Ischemia. The main causes of ischemia. Standard and specific symptoms of ischemia. Proper diagnosis, prevention and treatment of ischemia. Consequences of ischemia

For full-fledged work all internal organs human body oxygen is extremely important. You could even say that the more time we spend outside, breathing in Fresh air, the more functional our body will work, since here it will receive a sufficient amount of oxygen. Otherwise, the lack of this component can lead to such complex illness like ischemia.

Ischemia is formed due to insufficient blood supply to any organ. With insufficient blood flow, the body does not receive the necessary amount of oxygen, which is essential for its healthy functioning.

In most cases, ischemia can be caused by blockage of the vessels through which blood flows from the heart to all other organs. If there is ischemia of the liver or heart, then blockage occurs in the venous vessels, that is, in those who are responsible for transporting blood from organs to the heart.

Cause of ischemia

Vascular blockage is the most common cause of ischemia. You can list a number of reasons that can cause clogging of these channels.

Thrombus - a blood clot forms in the bloodstream, which can close most of the vessel. Then oxygen will flow into the organ, but not into enough which will cause ischemia. It is also possible that the formed thrombus will completely block the tubule, then it is no longer necessary to talk about the flow of blood into the organ. With an untimely response, the body can cause serious disruptions in the overall functioning of the body.

Also, the cause of blockage of blood vessels may lie in drops of fat that appeared as a result of a fracture of tubular bones.

The cause of cerebral ischemia can be gas bubbles in the blood channels, which are formed to a greater extent in drivers with improper immersion in depth.

Air bubbles in venous vessels can also cause ischemia. They form later incorrect operation lungs or when injected into a vein, when air from the syringe enters the vessel.

Another, most dangerous reason formation of ischemia - atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques form on the walls of blood vessels, which hide the gaps for further "journey" of blood through the body. The worst thing about this reason is that it is impossible to cure atherosclerosis. We can only slow down this process. The most common ischemia lower extremities, since here the gaps are too small and gangrene forms on the legs over time. It is necessary to amputate the affected area in a timely manner so that the process does not grow further throughout the body.

Almost all causes that lead to ischemia can be cured. It is important to identify deviations in a timely manner and begin to eliminate them.

Ischemia symptoms

With the development of ischemia, the body gives understandable and clear signs a person that it is time to pay close attention to their health.

With the development of cerebral ischemia, symptoms such as fatigue may appear, there is a deterioration in the work of all organs. The main symptom is that the patient will feel a lack of air, which indicates a blockage of the vessel.

With cerebral ischemia, the patient will also experience discomfort and impaired attention. It will be extremely difficult for him to concentrate on any business. In chronic ischemia of the brain, the patient breathes quickly and often, his actions are thoughtless and fuzzy.

Cardiac ischemia is manifested by other symptoms - pain in the lungs is added to the sensations of lack of air. chest. The patient can experience such discomfort only in cases of physical or emotional stress.

Myocardial ischemia is especially dangerous when a person does not experience any pain. With ischemia arterial vessels the patient feels pain in the lower back, in the stomach, in the liver. Particular care should be taken with short-term pain in right hand which may occur periodically. This symptom may indicate ischemia of the inner cardiac membranes.

Ischemia of the lower extremities - a person complains all the time about their fatigue, it is also possible to emphasize their pallor, which has arisen due to a lack of blood supply. The patient experiences discomfort and frequent desire sit down to give your legs a rest.

It is especially difficult to detect ischemia in newborns when the child is not able to show certain signs aimed at identifying the source of pain. Ischemia in young children develops as a result of their prematurity. No wonder premature babies are carefully examined.

Diagnosis of ischemia

Only a specialist can make a diagnosis of ischemia. Since the symptoms of this disease are also characteristic of other diseases, it is impossible for the patient himself to accurately diagnose himself. The first thing to pay attention to is the patient's complaints, which will reveal the likelihood of ischemia of which organ is taking place. For example, if there is a risk of developing cardiac ischemia, ECG monitoring should be done.

Ischemia treatment

Effective treatment includes several components:

1. Treatment begins with taking painkillers, as this helps the patient to relax and prepare the body for more serious procedures.

2. It is necessary to identify the ways of blood supply, which will allow to replace the clogged vessel. They can also prescribe procedures such as a magnet, electrophoresis, etc.

3. Blood fluidity should be restored. Blood tests are taken, problems are identified and ways to eliminate them are developed.

4. Should provide the body necessary quantity oxygen, which can be obtained in a specialized chamber.

5. It is important to get busy and comorbidities that can cause recurrence of the disease.

Ischemia prevention

Preventive measures that can reduce the risk of ischemia are extremely simple. Enough to carry on healthy lifestyle life, give up bad habits and timely undergo examinations by specialists, which will identify slightest violations in the activities of the organism. Sports and healthly food- pledge strong body!

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There are no pleasant illnesses. Every ailment causes a mass unpleasant symptoms, which sometimes leave consequences after recovery. Therefore, you can not ignore any symptoms of poor health, but you need to consult a doctor in time. In addition, there are diseases, signs that should be given more attention than the common cold or runny nose. It's about about cardiovascular diseases. Today, they are increasingly found among young people. This is due to a change in lifestyle, especially an increase in the amount of stress, lack of diet and great emotional stress. Heart attacks, strokes are ascertained by doctors every day. Another disease from this category, which is also often heard in diagnoses, is ischemia.

Ischemic disease is characterized by insufficient blood supply various bodies. The main reason for this condition is a decrease in the lumen in the artery. In other words, this disease can still be called local anemia, that is, a decrease in the amount of blood in certain parts body, which leads to malfunction of a particular organ.

Types of ischemia

Ischemia, like most diseases, has its subspecies. The first step is to determine the classification depending on the duration of the symptoms. Ischemic disease in this context has the following types:

passing;
lengthy.

The first type can appear even in healthy person. This is related to the fact that physiological regulation blood flow can sometimes have some disruptions. cold, pain, different kind hormonal disorders, stress can lead to reflex spasm of the artery, which causes an ischemic attack.

The second type is already more dangerous to health, as it has a long period poor blood supply to organs. This ischemia is caused by various biological stimuli or a thrombus. The cause can also be squeezing of the artery, which is caused by foreign body, tumor or scar.

Ischemic disease is also classified according to the affected organs:

ischemia of the upper limbs;
ischemia of the lower extremities;
cerebral ischemia;
cardiac ischemia and others.

The most common is ischemic heart disease. It is caused by a disease of the heart vessels, which are clogged with fat cells that are marked on the walls of the vessels. The consequence of this process is the complication of blood flow, which leads to incomplete filling of the organ. A thrombus can also cause coronary disease, which leads to oxygen starvation of the main human organ.

The manifestation of this disease in the brain is very dangerous. Cerebral ischemic disease is caused by insufficient blood supply to the cells, which leads to their hypoxia. The reason for this is most often determined by the previously diagnosed atherosclerosis or arterial hypertension.

Cerebral ischemic disease is quite dangerous, as it can affect motor, speech and other functions that are necessary for a quality standard of living.

There are three main stages of cerebral ischemia:

The first changes in the behavior of the patient occur, namely:

gait changes significantly;
some nervousness, irritability, depression is manifested;
decreased coordination of movements;
self-control becomes more difficult.

Neurological disorders become more noticeable, and they also have a stronger effect on vital functions:

irritability and nervousness are very pronounced;
the patient is practically unable to control his emotions.

All the symptoms of the previous stages are intensified several times. In addition, changes are possible that will lead to non-negotiable processes and disability, as well as inoperability. At the most severe stages, cerebral ischemia can manifest itself as a complete loss of the ability to control oneself. As a result, the patient is unable even to elementary functions self-service.

Other types coronary disease are also quite dangerous and can affect the style and quality of life. But cardiac and cerebral have indications that show them especially severe form passing.

For prevention and treatment cardiovascular disease our readers advise the drug "Hypertonium". This natural remedy, which affects the cause of the disease, completely preventing the risk of getting a heart attack or stroke. Hypertonium has no contraindications and begins to act within a few hours after its use. The effectiveness and safety of the drug has been repeatedly proven clinical research and many years of therapeutic experience. The opinion of doctors ... "

Only a doctor can determine the presence of any disease in a person. You should not make a diagnosis for yourself, referring to the words of a friend or neighbor, or something read somewhere. But there are symptoms that indicate that it is time to go to the doctor and get checked.

Symptoms of ischemic disease are made up of the following signs:

Pressing sensations in the region of the heart.
Burning, paroxysmal pains in the chest are felt.
It is hard to breathe, it gives the impression of a lack of air.
Weakness, nausea.
Profuse sweating.
Pain in the neck, left arm, between the shoulder blades, back.
Change in the rhythm of the heartbeat.
Frequent nausea, shortness of breath, increased sweating.

Each of these symptoms should be the first signal that you need to see a cardiologist. Although the absence of symptoms is not a 100% guarantee of health. In a third of patients with ischemia, none of the symptoms is observed. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a complete medical examination from time to time.

How to diagnose ischemia?

Diagnosis of coronary artery disease is not easy enough, since the symptoms are very similar to some other cardiovascular diseases. Undergoing detection this disease based on observation of the patient, namely his complaints about bad feeling, as well as the results of several studies. It is not at all easy to isolate the signs of ischemia if the patient cannot also determine the nature of his pain.

In the case when the patient comes without certain complaints of pain, ECG monitoring is performed, which can detect disruptions in the rhythm of the heartbeat. Coronary angiography is also performed, which is able to identify therosclerotic plaques, which can be the cause of ischemia. The cause of worries about the presence of painless ischemia may be complaints of increased cases of heartburn, increased shortness of breath, weakening of the left arm, changes in the number of heartbeats per minute. Experienced Specialist immediately interested in such, at first glance, not related to the heart, signs.

Fight against ischemia

The first step in the treatment of ischemia should be the organization of conditions for the patient so that the body can compensate for the damaged areas. That is, a new blood vessel which will replace the old one. Moreover, its renewal should occur in such a way as to bypass the old vessels to the organ that has suffered from a lack of blood. The desired result is achieved in several ways:

physiotherapy procedures;
surgical intervention;
the use of medicines.

If the patient is diagnosed with acute ischemia, then he urgently painkillers are injected into the blood.

Ischemic disease is treated in several stages. Each of them is aimed at achieving some result, which in general will help to overcome the disease. There are such steps to improve the condition:

removal of the state of vasospasm;
expand the arteries that have been damaged by atherosclerosis, strengthen their walls, and stop the deposition of cholesterol plaques;
removal of a thrombus that closes the lumen;
blood viscosity decreases;
conditions are created for the formation of a collateral mesh;
carrying out procedures to protect the tissue of the damaged organ.

During the treatment of ischemia, it is necessary to control that sugar surges do not occur, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the body was not elevated.

Prevention of coronary disease

Every disease is easier to prevent than to cure. That is why doctors have developed a number of rules that should be followed by a risk group in order to avoid the diagnosis of ischemia.

The first step is to look at your diet. It must be completely removed from the consumed products. fatty foods, as well as fried foods and others that increase cholesterol levels in the body. In addition, you need to eat in an amount corresponding to physical activity.

The second stage for the prevention of coronary disease should be the daily routine in which it is necessary to increase physical exercise. It is especially worth increasing the intensity of the loads for those who lead sedentary image life.

The third step in the prevention of ischemia is the constant monitoring of the structure of the blood and its viscosity, coagulability, in order to prevent the occurrence of blockages in case of abnormalities.

In addition, you need to give up bad habits. Smoking has a particularly negative effect. Therefore, this harmful and dubious pleasure must be abandoned immediately.

By adhering to all these simple rules, ischemia can be avoided. And it's worth it. After all ischemic insufficiency always occurs in combination with a disease of an organ that lacks blood. The main thing is to prevent tissue necrosis of this part of the body, because this process is irreversible. But the timely start of the fight against the problem will lead to rapid improvement health status.

DO YOU STILL THINK IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GET RID OF HEART DISEASES!?

Do you often have discomfort in the head area (pain, dizziness)?
You may suddenly feel weak and tired...
Feeling high pressure all the time...
About shortness of breath after the slightest physical tension and nothing to say...
And you have been taking a bunch of medications for a long time, dieting and watching your weight ...

But judging by the fact that you are reading these lines, victory is not on your side. That is why we recommend reading what the Chief Cardiac Surgeon of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Leo Antonovich Bokeria, advises.

Ischemic heart disease is a pathology provoked by a violation of blood circulation in one or more parts of the body. Oxygen starvation of tissues occurs, which disrupts the processes of their functioning. There are a number of risk factors, the untimely elimination of which causes coronary artery disease. The disease is a danger not only to human health, but also affects life expectancy.

What leads to coronary heart disease?

In order to timely diagnose the development of ischemia, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the list of causes provoking this pathology. With proper treatment, you can reduce the risk of dangerous complications.

The causes of coronary heart disease are divided into two categories:

External, provoked by the introduction of an incorrect lifestyle.
Internal occur when there is a malfunction important organs and systems.

External

Signs and causes of coronary heart disease Negative influence on the state of the cardiovascular system. Sometimes a person does not pay attention to some unpleasant manifestations, which is why he does not adjust his lifestyle, does not eliminate factors that can lead to serious problems over time.

In most cases, ischemia develops under the influence of the following factors:

excessive physical activity;
dangerous bad habits:
unbalanced nutrition;
inadequate response to stress;
active labor activity.

Insufficient physical activity

Wrong lifestyle associated with work or entertainment, which does not require physical activity provokes a number of violations. There is an increase in body weight, which negatively affects the features of the cardiovascular system. The load on the heart muscle gradually increases, after a while dangerous pathologies.

With the development of hypodynamia, the wrong way life, maintained for several years, there is a gradual narrowing vascular walls. This phenomenon may occur in case of a sharp increase physical activity, while passing intense training. To avoid negative consequences, it is necessary to gradually increase the load.

Nutrition

At unbalanced diet, eating excessive amounts of unhealthy food, food with big amount fats, preservatives, other substances that contribute to an increase in body weight, there is an increase in the load on the heart muscle. Vasoconstriction occurs, which can lead to blockage of arteries and veins. This phenomenon occurs as a result of the formation of plaques, their subsequent transformation into connective tissue. As a result, atherosclerotic changes develop, an insufficient amount blood.

stress

With excessive experiences associated with any events in life, worsens general state human health, in particular, the cardiovascular system suffers. The condition is complicated if the excitement occurs with an accelerated rhythm of life, the need for regular labor activity.

With a frequent increase in the level of adrenaline, the lumen of the vascular walls narrows, and the rhythm of heart contractions accelerates. This process is a natural response of the body to negative emotions, stress factors. If in addition a person refuses physical activity, the likelihood of coronary heart disease increases by 2 times.

If negative factors will be eliminated in a timely manner, while the person experiences stress when normal condition health, powerful emotions can not provoke dangerous pathologies. In case of presence excessive loads accompanied by stress, the appearance of systemic pathologies, acute violations of the functioning of the cardiovascular system is possible.

Bad habits

In the case of the use of high doses of alcohol, with a strong drug or tobacco addiction, a lot of substances enter the body that provoke poisoning of important cells and organs. Functioning is disturbed various systems organism. With a strong dependence, there is a possibility of developing negative changes in the structure of blood vessels and the heart muscle. The body undergoes regular intoxication, the heart rate rises, which causes the wear of the organ to occur at an accelerated pace.

Internal

There are a number internal factors the risk of coronary artery disease, characterized by a deterioration in the patient's health. This pathology negatively affects the activity of the cardiovascular system.

Hypertension

With a significant increase in blood pressure, other causes of ischemia are activated. As a result, it takes accelerated work heart, manifested increased load on the vessels. There are disturbances in the structure of the heart muscle. In the case of constant pressure drops, a heart attack occurs or persistent angina develops.

Violation of metabolic processes

With pathologies associated with the absorption of fats and carbohydrates, many changes occur in the body. The likelihood of developing ischemia increases with the age of 50 years. If the metabolism of fats is disturbed, atherosclerosis is provoked, due to which pathologies of the blood circulation of the heart muscle are possible. If carbohydrates are not properly absorbed, it may develop diabetes, as well as other violations of metabolic processes.

When the level of sugar in the blood rises, the destruction of small vessels occurs. With thickening of the walls of veins and arteries, their permeability gradually decreases, due to which they receive an insufficient amount of oxygen and nutrients.

Heart defects

If the patient already has heart disease, the risk of ischemia increases. Especially dangerous are both congenital and acquired heart defects during life. With the development of pathological processes, it becomes necessary to increase the intensity of contractions of the heart muscle. If the patient does not receive timely medical care, a number of dangerous complications develop.

Vascular pathologies are one of the main risk factors

In most cases, the development of coronary heart disease is affected by disorders associated with the structure of the coronary arteries, more small vessels. Also, disturbances in the structure of the myocardium come to the fore in the development of the disease.

To ensure proper blood supply to the organs and systems of the body, the heart muscle must be absolutely healthy. To rule out the possibility of developing various pathologies the level of blood viscosity is diagnosed, the patency of the vessels is determined. The coronary vessels are responsible for the supply important substances and oxygen to the myocardium. If this mechanism fails, coronary heart disease may develop.

Atherosclerosis

With the development of pathological processes in the vessels, their gaps gradually narrow, a large number of plaques form. There is a decrease in the amount of blood entering the tissues, possibly the formation of thrombosis. With the development of atherosclerosis, a combination of coronary heart disease with arrhythmia, heart attacks and strokes is possible.

If timely measures are not taken to stop the causes of ischemia in atherosclerosis, the disease progresses rapidly. In case of using effective curative measures the process can be left, but it is impossible to completely cure the pathology. Through the use of modern medicines the general condition of the patient improves, but maintenance therapy should be carried out regularly.

With the progression of symptoms of atherosclerosis, the likelihood of coronary heart disease increases. The intensity of negative signs depends on the degree of the disease:

Stage 1 of atherosclerosis is characterized by the appearance of fatty deposits on the walls of blood vessels. This phenomenon occurs in the area where there is a violation of blood circulation, however specific symptoms do not appear. Depending on the characteristics of the body pathological process can both last for several years, and quickly move into stage 2.
Stage 2 is characterized by the gradual transformation of body fat into connective tissue. Plaques are formed, constantly increasing in size. The formations are characterized by a liquid structure, which is why their dissolution is possible when using medications. This state does not pose a great danger when timely stopping negative symptoms. If you start the process, a break is possible atherosclerotic plaque, provoking partial or complete blockage, possible narrowing of the vessel. It is during this period that the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease and other complications increases.
Stage 3 occurs when the structure of plaques changes, hardening pathological tissue. This process occurs when they accumulate a large number calcium salts. From this point on, the plaque practically does not increase in size, however, when it is detached, it is possible to apply more harm than in previous stages of the disease.

There is an extensive list of reasons for the development of coronary heart disease. To prevent its occurrence, it is necessary to adjust your lifestyle, completely abandon bad habits, form proper diet nutrition, apply physical activity daily, paying attention to general health. Moderate weight loss, visiting a doctor when minimal negative signs are detected will help reduce the likelihood of coronary artery disease.

Ischemic heart disease, depending on the nature of the disease, is divided into two clinical forms - acute and chronic. Chronic ischemic heart disease is one of the most important issues humanity. The disease is characteristic high rate mortality due to cardiac arrest. More than 70% of people around the world die from this disease every year. Elderly people are more susceptible to hibs, most of whom are men aged 50-60 years.

The heart muscle (myocardium), thanks to the blood flow, consumes a lot of oxygen. When the heart muscle is damaged, its blood supply is disrupted or stopped. The reason for this condition is cholesterol plaques formed on the walls coronary vessels myocardium. They interfere with the delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to the heart. As a result, a state develops oxygen starvation- ischemia.

Symptoms of HIBS

Chronic coronary artery disease is characterized by a gradual development, in which the signs of the disease appear and disappear. If the disease is not treated at this stage, it will progress and can be fatal.

In chronic ischemia, the following symptoms are expressed:

increased blood pressure;
severity or paroxysmal pain behind the sternum with recoil in left hand, shoulder, sometimes - in the shoulder blade, back, in the abdomen;
pain that occurs against the background of any load and passes at rest;
interruptions in the work of the myocardium (change heart rate);
swelling of the lower extremities;
shortness of breath, difficulty breathing;
severe weakness with minor loads;
severe pallor of the skin;
anxiety, panic.

Due to stagnation of blood in the vessels, the work of internal organs worsens: the stomach, liver and kidneys.

Diagnosis of the disease

For the diagnosis of chronic coronary artery disease early stage exists whole line contemporary informative methods. They help clarify clinical diagnosis and the method of subsequent treatment is determined.

First of all, the doctor conducts a detailed survey of the patient, auscultation, analyzes complaints, finds out a family history.

Next stage - lab tests to identify different inflammatory processes in the patient's body and other disorders. For this, the following is carried out:

biochemical and general analysis blood;
coagulogram;
lipidogram.

Instrumental research methods

The use of specific instrumental techniques in diagnosis gives a fairly accurate picture of the disease.

ECG is a diagnostic method that records the electrical activity of the myocardium. He brings out various changes heart rate, and is also able to detect myocardial infarction or its consequences. Various options coronary disease have long been studied, and by the method of electrocardiography, you can get enough information on ECG changes during the examination.

Echocardiography can be used to measure the size of the heart muscle, to examine contractility hearts, cardiac cavities and valves, acoustic noises. The combination of ultrasound diagnostics with physical activity (stress echocardiography) allows you to register ischemic disorders in the myocardium.

Bicycle ergometry - common functional test. With its help, changes in the activity of the heart are detected, which are invisible at rest, but only during physical exertion - in particular, in the form of exercises on an exercise bike.

To fix violations in the activity of the myocardium, a special apparatus is used - a Holter monitor. It is fixed on the belt or shoulder of the patient, and within a full day the device takes readings. For a more accurate study, the patient should keep a diary of observation of well-being.

Such careful monitoring enables specialists to find out and study:

under what conditions does the patient develop manifestations of chronic ischemic heart disease;
the nature of violations in the work of the myocardium, the degree of their severity;
study the frequency of interruptions in the heart rhythm;
catch heartbeats.

Transesophageal electrocardiography (TECG) is very exact method research using a sensor inserted into the esophagus, where it registers the performance of the myocardium without interference created external manifestations human life.

The method of coronary angiography is used in severe cases. Coronary angiography examines the vessels of the heart muscle, determines the violations of their patency, the degree of stenosis, the localization of the affected arteries by introducing a specific substance. This research method allows diagnosing CIHD, distinguishing it from any similar disease. Coronary angiography helps in deciding the need for surgery on myocardial vessels.

Left ventriculography is performed at the same time as coronary angiography. This method is also used to clarify the indications for surgery.

Radionuclide research helps to conduct more accurate diagnosis myocardium, his functional state, on the basis of which it is possible to judge the effectiveness surgical operation for the patient.

To diagnose symptoms of complications ischemic disease- myocardial aneurysms, some manifestations of heart failure are prescribed x-ray examination.

After spending complete diagnostics diseases, the doctor prescribes the proper treatment to the patient.

HIBS treatment methods

Depending on the clinical forms diseases, treatment of cardiac ischemia is carried out in the main areas:

therapy without the use of drugs;
drug therapy;
surgical intervention.

Non drug therapy

Not drug therapy aimed at improving the lifestyle of the patient. Physical activity requires an increased supply of oxygen to the heart, but during illness, the body cannot satisfy this need due to the affected heart arteries. Therefore, in the process of treatment, the patient's activity is reduced to a minimum.

The patient is assigned physiotherapy and short hiking- such loads help the heart to adapt to the limited blood supply during the period of the disease.

The diet of the patient influences the healing process. The amount of salt in food and the use of water are limited to reduce the load on the heart. To improve the condition of blood vessels and normalize weight in obesity, the patient is prescribed a low-fat diet, which includes fiber, fruits, vegetable and fish products. Excluded from the diet:

animal fats;
roast;
smoked;
muffin;
alcoholic drinks.

Medical therapy

Drug therapy for chronic forms of coronary artery disease is carried out according to the formula "A-B-C" and consists of antiplatelet agents, β-blockers and hypocholesterolemic drugs. And also patients are prescribed:

diuretics;
antiarrhythmic, antianginal drugs;
nitrites;
ACE inhibitors;
calcium channel blockers;
anticoagulants;
statins;
fibrates.

Medicines are prescribed to each patient individually. Age, features of the course of the disease and the absence of pathologies in the patient are taken into account. Self-medication, taking drugs without the advice of a specialist doctor is life-threatening.

Surgical intervention

Surgery is necessary if drug therapy does not bring the desired result. Before prescribing it, the cardiac surgeon conducts a thorough diagnosis to determine:

contractile function myocardium;
the state of the coronary arteries;
the level and localization of the narrowing of the coronary arteries;
the severity of the disease;
disease resistance to drug therapy.

Surgical intervention is aimed at restoring the patency of clogged vessels and improving blood flow in them. The operation is assigned under the following conditions:

unstable angina resistant to drug therapy;
narrowing of the trunk of the left coronary artery by 70%, the defeat of three coronary arteries;
damaged coronary bed with narrowing of the artery by 75%;
ischemic myocardial dysfunction;
intolerance to minimal physical exertion on the heart;

Main operational methods with chronic ischemic heart disease:

aorto-coronary bypass;
coronary angioplasty;
stenirovanie.

In some cases, these operations are contraindicated for some groups of patients:

suffering from concomitant serious diseases;
in cases with constantly elevated blood pressure;
having excess weight;
with certain lesions in the myocardium.

Complications of chronic ischemic heart disease

Ischemic heart disease causes extremely Negative consequences for the whole human body, if it is not treated.

Angina pectoris is the main manifestation of ischemic myocardial disease. The causes of its occurrence are blood clots that close the passage in the arteries, which are formed when hyperaggregation (increased adhesion) of platelets occurs due to spasms in the vessels.

Treatments for angina pectoris are widely known and available, but the disease does not respond well to them. This disease can be caused not only by coronary artery disease, there are many other causes of heart rhythm disturbances.

In chronic ischemic heart disease, these disorders occur precisely because of the presence of foci of ischemia in the heart muscle.

Stable, or exertional angina, occurs under the influence of physical or emotional stress. It is manifested by pain, which can be relieved by taking nitroglycerin. Sometimes they go away on their own if you lie quietly in a well-ventilated area.

With unstable angina (rest and tension), pain occurs regardless of physical or emotional stress, more often at rest. In fact, it is an intermediate step between chronic ischemia heart and heart attack. The appearance of such attacks means that the disease is progressing and the heart lacks oxygen even at rest. If the attacks of pain become more frequent and intense - this indicates possible development acute infarction myocardium.

Heart failure is also a complication of chronic coronary artery disease. It is formed under the influence of various functional disorders in the work of the heart muscle.

A frequent complication of myocardial ischemia is the formation of congestive heart failure (CHF). In CHF, the heart muscle contracts weakly and therefore pumps an insufficient amount of blood needed to normal operation internal organs. For this reason, they have various violations. By purchasing chronic form, congestive heart failure dramatically reduces the patient's chances of survival.

A complication of CIHD in the form of chronic heart failure is expressed by symptoms such as:

swelling;
dyspnea;
inability to exercise;
irreversible changes in the internal organs.

Acute heart failure (AHF) most often develops with various heart diseases. AHF syndrome affects the left ventricle of the myocardium, the patient has signs of pulmonary edema in the form of shortness of breath, pink sputum during coughing. Acute heart failure often progresses to a heart attack or stroke.

Arrhythmia is also a complication of chronic ischemic heart disease. This is a fairly common pathology. The most common types of arrhythmia:

sinus tachycardia;
bradycardia;
extrasystole;
violation of the conduction of the heart (blockade).

Arrhythmia sometimes proceeds imperceptibly and patients do not attach serious importance to it. This attitude is dangerous, as any form of arrhythmia can be fatal.

Chronic ischemia of the heart dangerous disease. Almost any of the listed complications of CIHD lead to the death of the patient without timely and proper treatment.

Acute coronary disease

Acute coronary heart disease is another form of myocardial disease, expressed by complications such as:

myocardial infarction;
cardiogenic shock;
sudden coronary death(primary cardiac arrest).

Myocardial infarction is a very common complication acute ischemia hearts. The reason for its occurrence is the blockage of one of the heart arteries by the plaque formed. Infarction is large-focal and small-focal.

Heart attack symptoms:

Sharp pain on the left behind the sternum, radiating to left side body (arm, shoulder blade, lower jaw). Occurs suddenly or increases rapidly short span time. Within half an hour from the moment of the attack, in the absence of medical assistance, the pain intensifies.
Strong shortness of breath. When trying to do deep breath pain in the chest increases, which prevents the patient from breathing normally. There is a noticeable lack of oxygen, suffocation may occur.
A sharp drop in blood pressure, leading to loss of consciousness. Causes - a spontaneous change in heart rate, a decrease in the contractile function of the heart.
Taking nitroglycerin during a heart attack does not eliminate pain due to a serious violation of the viability of cardiomyocytes (myocardial cells responsible for heart contractility).

Complications of the acute form

Another severe manifestation of acute coronary heart disease is cardiogenic shock. Its signs:

a rapid drop in blood pressure;
unconscious state;
extremely weak pulse;
shallow breathing.

Lack of blood supply leads to serious complications in the work of internal organs:

acute renal and hepatic failure develops;
pulmonary edema;
failures in the work of the central nervous system are observed.

In this condition, a person needs urgent medical attention to prevent death.

Sudden coronary death is also a complication of acute coronary artery disease. Death can overtake a person in an instant or within six hours from the onset of an attack. The UQS approach can be determined by several signs:

arising and increasing feeling of suffocation;
strong pressure behind the sternum;
heaviness in the shoulders;
dilated pupils;
loss of consciousness;
stop breathing;
cessation of cardiac activity.

Most often, she overtakes active men who do not complain about their health. The cause of VCS is a violation of the heart rhythm: the contraction of myocardial fibers occurs chaotically, out of order, the heart rate per minute is more than three hundred.

Rarely is it possible to save a person in such a state. Even with the timely implementation of all possible resuscitation procedures, death occurs in four out of five cases.

If a syndrome of heart failure occurs against the background of acute myocardial ischemia, it is manifested by cardiac asthma or pulmonary edema.

A person with any acute form ischemic disease needs emergency assistance. For resuscitation use such means as:

painkillers;
thrombolytics;
plasma-substituting drugs;
performing defibrillation.

VKS prevention measures

People who die suddenly sometimes have no obvious signs of approach lethal outcome. But you should know that it is extremely rare for a person to die instantly without any pathology in cardiovascular system. This means that you can and should carefully focus on your unhealthy feelings. First of all, this applies to those who have suffered a myocardial infarction.

In the process of studying cases of VS, it was found that almost half of the patients had clear signs of its approach a few hours before death. This means that they had the opportunity to avoid the tragedy when timely examination and treatment.

Another risk group is patients with myocardial ischemia who do not have pain or other symptoms of the disease or they are extremely mild. For this reason, people do not pass necessary examination and are not treated. Death in this case occurs due to a serious violation of the heart rhythm.

The third group of people at risk of VCS is patients who have acute disorder myocardium is not possible in any way. Here we can only hope for an emergency medical care, since it is not possible to predict sudden death in this case.

Death in coronary heart disease happens quite often due to insufficiently serious attitude to the treatment of the disease. To prevent VS, physicians must inform patients about possible threatening consequences their illnesses. Mainly signs sudden death appear quite often. It is important not to leave them unattended so as not to become a victim of your own indifference to your health.

Measures to prevent recurrence of the disease

To prevent a recurrence of the disease, after discharge from the hospital, the patient should follow all the recommendations of the attending physician and follow certain rules:

do not leave the medication prescribed by the doctor;
engage in physiotherapy;
V stressful situations visit a psychotherapist;
undergo sanatorium-resort treatment;
regularly monitor blood pressure;
maintain a normal weight;
adhere to a healthy diet;
avoid states long voltage(driving a car, long flights by plane, being in a poorly ventilated area);
playing sports only under the supervision of a specialist in physical therapy.

Shouldn't get carried away alternative medicine without a doctor's advice. Folk remedies quite effective in the treatment various diseases, but which of them and how to use should be prescribed by a specialist.

Preventive measures to prevent coronary disease are almost the same as recommendations for maintaining health after hospital treatment HIBS.