Methods of X-ray examination of the stomach and duodenum. Structure and functions of the body

Diseases of the digestive tract is a very common problem even in progressive developed countries. This is due to the accelerated pace of life, malnutrition, poor quality products. One of the indirect causes of serious diseases is considered untimely appeal behind medical care. Most pathologies in the area digestive tract accompanied unpleasant symptoms pain, weight loss or obesity. To establish accurate diagnosis and treatment doctors use many methods of examination. The main one is radiography. duodenum and stomach.

What does a gastrointestinal x-ray show?

Examination of the digestive organs is necessary in order to assess their condition, functioning, detect problems and eliminate them. Today, there are several technologies for this:, MRI, CT scan, angiography.

The very first research technique was X-ray (X-ray) - radiodiagnosis internal structure body. With its help, simultaneous pictures of the stomach and duodenum are obtained.

The result is recorded on the film, according to which the doctor will assess the condition of the internal organs. This procedure is also called gastrography.

Often, images alone are not enough to fully study the anatomy of the digestive tract. In such cases, radiography is combined with fluoroscopy.

The latter is carried out using a special amplifier - a contrast agent. IN laboratory conditions prepare a special solution based on barium, which does not transmit x-rays.

The patient drinks this cocktail during the procedure, as a result, the doctor can observe in real time the patency of the esophagus, gastric peristalsis, and examine it well inner walls and folds.

As a rule, these two procedures are carried out in combination. Radiography gives pictures, and fluoroscopy allows you to see the movement of internal organs and records data on an electronic medium. This makes it possible to study in detail the structure of the walls of the esophagus, duodenum, and stomach without invasive intervention.

Radiation diagnostics remains the most accessible method examination of the patient, it can be carried out in every hospital. The success of such a process depends on the experience and skills of the radiologist.

But this technique also has a significant drawback: during the examination, the patient receives an increased dose of radiation, especially during fluoroscopy. Therefore, doctors resort to it only in extreme cases. The doctor must first conduct all non-radiation examination methods and only if they do not give the desired result, prescribe an x-ray.

X-ray of the gastrointestinal tract shows:

diseases of the esophagus: diverticulum (protrusion of the mucosa), tumors, narrowing, varicose veins veins;
foreign bodies in the digestive tract;
pathology of the duodenum: ulcers, cancer, spastic constriction;
diseases of the stomach: gastritis, cancer, ulcers, malabsorption and weak peristalsis, etc.;
other bodies abdominal cavity are not the main purpose of diagnosis, but their contours are still visible in the picture. From the image, the doctor may notice problems in other organs.

In some cases, the patient has to undergo several procedures at once, since each of the types of diagnostics shows different areas. For example, endoscopy reflects the state of the internal mucosa, allows you to take material for a biopsy. And on the X-ray, the outer part of the organs is visible, a little internal, tumors and neoplasms, narrowing of the esophagus are visible.

Indications for examination

A therapist, a gastroenterologist, directs to gastrography. Suspicions of problems in the field of digestion may appear in other doctors. The procedure itself is carried out by a radiologist, he also deciphers the results. According to the decoded data, the attending physician determines the tactics of treatment. Also, sometimes you need to go through the procedure again to find out how the therapy is going.

Radiography is assigned to determine different pathologies. Among them:

irritable stomach syndrome;
hernia of the diaphragm and esophagus;
inflammation of the digestive tract;
foreign bodies in the digestive tract;
malignant and benign tumors;
ulcers and gastritis;
deformation of the duodenum and its departments.

In parallel, during the examination, problems with the liver, spleen, and kidneys can be identified. Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract make themselves felt by a deterioration in well-being, often such a diagnosis is prescribed based on the patient's complaints.

But, as already noted, first the doctor conducts other types of examinations in order to reduce the radiation load on the patient.

Suspicious symptoms include:

persistent nausea and vomiting after eating;
frequent bouts of heartburn, hiccups, belching;
pain in the abdomen;
cutting pain in the region of the stomach, like hunger. Unpleasant sensation passes after eating;
frequent stool disorders;
unexplained weight loss;
obesity with a normal diet.

If one or more symptoms are found, it is recommended to consult a gastroenterologist. Digestive problems can progress to more serious pathologies, and the timely appeal for help will be the key to successful treatment. Also, people who may have a genetic predisposition to tumors of the stomach and intestines are also recommended to undergo preventive examinations.

Contraindications to the procedure

Due to the increased dose of radiation, x-rays are not prescribed during pregnancy, since radiation rays can unpredictably affect the development of the fetus. For the same reason, such a procedure is prescribed for children only in severe cases.

A categorical contraindication is a through formation in the stomach or intestines - perforation. The contrast agent can get into the abdominal cavity, which will cause an even greater complication.

With caution, gastrography is performed in acute obstruction and inflammatory processes. Such a study is prohibited for people with allergies to and barium.

How to prepare for an x-ray

The procedure takes place on an empty stomach. The abundance of gases or the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract makes diagnosis difficult and can distort the data. Therefore, doctors recommend preparing 2 days before the scheduled session, for this you need to follow a diet or artificially cleanse the intestines.

At the time of issuing a referral for examination, it is worth consulting with the doctor about detoxification methods. The easiest way is a cleansing enema, it is done the day before and in the morning before the procedure. The enema can be substituted for special preparations that cleanse the gastrointestinal tract. In this case, patient reviews recommend Fortrans, a soluble powder that removes gases and food debris well without enemas.

Also preparatory measures include an allergy test for iodine and barium. You can take medicine only with the permission of the doctor. Before x-rays, you need to warn the specialist if any medications were taken.

A couple of days before the session, you need to remove gas-forming products from the menu. These include:

and cereals (except);
dairy products;
cabbage, ;
carbonated drinks.

On the day of diagnosis, it is important to stop smoking, alcohol is excluded 2-3 days before the session. Eating is prohibited 8 hours before the examination.

How does this happen

The study is carried out only on an empty stomach, after pre-training sick. In the X-ray room, the subject takes off his clothes and puts on a special gown. Be sure to remove all jewelry and warn the doctor if there are metal inserts in the body. After that, the laboratory assistant does overview shot in a standing position, the further process is possible only after the first shots. This is necessary to rule out the possibility internal bleeding, ruptures of organs, acute obstruction. The resulting photos are examined by the doctor, if there are no contraindications, contrasting is performed.

A mixture is prepared in the laboratory: a solution and barium sulfate. The subject takes a few sips of the drink. It tastes and smells like chalk, discomfort does not call. After entering the esophagus, the barium mixture covers the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, and the esophageal tube becomes clearly visible on the screen. For subsequent study of the stomach and duodenum, the patient drinks the rest of the solution - 200-250 ml. The liquid fills the organs and they are better seen on the image, ulcers, neoplasms, deformation, narrowing are easily distinguished.

For getting complete picture The patient is placed on a table and a series of images are taken. Diagnosis is carried out in direct projection, lateral and oblique. For this, the patient is asked to change the posture several times.

After receiving the data, the radiography procedure is considered complete. In some cases, x-rays are needed. lower divisions intestines, then the process is repeated after a few hours, when the barium enters colon.

When the radiologist receives enough information, he will draw up a conclusion and description of the images. Sometimes it takes several days, sometimes the patient can get results after 30-60 minutes. With these data, he goes to the doctor who sent him for examination. The attending physician will be able to establish the diagnosis and determine the treatment, in best case- Decide that there are no diseases and complications.

Where to get an x-ray of the gastrointestinal tract

Every clinic provides this service. She doesn't need special technique, although private clinics have digital machines that give quick result on electronic media. An x-ray of the stomach and duodenum can be taken in state clinic, hospital, clinic.

Private medical institutions also conduct X-ray examinations of the gastrointestinal tract. The price of an x-ray will be $40-50, fluoroscopy is estimated separately - from $45 to $65. Included in the price contrast agent, diagnostics and data. In some private diagnostic centers you will have to pay separately for decoding the results.

Possible Complications

Immediately after the x-ray, it is recommended to drink a lot clean water, this will help to quickly remove the barium mixture from the body. It does not dissolve in liquid, therefore it is not absorbed into the walls of the digestive tract and does not harm the body. Among the mild complications, patient reviews note attacks of nausea and vomiting, but this is possible only with hypersensitivity. For 2-3 days after the session, there may be constipation, this frequent reaction which passes with time. Also, the feces are painted in a whitish or gray tint. If the stool problems do not go away after three days, you need to contact your doctor.

Significant discomfort such side effects do not bring, so they are not called complications. Among the rare and serious consequences – allergic reaction. This is possible if the preparation rules have been overlooked. The patient must undergo a barium test.

Sometimes a barium suspension is replaced with an iodine solution, so the reaction to it must also be tested. In case of an allergy, the patient may experience swelling of the internal organs, difficulty breathing, Quincke's edema. If the patient is well prepared for the procedure, gastrography will pass without negative consequences.

Alternative methods of examination

Before ordering an X-ray, the attending physician should try alternative ways. If a patient is assigned an X-ray, then there is good reasons. But it is still worth asking the doctor about a possible alternative.

The main competition of gastrography is MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging does not carry radiation exposure and gives excellent results.

However, it is more expensive, and in some cases less informative than radiography. For example, ulcers are better distinguished on a conventional x-ray, and cancer is more quickly detected on an MRI.

Endoscopy is also a common examination technique. It is carried out in a completely different way: through oral cavity an endoscope is inserted through the esophagus. This device has a light source and a camera that transmits the image in color to the monitor.

This is an indispensable way to diagnose pathologies of the internal mucosa, it shows the tube of the esophagus and stomach. But for checking the duodenum, this is an inconvenient method, and besides, it does not reflect the outer walls of the organs.

There is another progressive option - computed tomography. CT is performed in the same way as MRI, but the former is based on the same radiation. The difference between conventional x-rays and CT scans is cost and performance. The computer technique better reflects soft tissue, gives a three-dimensional image and is in many ways superior to X-ray. But such an examination is much more expensive. In addition, the radiation intensity with CT is higher than with a conventional study.

In any case, the patient cannot independently choose the method of diagnosis, for this a referral from a doctor is needed. In Russia, according to the Law on Radiation Safety, every citizen can refuse an X-ray, except in cases where his illness is of an epidemiological nature. But in case of a serious illness, we should not forget that time works against us.

Gastrography is prescribed in a limited amount, so the radiation dose will not cause significant harm. But progressive cancer or an ulcer shortens life much faster than radiation. Therefore, it is better to seek help and get diagnosed on time.

The duodenum is easily accessible to x-ray examination, and the recognition of its diseases occupies a prominent place in x-ray diagnostics.

The shape of the duodenum most often approaches a horseshoe (Fig. 94), but varies depending on the constitution and position of the body, varying widely, acquiring either the shape of a ring, or bending, or forming a loop-shaped figure of the run. The position and shape of the duodenal bulb also vary depending on the constitutional features (Fig. 95).

Rice. 94. Normal run of the duodenum (X-ray).

Rice. 95. Normal duodenal bulb (X-ray).

Bulb shape may vary different phases research depending on contractile activity muscles. According to the course of the curvature of the stomach in the bulb, a large and a small curvature are distinguished. The size of the bulb varies depending on the tone. It can be small with normal tone and enlarged with reduced tone, while sometimes acquiring large sizes.

When examining the duodenum in a state of artificial hypotension, it is possible to see the nipple of Vater, which forms a double depression on the inner contour, resembling the Latin letter W (Fig. 96). Under pathological conditions of Vater, the nipple is deformed, enlarged, and in case of tumors it creates a filling defect along the inner contour of the duodenum.

Rice. 96. Normal duodenum in a state of artificial hypotension (X-ray).

The arrow indicates the papilla of Vater.

The tone of the bulb can be judged by the nature of its emptying. If the bulb is emptied quickly, even before reaching its tight filling, then this indicates an increase in tone. Slow emptying, accompanied by a significant residue, may indicate a decrease in tone.

Often there is a so-called duodenoptosis. At the same time, apart from low location, the duodenum is elongated and expanded. In such cases, expansion and bulbs are noted. Duodenoptosis occurs together with general splanchnoptosis or in the presence of the mesentery of the duodenum.

The relief of the mucous membrane of the bulb and the rest of the run of the duodenum has different kind. In the region of the bulb, longitudinal folds predominate, repeating the relief of the mucosa of the gastric outlet. The folds of the bulb are clearly visible either at the time of its contraction or during compression. Starting from the upper knee of the duodenum, there are already typical Kerckring folds, which have a transverse arrangement and form a pinnate relief pattern, similar to how it occurs in the small intestine.

12 duodenum (Latin duodnum)- this is the original department, which is located after the stomach. In relation to the human skeleton, the intestine is located at the level of 1,2,3 lumbar vertebrae. The average length of the intestine is from 25 to 30 cm, which corresponds to 12 fingers folded transversely - hence the specificity of the name. The duodenum is unique in its structure, both externally and at the cellular level, plays essential role in the digestive system. The next after the duodenum is.

This is an organ located directly in the abdominal cavity, along its length often clasps the pancreas, namely its head. The duodenum may not be constant in its location and it depends on gender, age, constitution, fatness, position of the body in space, and so on.

Skeletotopically, taking into account the four sections of the intestine, its top part starts from the 12th thoracic vertebra, produces the first (upper) bend at the level of the 1st lumbar, then goes down and reaches the 3rd vertebra lumbar spine, produces a lower (second) bend, follows from right to left in horizontal position and finally reaches the 2nd lumbar vertebra.

Sections of the duodenum

This organ lies retroperitoneally and has no mesentery. The body is conditionally divided into four main departments:

Upper horizontal section. The upper horizontal section may border on the liver, namely its right lobe and is located in the region of the first vertebra of the lower back.
Descending part (department). The descending division borders on right kidney, bends and can reach the second third lumbar vertebra.
Lower horizontal section. The lower horizontal section carries out the second bend and begins with it, is located near abdominal region aorta and inferior vena cava, which are located posterior to the duodenum.
ascending division. The ascending section ends with the second bend, rises up and smoothly passes into the jejunum.

The organ is supplied with blood by the celiac trunk and superior artery mesentery, which, in addition to the intestine, also supplies the base of the pancreatic head.

The structure of the wall of the duodenum 12

The wall is represented by the following layers:

serous is serosa covering the intestine from the outside;
muscular - represented by muscle fibers (located circularly and along the organ), as well as nerve nodes;
submucosal - represented by lymphatic and blood vessels, as well as a submucosal membrane having a folded shape with crescents;
mucous - represented by villi (they are wider and shorter than in other parts of the intestine).

Inside the intestine is a large and small nipples. located approximately 7-7.5 cm directly from the pylorus. The main pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter it. Approximately 8-45 mm from the Vater nipple, a small papilla emerges, an additional pancreatic duct enters it.

Functions

Motor-evacuation. It is the process of pushing food through the alimentary canal. Also, the organ serves as a reservoir, it releases bile acids and various pancreatic enzymes.
Digestive. In the intestine, the initial stage of digestion occurs, due to the action of bile acids and pancreatic enzymes.
Regulatory. Due to the regulation of bile acids and pancreatic enzymes.
Acid-alkaline. In the duodenum, the pH of the food lump is brought to optimal performance for its further transformation in other parts of the digestive tract.

Diseases

(infectious duodenitis, parasitic duodenitis; duodenitis caused by giardiasis; duodenal candidiasis);
bulbite;

And the duodenum is performed under the control of transillumination on an x-ray television monitor. To increase the information content, gastroscopy is supplemented by sighting radiographs in direct, lateral and oblique projections. A minimum of 6 images are taken during the examination.

The purpose of radiography for the diagnosis of diseases gastrointestinal tract- an individual choice of a doctor, because there is a probe gastrography, which is not accompanied by radiation exposure.

Due to the big radiation background X-ray of the duodenum and stomach is prescribed according to strict indications. Nevertheless, the technique makes it possible to detect bowel cancer in 75% of cases in the elderly, and more effective alternative it doesn't exist.

When is an x-ray of the duodenum and stomach prescribed?

Photo of the targeted radiograph: a large adenomatous polyp (indicated by an arrow)

An x-ray of the stomach, as well as the duodenum, is prescribed if there are the following indications:

gastrointestinal discomfort;
dysphagia;
vomiting and nausea;
unexplained weight loss;
stomach ache;
ascites;
liver enlargement;
hidden blood in feces;
anemia of unexplained etiology.

Some European doctors perform an X-ray examination of the intestine in a category of patients for whom there is a high probability of developing stomach and duodenal cancer.

In practice, our radiologists are convinced that the value of the study for each patient is different. Sometimes a contrast x-ray does not provide valuable information, and the examination can only reveal violations of the motor function of the intestine.

Photo. Fibroplastic gastric cancer (SFRC): concentric narrowing with uneven contour(indicated by arrows)

We also note that when choosing the tactics great importance plays not so much the experience of the radiologist as his professional qualifications. Rational Sequence Plan x-ray procedures allows you to create maximum efficiency with minimal exposure to the patient.

Modern types of radiographic studies of the gastrointestinal tract

There are several types x-ray examination small intestine:

Checking.
Urgent.
Classic.
Double contrast.
Two-phase.

Checking X-rays are carried out in medical institutions on gastrographic units under the control of an X-ray television monitor. In the absence of special equipment, the examination is carried out on the RUM-20 apparatus, which was released in Soviet times and has a television path sufficient for a complete diagnosis.

Using the technique of double contrasting, radiologists are able to study the structure of the relief of the mucous membrane. At the same time, it is possible to detect not only ulcers and duodenal cancer, but also superficial gastritis.

What is double gastric contrast:

2 days, the gastrointestinal tract is cleansed (fortrans, enema, Activated carbon);
30 minutes before the procedure, the patient takes 2-3 Aeron tablets under the tongue;
for contrasting, a solution of barium sulfate with an antifoam agent (for example, 1 gram of dimethylpolysiloxane) is used;
to inflate the stomach, a person takes a gas-forming substance (urodan);
after translucence of the duodenum, a series of sighting radiographs is performed in the prone and standing position;
on average, the duration of the study takes 5-7 minutes.

What does a biphasic study of the stomach show?

Biphasic examination of the stomach involves a combination of the classical examination of the stomach and double contrasting. In the first phase, the radiologist performs double contrasting according to the above scheme.

In the second stage, tight filling with barium is carried out.

For proper conduct For a two-phase examination, it is necessary to produce a barium suspension of high (for the 1st phase) and low (for the 2nd phase) density. If you suspect perforated ulcer or wall perforation small intestine contrasting is carried out with water-soluble substances - gastrografin or verografin. When using them, a cocktail is prepared in the following way: 200 grams of contrast with 350 grams of Borjomi and half a bag of vanillin.

Biphasic contrast shows:

ulcer of the stomach and duodenum;
violations of the motor function of the body;
esophageal-gastric reflux;
cancerous filling defects.

How is a classic X-ray of the small intestine performed?

Photo: saucer-shaped cancer: defect in the filling of the antrum with an accumulation of contrast

Radiologists medical polyclinics most commonly used for classical research. When it is first performed translucence of the stomach in vertical position patient. After the patient takes a sip of contrast under the control of an X-ray television monitor, the condition of the folds is studied and the doctor takes pictures of important anatomical structures. Uniform distribution contrast is carried out using dosed compression. For this, the equipment is equipped with special tubes.

At the next stage, the patient drinks a whole glass of contrast (about 200 ml), which leads to tight filling. The study allows to identify the pathology of the outer contour of the small intestine in cancerous and ulcerative defects.

Aiming images in a classic study should reflect the following: anatomical formations:

front and back wall body;
pyloric and cardiac department;
condition of the duodenum (anterior and posterior bulbs).

To improve the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract, the patient can be injected with 1 ml of aceclidine solution (0.2%) or 0.5 ml of hydrochloric morphine (1%).

In hospital settings, it is preferable to conduct double contrasting, which allows a more thorough examination of the small intestine.

An urgent x-ray of the duodenum of the small intestine is performed if peritonitis is suspected or air is present in the abdominal cavity. Overview allows you to identify pathology and make a decision regarding the method and tactics surgical treatment.

Sometimes the study will have to be supplemented with angiography of the gastric vessels in order to identify changes in the duodenal part of the small intestine. For example, in Menetrier's disease, it is possible to detect the formation of an anatomical border of the gastrointestinal tract.

Summing up: an x-ray of the duodenum and stomach requires a highly qualified doctor. If the procedure is performed by an untrained specialist, the examination time increases, which increases the radiation load on the patient.

Indications for surgery

In some cases, the operation can not be performed,

Diet after surgery

What are gallbladder polyps and much more.

The information is presented in an accessible way, in the form short articles without any extra water.

Source: http://medforyour. info/html/reflux3.html ( Website of Tatyana Timchishenoy)

Below is one of her articles.

Throwing contents from the duodenum into the stomach or duodeno-gastric reflux.

What does it mean "duodeno-gastric reflux"? If you remember, in the previous article we found out what reflux is and that each reflux has its own "name". And what components does this "name" consist of - we also discussed with you in the article "What is reflux?" So, if I tell you that "duodenum" is the duodenum, and "gaster" is the stomach, you can easily understand that duodeno-gastric reflux is nothing more than the reflux of contents from the duodenum into the stomach . And it is "cast". Because normally, the contents of the stomach enter the duodenum, and not vice versa.

But here interest Ask: why does this reverse, unnatural movement of content occur?

In order for us to be able to answer this question, we need to understand a little about how the stomach and duodenum work.

Both the stomach and the duodenum are hollow organs through which the food masses move. But they do not just move forward, but are gradually processed, split and absorbed. What we "load" into the oral cavity then enters the esophagus, then into the stomach, small and large intestines. The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine and follows immediately after the stomach.

Food masses move in one direction. And this movement is ensured by the coordinated and interconnected work of the muscles of the esophagus, stomach and intestines. Yes, there are special muscles in the walls of these organs that are constantly contracting and relaxing, thereby ensuring that food masses are "pushed" in the right direction. But this is not enough. In order for the food masses to move only in the right direction and not be able to "go back" between different departments of the gastrointestinal tract there are so-called sphincters. Sphincters are valves, or rather, they are groups of muscles that, when contracted, close the inlet or outlet, and when relaxed, open it.

For clarity, I will give an example. There are sphincters at the entrance and exit of the stomach. Groups of muscles that ring the entrance and exit of the stomach. When they are compressed, the entrance or exit of the stomach is closed, as any bag is closed, tied and tied with a rope. When these muscles relax, the entrance or exit is open.

So, when food passes through the esophagus and approaches the stomach, the inlet valve opens and passes it into the stomach.

Then the valve closes tightly. And the food is securely closed in the stomach. Here it is processed and slowly moves to the exit from the stomach.

When food bolus is well processed and advanced to the exit, the valve at the outlet of the stomach opens and passes it into the duodenum.

And when it passes, it closes tightly. And the next stage of food processing begins - in the duodenum.

This, of course, is a schematic, simplified description of the process, but for our purposes it will be quite enough for us. The most important thing in this process is the coherence of the muscles and sphincters. Think for yourself: in order for the food bolus to pass from the stomach to the duodenum, the muscles of the stomach must contract, creating increased pressure in the stomach, due to which the food bolus will be “pushed out” of the stomach. But at the same time, the sphincter muscles at the exit of the stomach must relax, thereby opening the exit from the stomach. And the muscles of the duodenum, at this moment, must also be relaxed in order to "accept" the food masses. But that's not all: at the same time, the sphincter at the entrance to the stomach must be tightly closed to prevent food from moving in the opposite direction - from the stomach to the esophagus.

What happens next? Further, the food masses enter the duodenum and the "door" behind them closes tightly. That is, the sphincter at the outlet of the stomach closes. And then food processing begins in the gut. The next stage is the transition of food masses from the duodenum further - to the next section of the small intestine - to the jejunum. In order to push the food mass further, the muscles of the duodenum are compressed, creating increased pressure in the intestine, which "pushes" the contents further. And what is important - at this moment the sphincter at the outlet of the stomach should be tightly closed in order to prevent the reverse movement of food masses. Not only that, he must be strong enough to resist high blood pressure in the duodenum.

Difficult process, isn't it? Even in a schematic version of the presentation. But having understood this, it will not be difficult for you to answer the question "Why does the reverse, unnatural movement of the contents from the duodenum into the stomach happen?"

This happens when:

1. The sphincter at the exit from the stomach becomes weak, unable to tightly and reliably close the exit from the stomach.

2. Violated coordination, "coherence" of the muscles of the stomach, duodenum and sphincter.

3. When the pressure in the duodenum is so high that the movement of food from the stomach into the duodenum becomes difficult and even reverse, unnatural movement (reflux) may occur.

What causes duodeno-gastric reflux and how to deal with it.

Today, my dear readers, we will continue the conversation started in the two previous articles. And now we'll talk about what causes duodeno-gastric reflux? Although, if we consider this issue correctly, then it should be said that the duodeno-gastric reflux itself is a consequence. This is the result of some disease. It never arises just like that, among complete well-being and health. What diseases lead to its occurrence?

These are all diseases that lead to weakness of the muscles of the sphincters, to a violation of the coordination of movements of the muscles of the sphincters, stomach, intestines and esophagus, to an increase in pressure in the duodenum.

1. Chronic gastritis and duodenitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum).

2. Ulcers of the stomach and duodenum.

3. Stomach operations and upper section intestines.

These are the main causes of duodeno-gastric reflux.

And what are its consequences?

With duodeno-gastric reflux, as we already know, the contents of the duodenum enter the stomach. And this means that bile and pancreatic juice enter the stomach. Because it is in the duodenum that the ducts of the liver and pancreas open.

(You can see the pictures in the articles "Cholelithiasis and Pancreatitis, gallbladder and the pancreas or the "common canal" theory and "The Tale of Vater's nipple and the sphincter of Oddi or why pain may be disturbing after gallbladder removal surgery").

And the thing is that the gastric mucosa, unlike the mucous membrane of the duodenum, is not adapted to resist bile acids, which are part of bile and enzymes, which are part of pancreatic juice. And these substances are very active and aggressive. So sooner or later they call chemical burn gastric mucosa and its inflammation. The so-called chemical gastritis, gastritis C or reflux gastritis.

Moreover, cases of the so-called "high duodeno-gastric reflux" are not uncommon. What does it mean? This means that it happens that the contents from the duodenum enter the stomach and the process stops there. This is a common, duodeno-gastric reflux. And it happens that this content is pushed even further in an unnatural direction - into the esophagus ("esophagus") and even into the oral cavity ("oris"). And this is already a "high reflux" or duodeno-gastro-esophageal and duodeno-gastro-esophageal-oral reflux. In this case, not only the gastric mucosa is damaged, but also the mucosa of the esophagus.

How does chemical gastritis manifest itself, it is gastritis C and it is also reflux gastritis?

Very often, this disease is asymptomatic and only with gastroscopy is an open, "yawning" exit from the stomach and bile in the lumen of the stomach. And characteristic changes in the gastric mucosa - inflammation. But it also happens that a person feels burning pains"in the pit of the stomach", especially after eating. Disturbed by nausea and vomiting with an admixture of bile. Feeling of "bursting" and "stagnation" in the stomach.

How to deal with such unpleasant phenomenon like duodeno-gastric reflux?

First of all, you need to cure the diseases that led to its occurrence. Cure gastritis, duodenitis, ulcers, if any. Most often, after successful treatment of these diseases, duodeno-gastric reflux disappears on its own. When the cause disappears, the effect also disappears.

But it happens, of course, and so that it is not possible to eliminate the cause. This may be in a situation after surgery on the stomach and upper intestine. Whatever you say, but the anatomy is already broken and it is not so easy to restore the work of these organs in full. What to do then?

Then you have to deal with the consequences. To do this, drugs are used that strengthen and coordinate the work of the muscles of the stomach, esophagus and intestines. Drugs that protect the gastric mucosa from the harmful effects of the contents of the duodenum. And drugs that treat the already existing inflammation of the mucous membrane caused by reflux. In each case, the set of these drugs may be different and it is prescribed by a doctor who treats the patient.

I can advise you to eat more often than usual, but in small portions. Under no circumstances should you overeat. Food during the treatment period should not be coarse, easily digestible. After eating for about an hour, it is not advisable to lie down or, conversely, to work hard exercise. Especially those that are associated with slopes and stress on the abdominal muscles.

But that doesn't mean you can't move at all. Even immediately after eating calm hiking will only benefit your digestion. Don't forget about it, walk more often. Keep in mind that moving image life always contributes not only good mood, positive attitude, but also tones your internal organs. Makes them work faster, harder and better.