Allergy to alcohol: why it happens badly after alcohol. Consequences of alcohol intolerance, treatment and prevention Poor alcohol tolerance

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Alcohol intolerance, or alcohol intolerance, is a hereditary physiological reaction that affects a person after ingesting alcoholic beverages. It manifests itself as a sudden deterioration in well-being after a short time after drinking alcohol. Alcohol intolerance in terms of symptoms is very similar to an allergic reaction, but this is not at all the same.

Alcohol intolerance occurs because the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B catalyses the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is involved in its decomposition to acetic (ethanoic) acid. And if ADH1B is produced too actively, and ALDH2, on the contrary, slowly, then acetaldehyde poison accumulates in the body - this is exactly the reason why you don’t want to literally live in the morning after fun.

Usually, for the first time, the pathology manifests itself already at a young age - the body does not perceive alcohol.

Types of alcohol intolerance

There are several types of the disease:

individual is a violation of ethanol tolerance. Most often occurs in the last stages of alcoholism, when the normal processes of metabolic metabolism are already disturbed. Previously, the human body tolerated alcohol well. But as a result, a personal chronic rejection of ethyl alcohol arose. A patient at a doctor’s appointment complains: “I can’t drink alcohol”;
acquired develops as a result of the transfer of certain diseases or TBI. However, in general, hypersensitivity to alcohol is due to the simultaneous intake of alcoholic beverages and drugs. There are many drugs that should never be taken with alcohol;
congenital intolerance is a certain feature of the body, due to heredity. In this case, the human body from the very beginning is deprived of the ability to process ethyl alcohol and its derivatives.

Causes

A congenital form of alcohol intolerance occurs in people immediately at birth. This is due to genetic characteristics, and this explains why the body does not accept alcohol.

In addition, doctors name several other factors that, to varying degrees, provoke the development of alcohol intolerance:

oncological diseases, in particular Hodgkin's lymphoma;
sensitivity to alcohol by ethnicity - Asian peoples are found much more often than Europeans;
taking the drug Antabuse (disulfiram) in the treatment of alcoholism;
the use of antibiotics, antifungal drugs and other drugs that are incompatible with alcohol-containing products.

What can be an additional cause of the formation of the disease:

traumatic brain injury;
liver damage;
allergies to preservatives, flavorings and dyes.

Symptoms

Manifestations of such a reaction as alcohol intolerance by the body, basically, look identical. Only their intensity and recovery time can change.

Symptoms:

dizziness;
throbbing headache;
migraine;
iron taste in the mouth;
nausea and vomiting;
bloating;
severe redness of the face and neck (flash syndrome);
itching and burning;
tearing;
redness of the proteins of the eyeballs;
asthma attacks;
nasal congestion;
diarrhea;
tachycardia;
hives;
low pressure;
tinnitus;

Diagnostics

The process of diagnosing alcohol intolerance includes the following activities:

history taking - a survey by a doctor, during which all the facts, terms and circumstances of the development of unwanted symptoms are clarified;
a complete medical examination, allowing the doctor to see to reveal the hidden symptoms of the pathology;
skin test. There is scarification (the doctor applies a small amount of the allergen to the forearm, makes incisions), application (the epidermis is not disturbed, just a cotton swab dipped in a solution containing an irritant is applied), a prick test (the allergen is applied to the epidermis and the test area is pierced). After a skin test, they monitor how the body reacts;
laboratory blood test for the detection of a specific protein - immunoglobulin E (IgE). It is an indicator of the body's reaction to ethyl alcohol and all products containing it. In order for the results of the analysis to be correct, it is necessary to follow the rules for preparing for it. Firstly, you need to take the biomaterial on an empty stomach. A few days before the procedure, it is recommended to exclude alcohol, fast food, fried, spicy and spicy from the diet, limit physical activity and exclude cigarettes. When using any medications, it is imperative to tell the doctor the names of the drugs, as this fact may affect the interpretation of the analysis.

Treatment

The therapy of true alcohol intolerance is purely symptomatic, since doctors have not yet learned how to eliminate the cause of congenital intolerance. Disrupted work of enzymes can no longer be corrected, but you can learn to cope with the reaction when the body does not tolerate alcohol.

The complete exclusion of the use of alcoholic products and alcohol-containing drugs guarantees the absence of problems. It is necessary to abandon wine and vodka products by 100%, even beer and kvass. You should also avoid sweets containing liquor or cognac.

For the relief of mild manifestations, modern antihistamines (diazolin, loratadine, cetirizine) can be used. They can relieve the hives and allow the nose to breathe again. But they will not relieve attacks of suffocation and anphylactic shock - in this case, an injection of adrenaline (epinephrine) will be needed. Detoxification of the body can be removed independently, using Regidron or Enterosgel.

In situations where the exacerbation of alcohol intolerance begins to seriously threaten human health, the help of qualified narcologists is needed.

In a critical condition, the patient may be hospitalized. In a hospital, doctors, having learned the causes and symptoms of a serious condition, can perform hemosorption or plasmapheresis to purify the blood.

To restore metabolism, the doctor may prescribe hormonal drugs, as well as enzyme drugs and eubiotics.

Complications

With an attack of alcoholic intolerance, the toxic effect of ethyl alcohol on the human body should be urgently eliminated. If you pull with this, you can get complications:

migraine;
anaphylaxis, which can lead to death;
alcoholic coma;
problems with the gastrointestinal tract;
pressure surges;
dangerous asthma attacks.

If a person continues to drink, as before, although he knows about a severe reaction to wine and vodka products, the risks of an extremely unfavorable development of the situation increase. Even a small portion of alcohol with such a diagnosis is a threat to life. In the absence of therapy, the body is simply unable to cope with the irritant itself.

The body of each person is unique, so the further condition of the patient and the chance of possible complications depends on individual characteristics and the dose of alcohol.

The initial degree of alcohol aversion against the background of continued regular intake of alcoholic beverages can take a severe form. The most serious complications are anaphylaxis and angioedema. With the development of these consequences, a person needs to provide emergency assistance. Otherwise, the risk of death remains high.

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Feeling unwell after drinking a lot of alcohol is not surprising, but if you have a severe reaction after one or two drinks, it may indicate an intolerance. The symptoms depend on your body, but there are some clear signs that you are intolerant to alcohol. It is very important to determine exactly if you have an intolerance, as this can have serious long-term consequences.

It is also important to note that alcohol intolerance is different from alcohol allergy, as the latter condition is more serious. A person with an alcohol allergy usually has a reaction to an allergen in alcohol, such as barley, hops, yeast, etc. Reactions can include stomach cramps, difficulty breathing, and even collapse.

If you can't afford even one drink, look out for these nine signs that indicate alcohol intolerance.

1. Nasal congestion

A runny or stuffy nose is the most common symptom of alcohol intolerance, according to the Mayo Clinic. Nasal congestion is the result of an inflammatory process in the sinus cavity. It is also associated with high levels of histamine found in alcoholic beverages, especially wine and beer.

2. Flushed face

Skin flushing is another extremely common symptom of intolerance. The redness is caused by an increase in blood pressure due to a deficiency in the ALDH2 gene. When the body cannot break down acetaldehyde, redness appears on the face, and sometimes throughout the body.

3. Urticaria

Alcohol intolerance can lead to the formation of itchy bumps on the skin, also known as hives. It is also the result of a deficiency in the ALDH2 gene, but may be due to histamine in your drink or an allergy to certain ingredients.

4. Nausea

Not surprisingly, alcohol intolerance can lead to feelings of nausea. This is due to an increase in the concentration of acid in the stomach, which causes irritation of the esophagus, intestines and stomach.

5. Vomiting

Along with nausea, vomiting may also occur. Of course, it could be a sign that you've had too much to drink. But if you experience this condition after drinking a few drinks, it's probably a sign of intolerance.

6. Diarrhea

This condition is common even in people who do not have problems with alcohol intolerance. But if there is still intolerance, this condition worsens and is more severe.

7. Rapid heartbeat

Alcohol intolerance can cause tachycardia, or rapid heartbeat. A fast heart rate can also be a sign of an alcohol allergy, so if you're experiencing this symptom after drinking alcohol, it's best to see a doctor.

8. Exacerbation of bronchial asthma

Alcohol intolerance can exacerbate respiratory problems. If you have asthma, you may get an asthmatic reaction after one drink.

9. Low blood pressure

It's not something you can tell by eye, but intolerance can lead to lower blood pressure after drinking alcohol, according to the Mayo Clinic. How do you know if your blood pressure has dropped? Some symptoms include dizziness, lack of concentration, fatigue, rapid shallow breathing, and more.

If you're in doubt as to whether you have an intolerance, it's best to cut down on your alcohol intake and also be sure to see a doctor who can help you make a proper diagnosis.

Each person is individual in his physiological and psychological “device”, therefore alcohol intolerance is one of his many distinguishing characteristics. Someone does not absorb certain drugs or food delights, and someone reacts negatively to ethanol. This is due to the quality and enzymatic support of biochemical reactions within the body, the state of immunity or genetic predisposition.

Alcohol allergy should not be confused with ethanol intolerance, since the former develops as a reaction to the components of alcoholic beverages, and the latter develops exclusively to ethyl alcohol. A specific enzyme is responsible for its processing, the deficiency of which causes a pathological rejection of alcohol. From this, the conclusion suggests itself: there is no other way to cope with an individual intolerance to ethanol, except to completely abandon it.

True intolerance is usually inherited. Genetic damage leads to the inability to break down alcohol into components and absorb it. But besides heredity, a number of other points matter:

Ethnicity of patients: Asians are much more likely to suffer from the lack of enzymes necessary for "working" with alcohol - alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyderogenase. If they are in the human body, then their ratio is criminally disproportionate.
The disease known as Hodgkin's lymphoma is malignant lymphogranulomatosis.
Taking drugs based on Disulfiram, antibiotics or antimycotic agents.
Traumatic brain injury.
Hepatitis and diseases of the biliary system.

Quite often, individual intolerance to ethanol manifests itself as a clinical symptom of the third stage of alcoholism.

Thus, it can be argued that there are several types of alcohol intolerance:

Genetically determined or congenital.
Against the background of chronic alcoholism - exchange character.
Permanently occurring when taking certain groups of drugs or caused by an advanced disease.

The difference between an autoimmune reaction and intolerance

To understand the essence of alcohol intolerance, it is necessary to distinguish between the mechanism of allergy development and determine the tolerance to alcohol. All these terms are close to each other, but their causes and consequences are diametrically opposed.

Alcohol intolerance (intolerance) is a side effect of incorrect metabolism, that is, metabolism that correlates with enzymes acting in the body. This is a special case that does not depend on our behavior.

If alcohol dehydrogenase is produced in the form of a slow variety, which is genetically inherent in each of us, then alcohol is poorly absorbed by such a person. That is, before ethanol is transformed into acetic acid, it manages to 100% harm the body, causing severe intoxication and a hangover. That's the whole mechanism.

But alcohol allergy is completely different. It is interpreted as an atypical reaction of the body in response to a foreign substance (alcohol).

The peculiarity of the immune response lies in the internal resistance. The cells of the immune system suddenly begin to perceive as an "enemy" not only the components of alcohol, but also the metabolic products of their own metabolism. This feature is not observed in everyone, but when manifested, it demonstrates ruthlessness to its own mutated proteins, destroying them.

Ethanol a priori cannot be a stranger, since it is also synthesized by the body itself. It means that the allergy or perverted autoimmune reaction is not caused by him. There are only 3 triggers of the autoimmune process associated with the intake of alcohol in the body:

A large dose of alcohol taken at once, which blocks the normal recognition of friend or foe in immune cells.
An allergen is a component of an alcoholic beverage.
Together with ethanol, dangerous antigens of a different origin penetrate into the body (unsanitary conditions for drinking drinks and poor-quality snacks).

Most often, individually, each moment is not enough to trigger an allergy, but their combination is a very likely cause of its development. But then - new riddles. The mechanism of the progress of the autoimmune reaction is understandable, but for some reason, in some it is limited to the appearance of red spots on the face, while in others it is angioedema and even death. Therefore, drinking for allergy sufferers means playing with fire.

It is believed that dyes, stabilizers, preservatives cause allergies, but this is far from the case. The content of these substances is written on the label, but there are a lot of microimpurities about which not a single line is written. However, they may be the most likely cause of an autoimmune reaction. For example, most sparkling wines, champagne contain sulfur dioxide - poison, in essence.

Patients with an allergy to almonds, which are added to liquor and mulled wine, are also at risk. Also, beer fans run the risk of getting allergies when exposed to gluten.

Alcohol very primitively exacerbates allergies. Once inside the body, it increases the permeability of the intestinal walls and a huge amount of toxins that should have been excreted with feces enter the bloodstream. And the “simpler”, cheaper the drink, the more tragic the consequences of its intake can be. At the same time, the digestion of proteins is disrupted, their breakdown into amino acids due to damage to the pancreas by ethanol. And there is an "immunity error" - an autoimmune process.

So, in a sense, we ourselves are the authors of alcohol allergies. It is necessary to control the process of drinking alcohol, its quality, but this will not give a 100% guarantee of safety. Allergy-prone patients should stop drinking alcohol once and for all.

alcohol tolerance

Ethanol affects all internal organs, the patient's behavior. Sometimes frequent drinking leads to the development of addiction to them - tolerance to alcohol.

If this happens, then in the future, alcohol in the usual doses ceases to have the expected effect, and in order to achieve a feeling of intoxication, a person tries to increase its concentration in the blood by drinking more than usual.

It seems that everything is simple with tolerance, but narcologists distinguish between several options for its development and consequences:

The functional variety develops due to the reaction to ethanol of the brain. Neurons adapt to alcohol toxins and compensate for its intake with normal human behavior. The minimum doses do not cause any reaction of the patient, to achieve euphoria and emancipation, you need to increase the dosage. This leads to the development of physical dependence and toxic damage to organs. The greater the amount that causes tolerance, the more dangerous the consequences. In other words, such behavior is a sign of the development of chronic alcoholism.
The acute form is the development of tolerance within the framework of one binge. Lack of intoxication at the very beginning with severe consequences at the end.
Social tolerance arises under the influence of the environment, when a person always drinks in the same place and in the same company. In this case, the familiar environment inhibits intoxication and requires an increase in the dose.

Tolerance is related to intolerance. Obviously, intolerance can be its consequence. This happens when chronic drinking disrupts the normal functioning of alcoholic enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde, provokes the accumulation of toxins in the body, starts the process of destruction of internal organs with symptoms of alcohol intolerance.

The only preventive measure is to avoid alcohol.

How is it manifested?

Clinically, intolerance is visualized as a specific symptom complex:

Hyperemia (redness) of the face after a slight intake of alcohol.
Urticarial or bulging urticaria.
Nasal due to swelling of the nasal mucosa.
A sharp decrease in blood pressure up to the collaptoid state.
Asthmoid breathing.
Dizziness, fainting.
Symptoms of intoxication (nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia).
Mucous discharge from the conjunctival sac.
Dyshidrosis.
Heat.
Tachycardia.

Symptoms occur all at once or there may be only a few, it all depends on the degree of enzyme deficiency.

The severity of the symptoms requires a visit to the doctor.

Diagnosis and treatment

Mild alcohol intolerance will go away on its own if you stop drinking alcohol. Choking or fainting is a reason to visit a specialist who will help you understand the cause of what happened and differentiate between allergies and intolerances.

The diagnostic algorithm consists of the following steps:

Collection of anamnesis, including hereditary and allergic.
Physical examination.
Skin allergy tests.
Laboratory tests: KLA, OAM, blood biochemistry (immunoglobulinogram with the determination of IgE - an allergy marker).

Treatment

Therapy is always complex, since the exact cause of intolerance or allergy is not clear:

Antihistamines: Claritin, Cetrin, Telfast are new generation drugs that do not cause addiction and drowsiness, relieve itching, swelling of the nasal mucosa, and relieve urticaria.
If there is a risk of choking, it is useful to have an adrenaline pen with you. In a second, an injection made will save a life, since adrenaline will relieve bronchospasm and allow you to get to the doctor.
An excellent help is a bracelet for allergy sufferers, which allows others to understand what happens to a person in the event of a serious attack of suffocation or fainting.
Hodgkin's disease (lymphoma) requires special therapy in a hospital.

However, it should always be understood that the only way to effectively treat intolerance, as well as allergies, is to completely avoid alcohol.

The main pathological reaction to alcohol develops in the time interval from half an hour to 3 hours from the moment of drinking. Therefore, after the most insignificant, but unexpected manifestations of alcohol intolerance, you should always stop taking it, call an ambulance, after giving the patient sorbents (Polysorb, Enterosgel, Filtrum, Atoxil, Activated charcoal) and, if possible, an anti-asthma drug. In case of fainting: lay on the side and clear the airways.

In the absence of suffocation, the algorithm is as follows:

Rinse the stomach with a preliminary intake of the sorbent. Repeat after 10 minutes.
Diuretic: Furosemide, Triampur, Bumetanide.
Antihistamines: Allertec, Loratadin, Akrivastine.
Once again the sorbent in half an hour.
If there is no result, an injection of Prednisolone (per 1 kg of weight, 2.3 ml of solution) and urgent hospitalization.

Complications and methods of prevention

If the toxic effect of alcohol on the body is not stopped, then complications may develop in the form of:

Syndrome of migraine headaches due to histamines contained in alcohol and irritating the receptors of nerve endings that go to the centers of the brain, with simultaneous vasospasm as a result of alcohol intoxication and impaired blood supply to neurons.
Fatal anaphylaxis.
Deep coma due to alcohol poisoning and blockage of nerve trunks with the death of brain neurons.
Asthmoid attack as a result of damage to the receptors of the respiratory tract, spasm of the smooth muscles of the bronchi.

Prevention methods

Alcohol intolerance cannot be prevented or cured. The only way to solve the problem is to give up alcohol. Allergy requires the most correct use of ethanol with the obligatory control of the components on the label and a test sip for sensitivity to them (half an hour waiting for a reaction).

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After a couple of glasses of alcohol, some people notice symptoms similar to an attack of vegetovascular dystonia, an allergic reaction, and other ailments. And often they don’t even realize that they are actually caused by alcohol.

We are in site compiled a list of signs of ethanol intolerance that are easily confused with symptoms of other illnesses.

There are 2 types of alcohol intolerance:

Congenital - a genetically determined feature in which the body is not able to process ethanol and its metabolites.
Acquired - occurs as a result of taking medications, past illnesses or injuries.

How are people with alcohol intolerance different from others?

Normally, after alcohol enters the bloodstream, ethanol is slowly broken down into acetaldehyde, which is subsequently processed by enzymes for quite a long time. In people with alcohol intolerance, enzymatic activity in the body is impaired. That is, alcohol breaks down too quickly, acetaldehyde is concentrated in the blood and provokes the occurrence of many unpleasant symptoms.

1. Increase / decrease in blood pressure

7. Skin redness

A sharp reddening of the skin of the face and body is the most characteristic sign of alcohol intolerance. Some people even develop small blisters that look like hives, which is why it is often confused with an allergic reaction. First spots appear on the face, then on the body. This happens unevenly: they are located randomly and resemble a rash. For this reason, alcohol intolerance is often referred to as flush syndrome.

Alcohol intolerance is a physical reaction of an organism of a genetic type to the action of alcohol. A person has a strong deterioration in well-being a few hours after drinking. Most often, the main sign of not taking alcohol is nasal congestion or redness of the skin.

There are cases when an allergic reaction occurs to any components of alcohol. After all, most drinks include various preservatives, dyes and stimulants. Do not confuse such an allergy with a congenital intolerance to alcohol.

The main causes of alcohol intolerance are hereditary factors and genes. A person may have an innate feature of enzyme systems that are not able to break down ethyl particles in the body.

Factors provoking intolerance to alcohol:

Ethnicity. Asians may experience redness on the face or in certain areas of the skin. Europeans are most prone to alcohol allergy and intolerance.
Serious oncological pathologies of a different nature.

Allergy (not intolerance) can also occur when:

Simultaneous intake of alcohol and antibiotics.
Taking drugs against alcoholism and alcohol. The interaction of medication and drinking can provoke severe side effects, which is often fraught with complications.

Appearance mechanism

The main mechanism that fights foreign bodies (viruses and bacteria) is immunity. When wine is ingested, the immune system starts to work several times stronger and tries to remove toxins from the body as quickly as possible. Therefore, an adverse allergic reaction to beer or wine appears, this is a kind of food allergy. This produces a double dose of histamine. It provokes reddening of the skin and the appearance of nasal congestion or sneezing.

Kinds

There are such types of individual intolerance to alcohol:

individual reactivity. This is a type of disease in which the body cannot tolerate the breakdown of ethanol. Most often observed in inveterate alcoholics due to dysfunction of the metabolic process. Alcohol intolerance usually manifests itself in the last stages of alcoholism. Due to the constant abuse of alcohol, the cellular structures of the body begin to break down and their ability to break down ethyl particles deteriorates. As a result, there is an individual intolerance to alcohol, and in a chronic form.
Acquired intolerance to any alcohol. It may appear due to the development of certain pathologies or subsequently a severe bruise of the head. But most often, such hypersensitivity is due to the simultaneous use of alcohol and antibiotics or drugs containing disulfiram. This combination of substances has a number of contraindications, can provoke a strong adverse reaction in the body.
Congenital hypersensitivity. Appears in a person from birth for genetic reasons. In this case, already from a very young age, the human body does not break down alcohol well and absorbs it.

How does the reaction

Usually the first signs of hypersensitivity appear on the skin. She begins to blush or become covered with red spots. Most often it is clearly visible on the face and neck of a person. Therefore, it is very easy to detect an adverse reaction of the body to alcohol.

This reaction is called "tide syndrome". It occurs literally a couple of minutes after taking the slightest dose of alcohol.

The mechanism of action of the reaction is as follows: ethanol accumulates very quickly in the body, the liver cannot cope with such a large amount of toxins, and malfunctions. As a result, there is a strong allergic reaction to a large number of poisons in the body.

If you ignore the symptoms of alcohol intolerance, then a person's condition can worsen greatly. Continuing to drink alcohol will only increase the effect of toxins in the body. Because of this, the work of the nervous, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract can be disrupted. Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, VVD are possible.

Diagnostics

The final diagnosis depends on how accurately and qualified the diagnosis will be. Only after the causes of alcohol intolerance are identified can treatment begin. Diagnosis of the disease includes the following procedures:

Collecting an anamnesis by questioning the patient and a detailed examination by a doctor.
Checking the reaction of the skin to alcohol. A drop of alcohol is applied to a small area of the body, after which the body's reaction to the toxin is observed.
Delivery of blood tests. In the laboratory, an analysis is carried out to detect immunoglobulin E in the blood ectoplasm. Its presence will indicate if a person has a congenital or acquired hypersensitivity to ethyl alcohol.

First aid

If the first symptoms of hypersensitivity to alcohol appear, you should immediately stop drinking alcohol. This is necessary in order to minimize the risk of complications.

A person should drink as much liquid as possible, thereby causing a gag reflex. This will help to quickly remove alcohol from the body and prevent it from dissolving in the digestive tract.
If signs of allergy appear on the face or neck, a cold compress should be applied. It is desirable that it be made on the basis of healing soothing herbs (chamomile, lemon balm or mint).
With increased pressure and an accelerated heartbeat, the patient should be laid on a sofa or bed and allowed to drink tea.

When the symptoms of the disease are localized, you should find out exactly what caused such a reaction and do not use these products in the future in order to avoid bad consequences.

Treatment

The main rule of therapeutic therapy is the complete exclusion of alcohol from the life of the patient. With a mild degree of the disease, you can take antihistamine tablets to relieve redness and improve stomach function.

If hypersensitivity manifested itself in a more acute form, then you need to take desensitizing and detoxifying drugs to remove toxins from the body and strengthen the immune system.

After the end of the course of treatment, the patient is obliged to more carefully monitor all the foods and medicines that he takes. Since there are drugs that cause alcohol intolerance due to the alcohol content in the composition of the product.

Complications

With poor tolerance to alcohol, the following complications may occur:
Migraine. With a negative reaction to drinking, a person may experience headaches, dizziness, blurred vision.

Anaphylactic shock. Sometimes allergies can be life threatening. Therefore, at the first sign of its appearance, you should contact a specialist for help.

Prevention methods

No therapy and medications will help to completely get rid of the problem. If a patient has hypersensitivity to alcohol, then it is incurable. In this case, there is only one treatment option - a complete refusal to drink. Only in this way there is a chance that the problem will not make itself felt.