The initial form of tuberculosis symptoms. How long does it take to treat tuberculosis

The initial stage of tuberculosis usually goes unnoticed by the patient himself. The symptoms are specific. It is possible to notice the development of the disease at the first stage by analysis, but not by sensations. This means that it is very important to have all routine medical check-ups one or more times a year. Initially, pulmonary tuberculosis in symptoms may resemble the usual acute respiratory disease or bronchitis. With any cough and deterioration in well-being, it is important to seek help from a doctor.

The development of tuberculosis takes place in several stages. Almost always, the infectious agent (Koch's wand) affects the lungs, there are cases when the disease attacks musculoskeletal system, digestive and genitourinary system, skin. When infected cells enter the bloodstream, they spread throughout the body, which greatly worsens the general condition of the patient.

The initial form of tuberculosis does not have a bright severe symptoms. It is possible to recognize the disease at an early stage only with the help of a fluorogram image.

Signs of the development of tuberculosis can be:

Decreased performance. The initial stage of the disease is characterized by the manifestation of severe fatigue in the patient. It becomes difficult for a person to perform any physical activity. Even climbing stairs is difficult.
Nausea. It is especially worth paying attention if this symptom manifests itself for no apparent reason in the morning. Against the background of nausea, appetite may disappear.
Cough. This symptom is most characteristic of tuberculosis. It can all start with coughing up sputum. When manifested this sign it is necessary to urgently seek help from a specialist.
Change in size (enlargement) of lymph nodes. Koch's wand, when it enters the human body, does not always immediately provoke the development of tuberculosis. The causative agent can live in the body long time without any manifestation. The development and spread of mycobacteria in most cases is activated against the background of a general decrease in immunity.

Signs of the development of the disease cannot be ignored. The earlier TB is diagnosed, the sooner you can get rid of it. The first stage of the disease is the easiest in terms of symptoms and treatment.

Experienced specialists establish the development of tuberculosis on the basis of a complete clinical picture.

Diagnosis of the disease includes:

interview. In a dialogue with a doctor, the patient usually tells himself what worries him. The specialist asks leading questions about general condition patient, so that the picture of the development of the disease is clearer. Questions related to the patient's lifestyle, whether he has chronic diseases whether he had contacts with people infected with tuberculosis, etc.;
inspection. The doctor determines the size of the lymph nodes in the throat by touch, armpits, on the stomach. Also inspects skin for the presence of a pathological rash;
delivery of analyses. For laboratory research they take samples of blood, urine, feces, sputum from the lungs, swabs from the throat, nose, genitourinary system, etc. The number and type of tests are prescribed by the doctor based on the patient's medical history;
passage of x-rays of the lungs. This stage is one of the most important. It is on the x-ray that you can notice the early development of the disease without any other signs of it. Patients often become aware of the presence of TB during their routine routine medical boards which helps them in further treatment.

Every person should take care of their health. This helps not only save your life, but also those around you. Tuberculosis - infectious disease which is spreading rapidly. Therefore, it is important to start treatment as early as possible so that other people are also not affected.

There is a certain category of people who are infected with the Koch wand especially quickly. Those who are at risk should monitor their health more carefully, regularly take the necessary tests in order to identify tuberculosis in time and start with it. active struggle.

These include:

Patients with weak immunity. Usually these are people who suffer chronic diseases during several years. Every year, the body's resistance to new infections becomes lower and lower, which leads to such negative consequences.
Children. If there is a person at home who is already sick with tuberculosis, even if it is a closed form, it is dangerous for babies. Children need to find other accommodation. Especially if they have not yet reached the age of 3 years.
People with bad habits. Regular intake alcoholic beverages, drugs, smoking severely injures the body, which also leads to a decrease in immunity and its predisposition to infection with various infections, including Koch's wand.

The first stage of development of tuberculosis can be in a child from birth. Therefore, in most maternity hospitals, such babies are diagnosed a few days after birth. Children are given special attention, as they are most prone to infection with mycobacteria.

The world around is full various infections and viruses. But the human body is built in such a way that it can withstand them at the proper level. The main thing is to recognize the disease in time and start an active fight against it. It is also important to be aware of how tuberculosis can be transmitted in order to protect yourself from infection.

The ways of penetration of the Koch shelf into the human body are:

airborne. The infection can be picked up by simply talking to an infected person. The likelihood of developing the disease will be very small if healthy person good, stable immunity;
contact. Infection with tuberculosis in this way is extremely rare. But still, there are cases of infection in everyday life, when the sick and the healthy use the same dishes, towels, etc.;
alimentary. Most often, mycobacteria enter the human body through food. Therefore, it is important raw foods wash well, others - give in to heat treatment;
hematogenous. In no case, under no circumstances, should syringes and bandages be reused. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the blood. You can pick up the disease through a non-sterile medical instrument. For example, during dental treatment, childbirth, surgical operation other.

Tuberculosis is transmitted through the placenta from mother to child. It is unacceptable to have sexual relations with infected patients.

It is worth noting that tuberculosis is dangerous for people around, even in the incubation period. That is, the person himself may still not be aware that he is sick and infect everyone with whom he is in contact.

Treatment of the disease at the first stage of development is as follows:

Medical anti-infective therapy. The number and type of drugs to be taken are prescribed by the doctor based on a complete diagnosis of the patient. The duration of treatment depends on individual characteristics the body of the patient, as well as the state of his health before infection.
Immunostimulatory therapy. To fight the disease, the patient needs strength, since pulmonary tuberculosis is treated for quite a long time, regardless of whether it is the initial stage of the development of the disease or the last one. The stronger the immune system, the faster the patient will recover.
Diet. Infectious patients are advised by doctors to adhere to proper nutrition. Refuse fried, smoked and other harmful products drink more water, eat fresh vegetables and fruits.
Healthy lifestyle. Treatment also involves giving up bad habits, healthy sleep and rest, daily walks on fresh air. Patients should also avoid any stressful situations so as not to provoke a malfunction of the nervous system.

The initial stage sometimes has more pronounced symptoms. These include - excessive sweating, shortness of breath with minor physical activity, pallor, constant feeling anxiety. The disease is treatable if the patient applied for medical care. Ignoring the symptoms of the development of the disease leads to negative consequences, for example, such as lung and skin cancer.

Not a single folk method will help in the fight against tuberculosis, even if it has an initial stage of development. In the fight against the disease, only complex drug therapy, which is appointed by a specialist and then carefully monitors its effect.

Since tuberculosis is quite contagious, each person needs to follow a few rules in order to protect himself.

Observe personal hygiene. Koch's wand can be picked up anywhere, especially in crowded places - public transport and toilets, cinemas, supermarkets, etc. Therefore, you must always wash your hands with soap and water.
Avoid contact with people already infected with tuberculosis. In cases where there is a patient in the family, take all precautions. It is necessary to provide him with a separate room, dishes, furniture, bed linen, constantly disinfect the premises, wear a respiratory mask.
Get vaccinated. Anti-tuberculosis immunity in most people is developed in early age after BCG vaccinations. Almost every child is vaccinated in the hospital, if there are no contraindications. Next, a schedule of re-vaccinations is established.
Passage of planned medical examinations. Usually those people who officially work on a mandatory basis once a year pass a commission and take a picture of the lungs. This is spelled out in employment contracts. Unfortunately, people undergo such medical examinations in order not to lose their jobs, and not for the sake of their health.

According to statistics, 85% of tuberculosis patients smoked for several years before being infected with Koch's bacillus. This means that this bad habit is a catalyst for the successful development of mycobacteria in the body. When smoking, normal ventilation of the lungs is disrupted, immunity is reduced, and sputum is difficult to remove from respiratory system. Nicotine is best friend tuberculosis, therefore, as a preventive measure, it is worth quitting smoking.

In the initial stages, the disease can manifest itself with symptoms similar to depression. A person feels a breakdown, loses interest in work, loses weight, becomes isolated, reacts sharply to criticism, becomes uncommunicative. All this indicates the presence in the body of an infection that affects the immune system and disrupts the functioning of the nervous system.

Against the backdrop of tuberculosis psychological problems with which the patient is very difficult to cope on their own.

To improve health and return to normal way life, it is necessary to consult a doctor in time, at the first signs of a deterioration in well-being.

Usually, at the beginning of the disease, the first manifestations are mild, but then gradually increase.

The initial stage of tuberculosis - symptoms of the disease

If you have the initial stage of tuberculosis, the symptoms will be as follows:

cough with sputum production that lasts more than 3 weeks,

fever(albeit slightly, but also for a long time),

a sharp decline weight as a symptom initial stage tuberculosis,

decreased appetite,

fatigue as a symptom of the initial stage of tuberculosis.

There is an increase in irritability, mood swings, decreased performance.

Please note that not all symptoms of tuberculosis will appear immediately, but only 1-2, and it will not necessarily be a cough.

If one or more of these symptoms of the initial stage of tuberculosis last more than 3 weeks and cannot be explained by other reasons, this should serve as a reason for you to contact experienced specialist for testing for tuberculosis.

The initial stage of tuberculosis - more aggressive symptoms of manifestation

Also, cases of a more aggressive manifestation of tuberculosis symptoms are not uncommon: in such patients, the body temperature reaches up to 38-39 ° C, pain appears in the area chest and shoulders, dry, hard cough begins; sweating at night. In the evenings they are tormented severe chills and fever, the temperature is slightly elevated (from 37.6 to 38.1 ° C), the cough is not very strong, but constant, which some regard as a characteristic influenza virus.

Patients often complain of pain in the joints and under the shoulder blades (typically when tuberculosis spreads to the pleura);

Sluggish state;

Pallor;

mild excitability;

loss of appetite and permanent disorders digestion.

Diagnosis of the initial stage of tuberculosis

For tuberculosis, all of the above symptoms are typical and it seems that it is possible to make a diagnosis, but not everything is so simple. Exists great amount most various kinds influenza and ordinary inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, the symptoms will be exactly the same. On the contrary, very often the signs of tuberculosis are so weakly expressed that the initial stage of tuberculosis, in which the patient is easily treated, is not detected.

The latent course of the initial stage of tuberculosis can last a very long time, and manifest itself only when the disease becomes severe or chronic. To prevent the appearance of such imperceptibly flowing forms of the initial stage of tuberculosis, a fluorographic examination is carried out. But, nevertheless, everyone is obliged to take care of their health, because in the interval between fluorographic examinations, tuberculosis can develop quite strongly. Therefore, if you have any suspicions about the symptoms of the initial stage of tuberculosis, consult a doctor.

Tuberculosis disease is known to mankind under the name - consumption since ancient times. For the first time, the description of the disease was given by the doctor Hippocrates, who believed that it genetic disease. Another physician of antiquity - Avicenna found out that the disease can be transmitted from one person to another. In the 19th century, the German scientist Robert Koch proved infectious nature diseases by discovering the mycobacterium that caused the disease. The causative agent of the disease Koch's wand bears the name of its discoverer. For his discovery, the scientist received Nobel Prize.

Tuberculosis in our time is still one of the most common diseases in all countries of the world. According to the WHO, many cases of tuberculosis infection are registered annually in the world - about 9 million. In Russia, 120,000 people fall ill with tuberculosis every year. Mortality from infection in Russia is higher than in European countries.

So what is tuberculosis? How does a person become infected with tuberculosis, and is this disease always dangerous? What treatment is effective and can tuberculosis be completely cured? Let's look at these questions in detail.

What kind of disease is tuberculosis

The causative agent of tuberculosis is mycobacterium ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Tuberculosis is infection. The most common route of transmission of tuberculosis is airborne. Tuberculosis bacillus is transmitted through contact while talking, sneezing, singing or coughing, as well as through household items. The immune system of a healthy person copes with the infection by destroying the Koch wand in respiratory tract. Too massive an infection or frequent contact with a sick person can cause illness even in a healthy person. In people with a weakened immune system, its cells are not able to destroy mycobacteria.

The incubation period for pulmonary tuberculosis is 3 to 12 weeks. Symptoms of the disease in the incubation period are manifested by a slight cough, weakness, slight increase temperature. During this period, the disease is not contagious. However, the absence of severe symptoms incubation period explains how dangerous tuberculosis is for the infected person. After all, mild symptoms do not pay attention to themselves special attention, they can be mistaken for a respiratory disease. If the disease cannot be recognized at this stage, it passes into the pulmonary form. The main cause of tuberculosis is low level quality of life. The spread of the disease is facilitated by crowding of people, especially in places of detention. Decreased immunity or concomitant diabetes contributes to infection and its progression.

The first signs of tuberculosis

Symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis early stages vary depending on the form, stage and localization of the process. In 88% of cases, the infection takes a pulmonary form.

Symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis at an early stage of its development:

cough with sputum for 2-3 weeks;
periodically elevated temperature up to 37.3 ° C;
sweating at night;
sharp weight loss;
the presence of blood in the sputum;
general weakness and loss of strength;
chest pain.

The initial manifestations of tuberculosis infection can be mistaken for any other disease. It is in the initial stage that the patient is dangerous to others. If the patient does not consult a doctor in a timely manner, the tuberculosis infection will progress and spread in the body. That is why it is so important to undergo an annual fluorography, which will promptly identify the focus of the disease.

Forms of tuberculosis by clinical course

There are primary and secondary tuberculosis. Primary develops as a result of infection with Koch's wand of an uninfected person. The process often affects children and adolescents. The manifestation of the disease in old age means the activation of tuberculosis of the lymph nodes transferred in childhood.

In children, tuberculosis occurs in the form of a primary tuberculosis complex. AT infancy the process affects a lobe or even a segment of the lung. Symptoms of pneumonia are manifested by cough, fever up to 40.0 °C and chest pain. In older children, lesions in the lung are not so extensive. The disease in the lungs is characterized by an increase in the cervical and axillary lymph nodes.

The primary complex consists of 4 stages of the development of the disease.

Stage I - pneumonic form. X-ray shows a small lesion in the lung, enlarged The lymph nodes at the root of the lung.
II stage of resorption. During this period, it decreases inflammatory infiltrate in the lung and lymph nodes.
Next stage III stage, it is manifested by compaction of residual foci in lung tissue and lymph nodes. In these places, small-point foci of calcareous deposits are visible on the radiograph.
In stage IV, calcification of the former infiltrate occurs in the lung and lymphatic tissue. Such calcified areas are called Gon's foci and are detected by fluorography.

The primary tuberculosis process in children and adults often occurs in chronic form. In this case, the active process in the lungs and lymph nodes persists for many years. This course of the disease is considered chronic tuberculosis.

Open and closed forms of tuberculosis infection

Open form of tuberculosis - what is it and how is it spread? Tuberculosis is considered open form if the patient excretes mycobacteria with saliva, sputum or secretions from other organs. Isolation of bacteria is detected by culture or microscopy of the patient's secretions. Bacteria spread very quickly through the air. When talking, the infection with saliva particles spreads to a distance of 70 cm, and when coughing, it reaches up to 3 meters. The risk of infection is especially high for babies and people with reduced immunity. The term "open form" is more often used in relation to patients pulmonary form illness. But the isolation of bacteria also occurs with active tuberculosis process in the lymph nodes genitourinary system and other organs.

Symptoms of an open form of tuberculosis:

dry cough for more than 3 weeks;
pain in the side;
hemoptysis;
causeless weight loss;
enlargement of the lymph nodes.

A patient in an open form is dangerous to everyone around. Knowing how easily open form tuberculosis is transmitted, in case of prolonged and close contact with the patient, it is necessary to undergo an examination.

If bacteria are not detected by the bacteriological method, this is a closed form of the disease. Closed form of tuberculosis - how dangerous is it? The fact is that laboratory methods Koch's bacillus is not always detected, this is due to the slow growth of mycobacterium in culture for sowing. And this means that a patient who does not have bacteria is practically able to isolate them.

Is it possible to catch tuberculosis from a patient with a closed form? With close and constant contact with the patient, in 30 cases out of 100 you can get infected. In a patient with a closed form, the process in the lungs or any other organ can be activated at any time. The moment of transition of the process to an open form at first proceeds asymptomatically and is dangerous for others. In this case, tuberculosis of the closed form is transmitted, as well as open, through direct contact during communication and through household items. Symptoms of the closed form of tuberculosis are practically absent. Patients with a closed form do not even feel unwell.

Types of pulmonary tuberculosis

Based on the degree of spread of tuberculosis, there are several clinical forms illness.

Disseminated tuberculosis

Disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis is a manifestation of primary tuberculosis. It is characterized by the development of multiple lesions in the lungs. Infection in this form is spread either through the bloodstream or through lymphatic vessels and bronchi. Most often, mycobacteria begin to spread hematogenously from the lymph nodes of the mediastinum to other organs. The infection settles in the spleen, liver, meninges, bones. In this case, an acute disseminated tuberculosis process develops.

The disease manifests itself high temperature, severe weakness, headache, general serious condition. Sometimes disseminated tuberculosis occurs in a chronic form, then there is a consistent defeat of other organs.

The spread of infection through the lymphatic pathways occurs from the bronchial lymph nodes to the lungs. With a bilateral tuberculous process, shortness of breath, cyanosis, and cough with sputum appear in the lungs. After a long course, the disease is complicated by pneumosclerosis, bronchiectasis, emphysema.

Generalized tuberculosis

Generalized tuberculosis develops as a result of the spread of infection by the hematogenous route to all organs at the same time. The process can proceed in acute or chronic form.

The reasons for the spread of infection are different. Some patients do not comply with the treatment regimen. Some patients fail to achieve the effect of treatment. In this category of patients, the generalization of the process occurs in waves. Each new wave of the disease is accompanied by the involvement of another organ. Clinically, a new wave of the disease is accompanied by fever, shortness of breath, cyanosis, and sweating.

Focal tuberculosis

Focal tuberculosis lung manifests itself small foci inflammation in the lung tissue. Focal view The disease is a manifestation of secondary tuberculosis and is more often detected in adults who have had the disease in childhood. The focus of the disease is localized in the tops of the lungs. Symptoms of the disease are manifested in a breakdown, sweating, dry cough, pain in the side. Hemoptysis does not always appear. The temperature in tuberculosis rises periodically to 37.2 ° C. A fresh focal process is easily cured completely, but with inadequate treatment, the disease takes on a chronic form. In some cases, the foci are leveled themselves with the formation of a capsule.

Infiltrative tuberculosis

Infiltrative tuberculosis lung occurs in primary infection and chronic form in adults. Formed caseous foci around which an area of inflammation is formed. The infection can spread to the entire lobe of the lung. If the infection progresses, the caseous contents melt and enter the bronchus, and the vacated cavity becomes a source for the formation of new foci. The infiltrate is accompanied by exudate. At favorable course the exudate is not completely absorbed, in its place dense strands of connective tissue. Complaints of patients with infiltrative form depend on the extent of the process. The disease may be almost asymptomatic, but may manifest acute fever. The early stage of tuberculosis infection is detected by fluorography. In people who have not undergone fluorography, the disease becomes widespread. Possible death during pulmonary hemorrhage.

Fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis

symptom of fibro-cavernous tuberculosis - weight loss

Fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis is formed as a result of the progression of the cavernous process in the lungs. With this type of disease, the walls of caverns (empty cavities in the lung) are replaced by fibrous tissue. Fibrosis also forms around the caverns. Along with caverns, there are foci of seeding. Caverns can connect with each other to form a cavity big size. At the same time, the lung and bronchi are deformed, blood circulation is disturbed in them.

Symptoms of tuberculosis at the beginning of the disease are manifested by weakness, weight loss. With the progression of the disease, shortness of breath, cough with sputum, and fever join. The course of tuberculosis proceeds continuously or in periodic outbreaks. It is the fibrous-cavernous form of the disease that is the cause fatality. A complication of tuberculosis is manifested in the formation cor pulmonale With respiratory failure. As the disease progresses, other organs are affected. Such a complication pulmonary hemorrhage pneumothorax may be the cause lethal outcome.

Cirrhotic tuberculosis

Cirrhotic tuberculosis is a manifestation of secondary tuberculosis. At the same time, as a result of the prescription of the disease, there are extensive formations fibrous tissue in the lungs and pleura. Along with fibrosis, there are new foci of inflammation in the lung tissue, as well as old cavities. Cirrhosis may be limited or diffuse.

suffer cirrhotic tuberculosis elderly people. Symptoms of the disease are manifested by cough with sputum, shortness of breath. The temperature rises in case of exacerbation of the disease. Complications are in the form of cor pulmonale with shortness of breath and bleeding in the lungs, they are the cause of the fatal outcome of the disease. Treatment consists of a course of antibiotics with sanitation bronchial tree. When the process is localized in the lower lobe, it is resected or a segment of the lung is removed.

Extrapulmonary types of tuberculosis

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis develops much less frequently. suspect tuberculosis infection other organs is possible if the disease is not treatable for a long time. According to the localization of the disease, such extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis are distinguished as:

intestinal;
osteoarticular;
urinary;
skin.

Tuberculosis of the lymph nodes often develops during primary infection. Secondary tuberculous lymphadenitis can develop when the process is activated in other organs. The infection is especially often localized in the cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. The disease is manifested by an increase in lymph nodes, fever, sweating, weakness. The affected lymph nodes are soft, mobile on palpation, painless. In the event of a complication, caseous degeneration of the nodes occurs, other nodes are involved in the process, and a continuous conglomerate is formed, soldered to the skin. In this case, the nodes are painful, the skin above them is inflamed, a fistula is formed, through which the products of specific inflammation of the nodes are removed. At this stage, the patient is contagious to others. With a favorable course, the fistulas heal, the size of the lymph nodes decreases.

Tuberculosis of the female genital organs is more susceptible to young women 20–30 years old. The disease is often insidious. Its main symptom is infertility. Along with this, patients are concerned about the violation menstrual cycle. The disease is accompanied by an increase in temperature up to 37.2 ° C and pulling pains lower abdomen. To establish the diagnosis, X-ray examination and the method of sowing discharge from the uterus are used. X-ray shows uterine displacement due to adhesive process, pipes with uneven contours. On the overview picture calcifications are found in the ovaries and tubes. Complex treatment includes several anti-tuberculosis drugs and is carried out for a long time.

Diagnostics

How to diagnose tuberculosis early stage? Initial and effective method diagnostics is carried out in the clinic during fluorography. It is carried out for each patient once a year. Fluorography for tuberculosis reveals fresh and old foci in the form of infiltration, focus or cavity.

If tuberculosis is suspected, a blood test is done. Blood counts are very different varying degrees the severity of the infection. With fresh foci, neutrophilic leukocytosis is noted with a shift of the formula to the left. At severe form revealed lymphocytosis and pathological granularity of neutrophils. ESR indicators increased in acute period illness.

An important method examination for the detection of Koch's bacillus is a sputum culture for tuberculosis. Mycobacteria in crops are almost always detected if a cavity is visible on the radiograph. With infiltration in the lungs, Koch's bacillus is detected during sowing in only 2% of cases. More informative 3-fold sputum culture.

The tuberculosis test is mandatory method during mass diagnostics. The tuberculin test () is based on the reaction of the skin after intradermal administration of tuberculin in various dilutions. The Mantoux test for tuberculosis is negative if there is no infiltration on the skin. With an infiltrate of 2-4 mm, the sample is doubtful. If the infiltrate is more than 5 mm, then the Mantoux test is considered positive and indicates the presence of mycobacteria in the body or anti-tuberculosis immunity after vaccination.

Treatment

Is it possible to recover from tuberculosis and how long will it take medical measures? Whether the disease is cured or not depends not only on the place of development infectious process but also on the stage of the disease. Great importance in the success of treatment has the sensitivity of the organism to anti-tuberculosis drugs. These same factors affect how long the disease will be treated. If the body is sensitive to anti-tuberculosis drugs, treatment is carried out continuously for 6 months. At drug resistance tuberculosis treatment lasts up to 24 months.

Modern scheme treatment of tuberculosis infection includes taking a complex of drugs that have an effect only when they are used simultaneously. For drug sensitivity complete cure open form is achieved in 90% of cases. With the wrong treatment, an easily curable form of infection turns into difficult to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Comprehensive treatment also includes physiotherapeutic methods and breathing exercises. Some patients require surgery. Rehabilitation of patients is carried out in specialized dispensary.

Drug treatment is carried out according to the 3, 4 and 5 component scheme.

The three-component scheme includes 3 drugs: "Streptomycin", "Isoniazid" and "PASK" (para-aminosalicylic acid). The emergence of resistant strains of mycobacteria has led to the creation of a four-drug regimen called DOTS. The scheme includes:

"Isoniazid" or "Ftivazid";
"Streptomycin" or "Kanamycin";
"Ethionamide" or "Pyrazinamide";
"Rifampicin" or "Rifabutin".

This scheme has been used since 1980 and is used in 120 countries.

The five-component scheme consists of the same drugs, but with the addition of the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin. This regimen is more effective in drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Health food

Nutrition for pulmonary tuberculosis is aimed at restoring body weight and filling the lack of vitamins C, B, A and minerals.

The composition of the diet for tuberculosis includes the following categories of products.

Required increased amount proteins due to their rapid breakdown. Easily digestible proteins found in dairy products, fish, poultry, veal and eggs are preferred. Meat products you need to boil, stew, but not fry.
Healthy fats recommended to get from olive, creamy and vegetable oil.
Carbohydrates contained in any products (cereals, legumes). Honey is recommended flour products. Easily digestible carbohydrates are found in fruits and vegetables.

Food should be high in calories and served freshly prepared. The diet consists of 4 meals a day.

Prevention

The main means of preventing tuberculosis is vaccination. But, in addition, doctors recommend:

lead a healthy and active lifestyle, including outdoor walks;
eat foods containing animal fats (fish, meat, eggs);
do not eat fast food products;
eat vegetables and fruits to replenish the body with vitamins and minerals that support immune system;
young children and the elderly in order to prevent infection should not be in close contact with the patient. Even short-term contact with the patient in an open form can cause infection in them.

Vaccination

Prevention of tuberculosis in children and adolescents is reduced to the prevention of infection and the prevention of the disease. The most effective method of preventing tuberculosis is vaccination. The first vaccination against tuberculosis is carried out in the maternity hospital for newborns on the 3rd-7th day. Revaccination is done at 6-7 years.

What is the tuberculosis vaccine called? Newborns are vaccinated against tuberculosis BCG-M. Vaccination at revaccination is done BCG vaccine.

As a result, we come to the conclusion that tuberculosis is a common infection and is dangerous for everyone around, especially for children and people with reduced immunity. Even patients with a closed form are potentially dangerous to others. Tuberculosis is dangerous for its complications and often ends in death. Treatment of the disease requires a lot of time, patience and money. A severe and debilitating disease deprives a person of the quality of life. The best way to prevent the disease is vaccination.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by mycobacteria. The disease is characterized by damage to the lungs, skin, bones, kidneys and other organs. The causative agent of the disease is distinguished by survivability and resistance to damaging environmental factors.

Symptoms and features of development

The disease proceeds in several stages. Very important for initial stage. The prognosis of the disease directly depends on this.

The earlier pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed and treated, the greater the chance of speedy recovery without developing complications and infecting fewer people.

Mycobacteria isolated even at the initial stage of the disease are successfully stored outside the body and affect a large number of of people.

Tuberculosis can be contracted in several ways:

Airborne: when communicating with a sick person;
Contact household: things and objects used by a person with tuberculosis retain mycobacteria for up to several days;
Alimentary: when eating contaminated foods.

However, the mycobacterium that has entered the body is not always contagious and can lead to the development of tuberculosis.

The disease develops mainly against the background of a decrease in immunity, or in the case of individual sensitivity to the pathogen. Children are at risk younger age, people eating foods low in protein, and HIV-infected populations. Pulmonary tuberculosis poses the greatest danger to this category of people.

Initial, or primary tuberculosis, develops immediately after mycobacterium enters the human body. As a rule, it is pulmonary tuberculosis.

However, the symptoms are almost always present, just a person can for a long time ignore them:

An experienced specialist, based on the data of the clinical picture and x-ray examination, can deliver correct diagnosis easily. If there is any doubt about the diagnosis, then additional examinations and laboratory tests.

Specificity of treatment

The treatment of tuberculosis at the initial stage differs from the treatment of later stages in the duration and dosages of prescribed drugs. TB treatment is enough difficult task. Tuberculosis, the initial stage of which may not manifest itself for years, it is advisable to start treatment in a hospital.

Usually, after identifying the disease, the attending physician decides on the hospitalization of the patient during the first two months of the disease. This measure is necessary to prevent the spread of the disease and infection contact persons. This first stage is the most important in the treatment of the disease. It is necessary to be treated, strictly following all the doctor's recommendations, regardless of the stage of tuberculosis.

So, how much is pulmonary tuberculosis treated at the initial stage with timely diagnosis and adequate therapy? As a rule, the treatment of tuberculosis at the initial stage is about six months, but in some cases, treatment can take up to two years. Significance for determining the duration of treatment is immune status patient and social level his life.

Medical treatment

Tuberculosis in any form and stage is treated with antibacterial anti-tuberculosis drugs. The most commonly used combination of the following drugs:

Streptomycin.

The drugs have bacteriostatic and bactericidal action for mycobacteria. Antibacterial therapy appointed by long-term constant or intermittent courses. Dosages of anti-tuberculosis drugs are selected strictly individually, taking into account contraindications and the possibility of developing characteristic adverse reactions. Tuberculosis at an early stage, as a rule, is easily cured with the above drugs, leaving little or no consequences. Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with these drugs usually lasts up to six months.

If there is a risk of tuberculosis becoming next stage, connect drugs of the fluoroquinolone series. As a rule, these are Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin and Ofloxacin.

The drugs have a bactericidal effect on the pathogen and allow you to stop the infectious-inflammatory process, preventing its progression. Before starting treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs, it is advisable to test the body's sensitivity to them. This will allow you to accurately select medicine and achieve high efficiency therapy.

Health food

In addition to the pharmacological therapy of tuberculosis, the nutrition of the patient during the treatment period is important. There are several options for the diet of patients with tuberculosis. The choice of diet depends on the activity of the infectious process in the patient's body and his condition. Usually for medical nutrition at an early stage of the disease, it is determined how exhausted the body is, and one of three options is prescribed:

The quality of nutrition in this disease is of great importance for the recovery of the patient. Only the combination of rational pharmacotherapy and quality food can lead to full recovery. Nutrition should be high-calorie, regular, fortified and varied.

The list of products that the patient must necessarily eat is quite wide:

all types of meat;
dairy and dairy products;
fish in various forms;
all cereals;
Be sure to have fresh vegetables and fruits.

Tuberculosis has always been and remains a serious problem for many. Previously, it was believed that only disadvantaged segments of the population were affected by the disease. Today we can say with confidence that any person can become infected with the infection, regardless of his social status. That's why importance It has early detection disease and prevent its further spread as soon as possible.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex group, which enter the human body most often by airborne droplets. You can get infected with a disease such as tuberculosis, even without direct contact, through dirty dishes or from infected animals. Tuberculosis most often affects the lungs, but can sometimes affect other organs.

Pulmonary tuberculosis in the early stages is very difficult to determine, since this disease can be asymptomatic for a very long time. A person may not suspect that he is sick, and lead a normal life, infecting others.

Tuberculosis symptoms

There is open and closed forms of tuberculosis, each of which has its own characteristics and symptoms.

The closed form of tuberculosis is no less dangerous than the open one. Because the infection is difficult to detect conventional methods diagnostics. Having this form of the disease, the patient does not pose a threat to the surrounding people, since the infection does not go outside, but proceeds deep in the human body. But if tuberculosis is not detected in time, then a latent infection can turn into an active form.

An open form of tuberculosis is the most dangerous for both the patient himself and for the people around him. With this form of the disease, natural secretions Mycobacteria are present in humans. When sneezing and coughing, the causative agent of the disease enters the air, which is especially dangerous for others.

Tuberculosis symptoms such: weakness, sweating, a sharp decrease in body weight, fever for a long time, cough, in the later stages of the disease - hemoptysis.

Tuberculosis treatment

In order to identify the disease, it is necessary to undergo many diagnostic procedures: X-ray, fluorography, computed tomography, microbiological research, tuberculin tests etc. Having carried out all the necessary tests, determining the form and stage of the disease, the phthisiatrician makes up the treatment.

None folk remedies cure tuberculosis it is forbidden. Positive results possible only with complex drug treatment. Do not forget that during treatment, resistance of the infectious agent to drugs may occur. AT modern medicine prefer a five-component treatment regimen (anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy). You will have to take the drugs for six or more months. The course of treatment should not be interrupted in any case, even if you feel better. You need to gain strength and patience in order to overcome this serious illness.

Modern medicine is constantly developing more effective drugs to fight tuberculosis. More recently, a new anti-tuberculosis drug has been created, which quite successfully inhibits the formation of bacterial cells - the causative agents of the disease. Perhaps it will be a panacea for infection?

In the treatment of tuberculosis, it is necessary to maintain protective functions organism. Along with medicines, the patient is prescribed vitamins (especially vitamin A, which lowers the level of cholesterol needed by mycobacteria for nutrition), drugs that increase immunity, rest in sanatoriums and a properly composed diet.