What are different parts of the brain responsible for? Which part of the brain is responsible for memory?

Scientists consider the cortex of the frontal region as a set of formations that show a pronounced individuality in the anatomical structure from an early age. Among these formations there are those that are new, " human» fields that develop later in life. These include field 46.

Field 46 is a "human field", because it is an evolutionary neoplasm that differentiates late. Field 46 is the last to mature and reaches 630% of its original size. Because this field is inhibitory, you can see that the children do not control their movements and grab everything that lies badly. This behavior is typical of monkeys.

General

It is impossible to specifically develop the frontal lobes of the brain in children. In society, there is an incorrect opinion that physical activity promotes increased blood circulation in the brain, thereby developing all parts of the brain. Physical activity fills the motor-motor centers of the brain, while the rest of the brain ‘ rest‘because when performing different tasks, the brain uses certain centers, and not the whole brain.

Based on the foregoing, in order to determine the exercises for the development of the frontal lobes, you need to find out what functions the frontal lobes are responsible for, during which we will be able to develop the frontal lobes.

The frontal lobe, like the others, consists of substances.

Location

The frontal lobe is located in the anterior parts of the hemispheres. The frontal lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus. Anatomically, it consists of four convolutions - vertical and three horizontal. The convolutions are separated by furrows. The frontal lobe makes up a third of the mass of the cortex.

Assigned functions

Evolutionarily, it so happened that the active development of the frontal lobes is not associated with mental and intellectual activity. The frontal lobes arose in humans in an evolutionary way. The more a person could share food in their community, the more likely the community could survive. In women, the frontal lobes arose for the specific purpose of sharing food. The men got this area as a gift. Not having those assigned tasks that lie on the shoulders of a woman, men began to use the frontal lobes in a variety of ways (think, build, etc.) to manifest Dominance.

Essentially, the frontal lobes are brake centers. Also, many people ask what the left or right frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for. The question was posed incorrectly, because in the left and right frontal lobes there are corresponding fields, which are responsible for specific functions. Roughly stated, the frontal lobes are responsible for:

thinking
movement coordination
conscious control of behavior
centers of memory and speech
display of emotions

What fields are included

Fields and subfields are responsible for specific functions that are generalized under the frontal lobes. Because The polymorphism of the brain is huge, the combination of the sizes of different fields makes up the individuality of a person. Why is it said that over time a person changes. Throughout life, neurons die, and the remaining ones form new connections. This introduces an imbalance in the quantitative ratio of links between different fields that are responsible for different functions.

Not only do different people have different margin sizes, but some people may not have these margins at all. Polymorphism was identified by Soviet researchers S.A. Sarkisov, I.N. Filimonov, Yu.G. Shevchenko. They showed that the individual ways of building the cerebral cortex within one ethnic group are so large that no common signs can be seen.

Field 8 - located in the posterior sections of the middle and superior frontal gyri. Has a center of voluntary eye movements
Field 9 - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Field 10 - Anterior prefrontal cortex
Field 11 - olfactory area
Box 12 - control of the basal ganglia
Field 32 - Receptor area of emotional experiences
Field 44 - Broca's Center (processing information about the location of the body relative to other bodies)

Field 45 - music and motor center
Field 46 - motor analyzer of head and eye rotation
Field 47 - nuclear zone of singing, speech motor component
- Subfield 47.1
- Subfield 47.2
- Subfield 47.3
- Subfield 47.4
- Subfield 47.5

Damage symptoms

Symptoms of the lesion are revealed in such a way that the allocated functions cease to be adequately performed. The main thing is not to confuse some of the symptoms with laziness or imposed thoughts about it, although this is part of the diseases of the frontal lobes.

Uncontrolled grasping reflexes (Schuster reflex)
Uncontrolled grasping reflexes when the skin of the hand is irritated at the base of the fingers (Reflex Yanishevsky-Bekhterev)
Extension of the toes with irritation of the skin of the foot (Hermann's symptom)
Maintaining an uncomfortable hand position (Barré sign)
Constant rubbing of the nose (Duff's symptom)
Speech disorder
Loss of motivation
Inability to concentrate
memory impairment

Such symptoms can cause the following injuries and illnesses:

Alzheimer's disease
Frontotemporal dementia
Traumatic brain injury
Strokes
Oncological diseases

With such diseases and symptoms, a person can not be recognized. A person may lose motivation, his feelings of defining personal boundaries are blurred. Possible impulsive behavior associated with the satisfaction of biological needs. Because damage to the frontal (inhibitory) lobes opens up the boundaries of biological behavior that is controlled by the limbic system.

Answers to popular questions

Where is the speech center located in the brain?
- It is located in the center of Broca, namely in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus
Where is the memory center in the brain?
- Memory is different (auditory, visual, gustatory, etc.). Depending on which center processes certain sensors, information from this sensor is stored in those centers

Biological Memory- this is the ability of living organisms to perceive information about irritation, fix and store it, and subsequently use the amount of stored information to organize behavior.

Distinguish between genetic and acquired memory. genetic memory-information received from parents through germ cells. The carriers of genetic memory are nucleic acids. Information about the structure of a particular organism and its functioning is recorded on DNA molecules in the form of a genetic code. Acquired (individual) memory- arises in ontogenesis on the basis of life experience and is associated with the properties of the nervous system. There are four types of conscious memory: motor associated with the memorization and reproduction of movements; figurative, the basis of which is the memorization of objects and their properties; verbal-logical associated with memorization, recognition and reproduction of thoughts, concepts; emotional memory responsible for the memorization and reproduction of sensory perceptions together with the objects that cause them.

Short-term memory - memory to recent events. (memory lasts 0.5 hours).

Long term memory- the main type of memory of a person, thanks to which he can exist as an individual. This memory stores all, without exception, images, events, knowledge, skills, abilities. This memory is the basis of human conditioned reflex activity.

Age features

A distinctive characteristic of the memory of preschoolers is the predominance of figurative memory, especially visual, over verbal. From the age of 4, the skills of arbitrary memory begin to appear, expressed in the acceptance of the “remember” task. Arbitrary memory is especially successful in a game form. Repetition is the main way of remembering. At the age of 6, children already have ideas about arbitrary ways of remembering in everyday life, but they are not transferred to the learning situation. As the overall mental development, there are fundamental changes in memory. In the course of assimilation of educational material, younger students widely use judgments and conclusions, although at the same time they try to accurately imitate the model of the teacher. The visual-figurative nature of memory and the focus on the exact assimilation of what the teacher offers lead to such a feature of memory as literalness, which is manifested in the reproduction of texts. With age, they do not necessarily become wiser, but often lose self-confidence. We begin to worry about forgetfulness over trifles that we previously did not attach importance to, such as the fact that we keep losing our keys or forgetting where we parked the car. This kind of forgetfulness happens to anyone at any age. But at 20, she doesn’t bother a bit, and at 40, we are already thinking: “What is happening to me? Or am I already approaching the sunset of life?

Areas of the brain responsible for memory. the left hemisphere is predominantly responsible, while the right hemisphere dominates in involuntary forms of memory. Trauma to the occipital region can lead to defects in visual memory, and disturbances in the parietal region can affect tactile memory. Malfunctions in the motor area of the brain can lead to impaired motor memory.

Sleep, sleep phases, hypnogenic brain zones.

Sleep is a special physiological state of a person.

Currently, there are 2 main phases of sleep:

1. REM sleep - the duration of REM sleep is 20-30 minutes. At this time, a person has dreams. There is an increase in the tone of the limbs, twitching of the limbs, rotation of the eyeballs, breathing and heartbeat become more frequent. If a person wakes up in REM sleep, then he is able to remember dreams.

2. The phase of slow sleep - lasts about 1.5-2 hours. It is characterized by complete relaxation of the body, slowing of breathing and heartbeat. Dreams do not dream.

The normal sleep duration for an adult is 8 hours. During this time, the phases of sleep repeatedly change places (about 4 times). During the night, a person has at least 4 dreams.

Hypnogenic areas of the brain include:

1) Visual tubercles;

2) Reticular formation;

3) Frontal lobes of the brain.

Departments of the human brain - the components of one "team". The contribution of each participant in the game is important, otherwise coordinated work will not work - and we will not be able to be ourselves. This happens when a person receives a brain injury. This is how scientists established the functions of various parts of the brain - according to the observations of patients by neurologists. Although the brain is a very plastic organ, damaged areas can restore their functions at the expense of other departments.

So what are the parts of our brain? What are the main divisions Western scientists distinguish rhomboid and neocortex. Let's take a closer look at these departments.

Rhomboid brain

This is the most ancient area of the brain, it is also called the brain of reptiles. That is, it is common to most evolutionarily perfect species. It is responsible for the most basic functions of the human body. The rhomboid brain consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum. What do they do in the body? This is discussed further.

Medulla deals with the automatic functions of your body, there are centers for breathing, digestion and regulation by heart contractions. Therefore, if this part of the brain is injured, it is almost impossible to save a person.

Bridge determines the level of our alertness and productivity at work, and it also transmits sensory impressions higher to the brain. Our performance depends on the state of this part of the brain.

Cerebellum traditionally considered the main organ that also deals with motor memory.

limbic system

This part of the brain is called the emotional brain or the ancient mammalian brain. This is where our feelings live, this is where memory begins. In this part of the brain, memory and emotion combine to influence our behavior and day-to-day emotional decision making. This is where value judgments are born. This part of the brain decides what is meaningful and what is not: information is filtered. Its parts of the brain are responsible for spontaneity and creativity.

amygdala responsible for the accumulation of emotionally colored information. Particularly important is its participation in the formation of the emotion of fear. It gives the command to release stress hormones, makes our hands sweat, and our hearts beat faster and faster.

hippocampus deals with memory and a little bit of learning in general. It prepares information for transfer to long-term memory, helps us understand spatial relationships and interpret incoming signals from

hypothalamus - endocrine brain, closely related to the pituitary gland. It deals with circadian rhythms (responsible for the desire to sleep longer, and also wakes us up the next day), maintaining the constancy of the body's environment, controls the desire to refresh, maintaining fluid balance.

thalamus- a collection point for information from all underlying structures, including the state of the body and various sensations.

neocortex

This is the most perfect formation in the brain, the most evolutionarily new. It is called the rational brain because of its extreme importance for the intellectual function of a person. The cerebral cortex (neocortex) is divided into two hemispheres. They control opposite sides of the body. Each of them has different functions.

frontal lobe - the largest "boss" of the brain. It does not allow a person to be impulsive, inhibits drives, is responsible for analysis and planning, people with its violations also change such complex forms of behavior as altruism and empathy are impossible without the normal function of this lobe.

parietal lobe- a center that allows us to process sensations from the skin and internal organs, including pain. It also helps to calculate the speed of objects, is involved in recognition and spatial orientation.

temporal lobe processes sound perceptions. Here is Wernicke's area, which allows us to recognize speech.

Occipital lobe perceives and processes visual information, is involved in some forms

corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres together.

As you can see, the parts of the brain are closely connected and perform a variety of functions, but all of them are necessary so that we can perform the actions we are used to. Good luck with your learning!

In the human brain, scientists distinguish three main parts: the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain. All three are clearly visible already in a four-week-old embryo in the form of "brain bubbles". Historically, the hindbrain and midbrain are considered more ancient. They are responsible for the vital internal functions of the body: maintaining blood flow, breathing. For human forms of communication with the outside world (thinking, memory, speech), which will interest us primarily in the light of the problems considered in this book, the forebrain is responsible.

To understand why each disease has a different effect on the behavior of the patient, it is necessary to know the basic principles of the organization of the brain.

The first principle is division of functions by hemispheres - lateralization. The brain is physically divided into two hemispheres: left and right. Despite their external similarity and active interaction, provided by a large number of special fibers, the functional asymmetry in the work of the brain can be traced quite clearly. Better for certain functions the right hemisphere (in most people it is responsible for figurative and creative work), and with others left (associated with abstract thinking, symbolic activity and rationality).
The second principle is also related to the distribution of functions in different areas of the brain. Although this organ works as a whole, and many of the higher functions of a person are provided by the coordinated work of different parts, the “division of labor” between the lobes of the cerebral cortex can be traced quite clearly.

In the cerebral cortex, one can distinguish four lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal. In accordance with the first principle - the principle of lateralization - each share has its own pair.

The frontal lobes can be conditionally called the command center of the brain. Here are the centers that are not so much responsible for a separate action, but rather provide such qualities as independence and human initiative capacity for critical self-assessment. The defeat of the frontal lobes causes the appearance of carelessness, meaningless aspirations, changeability and a tendency to inappropriate jokes. With the loss of motivation in atrophy of the frontal lobes, a person becomes passive, loses interest in what is happening, stays in bed for hours. Often, people around take this behavior for laziness, not suspecting that changes in behavior are a direct consequence of the death of nerve cells in this area of the cerebral cortex.

According to modern science, Alzheimer's disease - one of the most common causes of dementia - is caused by the formation of protein deposits around (and inside) neurons that prevent these neurons from communicating with other cells and lead to their death. Since scientists have not found effective ways to prevent the formation of protein plaques, the main method of drug treatment for Alzheimer's disease remains the impact on the work of mediators that provide communication between neurons. In particular, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors affect acetylcholine, and memantine drugs affect glutamate. Others take this behavior for laziness, not suspecting that changes in behavior are a direct consequence of the death of nerve cells in this area of the cerebral cortex.

An important function of the frontal lobes is control and management of behavior. It is from this part of the brain that the command comes that prevents the implementation of socially undesirable actions (for example, a grasping reflex or unseemly behavior towards others). When this area is affected in dementia patients, it is as if an internal limiter is turned off for them, which previously prevented the expression of obscenities and the use of obscene words.

The frontal lobes are responsible for arbitrary actions, for their organization and planning, and learning skills. It is thanks to them that gradually the work that initially seemed complex and difficult to do becomes automatic and does not require much effort. If the frontal lobes are damaged, a person is doomed to do his job every time as if for the first time: for example, his ability to cook, go to the store, etc. disintegrates. Another variant of disorders associated with the frontal lobes is the patient's "fixation" on the action being performed, or perseveration. Perseveration can manifest itself both in speech (repetition of the same word or a whole phrase) and in other actions (for example, aimlessly shifting objects from place to place).

In the dominant (usually left) frontal lobe, there are many areas responsible for different aspects of speech person, his attention and abstract thinking.

Finally, we note the participation of the frontal lobes in maintaining an upright body position. With their defeat, the patient develops a small mincing gait and a bent posture.

The temporal lobes in the upper regions process auditory sensations, turning them into sound images. Since hearing is the channel through which speech sounds are transmitted to a person, the temporal lobes (especially the dominant left) play a crucial role in ensuring speech communication. It is in this part of the brain that recognition and meaning words addressed to a person, as well as the selection of language units to express their own meanings. The non-dominant lobe (right for right-handed people) is involved in recognizing intonation patterns and facial expressions.

The anterior and medial temporal lobes are associated with the sense of smell. Today, it has been proven that the appearance of problems with smell in a patient in old age can be a signal of developing, but as yet undiagnosed Alzheimer's disease.

A small area on the inner surface of the temporal lobes, shaped like a seahorse (hippocampus), controls long term human memory. It is the temporal lobes that store our memories. The dominant (usually left) temporal lobe deals with verbal memory and the names of objects, the non-dominant is used for visual memory.

Simultaneous damage to both temporal lobes leads to serenity, loss of the ability to recognize visual images and hypersexuality.

The functions performed by the parietal lobes differ for the dominant and non-dominant sides.

The dominant side (usually the left side) is responsible for the ability to understand the structure of the whole through the correlation of its parts (their order, structure) and for our the ability to put parts together. This applies to a wide variety of things. For example, to read, you need to be able to put letters into words and words into phrases. The same with numbers and numbers. This same share allows you to master the sequence of related movements necessary to achieve a certain result (a disorder of this function is called apraxia). For example, the inability of the patient to dress himself, often noted in patients with Alzheimer's disease, is not caused by impaired coordination, but by forgetting the movements necessary to achieve a certain goal.

The dominant side is also responsible for feeling of your body: for the distinction between its right and left parts, for knowledge about the relationship of a separate part to the whole.

The non-dominant side (usually the right side) is the center that, by combining information from the occipital lobes, provides three-dimensional perception of the world around. Violation of this area of the cortex leads to visual agnosia - the inability to recognize objects, faces, the surrounding landscape. Since visual information is processed in the brain separately from information coming from other senses, the patient in some cases has the ability to compensate for visual recognition problems. For example, a patient who does not recognize a loved one by sight can recognize him by his voice when talking. This side is also involved in the spatial orientation of the individual: the dominant parietal lobe is responsible for the internal space of the body, and the non-dominant one is responsible for recognizing objects in external space and for determining the distance to and between these objects.

Both parietal lobes are involved in the perception of heat, cold and pain.

The occipital lobes are responsible for processing of visual information. In fact, everything that we see, we do not see with our eyes, which only fix the irritation of the light affecting them and translate it into electrical impulses. We "see" with the occipital lobes, which interpret the signals coming from the eyes. Knowing this, it is necessary to distinguish between the weakening of visual acuity in an elderly person and problems associated with his ability to perceive objects. Visual acuity (the ability to see small objects) depends on the work of the eyes, perception is the product of the work of the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain. Information about color, shape, movement is processed separately in the occipital cortex before being received in the parietal lobe for transformation into a three-dimensional representation. For communication with dementia patients, it is important to take into account that their unrecognition of surrounding objects may be caused by the impossibility of normal signal processing in the brain and does not relate to visual acuity in any way.

Concluding a short story about the brain, it is necessary to say a few words about its blood supply, since problems in its vascular system are one of the most common (and in Russia, perhaps the most common of) causes of dementia.

For the normal functioning of neurons, they need constant energy supply, which they receive thanks to the three arteries that supply the brain with blood: the two internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery. They connect with each other and form an arterial (willisian) circle that allows you to feed all parts of the brain. When for some reason (for example, during a stroke) the blood supply to some parts of the brain weakens or stops completely, neurons die and dementia develops.

Often in science fiction novels (and in popular science publications) the brain is compared to the work of a computer. This is not true for many reasons. First, unlike a man-made machine, the brain was formed as a result of a natural process of self-organization and does not need any external program. Hence the radical differences in the principles of its operation from the functioning of an inorganic and non-autonomous device with a nested program. Secondly (and this is very important for our problem), the various fragments of the nervous system are not connected in a rigid way, like computer blocks and cables stretched between them. The connection between cells is incomparably more subtle, dynamic, reacting to many different factors. This is the strength of our brain, which allows it to respond sensitively to the slightest failures in the system, to compensate for them. And this is also its weakness, since none of these failures pass without a trace, and over time, their combination reduces the potential of the system, its ability to compensatory processes. Then changes begin in the state of a person (and then in his behavior), which scientists call cognitive disorders and which eventually lead to such a disease as.

Man is a complex organism, consisting of many organs united in a single network, the work of which is regulated precisely and flawlessly. The central nervous system (CNS) performs the main function of regulating the functioning of the body. This is a complex system that includes several organs and peripheral nerve endings and receptors. The most important organ of this system is the brain - a complex computing center responsible for the proper functioning of the whole organism.

General information about the structure of the brain

They have been trying to study it for a long time, but for all the time scientists have not been able to accurately and unambiguously answer the question of what it is and how this organ works. Many functions have been studied, for some there are only guesses.

Visually, it can be divided into three main parts: the cerebellum and the cerebral hemispheres. However, this division does not reflect the full versatility of the functioning of this body. In more detail, these parts are divided into departments responsible for certain functions of the body.

oblong department

The human central nervous system is an inseparable mechanism. A smooth transitional element from the spinal segment of the central nervous system is the oblong section. Visually, it can be represented as a truncated cone with a base at the top or a small onion head with thickenings diverging from it - connecting with an intermediate section.

There are three different functions of the department - sensory, reflex and conduction. Its tasks include control over the main protective (vomit reflex, sneezing, coughing) and unconscious reflexes (heartbeat, breathing, blinking, salivation, secretion of gastric juice, swallowing, metabolism). In addition, the medulla oblongata is responsible for such senses as balance and coordination of movements.

midbrain

The next department responsible for communication with the spinal cord is the middle one. But the main function of this department is the processing of nerve impulses and the adjustment of the performance of the hearing aid and the visual center of a person. After processing the received information, this formation gives impulse signals for a response to stimuli: turning the head towards the sound, changing the position of the body in case of danger. Additional functions include regulation of body temperature, muscle tone, and arousal.

The human midbrain is responsible for such an important ability of the body as sleep.

The middle section has a complex structure. There are 4 clusters of nerve cells - tubercles, two of which are responsible for visual perception, the other two for hearing. Between themselves and with other parts of the brain and spinal cord, nerve clusters are connected by the same nerve-conducting tissue, visually similar to legs. The total segment size does not exceed 2 cm in an adult.

diencephalon

The department is even more complex in structure and functions. Anatomically, the diencephalon is divided into several parts: Pituitary gland. It is a small appendage of the brain that is responsible for secreting essential hormones and regulating the body's endocrine system.

Conditionally divided into several parts, each of which performs its function:

The adenohypophysis is the regulator of the peripheral endocrine glands.
The neurohypophysis is associated with the hypothalamus and accumulates hormones produced by it.

Hypothalamus

A small part of the brain, the most important function of which is to control heart rate and blood pressure in the vessels. Additionally, the hypothalamus is responsible for part of the emotional manifestations by producing the necessary hormones to suppress stressful situations. Another important function is the control of hunger, satiety and thirst. Finally, the hypothalamus is the center of sexual activity and pleasure.

Epithalamus

The main task of this department is the regulation of the daily biological rhythm. With the help of hormones produced, it affects the duration of sleep at night and normal wakefulness during the day. It is the epithalamus that adapts our body to the conditions of "daylight" and divides people into "owls" and "larks". Another task of the epithalamus is to regulate the metabolism of the body.

thalamus

This formation is very important for the correct understanding of the world around us. It is the thalamus that is responsible for processing and interpreting impulses from peripheral receptors. Data from the optic nerve, hearing aid, body temperature receptors, olfactory receptors, and pain points converge to this information processing center.

Back department

Like the previous sections, the hindbrain includes subsections. The main part is the cerebellum, the second is the pons, which is a small roller of nerve tissue for connecting the cerebellum with other departments and blood vessels that feed the brain.

Cerebellum

In its shape, the cerebellum resembles the cerebral hemispheres, it consists of two parts, connected by a "worm" - a complex of conductive nervous tissue. The main hemispheres are composed of nerve cell nuclei or "gray matter" assembled to increase surface and volume into folds. This part is located in the occipital part of the cranium and completely occupies its entire posterior fossa.

The main function of this department is the coordination of motor functions. However, the cerebellum does not initiate the movements of the arms or legs - it only controls the accuracy and clarity, the order in which movements are performed, motor skills and posture.

The second important task is the regulation of cognitive functions. These include: attention, understanding, awareness of language, regulation of the sensation of fear, sense of time, awareness of the nature of pleasure.

Large hemispheres of the brain

The main mass and volume of the brain fall precisely on the final section or the cerebral hemispheres. There are two hemispheres: the left one, which is mostly responsible for analytical thinking and speech functions of the body, and the right one, the main task of which is abstract thinking and all processes associated with creativity and interaction with the outside world.

The structure of the telencephalon

The cerebral hemispheres are the main "processing unit" of the CNS. Despite the different "specialization" these segments are complementary to each other.

The cerebral hemispheres are a complex system of interaction between the nuclei of nerve cells and nerve-conducting tissues connecting the main parts of the brain. The upper surface, called the cortex, is made up of a huge number of nerve cells. It's called gray matter. In the light of the general evolutionary development, the cortex is the youngest and most developed formation of the central nervous system and it has reached the highest development in humans. It is she who is responsible for the formation of higher neuropsychic functions and complex forms of human behavior. To increase the usable area, the surface of the hemispheres is assembled into folds or convolutions. The inner surface of the cerebral hemispheres consists of white matter - processes of nerve cells responsible for conducting nerve impulses and communication with the rest of the CNS segments.

In turn, each of the hemispheres is conditionally divided into 4 parts or lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal.

Occipital lobes

The main function of this conditional part is the processing of neural signals coming from the visual centers. It is here that the usual concepts of color, volume and other three-dimensional properties of a visible object are formed from light stimuli.

parietal lobes

This segment is responsible for the occurrence of pain sensations and the processing of signals from the body's thermal receptors. This is where their work ends.

The parietal lobe of the left hemisphere is responsible for structuring information packages, allows you to operate with logical operators, count and read. Also, this area forms awareness of the integral structure of the human body, the definition of the right and left parts, the coordination of individual movements into a single whole.

The right one is engaged in the generalization of information flows that are generated by the occipital lobes and the left parietal. On this site, a general three-dimensional picture of the perception of the environment, spatial position and orientation, miscalculation of perspective is formed.

temporal lobes

This segment can be compared with the "hard drive" of a computer - a long-term storage of information. It is here that all the memories and knowledge of a person collected over a lifetime are stored. The right temporal lobe is responsible for visual memory - the memory of images. Left - here all the concepts and descriptions of individual objects are stored, there is an interpretation and comparison of images, their names and characteristics.

As for speech recognition, both temporal lobes are involved in this procedure. However, their functions are different. If the left lobe is designed to recognize the semantic load of the words heard, then the right lobe interprets the intonation coloring and compares it with the speaker's facial expressions. Another function of this part of the brain is the perception and decoding of neural impulses coming from the olfactory receptors of the nose.

frontal lobes

This part is responsible for such properties of our consciousness as critical self-assessment, the adequacy of behavior, awareness of the degree of meaninglessness of actions, mood. The general behavior of a person also depends on the correct functioning of the frontal lobes of the brain, violations lead to inadequacy and asocial behavior. The process of learning, mastering skills, acquiring conditioned reflexes depends on the correct functioning of this part of the brain. This also applies to the degree of activity and curiosity of a person, his initiative and awareness of decisions.

To systematize the functions of the GM, they are presented in the table:

Department of the brain	Functions
Medulla	Control of basic protective reflexes. Control of unconscious reflexes. Control of balance and coordination of movements.
midbrain	Processing of nerve impulses, visual and auditory centers, response to them. Regulation of body temperature, muscle tone, arousal, sleep.
diencephalon Hypothalamus Epithalamus	Secretion of hormones and regulation of the endocrine system of the body. Awareness of the surrounding world, processing and interpretation of impulses coming from peripheral receptors. Processing information from peripheral receptors Control of heart rate and blood pressure. Production of hormones. Control of hunger, thirst, satiety. Regulation of the daily biological rhythm, regulation of the body's metabolism.
Hind brain Cerebellum	Coordination of motor functions. Regulation of cognitive functions: attention, understanding, awareness of language, regulation of the sensation of fear, sense of time, awareness of the nature of pleasure.
Large hemispheres of the brain Occipital lobes parietal lobes temporal lobes Frontal lobes.	Processing of neural signals coming from the eyes. Interpretation of pain and heat sensations, responsibility for the ability to read and write, logical and analytical thinking ability. Long-term storage of information. Interpretation and comparison of information, recognition of speech and facial expressions, decoding of neural impulses coming from olfactory receptors. Critical self-assessment, adequacy of behavior, mood. The process of learning, mastering skills, acquiring conditioned reflexes.

The interaction of brain regions

In addition to the fact that each part of the brain has its own tasks, the integral structure determines consciousness, character, temperament and other psychological features of behavior. The formation of certain types is determined by varying degrees of influence and activity of one or another segment of the brain.

The first psychotype or choleric. The formation of this type of temperament occurs with the dominant influence of the frontal lobes of the cortex and one of the subdivisions of the diencephalon - the hypothalamus. The first generates purposefulness and desire, the second section reinforces these emotions with the necessary hormones.

The characteristic interaction of the departments, which determines the second type of temperament - sanguine, is the joint work of the hypothalamus and the hippocampus (the lower part of the temporal lobes). The main function of the hippocampus is to maintain short-term memory and convert acquired knowledge into long-term memory. The result of this interaction is an open, inquisitive and interested type of human behavior.

Melancholics are the third type of temperamental behavior. This option is formed with increased interaction between the hippocampus and another formation of the cerebral hemispheres - the amygdala. At the same time, the activity of the cortex and hypothalamus is reduced. The amygdala takes on the entire “blow” of excitatory signals. But since the perception of the main parts of the brain is inhibited, the response to excitation is low, which in turn affects behavior.

In turn, by forming strong connections, the frontal lobe is able to set an active model of behavior. When the cortex of this area interacts with the tonsils, the central nervous system generates only highly significant impulses, while ignoring insignificant events. All this leads to the formation of a Phlegmatic behavior model - a strong, purposeful person with an awareness of priority goals.