RUSSIAN STATE SOCIAL UNIVERSITY

Branch of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Russian State Social University" in Tolyatti, Samara Region

Department of Theory and Practice of Social Work
Specialty: Social work
Correspondence form of education
COURSE WORK
Discipline: Theory of social work
Subject: "Disability as a social problem"

3rd year students of group C /07

Kulkova E.A.

Scientific adviser:

prof., d.s.s. Schukina N.P.

Manager's signature______
Togliatti 2009
CONTENT
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….3
1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of disability

as a social problem ……………………………………………………..6

1.1. The concept of "social problem"…………………………………………..6

1.2. Modern classifications of social problems…………………….10
2. Features of social problems of persons with disabilities

Health Opportunities……………………………………………………....16

2.1. Causes of disability…………................……………………………….16

2.2. The problem of environmental accessibility

the problem of disabled people…..………………………………………………………..26
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...33

List of references………………………………………….....36

Application
INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the research topic. There are many social problems in the modern world. Solving a social problem involves establishing the causes that led to its occurrence. No matter how diverse social problems are, they are all due to the lack or lack of means for people to achieve their goals. Therefore, the solution of the problems that people face in their daily life comes down to finding such means.

The history of the development of the social problem of disability indicates that it has gone through a difficult path - from physical destruction, non-recognition of the isolation of "inferior members" to the need to integrate people with various physical defects, pathophysiological syndromes, psychosocial disorders into society, creating a barrier-free environment for them. In other words, disability today is becoming a problem not only of one person or group of people, but of the whole society as a whole.

Knowledge of the causes of social inequality and ways to overcome it is an important condition for social policy, which has turned into an urgent issue at the present stage, which is associated with the prospects for the development of the entire Russian society. Problems such as poverty, orphanhood, disability become the object of research and practice of social work. The organization of modern society is largely contrary to the interests of women and men, adults and children with disabilities. Symbolic barriers built by society are sometimes much more difficult to break than physical obstacles.

The degree of development of the problem. In a number of foreign and domestic teaching aids, children and adults with disabilities are portrayed as objects of care - as a kind of burden that their relatives, society and the state are forced to bear who care for them. At the same time, there is another approach that draws attention to the vital activity of the disabled themselves. It is the formation of a new concept of independent living while emphasizing mutual assistance and support in coping with the challenges of disability.

In modern science, there are a significant number of approaches to the theoretical understanding of the social problems of disability, social rehabilitation and adaptation of persons with disabilities. Techniques have also been developed for solving actual problems that determine the specific essence and mechanisms of this social phenomenon.

Thus, the analysis of the social problems of disability, in particular, was carried out in the problem field of two conceptual sociological approaches: from the point of view of sociocentric theories and on the theoretical and methodological platform of anthropocentrism. Based on the sociocentric theories of personality development by K. Marx, E. Durkheim, G. Spencer, T. Parsons, the social problems of a particular individual were considered through the study of society as a whole. Based on the anthropocentric approach of F. Giddings, J. Piaget, G. Tarde, E. Erikson, J. Habermas, L. S. Vygotsky, I. S. Kohn, G. M. Andreeva, A. V. Mudrik and other scientists reveals the psychological aspects of everyday interpersonal interaction.

At present, interest in the social problems of disability does not fade away and is considered in articles by such authors as: E. Kholostova, E. Yarskaya-Smirnova, A. Panov, T. Zorin, E. Khanzhin, M. Sokolovskaya, E. Mironova, in Samara regions - M. Tselina, A. Khokhlova, L. Vozhdaeva, L. Katina, T. Korshunova, N.P. Schukin and others.

To understand the problematic situation of the analysis of disability as a social phenomenon (disability from a sociological point of view is an "abnormal" norm or a "normal" deviation), the problem of the social norm remains important, studied from different angles by such scientists as E. Durkheim, M. Weber, R. Merton , P. Berger, T. Lukman, P. Bourdieu.

The analysis of the social problems of disability in general and the social rehabilitation of disabled people in particular is carried out in the plane of sociological concepts of a more general level of generalization of the essence of this social phenomenon - the concept of socialization.

aimwork is the analysis of disability as a social problem, its theoretical understanding.

An objectresearch - disability as a social problem.

Itemresearch - the degree of study of the social problems of disability and the possibility of their solution.

To achieve this goal, it is planned to solve the following tasks:

1. clarify the concept of "social problem";

2. to study the modern classification of social problems;

3. define such concepts as: "disabled person", "disability", "habilitation", "social rehabilitation";

4. to study the typical causes of disability;

5.analyzethe problem of accessibility of the environment, as a typical social problem of disability.

The methodological basis of the study, understood by us as a set of methods for collecting and processing information, were methods for analyzing the accumulated theoretical material on this topic, the works of specialists covering the social problems of disability.

The structure of the course work is determined in accordance with the purpose, the main tasks and includes an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.
1.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR STUDYING DISABILITY AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM

1.1.
The concept of "social problem"

The experience of everyday life, messages from the mass media and data from sociological studies indicate that modern Russian society is saturated with social problems to a much greater extent than the society of fifteen years ago. Poverty, unemployment, crime, corruption, drug addiction, the spread of HIV infection, the threat of man-made disasters - this is not a complete list of those phenomena that cause anxiety and concern among the population.

The search for answers to the questions about what is the nature of the social problem phenomenon, how social problems arise and what role they play in the processes of social transformation is not easy, but ultimately leads to unexpected and sometimes exciting discoveries that allow us to better understand what is happening. Through the study of social problems, one finally gets one more opportunity to penetrate into the procedural nature of society, the opportunity to see that society is not some kind of rigid system, but a process, a constant stream of social events.

Traditionally, social problems have been understood and understood as some "objective" social conditions - undesirable, dangerous, threatening, contrary to the nature of a "socially healthy", "normally" functioning society. The task of the socionome from the traditional point of view is to identify this harmful condition, analyze it, identify the social forces that contributed to its occurrence, and, possibly, suggest certain measures to correct the situation. Traditional approaches are thus objectivist, treating social problems as social conditions.

Kozlov A.A. notes that the definition of a social problem is fraught with difficulties for a number of reasons. 1. From the point of view of cultural relativism, what is a social problem for one group may not be so for other groups. 2. The nature of social problems has changed over time, along with changes in the legal system and mores of society. 3. There is a political side to this issue, when the definition of some "problem" can lead to the exercise of social control of one group over another. Sociologists reject conventional notions of the objective status of social problems as some kind of organic pathology, engaging in the identification of socially constructed definitions of what constitutes a "problem". For example, symbolic interactionists argue that social problems are not social facts and that some problems only arise as a result of processes of social change that generate conflict between groups. In this case, one group can achieve public recognition of its demand that the behavior of another group should be labeled as a social problem. Mass media, official bodies and "experts" usually exaggerate the seriousness of social problems, inadequately responding to social demands. The concept of moral panic illustrates how the media contribute to the definition of a social problem by causing public anxiety. Many sociologists have criticized the official definitions of social problems (particularly in the field of welfare) for presenting these problems as the result of the personal characteristics of individuals rather than the structural features of a social system over which individuals are allegedly unable to exercise significant influence.

The line of individual or interpersonal behavior is a problem only in within the social context. Therefore, before defining any line of behavior of an individual as a significant deviation from the norm, it is necessary to find out whether it threatens certain institutions or beliefs, whether it leads to an irrational expenditure of resources, and also to what extent this individual interferes in the lives of a large number of people. . Therefore, when any specific social problem attracts general attention and is considered as a reason for a political decision, it is necessary to understand whether the phenomenon itself changes its nature or whether changes occur in society. The above primarily applies to such serious social problems as child or spouse abuse, teenagers running away from home, illegitimate children, teenage pregnancy and childbirth, venereal diseases, drug and substance abuse, homelessness, especially in large cities. . At the same time, social problems should be considered in the light of demographic shifts and structural changes in the family.

The literature that attempts to explain what social problems exist and why they arise and are recognized as such is written from a variety of ideological and professional perspectives.

Theorists consensus believe that "a phenomenon should be considered as a social problem if it is considered as such by the majority of people ..." (A. Etzioni, 1976), and they believe that in such cases, groups with power should be concerned based on certain objective facts.

Representatives structural and functional directions also emphasize social aspects, but at the same time highlight significant discrepancies between social norms and social reality. Norms determine institutional arrangements, and society responds to these inconsistencies, based on its needs for self-defense.

Theorists conflict believe that the source of most social problems is "illegal social control and exploitation." Many of the adherents of this direction see the cause of social problems in capitalism. The Marxist version of this theory names the high degree of marketability of society, its consumer orientations as the reason. There are numerous variations of this approach, some of them close to Freudianism.

Representatives symbolic interaction and experts in the field of ethnomethodology believe that people can have problems and can express them through appropriate behavior, because they are not able to agree on such concepts as the world, right behavior, etc., and also because of a lack of skill communicate and manage communication. The behavior of people is also influenced by the term used to denote actions.

neoconservatives believe that the most effective and powerful motives for behavior are hunger, financial status, inequality, and merit. A strong normative culture and an energetic, resilient elite, endowed with an entrepreneurial spirit and able to inspire people, strengthen society. Problems arise from failures in the system of power at one of three levels - in individual behavior, in the processes or institutions of social control, or in the foundations of the moral order. The deviant behavior of the individual is thus the result of character flaws or unsuccessful socialization.

Thus, each of these areas offers its own solution to social problems. All of these solutions are valid in certain contexts. First of all, in this regard, attention should be paid to the social position of the family in society.
1.2.
Modern classifications of social problems
WITH a social problem is a discrepancy between its goal and result, which is perceived by the subject of activity as significant for him. From the definition of a social problem it follows that it has a subjective-objective nature. Therefore, the study of social problems involves both a description of the objective state of the development of society, which is carried out using statistical methods, and the study of public opinion, which aims to identify people's dissatisfaction with the existing state of affairs.

With regard to social work, it deals with problems that arise at the level of individuals and their groups. In the first case, they talk about individual (or personal) problems, and in the second - about group problems. Since both those and other problems arise in the everyday life of people, they are also called human, and sometimes just everyday.

Without going into details, we list the typical problems of social work: the problems of protecting public health, humanizing social relations, the modern family, protecting motherhood, protecting childhood, orphans, minors, youth, women, able-bodied pensioners, the disabled, sick people sentenced to deprivation freedom, former convicts, vagrants, migrants, refugees, the normalization of interethnic relations, the unemployed, the elderly and lonely people. In addition, they also include the problems of social pathology, which includes the behavior of people that deviate from the norms accepted in society. Types of deviant behavior are delinquency, immoral behavior, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, and suicide.

Thus, the problems that arise in the course of the life of an individual, group, community can be interpreted as difficulties caused by a discrepancy between the desired and the possible.

The federal law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” names the following types of difficult life situations: disability, inability to self-service due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, low income, unemployment, lack of a fixed place of residence, conflicts and abuse in family, loneliness. Therefore, to consider the classification of social problems, let's turn to the typology of difficult life situations.

Inability to self-care due to advanced age,
disease.The content of a difficult life situation is contained in its name, but the problem is limited to two groups of causes (old age and illness), such causes as infancy and disability fell out. The inability to self-service fixes attention on the insufficient state of the physical resource, perhaps this is the most extreme quality. Here it must be borne in mind that the inability to self-care due to illness may be temporary, while at the same time it seems possible to differentiate the levels of inability (restriction of movement, restriction of movement, restriction of existence).

Orphanhood.This type of difficult life situations can be considered in the system "child-parents' implementation of their functions". The main functions of parents are maintenance (food, care, clothing, etc.), education (family education, organization of education), psychological support, representation of interests, supervision. The natural-social institution of parenthood actually plays the role of a temporary intermediary between society and the child. The loss of such a social intermediary by a child creates serious difficulties in meeting the entire gamut of human needs and social needs.

Neglectis caused by the parents' failure to fulfill their functions of supervision and upbringing of the child and differs from orphanhood by the nominal presence of parents. A private and most socially dangerous case of neglect is the complete rupture of the child and the family (lack of a permanent place of residence, limited contacts with parents or persons replacing them). The social aspect of the problem of homelessness consists in the absence of normal human conditions of life and upbringing, lack of control over behavior and pastime, leading to social decapitation. Homelessness is caused by the child leaving the family due to parental abuse or conflict.

Neglect creates social problems both in the present (neglected children become participants and victims of illegal actions) and in the future (the formation of an asocial personality type, the rooting of negative life skills).

low income as a social problem is the insufficiency of a material resource as a means of meeting social needs. The life situation of low-income citizens of working age is also characterized by low social status, the formation of an inferiority complex, the growth of social apathy, for children brought up in low-income families, there is a danger of lowering social standards, the development of aggressiveness both in relation to the state, society, and to individual layers, population groups and individuals.

Unemploymentis a problem of able-bodied citizens who do not have a job and earnings (income), ready to start work. The social side of the problem of unemployment is expressed in the interest of any state in the maximum involvement of the population in the production of material and spiritual goods (these people are taxpayers and feed dependent categories - children and the elderly). In addition, the unemployed represent an unstable, potentially criminogenic social group (the unemployed have a higher risk of antisocial behavior). And finally, the unemployed are the segments of the population that need protection and assistance (in the form of additional payments, compensations, etc.). Therefore, it is cheaper for the state to overcome unemployment than to support the unemployed.

Lack of a fixed place of residence - a specific social problem associated not only and not so much with the insufficiency of the economic resource, but with the violation of the human "microworld" - the system of existence, integration into society. Individuals with problems of this kind are called "homeless" (without a fixed place of residence), they are forced to wander, to be vagrants. The very word "tramp" is explained in dictionaries as "an impoverished, homeless person wandering without certain occupations."

Conflicts and abuse in the family. Conflicts in the family are a clash of spouses, children and parents, caused by intractable contradictions associated with Confrontation and acute emotional experiences. The conflict leads to a breakdown in the functioning of the family, a disruption in the process of realizing the needs of its members.

Child abuse leads to different consequences, but they are united by one thing - damage to the health or danger to the life of the child, not to mention the violation of his rights. Conflicts in the family destroy the sense of security, psychological comfort, cause anxiety, give rise to mental illness, leaving the family, suicidal attempts.

Loneliness
- this is an experience that evokes a complex and acute feeling that expresses a certain form of self-consciousness, indicating a split in the relationships and connections of the inner world of the individual. The sources of loneliness are not only personality traits, but also the specifics of the life situation. Loneliness comes from lack co social interaction of the individual, interaction that satisfies the basic social needs of the individual.

There are two types of loneliness: emotional loneliness(lack of close intimate attachment, such as love or marriage); social loneliness(lack of meaningful friendships or sense of community). Loneliness can be the cause of many disappointments, but the worst is when it becomes a cause of frustration. Lonely people feel abandoned, torn off, forgotten, deprived, unnecessary. These are excruciating sensations because they occur contrary to normal human expectations.

Disability.Latin word for invalid invalid ) means "unsuitable" and serves to characterize persons who, due to illness, injury, mutilation, are limited in the manifestation of vital activity. Initially, when characterizing disability, the emphasis was on the relationship “personality-ability to work”. Since disability is an obstacle to a full-fledged professional activity and deprives a person of the opportunity to independently provide for his own existence, first of all, attention was paid to the medical aspects of disability and the problems of material assistance to the disabled, appropriate institutions were created to compensate for the lack of material means of subsistence for the disabled. At the beginning XX V. ideas about disability were humanized, this problem began to be considered in the coordinate system “personality-ability for full-fledged life”, ideas were put forward about the need for such assistance, which would give the disabled person the opportunity to independently build his life.

The modern interpretation of disability is associated with a persistent health disorder caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for social protection and assistance. The main sign of disability is the lack of a physical resource, which is externally expressed in the limitation of life activity (complete or partial loss of the ability or ability to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control one's behavior, learn and engage in work)[15, p.21].

Restrictions of a disabled person in employment lead simultaneously to a low property status and excessive temporary potential. The social status of disabled people is quite low and is expressed in social discrimination against this group of the population. The state of other resources depends on the period of life during which the disability occurred. Disability of children as a problem is associated with the danger of insufficient development of abilities, limited development of individual social experience, the formation of such negative traits as infantilism and dependency (characterizing life position, self-attitude).

Thus, out of the total number of social problems in social work, the problems of people with disabilities are among the most acute and studied, because. And disability is a social phenomenon that no society in the world can avoid. There are over 13 million people with disabilities in Russia today, and their number tends to grow further. Some of them are disabled from birth, others became disabled due to illness, injury, but it should be noted that they are all members of society and have the same rights and obligations as other citizens.

2. FEATURES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF PERSONS WITH LIMITED HEALTH OPPORTUNITIES

2.1. Causes of disability
In accordance with the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" disabled a person is recognized who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for his social protection.

“Restriction of life activity,” the same Law explains, “is a complete or partial loss of the ability or ability of a person to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, learn and engage in labor activity.”

This definition is comparable to that given by the World Health Organization. Let's represent it as a sequence of positions:

Structural disorders, ailments or damage, visible or recognizable by medical diagnostic equipment,

May lead to the loss or imperfection of the skills necessary for certain types of activities, which, under appropriate conditions, will contribute to social maladjustment, unsuccessful or slow socialization .

People with disabilities have functional difficulties as a result of illness, deviations or deficiencies in development, health status, appearance, due to the unsuitability of the external environment for their special needs, and also because of the prejudices of society towards themselves.

The International Movement for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities considers the following concept of disability to be the most correct: “ Disability - obstacles or restrictions on the activities of a person with physical, mental, sensory and mental disabilities, caused by the conditions existing in society, under which people are excluded from active life. Thus, disability is one of the forms of social inequality . In Russian, it has become customary to call a person with serious health problems a disabled person. Today, this word is used in determining the degree of complexity of the disease and the social benefits provided in this case to a person. At the same time, along with the concept of "disability", such concepts as disability, atypical health condition, special needs.

Traditionally, disability was considered a medical issue, the decision of which was the prerogative of doctors. The dominant point of view was that people with disabilities were incapable of a full-fledged social life. However, other trends are gradually being established in the theory and practice of social work, which are reflected in models of disability.

medical model defines disability as an ailment, disease, psychological, physical, anatomical defect (permanent or temporary). The disabled person is treated as a patient, a sick person. It is assumed that all his problems can be solved only through medical intervention. The main way to solve disability problems is rehabilitation(programs of rehabilitation centers include, along with medical procedures, sessions and courses of occupational therapy). Habilitation - it is a complex of services aimed at the formation of new and strengthening of existing resources of social, mental and physical development of a person. Rehabilitation- this is the restoration of abilities that were available in the past, lost due to illness, other changes in living conditions.

In Russia today, rehabilitation is called, for example, recovery after an illness, as well as the habilitation of children with disabilities. Moreover, it is assumed not a narrowly medical, but a broader aspect of social and rehabilitation work. Rehabilitation- this is a system of medical, psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic measures aimed at restoring the social status of a disabled person, achieving their material independence, and their social adaptation. According to the Standard Rules for the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, rehabilitation is a fundamental concept of disability policy, meaning a process designed to help persons with disabilities achieve and maintain optimal physical, intellectual, mental and/or social performance, thereby providing them with the means to change their life and expanding the scope of their independence.

Disability is a personal issue – this is the model according to which disability is a great misfortune, a personal tragedy of a person, and all his problems are a consequence of this tragedy. The task of the socionome in this regard is to help the disabled person: a) get used to their condition; b) provide him with care; c) share his experiences with him. This is a very common approach, which inevitably leads to the idea that a person with a disability should adapt to society, and not vice versa. Another feature of this approach is that it offers traditional recipes without taking into account the unique individuality of each person.

Started in the 60s. 20th century the rapid development of the "third" non-governmental sector stimulated the active participation in social policy of atypical people (disabled people), who until now were considered only objects, recipients of assistance. Formed social model, according to which disability is understood as the preservation of a person's ability to function socially, and is defined as a limitation of life (the ability to serve oneself, the degree of mobility). The main problem of disability, according to the analyzed model, lies not in a medical diagnosis and not in the need to adapt to one's illness, but in the fact that existing social conditions limit the activity of certain social groups or categories of the population. In this interpretation, disability is not a personal, but a social problem, and it is not the disabled person who should adapt to society, but vice versa. In this context, disability is seen as discrimination, and the main goal of social work with people with disabilities is to help society adapt to the needs of people with disabilities, as well as help people with disabilities themselves realize and exercise their human rights.

Widely used by various social movements political and legal model disability. According to this model, people with disabilities are a minority whose rights and freedoms are infringed on by discriminatory legislation, inaccessibility of the architectural environment, limited access to participation in all aspects of society, to information and mass communication, sports and leisure. The content of this model determines the following approach to solving disability problems: equal rights of a person with a disability to participate in all aspects of society should be enshrined in legislation, implemented through the standardization of regulations and rules in all spheres of human life and provided with equal opportunities created by the social structure.

Thus, disability is a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, birth defects, and the consequences of injuries that lead to limitation of activity.

Disability and disability of the population are the most important indicators of public health and have not only medical, but also socio-economic significance. According to WHO, every fifth person in the world (19.3%) becomes disabled due to malnutrition, about 15% became disabled due to bad habits (alcoholism, drug addiction, drug abuse), 15.1% became disabled due to injuries in at home, at work and on the road. On average, people with disabilities make up about 10% of the world's population. In Russia, the average disability rate ranges from 40 to 49 per 10,000 inhabitants.

In Russia, persons with disabilities are also recognized as persons who do not have external differences from ordinary people, but suffer from diseases that do not allow them to work in various fields in the way that healthy people do.

It should be noted that all disabled people for various reasons are divided into several groups:

-according to the age- disabled children, disabled adults;

-P on the origin of the disability - invalids from childhood, war invalids, labor invalids, general illness invalids;

-according to the degree of ability to work - disabled able-bodied and disabled, disabled people I groups (disabled), disabled II groups (temporarily disabled or able-bodied in limited areas), disabled people III groups (able-bodied in sparing working conditions);

- according to the nature of the disease persons with disabilities may belong to mobile, low mobility or immobile groups.

Thus, the main signs of disability are the complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, learn and engage in work [ 18,s . 44] .

In the Encyclopedia of Social Work, it is also noted that the term "inferiority of development" of a person means a chronic inferiority of a person, which 1) is associated with mental or physical disabilities, or with a combination of both; 2) manifests itself before a person reaches 22 years of age; 3) in all likelihood will continue in the future; 4) leads to significant functional limitations in three or more of the following areas of human activity: a) self-care, b) language of perception and expression, c) learning, d) movement, e) self-control, f) the possibility of independent existence, g ) economic independence; 5) is expressed in the need of a person for consistent interdisciplinary or general assistance, for treatment, care or other forms of service necessary for him throughout his life or for a fairly long time.

The current functional definition of malformation covers the majority of severely handicapped people and, as a result, does not take into account the vast number of people with milder disabilities, most of whom are from poor families. There is a lot of documented evidence that there is an inextricable link between poverty and human disease, but it is often the poorest families who have less access to various social assistance services. Such a social problem as the close relationship between poverty and poor cognitive abilities of a child is far from new. For example, the Association for the Problems of Persons with Defects mental development decided that certain tests (the adaptability test) should be part of the examination for a diagnosis of mental retardation.

The practice of using tests as the sole criterion for making such a diagnosis, which becomes a lifelong stigma, has been subjected to significant criticism. Everything that is directly related to the problems of people with disabilities falls within the scope of the social worker. The skills, experience and knowledge of social workers, for example, in the field of protection, preventive measures, belief in the dignity of each person - all this is very important when considering issues related to the problems of people with disabilities, which have as their root cause poverty. There are eight most common diagnoses in people who are considered handicapped: mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism, hearing impairment, orthopedic problems, epilepsy, the impossibility of normal learning, or a combination of several diseases.

At present, the allocation of certain material resources and a new look at the problem have given rise to the hope that social, psychological and educational assistance will have a positive impact on increasing the resilience of persons with disabilities.

Thus, the modern principle of the work of professionals in the field related to the problems of inferior development is to support the normal life of individuals. Basic laws, major court cases, and changes in the focus of various programs allow the disabled person to live in less isolated conditions closer to normal. The very definition of underdevelopment corresponds to the traditional notions of social work as an intervention aimed at maintaining a relationship of interaction between the individual and his environment.

It should also be noted that from a medical point of view, physical disability is considered a chronic disease that requires various courses of treatment. Such diseases include the consequences of poliomyelitis, hyperkinesis, epilepsy, etc. The medical definition of inferiority largely dominates both the phenomenon itself and those suffering from him, and over all social work. Thus, it is indicated that disabled people are those who are able to work with less workload than healthy people, or who are unable to work at all. Thus, persons suffering from inferiority are initially seen as less productive and economically disadvantaged. Ultimately, all models - medical, economic and functional limitations - emphasize what a given person lacks.

It should be noted that the system of services for persons suffering from physical disabilities has faced a number of problems today. Medicine is progressing, and as a result, diseases that were once fatal now lead to inferiority. And state rehabilitation structures in the center and states are facing the threat of a reduction in the necessary resources, a lack of experienced leaders, disunity, narrowing their prerogatives, changing views on social justice, in short, a complex of difficulties that affect the social work system as a whole. Physically handicapped people usually live in poverty and are more likely than healthy people to be entitled to various types of social services. And this means that in the process of training social workers need to instill the skills of communicating with inferior clients and educate the right attitude towards these people. A relationship of mutual trust and empathy must be established between the handicapped and social workers instead of the alienation and misunderstanding that often occurs today.

Over the past few years, there has been a trend towards an increase in the number of people with disabilities. According to the results of processing in the monitoring mode of state statistics forms, carried out by the Federal State Institution "Federal Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise" (MD, Prof. L.P. Grishina), the number of people recognized as disabled for the first time among the adult population increased from 1.1 million people in 2003 to 1.8 million people in 2005; in 2006 this figure dropped to 1.5 million people. At the same time, the number of citizens of working age recognized as disabled for the first time practically does not change and amounts to slightly more than 0.5 million people annually. At the same time, the proportion of disabled pensioners increased from 51% in 2001 to 68.5% in 2005; in 2006 it was 63.4%.

Unfortunately, disabled people in Russia are not decreasing, but, on the contrary, are increasing every year. And their financial and social situation worsens year by year. This is evidenced by the following official statistics.

Table 1. Distribution of the number of persons recognized as disabled for the first time

Attention should be paid to the huge increase in the number of disabled people of working age: during the period of B.N. Yeltsin, it exceeded 50%, with the advent of V.V. Putin has decreased slightly, but still is almost the same 50%. Union workers know what lies behind this amazing growth: extremely low compliance with workplace safety rules, worn-out equipment that is dangerous to work on.

Thus, the main factors determining the growth of disability are the degree of economic and social development of the region, which determines the standard of living and income of the population, morbidity, the quality of the activities of medical institutions, the degree of objectivity of the examination in the bureau of medical and social expertise, the state of the environment (ecology) , industrial and domestic injuries, road traffic accidents, man-made and natural disasters, armed conflicts and other reasons. It should be noted that there is a relationship between the growth in the number of persons applying for disability for the first time and the measures taken to socially protect various categories of disabled people and improve their quality of life.

Much has been done in Russia in recent years to address the problems of disabled people and disability. State policy in this direction is based on a solid legal foundation, primarily on the basic law "On the Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation". The current legislation in relation to this category of citizens is ramified; it contains guarantees for the employment and training of people with disabilities, for them to receive a decent education, health protection, social and legal protection, integration and rehabilitation, participation in political, social and cultural life, and provision of the necessary information.
2.2. The problem of accessibility of the environment as a social problem of the disabled
Issues of social support for disabled people are constantly in the field of view of the legislative and executive authorities both at the federal and regional levels. The decisions adopted in recent years contain a comprehensive set of measures to improve the social status of the disabled. In the practical activities of the state to implement the guarantees provided for at the legislative level, priority is given to increasing the level of income of people with disabilities, improving their quality of life

The conditions for ensuring a decent quality of life for people with disabilities include meeting their needs. These needs relate to various social aspects and personal aspects of life and largely coincide with the needs of every citizen. They are schematically shown in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. The needs of people with disabilities in various areas of life

With the onset of disability, a person has real difficulties, both subjective and objective, in adapting to living conditions. Access to education, employment, leisure, personal services, information and communication channels is largely difficult for people with disabilities, public transport is practically not adapted for use by people with disabilities of the musculoskeletal system, hearing and vision. All this contributes to their isolation and sense of alienation. The disabled person lives in a more closed space, isolated from the rest of society. The limited communication and social activity creates additional psychological, economic and other problems and difficulties for the disabled themselves and their loved ones. There are both social and economic barriers to close relationships and marriage among people with disabilities.

The socio-psychological well-being of the majority of disabled people is characterized by uncertainty about the future, imbalance, and anxiety. Many feel like outcasts of society, flawed people, infringed on their rights.

In Russia, access to social infrastructure facilities is largely difficult for disabled people - health care, education, culture and sports, personal services (hairdressers, laundries, etc.), places of work and recreation, many shops due to architectural and construction barriers, unsuitability public transport for use by persons with disorders of the musculoskeletal system and defects in sensory organs.

Ignoring the needs of people with disabilities in everyday life activities for each person, the inaccessibility of socially significant objects reduce the ability of people with physical defects to fully participate in society.

A special Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1156 of 02.10.92 “On measures to create an accessible living environment for disabled people” and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1449 of 07.12.96 “On measures to ensure unhindered access of disabled people to information and social infrastructure”, as well as a number of other by-laws. These documents take into account the needs of people with disabilities when locating the construction of social and cultural facilities, creating conditions for the availability of jobs and ensuring unhindered access for people with disabilities to engineering and transport infrastructure facilities. It is planned to introduce into departmental regulations in the field of construction requirements for the mandatory examination of design estimates for the development of cities and other settlements, the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures in terms of ensuring their accessibility for the disabled. The bodies of the State Architectural and Construction Supervision are entrusted with monitoring compliance with accessibility requirements during the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures. It is recommended to involve public organizations of disabled people in this activity.[15, p.21].

In 1993, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On approval of the list of categories of disabled people who require modification of means of transport, communications and informatics" was issued. This document contained specific regulatory norms for the adaptation of public and individual transport for people with disabilities with lesions of the musculoskeletal system and people with disabilities with visual, hearing and speech impairments.

In Western European and some other countries, requirements have been developed and observed for equipping urban transport with lifting devices for boarding disabled people in wheelchairs, platforms, seats, fixing and fastening devices, special handrails and other equipment that ensures their placement and movement inside the vehicle. Almost all leading foreign airlines provide special places for the disabled in air transport. Convenience, comfort and safety are also guaranteed to the disabled on passenger sea and river vessels. When transporting disabled people by rail, wagons with a wide corridor, a special toilet and space for wheelchairs are used in trains. Attention is also paid to the equipment of railway stations, stations, crossings, etc.

In Russia, the first steps are being taken, both in the field of creating specialized vehicles and in organizing transport services for the disabled, including disabled people with impaired musculoskeletal functions. In 1991, the LIAZ-677 bus was manufactured, adapted for the transportation of disabled people and equipped with a special lifting device. Since 1990, international buses of the Mercedes-Benz-Turk company (Turkey) began to arrive in Russia. The experience of their operation in sightseeing transportation of the disabled confirmed the effectiveness of the equipment installed in them. The first tram cars and trolleybuses appeared, electric trains adapted for the transportation of disabled people with limited motor functions began to be produced. Of course, the mass production of these special vehicles will require a lot of costs and time. On the Oktyabrskaya railway there are two passenger carriages adapted for the transportation of disabled people in wheelchairs. They are equipped with two lifts and have one compartment adapted to accommodate one disabled person with an accompanying person. In addition, the cars have a specially equipped toilet.

To date, only sea and river vessels do not provide facilities for the transportation of disabled people with impaired motor functions.

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 832 dated December 29, 2005 (as amended on December 24, 2008 No. 978), the Federal Comprehensive Program "Social Support for the Disabled for 2006-2010" was approved and is functioning. The target program “Formation of the living environment accessible for the disabled”, which is part of it, is directly aimed at solving the above problems [Appendix 1]. It provides for scientific research and development, taking into account the needs of various categories of disabled people, the requirements for accessibility of all types of public transport and urban infrastructure.

A very important document that defines the legal basis for the formation of a barrier-free architectural environment for the disabled is the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation. It provides for the provision of access for disabled people to all facilities and transport communications, to places of work and recreation, socio-cultural centers, regardless of their place of residence in urban and rural settlements.

Measures have been developed to create a social infrastructure for the disabled that is convenient for living. It is planned to equip residential buildings with means convenient for the movement of disabled people, i.e. special access roads, lifts; creation of rehabilitation complexes with special sports simulators and swimming pools; adaptation of means of individual, urban and intercity passenger public transport, communications and informatics; expanding the production of auxiliary technical means and household equipment. The implementation of the programs provides for the participation of a number of ministries and departments [Appendix 1].

Currently, in many regions of Russia (in the Kaluga, Volgograd, Novosibirsk regions, Moscow, etc.), municipal authorities are actively taking measures to reconstruct the housing and social fund, build special apartments for the disabled in new buildings, and provide special equipment for urban transport. It is important to disseminate best practices and tighten the measures of responsibility for the implementation of the adopted regulatory documents.

A barrier-free living environment means not only architectural and transport accessibility, but also ensuring unhindered access to information for people with disabilities. The main state guarantees for the right to receive the necessary information are reflected in Art. 14 of the Federal Law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" .

The law provides for state support for editorial offices and publishing houses that produce special literature for the disabled. Certain types of financial incentives are provided for editorial offices, programs, studios that produce audio and video products for the disabled.

The release of periodical, scientific, educational and methodical, reference and informational and fiction literature for the disabled, including those published on tape cassettes and Braille, the provision of sign language equipment is planned to be financed from the federal budget.

Sign language is officially recognized as a means of interpersonal communication. On television, films and video films, a system of subtitling or sign language translation should be provided, which is practically not implemented, only some television programs are accompanied by subtitles or simultaneous translation. At the same time, almost all channels in the United States have programs with closed captions; in Denmark, 90% of TV programs have subtitles. Many countries have special programs for the deaf.

Expansion of information resources of libraries accessible to the disabled, provision of tiflo means was carried out within the framework of the federal target program "Culture of Russia".

The Program for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation, among the priority areas, includes ensuring the accessibility of buildings and structures, means of transport, communications and information, along with other issues of rehabilitation of the disabled.

To date, a fairly complete legal framework has been created that regulates the creation of a barrier-free living environment for the disabled. However, the practical implementation of laws and other regulations is slow. The main constraining factors for the fulfillment of the tasks set are the financing of relevant programs, the provision of designers, builders and other participants in the investment process with regulatory, methodological, recommendatory and design materials.

On the other hand, the mechanisms of control and recovery are not well developed. The executive authorities of the constituent entities of the federation and municipalities must legally ensure the responsibility of designers and builders for the implementation of standards for the adaptation of housing, roads and social, cultural and community facilities to the needs of disabled people. Design decisions for new construction of buildings and structures must necessarily take into account the opinion of public associations of the disabled. The formation of public consciousness is also of great importance, since not only state structures, but also private entrepreneurs, public and political figures should participate in the creation of a barrier-free environment.

Thus, having considered disability as a social problem, it can be noted that the main areas of human life are work and life. A healthy person adapts to the environment. Disabled people need to be helped in adaptation: so that they can freely reach the machine and perform production operations on it; could themselves, without outside help, leave the house, visit shops, pharmacies, cinemas, while overcoming both ups and downs, and transitions, and stairs, and thresholds, and many other obstacles. It is necessary that they feel on an equal footing with healthy people at work, at home, and in public places. This is called social assistance to the disabled - to all those who are physically or mentally handicapped.
CONCLUSION

So, in the work we noted that in the modern world there are many social problems. Solving a social problem involves establishing the causes that led to its occurrence.

Of the total number of social problems of social work, the problem of disability is one of the most acute and studied, because. And disability is a social phenomenon that no society in the world can avoid. At the beginning XX V. this problem began to be considered in the system of coordinates "personality-ability for full-fledged life", ideas were put forward about the need for such assistance, which would give the disabled person the opportunity to build their own life.

The modern interpretation of disability is associated with a persistent health disorder caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for social protection and assistance. The main sign of disability is the lack of a physical resource, which is externally expressed in the limitation of life.

Traditionally, disability was considered a medical issue, the decision of which was the prerogative of doctors. The dominant point of view was that people with disabilities were incapable of a full-fledged social life. Gradually, however, other trends are being established in the theory and practice of social work, which are reflected in models of disability.

The work notes that disability is one of the forms of social inequality; l people with mental or physical disabilities have functional difficulties as a result of illness, deviations or deficiencies in development, health, appearance, due to the unsuitability of the external environment for their special needs, and also because of the prejudices of society towards themselves. Thus, the main signs of disability are the complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, learn and engage in work activities. Having considered these issues, it can be argued that we have achieved the goal of our study to identify and analyze the social problems of disabled people, which are expressed in the limitation of life.

Thus, the main problem of disability lies not in a medical diagnosis and not in the need to adapt to one's illness, but in the fact that existing social conditions limit the activity of certain social groups or categories of the population. In this interpretation, disability is not a personal, but a social problem, and it is not the disabled person who should adapt to society, but vice versa.

In this context, disability is seen as discrimination, and the main goal of social work with people with disabilities is to help society adapt to the needs of people with disabilities, as well as help people with disabilities themselves realize and exercise their human rights.

With regard to the problem of disabled people in the accessibility of the environment, it should be noted that measures have been developed to create a social infrastructure for disabled people that is convenient for living. It is planned to equip residential buildings with means convenient for the movement of disabled people, i.e. special access roads, lifts; creation of rehabilitation complexes with special sports simulators and swimming pools; adaptation of means of individual, urban and intercity passenger public transport, communications and informatics; expanding the production of auxiliary technical means and household equipment.

It should be noted that much has been done in Russia in recent years to solve the problems of disabled people and disabilities. State policy in this direction is based on a solid legal foundation, primarily on the basic law "On the Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation". The current legislation in relation to this category of citizens is ramified; it contains guarantees for the employment and training of people with disabilities, for them to receive a decent education, health protection, social and legal protection, integration and rehabilitation, participation in political, social and cultural life, and provision of the necessary information. Consequently, by now a fairly complete legal framework has been created that regulates the creation of a barrier-free living environment for the disabled. However, it would be correct to point out that the practical implementation of laws and other regulations is slow.

Summarizing the above, we emphasize thatDisabled people constitute a special category of the population, whose number is constantly increasing. The world community considers the social protection of disabled people as a problem of paramount importance.

Changing the public attitude towards the problem of disability and the disabled, the development of a system of social rehabilitation is one of the main and responsible tasks of modern state policy. Ensuring the social protection of disabled people, the state must create the necessary conditions for them to achieve the same standard of living as their fellow citizens, including in the area of ​​income, education, employment, participation in public life and accessibility of the environment.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE
1. "On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation": Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1995 No. No. 181-FZ (as amended on April 28, 2009) // Official documents in education.-2007.-No. 16.-C.4-14.

2. "On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation": Federal Law of the Russian Federation As of December 10, 1995, No. 195-FZ. Ed. dated 22.08.2004 // Ros. newspaper. - 1995. - No. 243. - S. 23.

3. The concept of the federal target program "Social Support for the Disabled for 2006-2010": the concept was approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.28. No. 1515-r // Rossiyskaya Gazeta.-2005.-No. 222.- P.25.

4. Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Proclaimed by Resolution 3447 (XXX) of the UN General Assembly of 12/09/1975. // Social security.-2005.-№23.-p.4-5.

5. Artyunina G.P. Fundamentals of social medicine: textbook.- M.: Academic Project, 2005.-576s.

6. Guseva L.A. Technology of social rehabilitation of the disabled // Social service.-2004.-№3.-p.33-44.

7. Guslova M.N. Organization and content of social work with the population: textbook.- M.: Academy, 2007.-256s.

8. Dmitrieva L.V. Development of socio-psychological assistance for pre-retirement age disabled people with a mild form of mental illness (social project) // Social service.-2009.-№1.-p.54-58.

9. How to communicate with disabled people.- M .: Overcoming, 1993.-31s.

10. Kann A. J. Social problems: theory and definitions // In the book. Encyclopedia of social work in 3 volumes. Vol. 3 / per. from English. - M.: Center for Human Values. 1994.-499s.

11. Comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled people: textbook / ed. T.V.Zozuli.- M.: Academy, 2005.-304p.

12. Kurbatov V.I. Social work.- Rostov n/D.: Phoenix, 2005.-156p.

13. Larionova T. With "Ascent" - to the heights of overcoming disability // Issues of social security.-2009.-№24.-P.13-16.

14. Mac Donald-Wickler L. Mental inferiority // in the book Encyclopedia of social work in 3 volumes. Volume 2 / trans. from English. - M .: Center for Human Values, 1994.-S.126-134.

15. Mironova E.A. Disabled people as a subject of social policy // Domestic Journal of Social Work.-2009.-№4.-P.20-22.

16. Fundamentals of social work: textbook / ed. N.F. Basova.- M.: Academy, 2004.-288s.

17. Fundamentals of social work: textbook / ed. P.D. Pavlenka.- M.: INFRA-M, 2007.-560s.

18. Panov A.M. Social support for disabled people in the Russian Federation: current state, problems, prospects // Domestic Journal of Social Work. - 2007. - No. 3. - P. 44-58.

19. Petrov V. Social environment for the integration of people with disabilities // Social policy and sociology.-2009.-№2.-p.50-54.

20. Roth U. Inferiority physical // in the book. Encyclopedia of social work in 3 volumes. Volume 2 / trans. from English. - M .: Center for Human Values, 1994.-S.134-138.

21. Modern problems of disabled people and ways to solve them // Social security.-2004.-№7.-P.31-35.

22. Sokolovskaya M. Research of social problems: [Sociology of social problems] // Social security.-2006.-№3.-P.30-34.

23. Social work. Introduction to professional activity: textbook / otv. ed. A.A. Kozlov.- M.: KNORUS, 2005.-368s.

24. Social work: dictionary-reference book / edited by V.I.Filonenko.-M.: Kontur, 1998.-480s.

25. Khanzhin E.V. Social adaptation of disabled people: modern approaches and practice of social work // Domestic Journal of Social Work. - 2005. - No. 1. - P. 34-36.

26. Kholostova E.I. Glossary of social work.- M.: Dashkov i K, 2006.-220p.

27. Kholostova E.I. Social work in schemes: textbook.- M.: Dashkov i K, 2006.-104p.

28. Kholostova E.I., Dementieva N.F. Social rehabilitation: textbook.- M.: Dashkov i K, 2002.-340s.

29. Schukina N.P. Technology of social work: a textbook in 2 parts. - Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2006.

30. Encyclopedia of social work in 3 volumes / per. from English. - M.: Center for Human Values. 1994

31. Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R. Social work with disabled people. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004.-316p.
Annex 1
GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESOLUTION

"ABOUT THE FEDERAL TARGET PROGRAM "SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR THE DISABLED PEOPLE FOR 2006 - 2010"

(as amended by Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation

dated 28.09.2007 N 626, dated 02.06.2008 N 423,

dated December 24, 2008 N 978)

In order to create conditions for the rehabilitation and integration of disabled people into society, as well as to improve their standard of living, the Government of the Russian Federation decides:

1. Approve the attached federal target program "Social Support for the Disabled for 2006-2010" (hereinafter referred to as the Program).

2. Approve the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation as the state customer-coordinator of the Program, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation and the Federal Medical and Biological Agency as state customers of the Program.

(as amended by Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation dated

06/02/2008 N 423, dated 12/24/2008 N 978)

3. The Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, when drawing up the draft federal budget for the corresponding year, include the Program in the list of federal targeted programs to be financed from the federal budget.

(as amended by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of

24.12.2008 N 978)

4. To recommend that the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation take into account the provisions of the Program when adopting in 2006-2010 regional targeted programs for the social support of the disabled.
Prime Minister

Russian Federation

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………3

1 Disability: concept, causes, forms………………………………………..5

1.1 The concept of disability…………………………………………………………..5

1.2 Causes of disability…………………………………………………………….7

1.3 Forms of disability………………………………………………………….....9

2 Problems of the disabled………………………………………………………………..13

2.1 Social and everyday problems…………………………………………………………………………………………13

2.2 Psychological problems…………………………………………………… 14

2.3 Education problems…………………………………………….17

2.4 Employment problems……………………………………………………….22

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...28

References…………………………………………………………………..29

Introduction

The powerful process of humanization of social relations outlined throughout the world stimulates the aggravation of universal interest in the problems of the least socially protected strata, among which the disabled occupy one of the first places.

Various reasons lead to the loss of a significant part of humanity of health and ability to work, which severely affects their financial situation and worldview, gives rise to moods of deprivation, inferiority and pessimism not only among themselves, but also among those around them. Therefore, a society that is aware of its humanity and strives to realize it faces the problem of comprehensive assistance to those who are in dire need of it.

In practice, this finds expression in the practice of rehabilitation of disabled people, the ultimate goal of which, according to the definition of the World Health Organization, is their social integration, i.e. active participation in the main areas of activity and life of society, inclusion in social structures intended for healthy people and related to various spheres of human life - educational, professional, etc.

The policy of social support for the disabled should be built on the platform of creating conditions for the equal participation of people with disabilities in the life of society. The organization of accessibility of the environment for people with disabilities implies, following the recognition of the equal rights of people with disabilities to participate in society, the organization of an effective market for services, where people with disabilities are increasingly presented as consumers with specific requirements, demand for certain goods, services and accessible buildings.

The problems of disabled people need to be studied in order to improve the quality of life of people with disabilities, as well as to make them more comfortable in modern society.

The concept of equal citizenship regards people with disabilities not as persons with “residual working capacity”, but as worthy citizens, as consumers of special, specific services and goods. Such a shift in emphasis contributes to the rejection of the attitude towards people with disabilities as "damaged" people and the formation of attitudes towards people with disabilities as people with special, additional needs.

At the same time, a disabled person is not only a passive consumer of goods and services. If society seeks to integrate disabled people, this implies processes of raising their status in socio-economic and market relations.

Modern Russian social policy does not form dependent attitudes, orienting disabled people to an active position in relation to employment, independent life, however, the mechanisms for suppressing discrimination and arbitrariness of employers in relation to disabled people are not yet fully operational. The discriminatory actions of employers are justified by them from the standpoint of the requirements of a market economy, and there are still not enough precedents for restoring justice and imposing punishment for violating constitutional guarantees.

The purpose of this course work- to study the problems of people with disabilities.

Objectives of the course work:

1. Highlight the basic concepts, causes, forms of disability.

2. Show the main problems of the disabled.

1 Disability: concept, causes, forms

1.1 Concept of disability

According to Russian legislation, a disabled person is “a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for his social protection.” Disability is defined as “the complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, learn and engage in work” .

This definition is comparable to that given by the World Health Organization: people with disabilities have functional difficulties as a result of illness, deviations or deficiencies in development, health, appearance, due to the inability of the external environment to their special needs, due to prejudices of society in relation to disabled people. In order to reduce the impact of these restrictions, a system of state guarantees for the social protection of persons with disabilities has been developed.

Social protection of the disabled is a system of state-guaranteed economic, social and legal measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) life restrictions and aimed at creating equal opportunities for them to participate in the life of society with other citizens.

Thanks to the new state social policy, researchers and social workers, educational activities of human rights associations, changes are gradually taking place, including in the language itself. Abroad today, this term is almost out of use, people avoid using such “labels” as deaf, blind, stutterer, replacing them with combinations of “impaired hearing (vision, speech development).

According to the UN, every tenth person on the planet has a disability. According to official statistics, there are now 13 million disabled people in Russia. According to the Agency for Social Information, there are at least 15 million of them. There are a lot of young people and children among the current disabled.

In a narrow sense, from the point of view of statistics, a disabled person is a person who has an unexpired disability certificate issued by the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise (BMSE) or in medical institutions of law enforcement agencies. The overwhelming majority of such people are registered with social security agencies or medical institutions of law enforcement agencies as recipients of various types of pensions, including pensions not for disability, but for other reasons (most often old age).

In a broad sense, the contingent of persons with disabilities also includes persons who fall under the definition of disability established by law, but due to various circumstances, have not applied to the BMSE. What are these circumstances? They can be divided into 2 classes. The first is related to the development of health care and medicine, in particular, the diagnosis of diseases and its availability (for example, late detection of malignant neoplasms). The second - with the motives of a person in obtaining the status of a disabled person. At present, this motivation is higher than in the past, when restrictions on the work activity of disabled people were very significant, and the status of a disabled person did not allow them to work.

Among the disabled, three groups can be distinguished: a) pensioners receiving an old-age pension; b) persons with disabilities who receive a disability pension; c) working persons of working age who are not recipients of pensions and benefits.

The increase in disability that we are experiencing today can be called an increase in "accumulated" disability. Decreased chances of employment, the unreliability of casual earnings cannot but push citizens who have grounds for obtaining a disability to register their disability. In order to survive in such conditions, they resort to the accumulation of all available sources of income, including the social security system.

Disability, defined in one way or another, is familiar to every society, and each state, according to its level of development, priorities and opportunities, forms a social and economic policy in relation to people with disabilities.

Over the past thirty years, stable trends and mechanisms for the formation of policies regarding persons with disabilities have developed in the world, governments of various countries are developing approaches to solving the problems of this social group, assisting state and public institutions in defining and implementing policies addressed to persons with disabilities.

1.2 Causes of disability

When determining the disability group, the ITU should always determine the cause of the disability. All documents that served as the basis for establishing the cause of disability are recorded in the examination report.

Work injury;

Since childhood;

General disease

2. For military personnel:

military trauma;

The sequence of events leading to social insufficiency and disability is generally as follows: etiology - pathology (disease) - dysfunction - limitation of life - social insufficiency - disability - social protection.

The basis for determining disability is a combination of three factors: impaired body functions, persistent limitation of life, social insufficiency.

Classification of violations of the basic functions of the human body

1. Violation of psychological functions (perception, attention, thinking, speech, emotions, will).

2. Violation of sensory functions (vision, hearing, smell, touch).

3. Violation of the static-dynamic function.

4. Violation of the function of blood circulation, respiration, digestion, excretion, metabolism and energy, internal secretion.

Classification of the main categories of life

1. Ability to self-service - the ability to independently satisfy basic physiological needs, perform daily household activities, and maintain personal hygiene.

2. Ability to move independently - the ability to move in space, overcome an obstacle, maintain body balance.

3. Ability to learn - the ability to perceive and reproduce knowledge (general educational, professional, etc.), mastering skills and abilities (social, cultural and household).

4. Ability to work - the ability to carry out activities in accordance with the requirements for the content, volume and conditions of work.

5. Ability to orientation - the ability to be determined in time and space.

6. Ability to communicate - the ability to establish contacts between people through the perception, processing and transmission of information

7. The ability to control one's behavior - the ability to self-awareness and adequate behavior, taking into account social and legal norms.

Classification of violations of the body's function according to the degree of severity provides for the allocation of mainly three degrees of violations:

1 degree - minor or moderate dysfunction;

Grade 2 - severe functional impairment;

3 degree - significantly pronounced dysfunction.

Types of social insufficiency:

1. Physical dependence - difficulty (or inability) to live independently;

2. Economic dependence - difficulty (or inability) to material independence.

3. Social dependence - difficulty (or inability) to maintain social ties.

1.3 Forms of disability

The criterion for determining the first group of disability is social insufficiency caused by persistent, significantly pronounced disorders of body functions, which are caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries, leading to a pronounced limitation of one of the following categories of life activity or their combination:

Ability to self-service of the third degree - complete dependence on other persons;

Abilities to movement of the third degree - inability to move;

Orientation abilities of the third degree - disorientation;

Ability to communicate third degree - inability to communicate;

Behavioral control abilities of the third degree - the inability to control one's behavior.

The first group of disability is established for persons who need constant outside care. No work is available to these persons. Examples of such states are:

1. Severe hemiplegia due to organic brain damage of various etiologies or pronounced paraplegia

2. With significantly pronounced violations of the functions of blood circulation, respiration (circulatory failure stage III, etc.). In these patients, the following categories of vital activity are impaired: the ability to self-service 3rd degree, the ability to move 3rd degree.

The first group of disability is also established for persons who, despite persistent, pronounced impairments and the need for constant outside care, can perform certain types of labor in specially created conditions (at home).

The criterion for establishing the second group of disability is social insufficiency caused by a persistent pronounced disorder of body functions, which are caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a pronounced limitation of one of the following categories of life activity or their combination:

Ability to self-care of the second degree - with the use of assistive devices and with the help of other persons;

Mobility of the second degree - with the use of assistive devices and with the help of other persons;

Ability to work second, third degree - inability to work or work in specially created conditions;

Learning abilities of the third, second degree - inability to learn or study in specially created conditions;

Ability to orientation of the second degree - with the help of other persons;

Ability to communicate the second degree - with the help of other persons;

Ability to control one's behavior of the second degree - the ability to partially or completely control one's behavior with the help of other persons.

Restriction of the ability to learn the second and third degree may be the basis for establishing the second group of disability when combined with the restriction of one or more other categories of life (with the exception of students).

The second group of disability is established for persons who are contraindicated in all types of work, as well as for persons who have access to work in specially created conditions (work at home, specially equipped workplaces).

The criterion for determining the third group of disability is social insufficiency caused by a persistent, slightly or moderately pronounced disorder of body functions, which are caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries, often leading to a moderately severe limitation of one of the following categories of life activity or their combination:

Ability to self-service of the first degree - with the use of aids;

Abilities for movement of the first degree - a longer expenditure of time when moving;

First Degree Teaching Ability - learning with assistive devices;

Ability to work of the first degree - a decrease in the volume of work or loss of a profession;

Ability to orientation of the first degree - with the use of auxiliary means;

The ability to communicate the first degree - a decrease in the volume of assimilation, a decrease in the speed of communication.

The limitation of the ability to communicate of the first degree and the ability to learn the first degree may be the basis for the establishment of the third group of disability, mainly when they are combined with the restriction of one or more other categories of life activity.

A disabled person is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for social protection.

There are several causes of disability:

1. For the civilian population:

Work injury;

Occupational Illness;

Since childhood;

Injury (disease) associated with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant;

General disease

2. For military personnel:

military trauma;

Disease acquired during military service;

A disease acquired in the performance of (official) duties, military service in connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

According to the criteria for determining the disability group, depending on the degree of impairment of body functions, life restrictions, three disability groups are differentiated - I, II, III.

Disability is familiar to every society and every state forms a social and economic policy towards disabled people.

2 Disability issues

2.1 Social problems

The problem of social adaptation of disabled people to the conditions of life in society is one of the most important facets of the general integration problem. Recently, this issue has gained additional importance and urgency due to large changes in approaches to people who are disabled. Despite this, the process of adaptation of this category of citizens to the basics of society is in the process of being studied, namely, it decisively determines the effectiveness of the corrective measures taken by specialists working with people with disabilities.

Among the social - everyday problems are:

1. Limitation of self-service functions:

Ability to dress independently

Eating;

Observe personal hygiene;

Move independently;

Sit down or stand up on your own.

2. Limitation of the implementation of the social role that was before the onset of disability:

Restriction of the social role in the family;

Limitation of social contacts;

Restriction or inability to work.

The needs of disabled people can be conditionally divided into two groups: - general, i.e. similar to the needs of other citizens and - special, i.e. needs caused by a particular disease.

The most typical of the “special” needs of persons with disabilities are the following:

In the restoration (compensation) of impaired abilities for various activities;

On the move;

In communication;

Free access to social, cultural and other objects;

The opportunity to gain knowledge;

in employment;

In comfortable living conditions;

In socio-psychological adaptation;

Satisfaction of the listed needs is an indispensable condition for the success of all integration measures in relation to the disabled. In socio-psychological terms, disability poses many problems for a person, so it is necessary to highlight the socio-psychological aspects of persons with disabilities.

Disability is a specific feature of the development and state of the individual, often accompanied by limitations in life in its most diverse areas.

As a result, disabled people become a special socio-demographic group. They have a low level of income and a low opportunity to receive an education (according to statistics, among young people with disabilities there are many people with incomplete secondary education and few with secondary general and higher education). Difficulties are growing for these people to participate in production activities, a small number of disabled people are employed. Few have their own families. Most have a lack of interest in life and desire to engage in social activities.

2.2 Psychological problems

The relationship between the disabled and the healthy implies responsibility for these relationships on both sides. Therefore, it should be noted that the disabled in these relationships do not occupy an entirely acceptable position. Many of them lack social skills, the ability to express themselves in communication with colleagues, acquaintances, administration, employers.

Disabled people are far from always able to catch the nuances of human relations; they perceive other people in a somewhat general way, evaluating them on the basis of only some moral qualities - kindness, responsiveness, etc. Relationships between people with disabilities are not quite harmonious either. Belonging to a group of people with disabilities does not mean at all that other members of this group will be attuned to him accordingly. The experience of the work of public organizations of the disabled shows that disabled people prefer to unite with people who have identical diseases and have a negative attitude towards others.

One of the main indicators of the socio-psychological adaptation of persons with disabilities is their attitude towards their own lives. Almost half of the disabled (according to the results of special sociological studies) assess the quality of their lives as unsatisfactory (mostly disabled people of the 1st group). About a third of disabled people (mainly of the 2nd and 3rd groups) characterize their life as quite acceptable.

Moreover, the concept of “satisfaction-dissatisfaction with life” often comes down to a poor or stable financial situation of a disabled person. The lower the income of a disabled person, the more pessimistic his views on his existence. One of the factors of attitude to life is self-assessment of the state of health by a disabled person. According to research results, among those who define the quality of their existence as low, only 3.8% rated their well-being as good.

An important element of the psychological well-being of persons with disabilities is their self-perception. Only every tenth disabled person considers himself happy. A third of disabled people consider themselves passive. Every sixth admits to being uncommunicative. A quarter of disabled people consider themselves sad. Data on the psychological characteristics of disabled people differ significantly in groups with different incomes. The number of “happy”, “kind”, “active”, “sociable” is greater among those whose budget is stable, and the number of “unhappy”, “evil”, “passive”, “unsociable” is greater among those who are constantly in need. Psychological self-assessments are similar in groups of disabled people of different severity. The most favorable self-assessment in disabled people of the 1st group. Among them there are more “kind”, “sociable”, “funny”. The situation is worse for disabled people of the 2nd group. It is noteworthy that among the disabled of the 3rd group there are fewer “unfortunate” and “sad”, but much more “evil”, which characterizes the trouble in the socio-psychological plan. This is confirmed by a number of deeper individual psychological experiments that reveal psychological maladjustment, a sense of inferiority, and great difficulties in interpersonal contacts among disabled people of the 3rd group. There was also a difference in self-esteem between men and women: 7.4% of men and 14.3% of women consider themselves “lucky”, 38.4% and 62.8%, respectively, “kind”, 18.8% and “fun” 21.2%, which indicates the high adaptive capacity of women.

A difference was noticed in the self-assessment of working and unemployed disabled people: for the latter, it is much lower. This is partly due to the financial situation of the workers, their greater social adaptation, compared with the unemployed. The latter are withdrawn from this sphere of social relations, which is one of the reasons for the extremely unfavorable personal self-esteem.

Lonely disabled people are the least adapted. Despite the fact that their financial situation does not differ fundamentally for the worse, they represent a risk group in terms of social adaptation. Thus, they more often than others negatively assess their financial situation (31.4% and the average for disabled people is 26.4%). They consider themselves more “unhappy” (62.5%, and on average among disabled people 44.1%), “passive” (respectively 57.2% and 28.5%), “sad” (40.9% and 29. %), among these people there are few people who are satisfied with life. The features of socio-psychological maladjustment of lonely disabled people take place despite the fact that they have a certain priority in social protection measures. But, apparently, first of all, psychological and pedagogical assistance to these people is needed. The deterioration in the moral and psychological state of persons with disabilities is also explained by the difficult economic and political conditions in the country. Like all people, people with disabilities experience fear of the future, anxiety and uncertainty about the future, a feeling of tension and discomfort. General concern takes on forms characteristic of today's political, economic and socio-psychological conditions. Along with material distress, this leads to the fact that the slightest difficulty causes panic and severe stress in disabled people.

So, it can be stated that at present the process of social and psychological adaptation of disabled people is difficult, because:

Life satisfaction among disabled people is low (moreover, according to the results of observations of Moscow and Yaroslavl specialists, this indicator has a negative trend);

Self-esteem also has a negative trend;

Significant problems arise before the disabled in the field of relationships with others;

The emotional state of disabled people is characterized by anxiety and uncertainty about the future, pessimism.

The most disadvantaged in the socio-psychological sense is the group where there is a combination of various unfavorable indicators (low self-esteem, alertness to others, dissatisfaction with life, etc.). This group includes people with poor financial situation and living conditions, lonely disabled people, disabled people of the 3rd group, especially the unemployed, disabled since childhood (for example, patients with cerebral palsy).

2.3 Education problems

In the modern world, education acts as one of the main factors in maintaining and changing the social structure of society, as well as the social and professional mobility of the individual. Education as a factor of mobility greatly increases the possibility of climbing the social ladder, and in a number of cases is its condition. This applies to both ordinary people and people with disabilities, disabilities.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Education", disabled people of the 1st and 2nd groups, as well as disabled children, have the right to non-competitive admission to state higher educational institutions, upon passing entrance exams for positive marks. But, having entered the university, the majority of young people with disabilities do not have the opportunity to exercise their legal right to receive education and subsequent employment. First of all, due to the lack of assistive technologies and conditions for teaching disabled people. Unlike the experience of leading foreign countries, in our country there are no services to assist students with disabilities in the learning process, as well as special programs for their further employment.

The system of additional education (hereinafter - DL) is assigned a special role due to its ability to respond to changing professional needs of people, the market demand for specialists at various levels, and to adapt educational resources to the actual needs of potential consumers. In a broad sense, distance education is a process of implementing additional training programs, educational services and information and educational activities outside the main programs in the interests of the individual, society, and the state.

DL can be considered assuming that many social groups participate in it, for example, schoolchildren, the elderly, the unemployed, and many others. Let's consider DO, which is focused on a specific social group - the disabled.

Currently, according to the World Health Organization, there are more than 500 million people with disabilities in the world. There are more than 13 million of them in Russia, which indicates the magnitude of the problem under consideration. Of these, more than 5 million are aged 20 to 50, 80% of whom would like to work, but due to the inaccessibility of the educational services market, they cannot do it. As a result, only 5% of people with disabilities of working age in our country have a job.

An analysis of the DL system allows us to distinguish two areas in its structure: the first is leisure (music education, art, sports, etc.), the second is professional education aimed at obtaining a new specialty for a person, improving professional qualifications, and retraining a specialist. The first can also be considered as education "for oneself", the development of one's creative potential, because the implementation of its programs is mainly associated with the development of a person's creative abilities, the disclosure of personal resources, natural inclinations. The consumption of DL programs of the second type - professional, is primarily associated with self-improvement of the individual in a professional sense, the need to achieve career goals, or a change in one's position in the labor market. If the services of a creative type of distance learning are relevant mainly for children and adolescents, then the content aspects of a professional type of distance learning are focused primarily on young people and people of mature age. At the same time, leisure education is most often free and financed from the state budget, the second is more often at the expense of consumers of these services.

The structure of additional professional education (hereinafter AVE) is distinguished by a variety of organizational forms: from academies, institutes and advanced training centers to institutions, institutions, enterprises of various types of ownership. There are forms of obtaining additional education: full-time, part-time, mixed (part-time). By the type of student participation in the APE program, three main ones are considered: internship, advanced training, professional retraining.

For people with disabilities, getting an education and acquiring a profession is an effective means of socialization, sociocultural and economic mobility. Thus, according to the Department of Special Education of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, disabled people who have mastered the programs of higher and secondary vocational education have employment in excess of 60% (as of 01.01.2009). However, modern education, designed to promote equalization of status positions, often reproduces the inequality that exists in society, establishes rather rigid barriers for representatives of social groups who do not have resources: finances, connections in administrative structures, social status. Although the idea of ​​public education for all social groups of society has been discussed for a long time, and is being implemented in a number of regions of Russia, it rarely turns out to be effectively embodied in everyday Russian practice.

Persons with disabilities are, in percentage terms, more likely than other social groups to be (either explicitly or latently) consumers of AVE services. Even if a specific program is chosen that allows the development of creative resources, for example, a leisure education program, nevertheless, new skills and abilities, according to the disabled, will bring, albeit small, but income, will allow them to change their social status. Thus, the mastery of a wheelchair user to play the accordion not only increases his status in the eyes of others, but also allows him to perform in creative teams or individually, which is sometimes financially rewarded. However, most often the main thing here is the emergence of moral incentives for development, additional opportunities to communicate with other people, a sense of usefulness for others.

Obtaining an additional educational service in the process of vocational education determines the acquisition of a new profession by a person, contributes to his employment and the beginning of independent life. With regard to disabled people, first of all, it should be said that their training in DL programs potentially contributes to horizontal and vertical socio-cultural mobility, the creation of new conditions for the life of people with disabilities.

In this regard, it is relevant to study the relationship of disabled people as consumers of additional educational services to the content and provision of these services. We are talking about the perception by disabled people of the problems of additional education. Additional education for a person of working age implies, as a rule, an improvement in his position in the labor market, opportunities in finding a job with a decent wage. The barriers that exist in our society correct the main goal of disabled people, justifying training programs in their eyes with opportunities for general development, not necessarily in the professional field.

Relatives and friends provide the main support for people with disabilities in accessing additional vocational training. This once again indicates that the main mechanism for supporting people with disabilities in the field of additional education is the person's immediate environment, and not the social protection system.

Further sources of support are employment services and public organizations of the disabled. Ultimately, no more than 20% of all disabled people rely on the support of the state social protection service and the help of public organizations. The latter circumstance shows the inconsistency of the results of state and public programs for the integration of disabled people in the field of vocational education. Disabled people count on the support of their efforts from people close to them, but they doubt the effectiveness of state and public organizations, whose tasks include supporting the professional development of disabled people. More than a third of disabled people directly say that the prospect of receiving additional education is desirable for them, but in modern Russia there are no mechanisms for solving this problem.

In general, the practical implementation of the principle of accessibility and adaptability of all forms and levels of education for adults with disabilities affected additional education to the least extent.

In terms of methodology, specialized solutions are needed, for example, based on new information technologies, distance learning, specially designed for specific target groups, training courses. The study of this aspect shows a weak representation of non-state educational institutions in plans for obtaining additional education. This fact testifies to the insufficient activity of public organizations, commercial enterprises in the provision of educational services, their unwillingness to work in this market segment.

2.4 Employment issues

The economic, social and political transformations taking place in Russia should ultimately be aimed at ensuring a balance of rights, duties and interests of citizens, which is one of the guarantors of the stability of society and the reduction of social tension.

To a certain extent, this balance will be maintained when conditions are created when a person can control his own destiny, have material independence and realize the ability to self-sufficiency, without infringing on the interests of fellow citizens. One of the main conditions is ensuring the human right to work.

Labor activity determines the relationship of members of society. A disabled person has a limited opportunity to work in comparison with a healthy person. At the same time, in a market economy, he must be competitive in comparison with other members of society and act on an equal footing in the labor market.

Obviously, the problem of vocational rehabilitation (and, as a result, the employment of disabled people in the new market conditions for our country) is becoming very relevant.

The existing system of employment in a market economy has not yet been debugged and needs to be improved. The existing system of assistance to the disabled in Russia has never been focused on their integration into society.

For many years, the main principles of state policy towards persons with disabilities were compensation and isolation. Their rehabilitation should become a priority direction of reforming the state policy. To implement the reform, new specialists with a fundamentally new view of the disabled are needed. Such specialists must certainly have the ability to sympathize and be super-high-class professionals, as well as have a decent material and technical base for carrying out their activities.

The work of disabled people has an important socio-psychological, moral and ethical significance, contributing to the assertion of the personality, the elimination of psychological barriers, improving the financial situation of disabled people and their families, and makes a certain contribution to the country's economy.

The labor market for disabled people, as a specific segment of the general labor market, is characterized by great deformity: against the backdrop of a high demand for jobs by disabled people, there is practically no supply of them. For its development, an adjustment from the outside is required.

An analysis of state measures in the field of employment of disabled people (quotas for jobs, penalties) revealed their inefficiency. Under these conditions, it is extremely important to fully explore the state and possibility of a particular region in solving this problem.

An effective way of such analysis is regular research. One of them (as an integral part of the social monitoring of the employment of disabled people) was carried out in January 2009 in Moscow by the Moscow employment service. Its purpose was to determine the state of employment for the disabled and the main problems in their employment for the adoption and adjustment of management decisions. 500 people with disabilities of working age were interviewed, regardless of their employment (2.3% of the general population). Among them, 49.0% of men and 51.0% of women; (45-59 (54) years).

The results of the survey refute the generally accepted idea of ​​the dependent life attitudes of disabled people. Unwillingness to work as the reason for unemployment was named only by 1.8%, the proportion of economically inactive disabled people slightly increases with age (from 0.9% to 2.2%). 44.0% of the respondents are currently working, and every third - permanently, often not in their specialty. It is indicative that 62.3% of men are workers among them, while there are fewer women workers - 43.0%. Only 4.6% of the disabled are engineers, 3.7% are managers and 0.5% are employers.

Home-based jobs have 7.8% of the number of working disabled people, mostly disabled people of group I. The survey revealed 51.0% of unemployed disabled people applying for jobs, and 3.2% of fictitiously employed. The desire to have feasible paid jobs is expressed primarily by young people with I and II groups of disabilities who have completed school or

specialized boarding school and received vocational training. Among disabled job seekers, half have job references and are ready to start working. This indicator, according to respondents, could be higher in the absence of infringement of the rights of persons with disabilities to receive labor recommendations without an unjustified reduction in the disability group or an illegal requirement for a petition from a future employer.

What does work mean for disabled people? What motivates them to look for suitable jobs? The answers to these questions revealed the following spectrum of motivation: work is an important source of material existence - 77.9%; one of the opportunities for communication - 42.5%; I want to help my family financially - 42.1%; realize their abilities - 33.4%; it is a powerful tool to “forget” about health problems - 27.5%; bring benefits to society - 21.1%; a way of self-affirmation - 19.2%; to change society's perception of people with disabilities - 12.8%; other - 4.0%. As another, the respondents suggested: "to occupy your day" - 1.8%; "interest" - 0.6%; "pleasure", "satisfaction" - 0.4% each; “organize your day: the more you work, the more you manage to do”, “tired of sitting at home”, “increasing the life reserve”, “feeling like a person”, “learning new things”, “material assistance to other sick people” - 0.2% each .

By grouping the answers, we got a deeper analysis of the motivation of the respondents. Disabled people consider the improvement of material well-being for themselves, their families and assistance to other sick people to be the most important goal of their work - 42.8% (Group 1). The creative side of involvement was indicated by 31.2% of the respondents (Group 2). Work as a means of social rehabilitation is necessary for 26.0% of respondents (Group 3).

It turned out that the material incentive prevails over other goals for all disabled people, regardless of gender, age, disability group, presence / absence of a specialty. It is indicative that social rehabilitation is of great importance for women (overweight over men by 2.7%). Creative motives are more inherent in young people, but they significantly decrease with age (by 7.5%). The survey also showed that the creative potential is more pronounced among disabled people of group II (32.0% of the total number of disabled people of the corresponding group) and people with vocational education (32.4% of the total number of disabled people with a specialty).

The prevailing type of work motivation of disabled people thus determines their desire for economic independence from the environment.

Respondents were also asked the question "What do you think, if disabled people did not need materially, and society's attention to their problems remained the same, would they want to work?" 74.6% answered in the affirmative, which indicates a stable need for labor.

Today, 93 thousand disabled people live in Primorye, half of which are people of working age. Of these, only 12 thousand people work. Every year, about 500 disabled people apply to the employment services of the region for employment and vocational training, and almost all of them need vocational training.

With the introduction of amendments to Federal Law No. 185 “On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation” from January 1, 2005, the main scope of responsibilities for the creation of “special jobs for the disabled”, including their financing, is shifted from state structures to the employers themselves. But, at the moment, there is completely no interest of business structures in the work of disabled people, since, for objective reasons, it is often less effective than the work of employees without disabilities, and in order to use it, it is necessary to invest in special equipment for the worker. places. Naturally, all this makes the employment of people with disabilities practically unrealistic and requires the creation of conditions for increasing the competitiveness of people with disabilities in the labor market. Therefore, it is necessary to take a set of measures aimed at solving the problems of professional competitiveness of people with limited physical and mental capabilities. Among other things, you can offer:

Change the basis for the formation of "special jobs for the disabled". The principle of creating special jobs should be as follows - not a disabled person for a workplace, but a workplace for a disabled person. Only with this approach it is possible to effectively solve the problems of employment of people with limited physical and mental capabilities.

Organize training for specialists in arranging special workplaces for the disabled. At the moment, due to their absence, both in state and commercial structures there is no understanding of “what is a special workplace and how to create it?”

Establish benefits, up to the complete abolition of fees for the maintenance of a special workplace for a disabled person (rent, electricity and heat energy, communications, etc.).

Having studied the main problems of people with disabilities, it should be noted that in order to improve the level and quality of life of people with disabilities, it is necessary:

1. Improve the process of social and everyday adaptation to the conditions of life in society and at home;

2. Increase the psychological well-being and self-perception of the disabled;

3. Make education for persons with disabilities more accessible to increase the possibility of climbing the social ladder;

4. Adopt a set of measures aimed at solving the problems of professional competitiveness of disabled people.

Conclusion

The policy of social support for the disabled should be built on the platform of creating conditions for the equal participation of people with disabilities in the life of society.

Therefore, it is necessary to improve the process of social and everyday adaptation to the conditions of life in society and at home.

One of the main indicators of the social and psychological adaptation of persons with disabilities is their attitude to their own lives, so you need to help them improve their self-perception and financial situation. To do this, the process of obtaining education should be made more accessible in order to increase the possibility of climbing the social ladder.

The problems of employment of disabled people must be solved, since they cannot live on their pensions. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the problem of professional competitiveness of disabled people in the labor market. In addition, the demographic situation in Russia is such that in the coming years society will face an acute shortage of workers.

Bibliography

Lutsenko, E.L. Sociocultural rehabilitation of the disabled. / E.L. Lutsenko. - Khabarovsk. 2007. - 120 p.

Podobed, M.A. Social services for the elderly and disabled. / M.A. Podobed. - Moscow. 2004. - 200 p.

Tolkacheva, E.V. The process of industrial adaptation of disabled people. / E.V. Tolkachev. - Khabarovsk. 2006. - 105 p.

Kurbatov, V.I. Social work. / Under the total. ed. prof. IN AND. Kurbatov. - Rostov-on-Don. 2000. - 376 p.

Kholostova, E.I. Russian encyclopedia of social work. T.1. / Ed. E.I. Single. M.: Institute of social work, 1997. - 364 p.

Etonne, V., Cohen, M., Farkas, M. Psychiatric rehabilitation. / V. Etonn, M. Cohen, M. Farkas. - Publishing house: Sphere. 2001. - 400 p.

Gurovich, I.Ya., Storozhanova, Ya.A. Community oriented psychiatric service. Clinical and social psychiatry. / AND I. Gurovich, Ya.A. Storozhanov. - Moscow. 2003. - 560 p.

Gurovich, I.Ya., Storozhanova, Ya.A., Shmukler, A.B. Psychosocial therapy and psychosocial rehabilitation in psychiatry. Medpraktika. / AND I. Gurovich, Ya.A. Storozhanova, A.B. Shmukler. - Moscow. 2004. - 670 p.

Yarskaya-Smirnova, E. R., Naberushkina, E. K. Social work with disabled people. / E. R. Yarskaya-Smirnova, E. K. Naberushkina. 2nd edition, add. SPb.: Peter. 2004. - 120 p.

Legislative materials

On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation: Feder. law: [adopted by State. Duma July 20, 1995: approved. Federation Council 15 Nov. 1995] / Russian Federation. - Moscow. 1998. - 22 p.

Regulations

Social protection of the disabled. Normative acts and documents / Ed. Margiev. - Moscow: Legal Literature. 2007. - 704p.

Electronic resources

Used material from the site of Art. The main problems in the field of employment. Access date: 20.05.2009, access time: 15.27.

Components of documents

Part of the magazine

Vozzhaeva, F.S. Implementation of complex rehabilitation programs for disabled children// SOCIS. - 2002. - No. 6. - S. 36-40.

Kozyakov, S.B., Potasheva, A.P., Borisova, L.B., Simonenko, N.V. Development of new psychosocial technologies in the psychiatric service// Social and clinical psychiatry. - 2004. - No. 4. - S. 50-53.

Yarskaya-Smirnova, E.R., Romanov, P.V. The problem of accessibility of higher education for disabled people // Sotsiol. research - 2005. - No. 10. – S. 66-78.

Part of the collection

Belozerova, E.V. Experience in organizing higher education for people with disabilities // Accessibility of higher education for people with disabilities: Sat. scientific tr. / Ed. D. V. Zaitseva. Saratov: Scientific book. - 2004. - S. 16-21.

Kocheshova, T. A. Additional education in the context of socio-cultural mobility of disabled people // Education as a factor of social mobility of disabled people: Sat. scientific tr. / Ed. D. V. Zaitseva. Saratov: Science. - 2007. - S. 57-61.

Anthony V., Cohen M., Farkas M. Psychiatric rehabilitation. Publishing house: Sfera. 2001.- P.18.

Federal Law No. 181 dated November 24, 1995. "On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation" Ch. I, article 1.

Podobed, M.A. Social services for the elderly and disabled./ M.A. Podobed. Moscow, 2004, pp. 17-19

Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R., Naberushkina E.K. Social work with the disabled. 2nd edition, add. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004.- P.23-29.

Russian encyclopedia of social work. T.1. Ed. Panova A.I., Kholostovoy E.I., M.: Institute of Social Work, 1997. - P. 10.

Russian encyclopedia of social work. T.1. Ed. Panova A.I., Kholostovoy E.I., M.: Institute of Social Work, 1997. - P. 13.

Podobed M.A. Social services for the elderly and disabled. - M., 2004. - S. 14.

Gurovich I.Ya., Storozhanova Ya.A., Shmukler A.B. Psychosocial therapy and psychosocial rehabilitation in psychiatry. M.: Medpraktika. 2004. S. - 10-21.

Anthony V., Cohen M., Farkas M. Psychiatric rehabilitation. Publishing house: Sfera. 2001.- P.10.

Belozerova E.V. Experience in organizing higher education for people with disabilities.// Accessibility of higher education for people with disabilities.: Sat. scientific tr. Ed. Zaitseva D.V. Saratov: Scientific book, 2004. - P. 17.

Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R., Romanov P.V. The problem of accessibility of higher education for disabled people. // Sociol. research 2005.-No. 10. S-66.

Kocheshova T.A. Additional education in the context of the socio-cultural mobility of the disabled.//Education as a factor in the social mobility of the disabled: Sat. scientific tr. / Ed. Zaitseva D.V., Saratov: Nauka, 2007. - P. 58.

Social protection of the disabled. Normative acts and documents. Ed. Margieva.- M.: Legal literature. 2007.-S. 43.

Lutsenko E.L. Sociocultural rehabilitation of disabled people. - Khabarovsk, 2007. - P.2.

Social work. Under total ed. prof. Kurbatova V.I. Rostov-on-Don, 2000 - P.18.

Used material from the site www.zarplata.ru/n-id-15639.html, Art. The main problems in the field of employment.

Tolkacheva E.V. The process of industrial adaptation of disabled people. - Khabarovsk, 2006 - P.35.

Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R., Naberushkina E.K. Social work with the disabled. 2nd edition, add. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004.- P.20.