What is XE and how to calculate it? Some features of optimal nutrition for diabetics.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus differs from type 1 in the ability of the pancreas to produce insulin in sufficient quantities, but for some reason the hormone produced is not active and does not contribute to the normal absorption of glucose by the body. Despite the fact that the causes of diabetes mellitus have not yet been established by science, there is reason to believe that obesity, which is the main factor in the onset of type 2 diabetes, contributes to this.
People with diabetes Type 2 do not need constant injections of insulin. The development of the disease proceeds imperceptibly. The diagnosis is usually determined by exacerbation of other diseases. Although people over 40 should be wary of excessive fatigue, increased hunger and increased thirst which may be symptoms of the disease. Today we will tell readers how to eat right with type 2 diabetes.
Diet plan for type 2 diabetes
In the treatment of the identified disease, the main place should be occupied by the diet. It is the diet for diabetes 2 that will help avoid complications and maintain good health and performance into old age.
Diet in diabetes 2, if the problem is associated with obesity, should be aimed at reducing the caloric content of the diet. If the patient's weight is much higher than the norm, then the diet for type 2 diabetes should be based on 20 kcal per day per kilogram of weight for a woman and 25 kcal for a man. At normal weight, there is no need to reduce the calorie content of meals.
Diet for diabetes 2 should not contain in the diet simple carbohydrates, quickly raising blood sugar levels: jam, sweets, honey, sweet biscuits and pastries, sugar, some sweet fruits and dried fruits, raisins, bananas, grapes. Fatty foods, smoked meats, canned food, spicy and fried foods as well as alcohol.
Animal fats (including butter) should be limited and replaced with vegetable fats (preferably olive oil). In small quantities, the use of deep sea fish is allowed, which contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (salmon, mackerel).
Foods Good for Type 2 Diabetes
It is recommended to use soups on vegetable, mushroom or unsaturated meat broth, not fatty meat, fish and poultry boiled or baked, 2 eggs 3 times a week in the form of an omelette or boiled. From vegetables, be careful with potatoes, beets and carrots. The use of the following vegetables: cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes, eggplant - on the contrary, is welcome. Cabbage, radish, sweet pepper will be useful.
It is recommended to use oatmeal, buckwheat, barley, wheat groats in the diet for type 2 diabetes. Semolina and rice should be excluded from the diet. From dairy products, it is useful to include low-fat yogurt and kefir, as well as low-fat cottage cheese, in the diet. When choosing fruits, preference should be given to sweet and sour. Useful lemons and oranges, which contain in in large numbers vitamin C, and berries, especially lingonberries and cranberries. From drinks you can tea, weak coffee, unsweetened juices. It is better to use rye bread, no more than 150-200 g per day.
Type 2 Diabetes: Diet Menu
Food intake should be limited to small meals at least 5-6 times a day. The menu for the day can be compiled as follows:
- 1 breakfast. 7 o'clock. Oatmeal or buckwheat.
- 2 breakfast. 9 o'clock. Skim cheese sugarless.
- Dinner. 14 hours. Borscht with sour cream + boiled chicken + bread + water.
- Afternoon tea 16 hours. Unsweetened fruits.
- Dinner. 18 hours. Fish stew with vegetables.
- Before bedtime. Kefir.
If you follow the rules of the diet for type 2 diabetes, you can make a menu for 5 days, in which only products that are useful for the patient will be used.
So, the diet menu for type 2 diabetes can be as follows:
- Breakfast. Grated carrots (70 g) + oatmeal with milk (200 g) + butter (5 g) + grain bread (50 g) + unsweetened tea (250 ml).
- 2nd breakfast. Apple.
- Dinner. Borsch on vegetable broth(250 g) + roast (70 g) + vegetable salad (100 g) + rye bread (50 g) + dry fruit compote without sugar (250 ml).
- afternoon tea. Orange + unsweetened tea.
- Dinner. Cottage cheese casserole (150 g) + green peas (70 g) + bread (50 g) + tea.
- Before bedtime. Kefir (250 ml).
- Breakfast. Apple and cabbage salad (70 g) + steamed fish (50 g) + bread + unsweetened tea.
- 2nd breakfast. Vegetable puree (100 g) + tea.
- Dinner. Soup on vegetable broth (250 g) + boiled chicken (70 g) + apple + bread + mineral water.
- afternoon tea. Cottage cheese pancakes with apples (100 g) + unsweetened rosehip broth (250 ml).
- Dinner. 1 egg + meat and cabbage cutlets + bread.
- Before bedtime. Ryazhenka (250 ml)
- Breakfast. Low-fat cottage cheese (150g) + buckwheat porridge (150g) + rye bread + unsweetened tea.
- 2nd breakfast. Orange juice (250 ml).
- Dinner. Vegetable borsch with sour cream (250g) + steamed beef (75g) + stewed cabbage (100g) + bread + mineral water.
- afternoon tea. Apple.
- Dinner. Chicken meatballs (110g) + stewed vegetables (150g) + cabbage schnitzel (200g) + bread (50g) + rosehip broth without sugar (250ml).
- Before going to bed yogurt (250g).
- Breakfast. Any milk porridge (150 g) + boiled beets (79 g) + grain bread + coffee drink (250 ml) + cheese.
- 2nd breakfast. Grapefruit.
- Dinner. Fish soup (250 g) + boiled chicken (150 g) + zucchini caviar (70 g) + bread + berry drink without sugar.
- afternoon tea. Cabbage salad (100 g) + unsweetened tea.
- Dinner. Buckwheat or oatmeal(150 g) + cabbage (170 g) + bread + tea with sugar substitute.
- Before bedtime. Milk (250 g).
- Breakfast. Apple and carrot salad (110 g) + cottage cheese (150 g) + bread + unsweetened tea.
- 2nd breakfast. Apple + mineral water.
- Dinner. Soup on vegetable broth (200 g) + meat goulash (150 g) + vegetable caviar (50 g) + bread + unsweetened jelly.
- afternoon tea. Fruit salad (100 g) + tea.
- Dinner. Fish schnitzel (150 g) + millet porridge (150 g) + bread + tea.
With diligent adherence to patients with diabetes diet and daily moderate physical activity, you can significantly improve your condition.
4.3 out of 5 (7 Votes)
Update: October 2018
Basic principles of nutrition
In patients with diabetes who deliberately or unknowingly do not follow a diet before the diagnosis is established, due to the excessive amount of carbohydrates in the diet, the sensitivity of cells to insulin is lost. Because of this, blood glucose rises and stays on high rates. The meaning of dietary nutrition for diabetics is to restore cells to lost sensitivity to insulin, i.e. ability to absorb sugar.
- Restriction of the total calorie content of the diet while maintaining its energy usefulness for the body.
- The energy component of the diet should be equal to the real energy consumption.
- Eating at about the same time. It contributes well-coordinated work digestive system and the normal course of metabolic processes.
- Mandatory 5-6 meals during the day, with light snacks - this is especially true for insulin-dependent patients.
- The same (approximately) caloric content of the main meals. Most of the carbohydrates should be in the first half of the day.
- Wide use of the permitted range of products in dishes, without focusing on any specific ones.
- Adding fresh, high-fiber vegetables from the list of allowed vegetables to each meal to create satiety and reduce the rate of absorption of simple sugars.
- Replacing sugar with permitted and safe sweeteners in standardized quantities.
- Preference for desserts containing vegetable fat (yogurt, nuts), since the breakdown of fats slows down the absorption of sugar.
- Eating sweets only during main meals, and not in snacks, otherwise it will happen sudden jump blood glucose.
- Strict restriction up to the complete exclusion of easily digestible carbohydrates.
- Restriction of complex carbohydrates.
- Limiting the proportion of animal fats in the diet.
- Exclusion or significant reduction of salt.
- Exclusion of overeating, i.e. overload of the digestive tract.
- No food intake immediately after physical activity or playing sports.
- Exclusion or drastic restriction of alcohol (up to 1 serving during the day). You can not drink on an empty stomach.
- Use of dietary methods of preparation.
- Total free liquid daily - 1.5 liters.
Some features of optimal nutrition for diabetics
- In no case should you neglect breakfast.
- You can not starve and take long breaks in food.
- Last meal no later than 2 hours before bedtime.
- Dishes should not be too hot or too cold.
- While eating, vegetables are eaten first, and then protein product(meat, cottage cheese).
- If there is a significant amount of carbohydrates in a serving of food, there must be proteins or the right fats to reduce the rate of digestion of the former.
- Allowed drinks or water should preferably be drunk before meals, and not washed down with food.
- When cooking cutlets, a long loaf is not used, but oatmeal and vegetables can be added.
- You can not increase the GI of products by additionally frying them, adding flour, breading in breadcrumbs and batter, flavoring with oil and even boiling (beets, pumpkin).
- At poor tolerance raw vegetables make baked dishes from them, various pastas and pâtés.
- Eat slowly and in small portions, chewing food thoroughly.
- You should stop eating at 80% saturation (according to personal feelings).
What is the glycemic index (GI) and why does a diabetic need it?
This is an indicator of the ability of foods after they are ingested to cause an increase in blood sugar levels. GI acquires particular relevance in severe and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Each product has its own GI. Accordingly, the higher it is, the faster it grows after its use and vice versa.
The GI gradation separates all products with high (more than 70 units), medium (41-70) and low GI (up to 40). Tables with a breakdown of products into specified groups or online calculators for calculating GI can be found on thematic portals and used in everyday life.
All foods with a high GI are excluded from the diet, with the rare exception of those that are beneficial to the body of a person suffering from diabetes (honey). In this case, the overall GI of the diet is reduced by limiting other carbohydrate products.
The usual diet should consist of foods with a low (mainly) and medium (smaller proportion) GI.
What is XE and how to calculate it?
XE or Bread Unit is another measure for calculating carbohydrates. The name comes from a piece of "brick" bread, which is obtained by standard cutting a loaf into pieces, and then in half: it is such a 25-gram piece that contains 1 XE.
Many products contain carbohydrates, while all of them differ in composition, properties and calorie content. That is why it is difficult to determine the daily amount of food intake, which is important for insulin-dependent patients - the amount of carbohydrates consumed must correspond to the dose of insulin administered.
This counting system is international and allows you to select the required dose of insulin. XE allows you to determine the carbohydrate component without weighing, but with the help of a glance and easy to read natural volumes(piece, piece, glass, spoon, etc.). Having estimated how much XE will be eaten at 1 dose and measuring blood sugar, a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus can administer the appropriate dose of insulin with short action before meals.
- 1 XE contains about 15 grams of digestible carbohydrates;
- after drinking 1 XE, the blood sugar level increases by 2.8 mmol / l;
- for the assimilation of 1 XE, 2 units are needed. insulin;
- daily norm: 18-25 XE, with distribution for 6 meals (snacks for 1-2 XE, main meals for 3-5 XE);
- 1 XE is equal to: 25 gr. white bread, 30 gr. black bread, half a glass of oatmeal or buckwheat, 1 medium-sized apple, 2 pcs. prunes, etc.
Allowed foods and those that can be rarely consumed
When eating with diabetes - permitted foods - this is a group that can be consumed without restrictions.
| Low GI: | Average GI: |
|
|
| Foods with a borderline GI content - should be significantly limited, and in severe diabetes should be excluded: | |
|
Prohibited Products
Actually refined sugar refers to products with an average GI, but with a borderline value. This means that theoretically it can be consumed, but the absorption of sugar occurs quickly, which means that blood sugar also rises quickly. Therefore, ideally, it should be limited or not used at all.
| High GI foods (prohibited) | Other prohibited foods: |
|
|
Equivalent replacement of harmful products with useful analogues
We exclude |
We introduce into the diet |
| White rice | brown rice |
| Potatoes, especially mashed and french fries | Yasm, sweet potato |
| regular pasta | Pasta made from durum flour and coarse grinding. |
| White bread | peeled bread |
| Cornflakes | Bran |
| Cakes | Fruits and berries |
| red meat | White dietary meat (rabbit, turkey), fish low-fat varieties |
| Animal fats, trans fats | Vegetable fats (rapeseed, linseed, olive) |
| Rich meat broths | Light soups on the second broth from dietary meat |
| fat cheese | Avocados, low-fat cheeses |
| Milk chocolate | bitter chocolate |
| Ice cream | Whipped frozen fruit (not fruit ice cream) |
| Cream | low fat milk |
Table 9 for diabetes
Diet No. 9, specially designed for diabetics, is widely used for inpatient treatment such patients and should be observed at home. It was developed by the Soviet scientist M. Pevzner. The diet for diabetics includes daily intake before:
- 80 gr. vegetables;
- 300 gr. fruits;
- 1 glass of natural fruit juice;
- 500 ml of fermented milk products, 200 g of low-fat cottage cheese;
- 100 gr. mushrooms;
- 300 gr. fish or meat;
- 100-200 gr. rye, wheat mixed with rye flour, bran bread or 200 grams of potatoes, cereals (ready-made);
- 40-60 gr. fats.
Main dishes:
- Soups: cabbage soup, vegetables, borscht, beetroot, meat and vegetable okroshka, light meat or fish broth, mushroom broth with vegetables and cereals.
- Meat, poultry: veal, rabbit, turkey, chicken boiled, chopped, stewed.
- Fish: low-fat seafood and fish (perch, pike, cod, navaga) boiled, steamed, stewed, baked in its own juice.
- Snacks: vinaigrette, mixed vegetables fresh vegetables, vegetable caviar, salt-soaked herring, jellied dietary meat and fish, seafood salad with butter, unsalted cheese.
- Sweets: desserts from fresh fruits, berries, fruit jelly without sugar, berry mousses, marmalade and jam without sugar.
- Beverages: coffee, weak tea, mineral water without gas, vegetable and fruit juice, ).
- Egg dishes: protein omelet, soft-boiled eggs, in dishes.
Diet by day for a week
The menu for the week, contrary to the skepticism of many people who have just taken the path of dietary nutrition, can be very tasty and varied, the main thing is not to make food a priority in life, because not only does a person live by it.
1st option |
2nd option |
|
First day |
||
| Breakfast | Protein omelet with asparagus, tea. | Buckwheat friable with vegetable oil and steam cheese. |
| 2 breakfast | Salad of squid and apples with walnuts. | Carrot salad from fresh vegetables. |
| Dinner | Beetroot, baked eggplant with pomegranate seeds. |
Vegetarian vegetable soup, meat stew with jacket potatoes. One apple. |
| Snack | sandwich from rye bread with avocado. | Kefir mixed with fresh berries. |
| Dinner | Steak baked salmon and green onions. | Boiled fish with stewed cabbage. |
Second day |
||
| Breakfast | Buckwheat with milk, a glass of coffee. | Hercules porridge. Tea with milk. |
| 2 breakfast | Fruit salad. | Cottage cheese with fresh apricots. |
| Dinner | Pickle on the second meat broth. Seafood salad. | Vegetarian borscht. Turkey meat goulash with lentils. |
| Snack | Unsalted cheese and a glass of kefir. | Vegetable pigeons. |
| Dinner | Roasted vegetables with chopped turkey. | Dried fruit compote without sugar. Soft-boiled egg. |
Third day |
||
| Breakfast | Oatmeal with pureed apple and sweetened with stevia, a glass of sugar-free yogurt. | Low-fat curd cheese with tomatoes. Tea. |
| 2 breakfast | Smoothies from fresh apricots with berries. | Vegetable vinaigrette and 2 slices of peeled bread. |
| Dinner | Vegetable stew with veal. | Viscous barley soup with milk. Quenelles steamed from veal. |
| Snack | Curd with milk. | Fruit poached with milk. |
| Dinner | Salad of fresh pumpkin, carrots and peas. | Braised broccoli with mushrooms. |
Fourth day |
||
| Breakfast | Burger made from whole grain bread, low-fat cheese and tomato. | Soft-boiled egg. Glass with milk. |
| 2 breakfast | Steam vegetables with hummus. | Fruits and berries, whipped with a blender with kefir. |
| Dinner | Vegetable soup with celery and green peas. Chopped chicken cutlet with spinach. | Shchi is vegetarian. Barley porridge under a fish coat. |
| Snack | Pears stuffed with raw almonds. | Squash caviar. |
| Dinner | Salad with salmon, pepper and natural yogurt. | boiled chicken breast with eggplant and celery goulash. |
Fifth day |
||
| Breakfast | Steam puree of fresh plums with cinnamon and stevia. Weak coffee and soy bread. | Sprouted grains with natural yogrut and bread. Coffee. |
| 2 breakfast | Salad with boiled egg and natural zucchini caviar. | Berry jelly. |
| Dinner | Cauliflower and broccoli soup. beef steak with arugula and tomatoes. | Mushroom broth with vegetables. Meatballs with stewed zucchini. |
| Snack | Low-fat cottage cheese with berry sauce. | A glass of green tea. One apple. |
| Dinner | Steamed green beans and fish meatballs in a green natural sauce. | Salad with tomato, herbs and cottage cheese. |
Sixth day |
||
| Breakfast | Low-fat cheese and 2 slices of whole grain bread. Orange fresh. | Rice bran with milk and berries. |
| 2 breakfast | Salad of raw beets, mustard oil and walnuts. | Fruit salad with nuts. Diet bread. |
| Dinner | Pike-perch soup with wild rice. Baked avocado with curd cream. | Soup with beef meatballs and sorrel. |
| Snack | Fresh berries whipped with low-fat milk. | Zrazy from carrots and cottage cheese, vegetable juice. |
| Dinner | Baked red onion with quail eggs scrambled. | Steamed fish with cucumber, pepper and tomato salad. |
Seventh day |
||
| Breakfast | Curd-carrot soufflé, weak tea. | Cottage cheese casserole. Berry fresh. |
| 2 breakfast | Warm salad of fresh celery root, pear and kohlrabi. | Bran bread burger with soaked herring and lettuce. |
| Dinner | Cold spinach soup. Rabbit fillet stewed with Brussels sprouts. | Bean soup on the second meat broth. Mushroom steam cutlet. |
| Snack | Layered fruit dessert with mascarpone. | A glass of kefir. |
| Dinner | Baked cod with green salad. | Pike perch fillet with fresh vegetables. |
Sweeteners
This issue remains controversial, since a diabetic patient does not experience an acute need for them, but uses them only to satisfy their needs. taste preferences and habits of adding salt to food and drinks. artificial and natural substitutes Sugar with absolutely proven safety, in principle, does not exist. The main requirement for them is the absence of an increase in blood sugar or a slight increase in the indicator.
Currently, 50% fructose, stevia and honey can be used as sweeteners with strict blood sugar control.
stevia
Stevia leaf supplement perennial plant stevia, sugar replacement, calorie-free. The plant synthesizes sweet glycosides, such as stevioside, a substance that gives leaves and stems a sweet taste, 20 times sweeter than regular sugar. It can be added to ready meals or used in cooking. It is believed that stevia helps to restore the pancreas and helps produce your own insulin without affecting blood sugar.
Officially approved as a sweetener by WHO experts in 2004. Daily rate- up to 2.4 mg / kg (no more than 1 tablespoon per day). If the supplement is abused, toxic effects and allergic reactions may develop. Available in the form of powder, liquid extracts and concentrated syrups.
Fructose
Fructose 50%. Fructose does not require insulin to metabolize, so it is safe in this regard. It has 2 times less calories and 1.5 times more sweetness than regular sugar. Has a low GI (19) and does not cause fast growth blood sugar.
The consumption rate is not more than 30-40 gr. per day. When using more than 50 gr. fructose per day decreases the sensitivity of the liver to insulin. Produced in the form of powder, tablets.
Honey
Natural Bee Honey. Contains glucose, fructose and a small proportion of sucrose (1-6%). Insulin is needed for the metabolism of sucrose, but the content of this sugar in honey is negligible, and therefore the load on the body is small.
Rich in vitamins and biologically active substances, improves immunity. With all this, it is a high-calorie carbohydrate product with a high GI (about 85). With mild degrees of diabetes, 1-2 tea boats of honey with tea per day are acceptable, after eating, slowly dissolving, but not adding to a hot drink.
Supplements such as aspartame, xylitol, suclamate, and saccharin are currently not recommended by endocrinologists due to side effects and other risks.
It should be understood that the rate of absorption of carbohydrates, as well as the sugar content in products, may differ from the average calculated values. Therefore, it is important to control blood glucose before meals and 2 hours after meals, to keep food diary and thus find products that cause individual jumps in blood sugar. To calculate the GI of ready meals, it is more convenient to use a special calculator, since the cooking technique and various additives can significantly increase First level GI of raw products.
The root cause of the complications that develop in type 2 diabetes is a high level of insulin in the blood. It can be normalized quickly and for a long time only by a strict low-carbohydrate diet, when the intake of carbohydrates from food is reduced as much as possible.
And only after the indicators stabilize, some relaxation is possible. It concerns a narrow set of cereals, raw root crops, fermented milk products - under the control of blood glucose (!).
Do you want to go straight to the allowed food table?
Click on item #3 in the table of contents below. The table should be printed and hung in the kitchen.
It provides a detailed list of what foods can be eaten with type 2 diabetes, which is designed conveniently and concisely.
Quick article navigation:
Benefits of a well-established low-carbohydrate diet
If type 2 diabetes is detected at an early stage, such a diet is complete treatment. Reduce carbohydrates to a minimum as soon as possible! And you do not have to drink "tablets in handfuls."
What is deceit systemic disease exchange?
It is important to understand that breakdowns affect all types of metabolism, and not just carbohydrate. The main targets of diabetes are blood vessels, eyes and kidneys, as well as the heart.
The dangerous future of a diabetic who could not change his diet is neuropathy lower extremities up to gangrene and amputation, blindness, severe atherosclerosis, and this is a direct path to heart attack and stroke. According to statistics, the listed conditions, on average, take up to 16 years of life from a poorly compensated diabetic.
A sensible diet and lifelong carbohydrate restriction will ensure a stable level of insulin in the blood. This will give the correct metabolism in the tissues and reduce the risk of severe complications.
If necessary, do not be afraid to take drugs to control insulin production. Be motivated to diet and that it allows you to reduce the dose of drugs or reduce their set to a minimum.
Incidentally, metformin, a common prescription for type 2 diabetes, is already being researched in scientific circles as a possible massive defender against systemic senile inflammation, even for healthy people.
Diet principles and food choices
Worried that restrictions will make your diet tasteless?
In vain! The list of allowed foods for type 2 diabetes is very wide. You will be able to choose from it mouth-watering options for a healthy and varied menu.
What foods can be eaten with type 2 diabetes?
- Protein products
All kinds of meat, poultry, fish, eggs (whole!), Mushrooms. The latter should be limited if there are problems with the kidneys.
Based on the intake of protein 1-1.5 g per 1 kg of body weight.
Attention! The numbers 1-1.5 grams are pure protein, not the weight of the product. Find tables online that show how much protein is in the meat and fish you eat.
- low GI vegetables
They contain up to 500 grams of vegetables with high content fiber, raw if possible (salads, smoothies). This will ensure a stable feeling of fullness and good cleansing intestines.
- Healthy fats
Say "No!" trans fats. Say yes! fish oil and vegetable oils, where omega-6 is not more than 30%. Alas, the popular sunflower and corn oil they do not apply.
- Unsweetened low GI fruits and berries
No more than 100 grams per day. Your task is to choose fruits from glycemic index up to 40, occasionally - up to 50.
From 1 to 2 r / week you can eat diabetic sweets ( based on stevia and erythritol). Remember the names! Now it is very important for you to remember that most of the popular sweeteners are dangerous to health.
Always consider the glycemic index
It is vital for a diabetic to understand the concept of the "glycemic index" of products. This number shows the average person's response to the product - how quickly blood glucose rises after taking it.
GI is defined for all products. There are three gradations of the indicator.
- High GI - from 70 to 100. A diabetic should exclude such foods.
- Average GI - from 41 to 70. Moderate consumption with achieved stabilization of blood glucose - occasionally, no more than 1/5 of the entire meal per day, in the right combinations with other products.
- Low GI - from 0 to 40. These foods are the basis of the diet for diabetes.
What increases the GI of a product?
Cooking with "invisible" carbohydrates (breading!), accompaniment with high-carbohydrate food, food consumption temperature.
So, cauliflower steamed does not cease to be low-glycemic. And her neighbor, fried in breadcrumbs, is no longer shown to a diabetic.
One more example. We lower the GI of a meal by accompanying a meal with carbohydrates with a powerful serving of protein. Salad with chicken and avocado with berry sauce is an affordable dish for diabetics. And these same berries, whipped into a seemingly “harmless dessert” with oranges, just a spoonful of honey and sour cream - already bad choice.
We stop being afraid of fats and learn to choose healthy ones.
Since the end of the last century, mankind has rushed to fight fats in food. The motto is “no cholesterol!” only babies don't know. But what are the results of this struggle? Fear of fats has led to an increase in fatal vascular accidents (heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism) and the prevalence of diseases of civilization, including diabetes and atherosclerosis in the top three.
This is due to the fact that the consumption of trans fats from hydrogenated vegetable oils has greatly increased and there has been a harmful nutritional skew in excess of omega-6 fatty acids. good value omega3/omega-6 = 1:4. But in our traditional diet, it reaches 1:16 or more.
Your task is to choose the right fats.
Focusing on omega-3s, adding omega-9s, and reducing omega-6s will help balance your diet towards a healthy ratio of omegas. For example, make cold-pressed olive oil the main oil in cold dishes. Remove trans fats completely. If frying, then in coconut oil, which is resistant to prolonged heating.
Product table do's and don'ts
Let's talk again. The lists in the table do not describe an archaic view of the diet (the classic Diet 9 table), but a modern low-carb diet for type 2 diabetes.
It includes:
- Normal protein intake is 1-1.5 g per kg of body weight;
- Normal or increased use healthy fats;
- Complete removal of sweets, cereals, pasta and milk;
- A sharp reduction in root vegetables, legumes and liquid dairy products.
At the first stage of the diet, your goal for carbohydrates is to meet 25-50 grams per day.
For convenience, the table should hang in the kitchen of a diabetic - next to information about the glycemic index of foods and the calorie content of the most frequent prescriptions.
| Product | Can eat | Limited possible (1-3 r / week) with stable glucose numbers for a month |
| cereals | Green buckwheat, steamed with boiling water overnight, quinoa: 1 dish of 40 grams of dry product 1-2 times a week. Under the control of blood glucose after 1.5 hours. If you fix an increase from the initial one by 3 mmol / l or more, exclude the product. |
|
| Vegetables, root vegetables, greens, legumes | All vegetables that grow above ground. Cabbage of all varieties (white, red, broccoli, cauliflower, kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts), fresh herbs, including all types of leaf ( garden salad, arugula, etc.), tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, bell pepper, artichoke, pumpkin, asparagus, green beans, mushrooms. | Raw carrots, celery root, radish, Jerusalem artichoke, turnip, radish, sweet potato. Black beans, lentils: 1 dish of 30 grams of dry product 1 r / week. Under the control of blood glucose after 1.5 hours. If you fix an increase from the initial one by 3 mmol / l or more, exclude the product. |
| Fruit, berries | Avocado, lemon, cranberry. Less commonly, strawberries, wild strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, red currants, gooseberries. Divide into 2 doses and accompany with proteins and fats. A good option- sauces from these fruits for salads and meat. | No more than 100 g / day + not on an empty stomach! Berries (blackcurrant, blueberry), plum, watermelon, grapefruit, pear, figs, apricots, cherries, tangerines, sweet and sour apples. |
| Seasonings, spices | Pepper, cinnamon, spices, spices, mustard. | Dry seasonings for salads homemade mayonnaise in olive oil, avocado sauces. |
| Dairy and cheeses | Cottage cheese and sour cream of normal fat content. Hard cheeses. Rarely - cream and butter. | Cheese. Sour-milk drinks of normal fat content (from 5%), preferably homemade sourdough: 1 glass per day, preferably not daily. |
| Fish and seafood | Not a large (!) marine and River fish. Squids, shrimps, crayfish, mussels, oysters. | |
| Meat, eggs and meat products | Whole eggs: 2-3 pcs. in a day. Chicken, turkey, duck, rabbit, veal, beef, pork, offal from animals and birds (heart, liver, stomachs). | |
| Fats | In salads, olive, peanut, cold-pressed almonds. Coconut (it is preferable to fry in this oil). Natural butter. Fish oil - as a dietary supplement. Cod liver. Less often - lard and rendered animal fats. | Fresh linseed oil (alas, this oil quickly oxidizes and is inferior to fish oil in terms of the bioavailability of omegas). |
| desserts | Salads and frozen fruit desserts with low GI (up to 40). No more than 100 grams per day. No added sugar, fructose, honey! | Fruit jelly without sugar from fruits with GI up to 50. Bitter chocolate (cocoa from 75% and above). |
| Bakery products | Unsweetened pastries on buckwheat and nut flour. Fritters on quinoa and buckwheat flour. | |
| Sweets | Bitter chocolate (Real! From 75% cocoa) - no more than 20 g / day | |
| nuts, seeds | Almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, cashews, pistachios, sunflower and pumpkin seeds (no more than 30 grams per day!). Nut and seed flour (almond, coconut, chia, etc.) |
|
| Beverages | Tea and natural (!) coffee, still mineral water. |
What can not be eaten with type 2 diabetes?
- All bakery products and cereals not listed in the table;
- Cookies, marshmallows, marshmallows and other confectionery, cakes, pastries, etc.;
- Honey, unspecified chocolate, candy, natural white sugar;
- Potatoes, carbohydrate-coated fried vegetables, most root vegetables, except as noted above;
- Store-bought mayonnaise, ketchup, frying in soup with flour and all sauces based on it;
- Condensed milk, store-bought ice cream (any!), store-bought products complex composition marked "milk", because these are hidden sugars and trans fats;
- Fruits, berries with high GI: banana, grapes, cherries, pineapple, peaches, watermelon, melon, pineapple;
- Dried fruits and candied fruits: figs, dried apricots, dates, raisins;
- Shop sausages, sausages, etc., where there is starch, cellulose and sugar;
- Sunflower and corn oil, any refined oils, margarine;
- Large fish, canned food in oil, smoked fish and seafood, dry salted snacks, popular with beer.
Do not rush to dismiss the diet due to strict restrictions!
Yes, it's unusual. Yes, no bread at all. And even buckwheat is not allowed at the first stage. And then they offer to get acquainted with new cereals and legumes. And they call to delve into the composition of the products. And oils list strange. And an unusual principle - “fats are allowed, look for healthy ones” ... Sheer bewilderment, but how to live on such a diet ?!
Live well and long! The proposed nutrition will work for you in a month.
Bonus: you will eat many times better than your peers who have not yet been pressed by diabetes, wait for grandchildren and increase your chances of active longevity.
Understand that type 2 diabetes is not to be underestimated.
Many people have risk factors for this disease (among them is our sweet and starchy diet, with bad fats and a lack of protein). But the disease occurs most often in mature and elderly people, when other weak points have already formed in the body.
If the disease is not brought under control, diabetes will actually shorten life and kill prematurely. It attacks all blood vessels, the heart, the liver, will not allow you to lose weight and will critically worsen the quality of life. Decide to limit carbohydrates to a minimum! The result will please you.
How to properly build a diet for type 2 diabetes
When formulating nutrition for a diabetic, it is beneficial to assess which foods and processing methods bring the most benefit to the body.
- Food processing: boil, bake, steam.
- No - frequent frying on sunflower oil and strong salting!
- Emphasis on the raw gifts of nature, if there are no contraindications from the stomach and intestines. For example, eat up to 60% fresh vegetables and fruits, and leave 40% for heat-treated.
- Carefully choose the types of fish (small size insures against excess mercury).
- We study potential harm most sugar substitutes. The only neutral ones: based on stevia and erythritol.
- We enrich the diet with the right dietary fiber(cabbage, psyllium, pure fiber).
- We enrich the diet fatty acids omega-3 (fish oil, medium-sized red fish).
- No to alcohol! Empty calories = hypoglycemia, a harmful condition when there is a lot of insulin in the blood, and little glucose. Dangerous fainting and increasing starvation of the brain. In advanced cases - up to coma.
When and how often to eat during the day
- The fragmentation of food during the day - from 3 times a day, preferably at the same time;
- No - late dinner! A full last meal - 2 hours before bedtime;
- Yes - daily breakfast! It contributes to a stable level of insulin in the blood;
- We start the meal with a salad - this restrains insulin surges and quickly satisfies the subjective feeling of hunger, which is important for obligatory weight loss in type 2 diabetes.
How to spend a day without hunger and spikes in insulin in the blood
We prepare a large bowl of salad and 1 recipe with baked meat - from the entire set of products for the day. From these dishes we form breakfast, lunch, dinner close in volume. Snacks (afternoon snack and 2nd breakfast) to choose from - a bowl of boiled shrimp (sprinkle with a mixture of olive oil and lemon juice), cottage cheese, kefir and a handful of nuts.
This mode will allow you to quickly rebuild, comfortably lose weight and not hang out in the kitchen, mourning the usual recipes.
Remember the main thing! Reducing excess weight in type 2 diabetes is one of the main factors in successful treatment.
We have described a working method of how to establish a low-carb diet for a diabetic. When you have a table in front of your eyes, what foods you can eat with type 2 diabetes, it’s not difficult to create a tasty and varied menu.
On the pages of our website, we will also prepare recipes for diabetics and talk about contemporary views to add to therapy food additives(fish oil for omega-3, alpha-lipoic acid, chromium picolinate, etc.). Stay tuned!
Thank you for the article (96)
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes is a metabolic disease salient feature which, is an increased concentration of glucose in the blood serum, hyperglycemia.
In other words, the human body produces its own insulin. However, this does not always happen in a timely manner and insufficiently. Therefore, a special diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus should provide and maintain an optimal amount of glucose in the blood serum in sufficient quantities.
Diabetes mellitus: causes provoking occurrence
In 10-15% of patients, type 1 diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes, is determined, which is characterized by total absence hormonal secretion of insulin in the pancreas. The most important element in the treatment of the disease is a properly formulated diet for type 1 diabetes. The remaining 85-90% of diseases endocrine system, are defined as type 2 diabetes mellitus, which usually occurs in people after 45-60 years of age.
This type is characterized by insulin resistance - insulin resistance. Most people with type 2 diabetes are obese, and this fact itself leads to an increase in insulin resistance. The disease of the endocrine system itself develops gradually, and has hidden forms symptomatic signs. However, it is possible to identify risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus:
- abuse of sweets;
- hereditary predisposition (no more than 1% of the total);
- diseases of the pancreas, as well as any form (acute or chronic) of pancreatitis;
- defeat viral infections beta cells;
- inactive lifestyle;
- psycho-emotional overstrain and stress;
- age criteria, special zone at risk are people over 60 years of age.
Insulin sensitivity can be increased by reducing excess weight, increasing physical activity and appropriate treatment, an important link in this chain is the type 2 diabetes diet. The basis for the treatment of any form of endocrine system diseases in diabetes mellitus is specially selected food products.
Type 2 diabetes: diet and nutrition
- reduction of excess weight;
- prevention of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and / or hyperglycemia (blood sugar is increased);
- preventing the development of atherosclerosis;
- regular fractional meals;
- the need for a balanced breakdown of carbohydrates (low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes).
The main task in a properly composed diet is the correct calculation of the quantitative number of carbohydrates in the diet consumed. It is known that each product has its own physical properties, chemical composition and certain energy value. A diet for diabetes should be properly structured by selecting a variety of foods. The standard for calculating the quantitative number of carbohydrates in the diet is the "carbohydrate" or "bread" system of units, which makes it easier to determine energy value product and allows you to replace one carbohydrate-containing components with others when compiling a menu.
Interchangeable "bread" diet for diabetes (reminder):
- A piece of white bread is equal to 20 g, and the same piece of rye bread is equal to 23 g.
- Two tablespoons of raw pasta makes 15 g.
- One tablespoon of flour oatmeal, buckwheat or rice groats are equated to 15 g.
- Medium tuber raw potatoes is defined as 65 g, and a tablespoon of fried potatoes or mashed potatoes, equates to 35 and 75 g, respectively.
- One medium banana is 15 g.
- Three prunes equals 20 g.
- two spoons granulated sugar or two pieces of refined sugar, this is 10 g.
- Milk, kefir, fermented baked milk - one glass or 200 ml.
- Honey - ½ tbsp. spoons without top or 12 g.
Diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus allows you to stabilize weight and avoid chronic manifestations various diseases arising from diabetes mellitus. The basic principles of nutrition in type 2 diabetes are as follows:
- the amount of energy consumed must compensate for the energy expended, but not exceed it;
- sustainable saturation of the body with proteins, carbohydrates and fats;
- fractional meals, designed for 5-6 meals a day in small portions.
To increase satiety in people with overweight, it is necessary to include in the daily diet: spinach, cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, peas. AT without fail at diet food, do not forget about the work of the liver. To maintain the healthy functionality of this digestive organ, will help: oatmeal, soy, cheese, low-fat meat and / or fish broths.
What is the best diet for diabetes?
For patients with diabetes, there are several types of dietary nutrition, the main task of which is to regulate carbohydrate metabolism in the human body. The purpose of the dietary table is defined as the tolerance of a diabetic to carbohydrates. Diet number 9 for type II diabetes is versatile and highly effective. The main feature of such nutrition is a decrease in energy value due to easily digestible animal fats and carbohydrates. Sugar consumption in diet table No. 9 is completely eliminated, due to various substitutes for the sweet ingredient, such as:
- aspartame;
- xylitol.
The basis of the culinary heat treatment for dietary nutrition, they serve: frying without breading, stewing, boiling and baking.
- Fish dishes that are made from low-fat varieties: pike perch, pike, cod. Meat dishes from chicken, lamb, turkey.
- Sausages with a small amount of fat.
- Bakery products made from whole grains with the addition of bran.
- Vegetarian soups based on prefabricated vegetables.
- A wide range of vegetable products - zucchini, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, legumes (peas, beans, lentils, and so on), cabbage (white and cauliflower), bell peppers, carrots, beets, greens (parsley, dill, celery), onions .
- Egg dishes. No more than one recommended boiled egg in a day.
- Dairy products from fat-free or with low content fats.
- From drinks to dietary intake expected: coffee drink, fruit juices without sugar, rosehip decoction, still mineral water.
Approximate daily ration consumed products for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be:
- 600 g cabbage;
- 200 g of potatoes, black or white bread;
- no more than 200 ml of milk or kefir;
- no more than 150-200 g of meat or fish;
- butter, cereals, respectively, 20 and 50 g per day.
Recipe composition of dishes for diabetics
All information on a balanced diet can be obtained from your doctor or dietitian. Based clinical condition a patient with diabetes mellitus, and taking into account all physiological characteristics patient, the doctor will recommend the most best options nutrition.
As an example, we can offer the following dietary (diet number 9) table for diabetes:
First meal
Diet summer soup. The following ingredients are required:
- broth - 400 ml;
- carrots - 50 g;
- tomato - 50 g;
- cabbage - 130 g;
- sour cream and greens - 40 g each.
Shchi homemade (wiped). Components:
- weak fish or meat broth - 250 ml;
- cabbage - 70 g;
- tomato puree and oil - 15 g each;
- carrots and onions - 25 g each;
- beets - 60 g;
- sour cream or whey - 20 g;
- flour - 5 g;
- bay leaf - 1 piece.
Main dishes
Meatballs for a couple. Ingredients:
- lean meat - 250 g;
- vegetable oil - 25 g;
- rice or oatmeal - 40 g.
Steamed meatballs (chicken). Required products:
- chicken meat - 250 g;
- butter - 25 g;
- kefir and dry bun - 15 g each.
Diet fruit and vegetable pudding. Compound:
- zucchini - 150 g;
- butter - 2 tbsp. spoons;
- apple - 60 g;
- milk - 40 g;
- semolina - 25 g;
- sour cream - 30 g;
- egg yolk - 1 pc.
Lazy dumplings (steam). Required products:
- cottage cheese - 150 g;
- wheat flour - 15 g;
- sour cream - 25 g;
- sugar - 15 g;
- one egg.
Dessert
Kissel fruit and berry. Ingredients:
- fresh berries - 70 g;
- potato starch - 5 g;
- water - 70 ml.
Diabetes mellitus: disease prevention
In order to reduce the risk of developing diabetes, it is necessary to observe several elementary rules healthy life:
- Eat properly. healthy and balanced diet, includes the consumption of food components with a small glycemic index, that is, with those foods that affect the quantitative number of glucose in the blood. The reference value of the glycemic index (GI) of sugar (glucose) is 100. All other accompanying products have their own GI of the body's reaction to pure glucose.
- Maintenance water balance. It is known that the pancreas produces not only hormonal secret insulin, but water solution necessary to neutralize acid formations in the human body. Proper balancing will allow the body to work smoothly.
- Sports and emotional mood. Daily exercise helps keep body weight in optimal mode. The fight against extra pounds is the main task of a person who wants to see himself healthy and attractive. Do not forget about a good mood. Set yourself up for positive emotions only.
Take care of yourself and be always healthy!
Diabetes mellitus is constant anxiety and maximum efforts to survive. Despite the fact that the disease is still incurable. Contrary to constant companions - a glucometer and insulin. You can not neglect anything, not a single chance, behind which stands a normal human life.
The importance of proper nutrition in type 2 diabetes
Doctors making a diagnosis "diabetes mellitus type 2", strongly recommend that the patient pay attention to nutrition - the regimen and everything that the patient eats. Thus, they make it clear: not only medicines should now accompany the patient, but also the diet.
The basic principle of proper nutrition for patients with type 2 diabetes is 4 to 6 meals per day. Of these, 3 are main, and the rest are light snacks. But the time should be fixed for both the main meal and snacks.
Second important point: Amount of food taken. It should be moderate. Then there is the possibility of maintaining a constant level of sugar in the blood. This is precisely what ensures frequent, regular glucose intake.
Expanding the term "proper nutrition", it should be emphasized that a patient with diabetes should give up quickly digestible carbohydrates - simple or refined. This is sugar of any kind, all confectionery products, pastries made from fine flour.
Taboo and salt, all salty foods. By causing water retention in the body, they increase blood pressure.
Fatty meat, sausages, dairy products with a high degree of fat content should be abandoned - cholesterol is present in large quantities here. All this contributes to obesity, and excess weight becomes a springboard for cardiovascular diseases.
Principles of dietary treatment
When it comes to therapeutic diet patients with type 2 diabetes, always rises the topic of bread units.
To make it easier for patients to deal with these bread units, doctors have compiled a special table. Its principle: the amount of carbohydrates in each product. The measure is 1 piece of bread or 1 bread unit. It has 12 g of carbohydrates.
For example, it looks like this:
- 1 spoon of boiled buckwheat is 1 bread unit;
- half a banana - 1 bread unit;
- adult breakfast should be 5-6 bread units;
- lunch - 6 bread units;
- dinner - 5 bread units.
This is on average. If a patient with diabetes is clearly overweight, it is necessary to further restrict nutrition.
Diabetics know what Diet 9 is. This is a ban on easily digestible carbohydrates, polyunsaturated and saturated fat. Besides:
- minimum salt - up to 3 g per day. Moreover, it is necessary to count not only salt in its pure form. It is found even in unsalted food;
- complete rejection of alcohol, which first increases blood sugar, and then sharply reduces it, which can cause the development of coma;
- extremely limited protein intake by those who already have kidney problems.
But diabetics can eat foods rich in trace elements. Out of season, in winter and autumn, take multivitamin tablets.
For water, too, there are rules. You need to drink water - it improves metabolism. A diabetic should get into the habit of drinking 1 glass of water on an empty stomach, 1 glass before each meal and 1 glass of water at night. Total: 2 liters of water.
It is worth noting that in regard to water, consultation with a doctor is necessary. And in general, the slightest deviation from the diet has the right to exist only with the approval of the attending physician. We must not forget how serious diabetes is, for which there is no antidote yet.
Menu for 7 days
Monday
- breakfast
scrambled eggs, carrot salad, bread, tea; - lunch
grapefruit, mineral water without gas; - dinner
vermicelli soup, stewed liver, steam rice, compote, bread; - afternoon tea
Fruit and berry salad, yogurt; - dinner
baked fish, millet porridge with milk, bread, herbal tea.
Tuesday
- breakfast
buckwheat porridge, cheesecakes, green tea; - lunch
compote of prunes or other dried fruits; - dinner
boiled veal or pork, cabbage, carrot, pepper, potato and tomato stew, compote; - afternoon tea
a cheese sandwich; - dinner
meatballs, grilled or steamed vegetables, rosehip broth;
Wednesday
- breakfast
boiled beets, rice porridge, bread, coffee, butter; - lunch
orange; - dinner
fish soup, squash caviar, grilled veal, bread, homemade lemonade; - afternoon tea
cottage cheese, herbal tea; - dinner
fish baked in sour cream, boiled vegetables, cocoa;
Thursday
- breakfast
cheese, beetroot stew with vegetable oil, buckwheat porridge, kefir; - lunch
yogurt with berries or fruits; - dinner
vegetable soup in chicken broth with butter, stewed cabbage, bread, compote; - afternoon tea
ryazhenka, apple; - dinner
syrniki with sour cream, herbal tea;
Friday
- breakfast
carrot salad, milk oatmeal, coffee (possible with milk); - lunch
2 plums, grapefruit or 2 tangerines; - dinner
vegetable puree soup, goulash, eggplant caviar, bread, berry compote; - afternoon tea
fruit mix, tea; - dinner
baked apples with cottage cheese and berry filling, kefir, yogurt or fermented baked milk;
Saturday
- breakfast
carrot, celery and apple salad, milk, bread; - lunch
apple, dried fruit compote; - dinner
vegetable borscht, boiled beetroot appetizer with nuts and garlic, vegetable stew, bread; - afternoon tea
10-12 strawberries, cherries or cherries; - dinner
pumpkin porridge with rice, steamed meat or fish cutlet, compote;
Sunday
- breakfast
cabbage salad with vegetable oil, grilled fish, kefir; - lunch
stewed vegetables with sour cream, mineral water; - dinner
beetroot, baked eggplant with walnuts and pomegranate, coffee with milk; - afternoon tea
tangerine or apple and yogurt; - dinner
cottage cheese casserole with sour cream, hibiscus tea;
Low carb daily diet
The conditions of this diet are tough: daily carbohydrate intake should not exceed 30 g or 2 XE(bread units).
A low-carb diet excludes from the diet:
- all fruits and berries, except for avocados;
- all sweet juices;
- flour products;
- peas and beans, with the exception of asparagus;
- carrot;
- beets;
- pumpkin;
- corn;
- potato.
You can not use onions, only very little in the salad. There is an explanation for this limitation: these products are saturated with “fast” carbohydrates or have a high glycemic index.
But there are foods that you can eat on a low-carb diet:
- lean meat;
- seafood;
- fat-free cottage cheese and hard cheeses;
- greens;
- cucumbers;
- zucchini;
- tomatoes;
- cabbage.
To maintain such a diet is difficult for sweet tooth. But - necessary. And the permitted list of products still gives room for diversity.
And be that as it may, the patient himself does not prescribe a low-carbohydrate or any other diet. Only with the consent of the doctor.
The first thing to say is: bread. It is better that it be a special diet or rye.
A patient with type 2 diabetes should understand why it is rye - so the very principle of choosing products will become clearer.
If you eat rye bread, which takes much longer to process, glycemic level rises gradually, which creates favorable conditions for general well-being diabetic.
First courses can be cooked in fish or meat broth no more than 2 times a week. Porridges from millet, buckwheat, oatmeal duplicate the property of rye bread to slow down the increase in the level of glycemia. Thus, they are suitable for patients with type 2 diabetes.
You will have to refuse semolina porridge in milk. Just like the milk itself. Instead of him - dairy products (yogurt, unsweetened yogurt, kefir), no more than 1-2 glasses per day. And every day you can eat cottage cheese, up to 200 g per day in in kind or a cottager.
