To what extent can blood pressure change? Useful information about blood pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure that blood exerts on the walls of arteries. The terms blood pressure and arterial pressure are often used interchangeably. Arterial pressure is measured most often, one of the concepts of blood pressure also includes capillary, venous and intracardiac pressure.

One of the fundamental principles of physics is that any liquids contained in a vessel exert pressure on the walls of that vessel. This is called hydrostatic pressure. Blood is no exception to this principle, so blood pressure is also hydrostatic.

When the left ventricle of the heart ejects blood into the aorta, the pressure in the arteries rises. Max pressure in the arteries is called systolic pressure.

Then the left ventricle relaxes and begins to fill again, and the pressure drops. Minimum blood pressure during relaxation of the heart muscle is called diastolic pressure. When measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, the most big number in his testimony is systolic pressure, less - diastolic. Normal systolic pressure is 120 millimeters of mercury or less, diastolic pressure is millimeters of mercury or less.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is an indicator of pulse pressure, which usually ranges between 40 and 50 millimeters of mercury. Mean arterial pressure is the average pressure over a cardiac cycle.

The sphygmomanometer measures pressure in the brachial artery, where it differs slightly from pressure in the aorta and other large arteries. As blood moves out of the aorta, systolic pressure rises, diastolic pressure falls, and blood pressure as a whole is slightly higher than in the aorta. This is because the blood moves under the influence of a pressure gradient, which gradually weakens, so that the lowest pressure is in the veins, capillaries, venules and arterioles.

Factors Regulating Blood Pressure

Mean arterial pressure is regulated by changes cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.

Changes in the lumen of the vessels also have a huge impact on blood pressure. In chronic hypertension, due to the thickening of the walls of blood vessels, this indicator can significantly decrease.

Neurohumoral mechanisms also alter blood pressure, especially in certain forms of secondary hypertension. Often, therapy aimed at lowering blood pressure includes the suppression of humoral mechanisms.

What causes blood pressure

Arterial pressure is formed due to the energy of the systole (compression) of the ventricles during the period of expulsion of blood from them, when each ventricle and the arteries of the corresponding circle of blood circulation become a single chamber, and the compression of blood by the walls of the ventricles extends to the blood in the arteries, and the portion of blood expelled in the artery acquires a certain movement energy. This energy is the greater, the greater the stroke volume of the heart and the higher the rate of ejection, which depends on the power of contraction of the ventricles. The jerky flow of blood from the ventricles causes the walls of the aorta to expand (left) and pulmonary artery(on right). The propagation of this wave is the cause of the appearance of the pulse.

Another reason for the formation of blood pressure is the resistance of the walls of blood vessels. This resistance is greater, the smaller the gap blood vessel and it is formed on the periphery, in small arteries, which are called resistance arteries. The higher this peripheral resistance, the more of the cardiac output energy is converted into a systolic increase in blood pressure.

Systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure

Most high level blood pressure that occurs at the time of systole is called systolic or maximum blood pressure. Diastolic pressure is the most low level blood pressure that occurs during diastole. At this point, blood pressure is minimum value, which depends mainly on the resistance peripheral vessels blood flow and heart rate. Diastolic pressure is formed due to the elasticity of the walls of the arterial trunks and their large branches, which together form extensible arterial chambers - the energy of systole accumulates in these chambers and gradually decreases towards the end of diastole. Normal systolic blood pressure is 100-140 mmHg and diastolic is 60-90 mmHg.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure or pulse difference. Pulse pressure proportional to the amount of blood ejected by the heart during each systole.

Regulation of blood pressure in the body

The stability of blood pressure in the body is ensured by functional systems that support optimal metabolism for BP level. The main activity functional systems is the principle of self-regulation, thanks to which in healthy body any episodic fluctuations in blood pressure caused by the action of certain factors on the body, through certain time stop and blood pressure returns to normal. To implement such regulation in the body, there are both pressor (increasing blood pressure) factors and depressor (lowering blood pressure). The pressor include, for example, adrenaline, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, depressor - histamine, acetylcholine.

Ways to measure blood pressure

The most common measurement of blood pressure in big circle blood circulation, for this there are special devices (tonometers). In specialized departments of hospitals with diagnostic purpose often measure blood pressure in the aorta, in the pulmonary artery, sometimes in the arteries of the liver.

fluctuations in blood pressure

Emotional stress causes an increase in blood pressure (BP). stress combined with prolonged in a sedentary manner life can cause a persistent increase in blood pressure. At muscle work blood pressure increases, while systolic pressure can exceed the initial level by 1.5-2 times. After the termination physical activity BP temporarily drops below baseline. Sports training at a standard load often reduces the level of blood pressure.

Hypertension is the most powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease vascular diseases including stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, chronic diseases kidneys and aorta, peripheral diseases arteries.

Blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day. This is considered normal, but sudden changes can indicate diseases and malfunctions in the body. Most people do not notice any symptoms of fluctuating blood pressure, making it difficult to detect.

To get it, it must be measured in different time days over several days. What pressure is considered normal?

Value 120/80 mmHg considered ideal blood pressure. 130/80-140/90 is normal, 140/90-160/100 is moderately high, 160/100 and above is too high.

What is the reason for pressure surges?

The most common causes of fluctuating blood pressure

The change in blood pressure may in some cases be due to a sensitivity to certain foods. This is especially true for lovers of very salty dishes.

Caffeine. Coffee leads to a temporary increase in pressure. Three to four cups can increase it from 4 to 13 mmHg. Those who do not regularly drink coffee may notice more significant fluctuations, regular consumers of this drink will not notice at all. Experts don't know the cause of caffeine's high blood pressure, but they speculate it has to do with blood vessel constriction.

2. Stress and drugs

During stress, the arteries narrow, making it harder for the heart to work. It raises blood pressure, blood sugar and heart rate. If you live in a situation chronic stress, the constant stress on the heart can lead to damage to the artery and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Medications. Certain medications, such as decongestants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and drugs can temporarily increase blood pressure.

3. Diabetes and dehydration

Diabetes damages nerves, causes frequent urination. When the body becomes dehydrated due to frequent urination and the nervous system is damaged due to excessive amounts of glucose in the blood, blood pressure regulation may not be optimal.

Dehydration can also lead to pressure fluctuations with a sharp drop. To raise blood pressure by increasing blood volume, water retention must be restored. When dehydrated, the body loses its electrolyte chemical balance. This can lead to weakness and pressure fluctuations.

4. Deposition of calcium or cholesterol in the arteries

Calcium and cholesterol deposits in the arteries make them narrow, hard, inelastic, unable to relax, which causes hypertension. This phenomenon is most common among middle-aged and older people.

5.Heart problems and diseases nervous system

Heart problems: such as low frequency heart rate, heart failure and myocardial infarction, can lead to fluctuations in blood pressure.

Diseases of the nervous system: stem atrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and amyloidosis (a disorder of protein metabolism) can damage normal system blood regulation.

This can cause many disorders, including the body's inability to regulate blood pressure.

In addition, pressure surges can lead to:

fever (speeds up the heart rate);
adrenal fatigue;
menopause;
human predisposition to fluctuating pressure;
pregnancy;
heat exposure;
age.

In some cases, experts have linked fluctuations in blood pressure to more high risk stroke development.

How to deal with pressure instability

What to do when faced with unstable how to deal with it? The right way regulate it: improve the elasticity of the arteries, strengthen the adrenal glands, and keep stress under control. Only a doctor can give specific recommendations here.

Help with fluctuating blood pressure, weight control through diet and exercise, smoking cessation, deep breathing exercises, reduced consumption of salt, alcohol.

The following procedure will help to reduce pressure quickly.

Moisten with 5-6% regular table or apple cider vinegar a napkin or a piece of cloth and apply to the feet for 5-10 minutes

Folk remedies for the treatment of pressure surges

decoction of oats

Rinse a glass of oats, fill it with a liter of filtered, or better, distilled water at room temperature and leave for 10 hours. Then boil on low heat for half an hour. After removing from the heat, wrap and leave for another 12 hours. Strain and add up to 1 liter of boiled water.

Take for one and a half months, 100 ml daily three times a day. After the end, take a month break and repeat the course. And this should be done throughout the year. In addition, this remedy is very effective for gastric and duodenal ulcers and chronic pancreatitis.

Garlic

It's old tested remedy. Peel the head of garlic, rub them, put them in a jar and pour a glass of unrefined sunflower or olive oil. Infuse for a day, shaking from time to time (after 4-6 hours). Pour in the juice of one lemon and stir. Leave in a cool place for a week, shaking every other day. Take 1 teaspoon 20 minutes before meals 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 2 months, then a break for a month and the treatment is repeated again.

Mummy

Daily on an empty stomach (in the morning) take 1 tablet (0.2 g) of mummy for 10 days with 3 sips of milk. Take a break for a week and repeat the course. It is better to conduct at least 4 such courses.

Important! You should be very careful when taking pressure-reducing drugs during a hypotonic state. The pressure can either drop sharply, or if you refuse to take drugs that reduce pressure, it can increase sharply and a crisis will occur. That is, the solution of this issue must be solved by the method of individual search and always with the participation of a doctor.

It should be borne in mind that preparations based on St. , increase the pressure.

Natural remedies for high blood pressure

Celery. Compounds found in celery oil help relax and stretch the muscles that line arteries. This helps regulate blood pressure.
Potassium in the diet. Potassium-rich foods (such as bananas, oranges, spinach, and zucchini) lower blood pressure WARNING: These foods may be harmful to kidney disease - it is recommended that you consult your doctor.
Grape juice - good remedy to maintain normal pressure.
Black Seed Oil: Its active ingredients will lower cholesterol levels and help control blood pressure. It is enough to consume one teaspoon of this oil daily (can be mixed with fruit juice or tea)
Ginkgo biloba. medicinal herb increases blood circulation in the body by dilating the blood vessels.
baked potato is also effective tool for the treatment of hypertension.
Fenugreek seeds should be taken twice a day, on an empty stomach.
Watermelon is another good way to prevent high pressure. Also a teaspoon of dried watermelon seeds, ground into powder for empty stomach twice a day with water, helps prevent high blood pressure.
Basil (1-2 leaves) leaves on an empty stomach, relieve high blood pressure.
Fresh papaya on an empty stomach for 15 to 20 days helps in the treatment of hypertension.

When the pressure rises, it always makes you think about general condition health of the whole organism. Especially if this happens often, and the tonometer shows a significant deviation from the norm. In this case, the appropriate diagnosis is made - hypertension. But the worst option is a situation where the pressure rises suddenly. Such a development of events can lead to a hypertensive crisis, an extremely dangerous condition. Why is there such instability of the cardiovascular system? What provokes a sharp increase in blood pressure? The reasons can be very different, and they are divided into two groups: external factors and internal.

The mechanism of high blood pressure is very complex. This process depends on the volume and consistency of the blood, the condition of the vessels and the heart muscle, as well as on the work internal system regulation of blood flow. This mechanism can be put into action different factors. The following external prerequisites can lead to a sharp rise in the tonometer readings:

Gross violation of the rules healthy lifestyle life.

Long sedentary work or "sofa" pastime provokes stagnation of blood, circulatory disorders, vascular weakness. low mobility leads to overweight which exacerbates the pathology of the vascular system.

Abuse junk food(With high content fast carbohydrates, cholesterol, salt, hot spices) will lead to clogging of blood vessels, metabolic disorders, increased tone vascular walls.

Factors that raise the performance of the tonometer: large doses alcohol and tobacco tar. These substances have a destructive effect on blood vessels.

Chronic overwork for several days and lack of good rest can cause severe vasospasm.

Changing weather conditions can also increase the level of blood exposure to blood vessels.

A proven fact is the relationship between arterial and atmospheric pressure. There is a directly proportional relationship between them. Most often, along with an increase in atmospheric pressure, a rise in the lower marks of the tonometer in humans is observed. When the weather front is unstable, weather dependent people feel this day sharp deterioration well-being, as the oxygen content in the blood changes.

The emotional factor is considered by many experts main reason advanced level. It is the central nervous system that plays the main role in the regulation of vascular activity and the speed of blood flow. If it is constantly in tension, the tone of the vessels increases, adrenaline makes them narrow. The resistance of blood vessels to blood flow can increase dramatically.

Extra pounds significantly worsen the work of blood vessels. This is enough for the pressure to rise unexpectedly. Fat deposits formed not only in the form big belly or ugly folds on the sides, but also inside the organs and in the vessels themselves. Atherosclerosis develops, and this is one of the first causes increased rates tonometer.

Usually, external causes due to the development of essential (primary) hypertension. The vast majority of people are faced with exactly this (95% of total number incidents). Hypertonic disease secondary origin is quite rare.

Norm and pathology

Sharp may be a variant of the norm. In this case, this phenomenon is due physiological reasons. After eliminating such a cause, the pressure independently comes to normal condition. Such jumps do not threaten human health. When it happens:

Under the influence of cold, the tonometer will show high marks in all people, since the natural reaction to cold is vasoconstriction. The group of factors that reduce the performance of the tonometer can be attributed to intense heat.
The pressure can change throughout the day. For example, there is a difference between nighttime and daytime pressure. At night and upon awakening, it decreases, and closer to noon, the numbers of the tonometer will again creep up and reach their usual level.
A large amount of coffee drunk, especially strong and at night, can also provoke a pressure surge to high levels. This happens more often with those who rarely drink. invigorating drink. Caffeine, as a rule, no longer affects coffee lovers.
The strength of vascular resistance in some people can suddenly increase or decrease due to a sharp change in climate, time zones. Climbing high in the mountains or deep diving also causes an increase in blood pressure.
After exercise and active sports training tonometer readings will necessarily be high. But the sharp drop will be short-lived, after resting the state circulatory system and its functions are normalized, the pressure should decrease again.
An increase in the strength of the blood acting on the vessels is also observed after meals, especially dense ones. Long breaks in food can cause blood pressure to drop.

But there are other reasons why the tonometer marks can rise sharply.

Internal factors

Internal causes of a sharp increase in blood pressure are various diseases. In this case, it is customary to speak of symptomatic (secondary) hypertension. It has some features:

The strength of the blood flow rises suddenly and quickly, and this level is quite high.
The condition of a person is severe, the pathology is characterized by a malignant course.
This condition is difficult to normalize even with strong drugs.
Occurs against the background of the underlying disease.
More often leads to complications.
This problem is usually encountered at a young age.
In patients with secondary hypertension usually not hereditary predisposition to hypertension.
This condition is often accompanied by panic attacks.
Often the only way get rid of persistent hypertension is surgery.

Unlike essential (primary) hypertension, a symptomatic increase in pressure has a specific basis. The causes and treatment of this syndrome are interrelated. When staging correct diagnosis and timely treatment of the underlying disease, about sharp attacks pressure increase can be forgotten forever. What causes secondary arterial hypertension? The pressure can be increased by:

Renal pathologies.

This is the main reason. It is due to congenital or acquired anomalies of the organ itself or the vessels that supply it with blood. Usually unpleasant situation With sharp rise tonometer marks are observed when kidney damage has reached significant limits. Examples of diseases: pyelonephritis, tumor, trauma, kidney stones, glumerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, thromboembolism.

Pathologies of the endocrine nature.

A sharp rise in pressure in this case is caused by violations of the functions of the glands. endocrine system. Diseases underlying hypertension: Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome (pathology of the adrenal glands), Conn's disease (excessive production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex), a tumor (pheochromocytoma) in the adrenal glands, thyrotoxicosis (anomaly thyroid gland), hyperparathyroidism ( functional disorders parathyroid glands). To endocrine disorders changes can be attributed hormonal background with menopause, puberty, pregnancy.

neurogenic disorders.

They are characterized by persistent hypertension. Occur when pathological changes in the spinal cord or brain, various neoplasms in the cranial cavity, with head or spine injuries, ischemic brain disease. Cause brain disorders, accompanied by high numbers on the tonometer scale, can be infectious lesions: encephalitis, meningitis.

Hemodynamic causes of hypertension.

These are pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Most often develop: atherosclerosis, coarctation (thickening and narrowing of the aorta), disorders heart rate, ischemic disease, vices mitral valve, heart failure. Hemodynamic anomalies provoke vasospasm, increase cardiac output, which leads to a sharp increase in pressure upwards.

Sudden attacks of hypertension can cause a medicine, or rather side effect some medicines taken for a long time. These include:

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain medications (often used for joint or back pain);
vasoconstrictors (usually drops from the common cold);
hormonal birth control pills.

In many cases, in order for the pressure to rise sharply, the action of several factors at the same time is necessary.

A sudden increase in tonometer marks can be judged by the following signs:

strong pain in the head area;
nausea and vomiting, after which relief does not come;
pain in the heart area;
typical signs will be fear and anxiety, a premonition of death;
attacks of hypertension reduce visual acuity;
rapid heart rate.

Sudden drop in pressure

Hypotension is a condition characterized by low readings mercury column (100/60 and below). If a person is chronically hypotensive, low blood pressure is not scary for him, cardio- vascular system adapt to these conditions. Many people feel good with such indicators. special problems with health it usually does not cause.

Quite another thing is a sharp drop in pressure. This syndrome is no less dangerous than hypertension. Especially for hypertensive patients. A sudden jump in the direction of decreasing pressure can cause serious complications:

violation cerebral circulation, and as a result - cerebral ischemia, encephalopathy, stroke;
violation coronary blood flow, leads to ischemia of the heart, arrhythmia, acute heart failure, heart attack.

The reason for the sharp drop in pressure may be hunger, a sleepless night, severe emotional experience, severe fatigue, climate change. In women, blood pressure readings may drop before the onset of menstruation. Not always a sharp decline blood pressure occurs according to harmless reasons. A drop in blood pressure may be a sign of a pathological condition.

Why does the tonometer reading drop sharply, what anomalies can cause:

cardiac diseases (heart failure, coronary insufficiency, inflammation of the myocardium, arrhythmia, valvular defects);
violations cerebral blood flow – common cause, along which the pressure can decrease;
vascular pathologies (vegetovascular dystonia);
some diseases of the renal system, accompanied by excessive release of norepinephrine;
bleeding, both internal and external (in women, heavy menstrual bleeding can lower blood pressure).

Perhaps a sharp decrease in pressure against the background of taking some medicines(antibiotics, analgesics).

Symptoms that cause sharp drop pressure:

"deadly" pallor appears;
cold sweat is released;

cold feet and hands, lose sensitivity;
lips and fingertips turn blue;
want to sleep a lot;
dizzy;
severe muscle weakness;
lack of interest in food;
there is an attack of nausea;
low heart rate;
loss of consciousness.

When there is a sharp drop in pressure, the symptoms of hypertension appear more clearly than in a healthy person. To reduce pressure at hypertensive crisis, you can not use strong antihypertensive drugs the person may die.

Why do sudden pressure drops occur?

Just as pressure drops sharply, it can rise unexpectedly. Sometimes it literally "jumps". In this case, fluctuations in the readings of the mercury column are recorded: it moves up and down. Such sudden changes in blood pressure are extremely dangerous. During a jump in blood pressure upwards, the vessels undergo severe spasm, their walls are strained to the limit, the heart works at its maximum pace. In the event of a pressure drop, there is a decrease in speed blood flow, due to the fallen cardiac output, the body suffers from hypoxia, lacks nutrients.

Between these two states jumps there is a very small gap, so the vascular system does not have time to adapt to the changed conditions. When the readings on the tonometer scale begin to jump, the walls of the vessels are deformed, become dense, rigid, their lumen decreases. The risk of violation of the integrity of the blood vessel and hemorrhage increases.

What are the reasons for the pressure drop:

manifestation of an allergic reaction;
intoxication with an infectious lesion:
abrupt climate change;
changeable weather conditions;
sudden movements of the body;
diseases of the kidneys, heart, blood vessels, musculoskeletal system, central nervous system, endocrine disorders;
prolonged stress;
alcohol intoxication;
obesity.

When it happens jumps blood pressure, possible reasons quite varied for this. All of them are associated with any disease, management wrong image life. The causes of pressure surges can be hidden in changes in the habitual conditions of the body's vital activity.

What determines the manifestation of tonometer fluctuations? Symptoms in a condition such as unstable spasmodic blood pressure will consist of typical symptoms hypertension and manifestations of the hypotensive syndrome.

A change in the indicators of the tonometer, whether it be pressure jumps down or up, is very dangerous state. An increased threat is posed by sharp fluctuations in blood pressure, especially when they are constant, and the pressure either decreases or increases. In this situation, the risk of developing a mortal threat to a person greatly increases. To prevent fluctuations on the tonometer scale, you need to be attentive to your health, consult a doctor in time, treat chronic diseases, and eliminate factors from your life that are conducive to the development of unstable functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Blood pressure and health

Among the many health problems faced by modern man, most often he faces problems related to blood pressure. It is widely known that high blood pressure causes diseases such as cerebral hemorrhage or heart disease. Deviations in blood pressure from the norm cause numerous diseases and complications.

High and low blood pressure

There are two varieties of high (low) blood pressure - true high blood pressure, which occurs even without a specific cause, such as another disease, etc., and symptomatic high blood pressure, which is a consequence of diseases such as kidney disease, disorders metabolism, etc. True high blood pressure is responsible for more than 90% of the problems associated with hypertension, and is caused, in part, by a congenital predisposition.
If there is symptomatic high blood pressure, it is necessary to treat the disease that caused it.
Among the factors that cause high blood pressure are the use of too much a large number salt, overeating, alcohol abuse, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, overwork and stress.
It is important to take care of your health by regularly measuring your blood pressure with a blood pressure monitor and following the recommendations above.

Increased blood pressure caused by nervous tension

It is possible that the results of measuring blood pressure at home will differ significantly from those obtained in the presence of a doctor. Your blood pressure may become higher than usual if you are nervous tension or feel embarrassed, especially in the presence of a doctor. Those who suffer from this should monitor daily changes in their blood pressure during the day and seek the advice of a doctor.

fluctuations in blood pressure

Blood pressure is constantly changing - you should not be too worried or pleased with the readings obtained as a result of one or two measurements.
Blood pressure changes both during the day and during the month; it is affected by the time of year and temperature. The graph below shows the increase and decrease in blood pressure during the day.
If you want to measure blood pressure correctly, you should know that it changes with atmospheric pressure even in healthy people both during the day and throughout short intervals time depending on physical activity, emotional excitability, diet, not to mention the influence of medications, smoking and drinking alcohol. For example, for many, pressure can change due to the excitement associated with the very procedure for measuring it. The difference in readings in healthy people fluctuates with a change in the "upper" (systolic) pressure within the range of up to 30 mm Hg. Art. and "lower" (diastolic) up to 10 mm Hg. Art.
Please try to get a clear picture of your blood pressure. To do this, you need to make regular measurements throughout the day and keep clear records of the results.

Blood pressure measurement and health monitoring

A person's blood pressure changes significantly during the day, depending on his emotional and physical state.
If the measurement showed that the blood pressure is elevated, this does not necessarily indicate that the person is sick.
It is very dangerous to worry or draw conclusions about the state of a person's health without having the necessary information and having only the results of one or two measurements.
Monitor changes in blood pressure when your Everyday life events occur and try to find out when your blood pressure rises and/or falls. This is much more important than knowing your baseline blood pressure. Show the notes to the doctor and consult with him. There is nothing surprising in the fact that in this way you can monitor your mental and physical condition on a daily basis.

A person may not always feel high blood pressure, so many people do not know about the present health disorder for a long time.

If left untreated, hypertension often causes serious illness, which are detected when the first symptoms begin to appear.

The presence of hypertension can be detected in time if blood pressure is monitored regularly.

The measurement is best done during the day at home, in a calm environment, standing, sitting or lying on the bed. This will provide more accurate data and find out if there is a threat of developing serious diseases.

Blood pressure: change throughout the day

Many patients wonder why the measurement results are different when measuring blood pressure several times a day while standing, sitting or lying down.

A person's heartbeat can change constantly throughout the day, so during the measurement, blood pressure at a certain point may be lower or higher than the previous values.

To obtain accurate data, you need to use the tonometer every day at the same time, while the environment should not change. The fact is that human body dependent on daily biorhythms, which are similar when blood pressure is measured under the same environmental conditions.

In particular, blood pressure changes throughout the day under certain circumstances:

Blood pressure rises in morning time when the person is in the supine position.
During the day, the numbers go down.
AT evening time blood pressure rises again.
The lowest blood pressure is observed at night, when a person is lying down and fast asleep.

Thus, if there is a goal to obtain accurate data, you need to take a pressure measurement every day at the same time. The data obtained in the morning and evening time, it makes no sense to compare.

Often, patients wonder why blood pressure changes, becomes higher if the measurements are taken by a doctor in a clinic. It is no secret that it is necessary to take measurements with a tonometer when a person is in a sitting, standing or lying position.

Studies also show that patients in the doctor's office often experience the so-called syndrome white coat. Similar state is not a disease, but a person has an involuntary increase in blood pressure due to stressful situation and nervousness that the patient experiences when visiting a doctor.

Meanwhile, such symptoms obtained in the supine position, sitting or standing, may be the first signal to the need for a person to be examined. This will avoid the development of serious diseases and all kinds of complications.

If the tonometer readings often differ

Blood pressure indicators are not constant, they depend on the physical and mental state of a person in certain moments life, time of day and measurement conditions. For this reason, it is necessary to use a tonometer under the same conditions and at a certain time. It is also important to rest five minutes before the examination.

Two minutes after the study in the supine position, it is recommended to additionally measure the pressure in the standing position in order to detect a sharp decrease in pressure. So-called orthostatic hypotension most often found in the elderly, as well as in people with diabetes or accepting.

There are times when the measurement results become constantly higher or lower, despite the rest and compliance with all necessary recommendations. In this case, the tonometer is used at least three times with an interval of one minute. After that, the average value of the obtained data is calculated. It is also recommended to take a position lying down, standing and sitting.

If jumps are constantly observed, while the data is noticeably higher or lower than normal, it is recommended to test the measuring device at the Metrological Laboratory or the local branch of RosTest.

How to get more accurate results

To prevent external factors from affecting the measurement results, certain rules should be followed.

Before taking the measurement, at least one hour you can not smoke, drink alcoholic drinks and also drink coffee.
On the eve of the study, it is necessary to empty the bladder, as with full bladder pressure readings become 10 mm Hg higher. Art.
The measurement should not be taken when the person is exposed to fear, stress or pain. A similar state also makes the results higher.

It is important to make sure that the cuff is in correct position. If it is located in the shoulder area, the distance to the elbow should be 2.5 cm. If the measurement is taken in the wrist area, the cuff is located 1 cm above the carpal fold.

Similarly for getting accurate results it is required to check how tight or loose the cuff is. The correct tension is considered if two fingers can be inserted under the cuff. With a tight fit, the figures will be much higher than the real ones.

The place of measurement in the area of the wrist or shoulder should be at the level of the heart. With a position shift of at least 1.5 cm, the results become 1 mm Hg higher. Art.

The procedure should be performed in a lying, standing or sitting position. The muscles of the hands should be relaxed. Otherwise, the pressure rises by 10 mm Hg. Art. Also, you can’t talk, since excess tension causes an increase of 7 mm Hg. Art.

It is necessary to follow that top part hands in the shoulder area were not pinched by clothing. During the procedure, it is recommended to remove tight-fitting things, all this in a simple instruction,.

Before you take a second measurement, you need to rest for at least one minute. It is also important not to forget about daily biorhythms and conduct research at the same time of day.

Blood pressure is measured as follows:

The patient is in a standing position or sits on a chair. The body is relaxed and rests on the back.
The hand is freed from clothing and placed on the tabletop. The cuff is put on so that the balloon is at the level of the heart and above brachial artery. The lower edge is located 2 cm above the cubital fossa.
The stethoscope is pressed tightly without excessive force to the elbow, where the greatest pulsation is observed. It is important that the device head does not come into contact with the cuff and tube.
You need to make sure that the arrow on the pressure gauge is at around 0, the pear valve is closed and air is quickly pumped into the cuff until the pulse disappears. Do not re-inflate the cuff. Further, the pear valve slowly opens, the air pressure gradually decreases.
You need to wait for the first tone in the stethoscope. The first indicator of the arrow of the tonometer will indicate the upper systolic pressure. Continuing to bleed the air, it is required to fix the indicator, when the tones completely disappear, this figure indicates the lower diastolic pressure.

It is best to take a measurement at least twice with a short break, and then get an average result.

When measuring in a standing position, a special stand with adjustable height and a supporting surface for the hand and the measuring device is used.

The height of the rack is chosen so that the middle of the cuff is at the level of the heart.

Monitoring indicators

Also, the doctor has the opportunity to identify the disease in people who, thanks to single measurements, believe that they have normal blood pressure.

For monitoring, special modern devices are used that can store in memory more than 100 measurements of pressure and heart rate, indicating the date and time of the study.

After measurements are taken while standing, sitting or lying down, the data are transferred to a computer, where the results are processed using a special computer program.

Elena Malysheva's guests will tell you how to correctly interpret the readings of the monometer in the video in this article.

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