so as not to gain weight and always be in shape.

Nature is never wrong and in the body of any person everything is interconnected and organically arranged. You just need to learn to listen to it (nature) and follow its instructions.

How much to eat per day to lose weight

The amount of food per day has its own norm and it is advisable not to overdo it:

Put two palms together in a boat. Here is the amount of food your norm for breakfast
for snacks, the amount of food should not exceed the open palm of one hand
for lunch, as well as for breakfast, the amount is determined by the folded palms of two hands
for dinner, no more than a fist of one hand.

It’s not for nothing that they say: “Eat breakfast yourself, but give dinner to the enemy.”

Like in that Soviet cartoon about a monkey, a parrot and a snake ... Let's calculate how much you need to eat per day in "parrots" (in 2 palms): two palms for breakfast and lunch, 1 palm for 2 snacks, it turns out 1 more time two palms and a quarter of two palms for dinner. The total is: 3.25 of two palms.

Again, as in a cartoon, see for yourself “parrots in snakes”, that is: measure the volume of two palms on some plate (with a blue border) and then your daily diet will be equal to 3.25 a plate with a blue border.

How much to eat to lose weight

For those who lose weight, the process of calculating calories is quite laborious and, in the end, either there is not enough time for it or it bothers you to count calories all the time when you want to eat immediately and a lot ...

How much do you need to eat to lose weight, not counting calories each time? Just remembering a few simple tricks determining the amount of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fruits and vegetables.

Now there will be no need to keep tables for calculations and scales in the kitchen. Only your hands will be needed.

Hands are always with you and therefore it is very convenient to quickly navigate the amount of those products that you put on your plate, without resorting to additional means and saving time on this.

Manual diet throughout the day

meat-animal protein - must be present in the diet the size of one open palm
carbohydrates are needed for the body every day in an amount equal to the size of the front of the fist
the amount of vegetables should fit in the folded palms of both hands
fruits (for snacks) can be consumed in the amount that is projected onto the hand clenched into a fist
the question of quantity butter a day has always stood sharply: someone claims that it is very useful for digestive tract, and someone recommends limiting fats because of cholesterol. The amount of oil per day should be no more than the top knuckle of your index finger
cheese is great product, benefits which are undeniable, but it should be eaten no more than the width of two folded fingers, because it also contains fats.

Naturally, everyone chooses meat that suits him, greens can be correlated with vegetables, and fats are best used each time in the form of various products, such as butter, nuts, eggs, cheese, fatty cottage cheese, etc.

Be especially careful with fats, because any natural product must contain some amount of fat.

Don't forget about separate meals: it is better not to mix meat with carbohydrates at one meal, because these products together in the digestive tract are very poorly digested.

It may seem at first glance that this amount of food is somehow very small. But, estimate the menu and you will see that everything corresponds to the recommendations of nutritionists:

breakfast: oatmeal (carbohydrates in the amount of the front of the fist), you can add a piece of cheese
morning snack: fruit, maybe an apple
lunch: meat the size of a palm, as a side dish - a "handful" of vegetables
afternoon snack: fruit, preferably not as high-calorie as an apple, such as apricot or dried fruits
give dinner to the enemy or in the amount of a fist, with vegetables. Larisa Dolina, for example, drinks only a glass of kefir at dinner.

The amount of food per day, limited by the size of your hands, quite logically fits into all recommendations for losing weight and not overeating. A manual diet has long been in service, for example, with Elena Malysheva, who recommends eating in small portions 5-6 times a day. Everyone who gets on her weight loss program are having tremendous results.

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