Heart rate in an adult. Express assessment of the level of the functional state of the body during physical education and sports

1. The subject of physiology and basic concepts: function, regulatory mechanisms, internal environment of the body, physiological and functional system. C1.
79. Age features of the development of metabolism and energy. C 110
2. Methods of physiological research (observation, acute experience and chronic experiment). The contribution of domestic and foreign physiologists to the development of physiology.
3. Communication of physiology with disciplines: chemistry, biochemistry, morphology, psychology, pedagogy and theory and methodology of physical education.
4. The main properties of living formations: interaction with the environment, metabolism and energy, excitability and excitation, stimuli and their classification, homeostasis.
5. Membrane potentials - resting potential, local potential, action potential, their origin and properties. Specific manifestations of arousal.
6. Parameters of excitability. Threshold of the strength of irritation (rheobase). Chronaxia. Change in excitability during excitation, functional lability.
7. General characteristics of the organization and functions of the central nervous system (CNS).
8. The concept of a reflex. Reflex arc and feedback (reflex ring). Carrying out excitation along the reflex arc, reflex time.
9. Nervous and humoral mechanisms of regulation of functions in the body and their interaction.
10. Neuron: structure, functions and classification of neurons. Features of the conduction of nerve impulses along axons.
11. Synapse structure. Mediators. Synaptic transmission of a nerve impulse.
12. The concept of the nerve center. Features of the conduction of excitation through the nerve centers (one-sided conduction, delayed conduction, summation of excitation, transformation and assimilation of the rhythm).
13. Summation of excitation in CNS neurons - temporal and spatial. Background and evoked impulse activity of neurons. Trace processes under the influence of muscle activity.
14. Inhibition in the central nervous system (I.M. Sechenov). presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition. Inhibitory neurons and mediators. Significance of inhibition in nervous activity.
15. General plan of the structure and function of sensory systems. The mechanism of excitation of receptors (generator potential).
16. Adaptation of receptors to the strength of stimulation. Cortical level of sensory systems. Interaction of sensory systems.
19. Motor sensory system. Properties of proprioreceptors. The value of proprioceptors for controlling movements.
20. Auditory sensory system. Auditory receptors, their location. Sound perception mechanism. The value of the auditory sensory system in sports.
22. External and internal inhibition of conditioned reflexes according to I.P. Pavlov. Types of internal braking. Outrageous braking.
23. Types of vnd. The first and second signal systems.
24. Structural features and functions of the autonomic nervous system. Localization of the ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
25. Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of organs and tissues.
26. The concept of the metasympathetic nervous system. The role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of autonomic functions.
28. Neuromuscular synapse. Mechanisms of muscle contraction (sliding theory).
Mechanical reaction of the whole muscle when it is excited
3.2. Dynamic reduction
30. Regulation of muscle tension (the number of active de, the frequency of their impulses, the relationship of de in time).
4.2. Regulation of the frequency of impulsation of motoneurons
4.3. Synchronization of the activity of different sites in time
31. Features of the structure and functions of smooth muscles.
32. Composition and volume of blood. The main functions of the blood.
33. Erythrocytes, their number and functions. Formation and destruction of erythrocytes. Influence of muscular work on the number of erythrocytes in the blood.
34. Hemoglobin and its functions. Oxygen capacity of the blood and its importance for muscle performance.
35. Leukocytes, their number and functions. Leukocyte formula. Myogenic (working) and digestive leukocytosis.
36. Platelets, their number and functions. The mechanism of blood coagulation. Anticoagulant blood system. Changes in blood clotting during muscular work.
37. Blood plasma, its composition. Osmotic and oncotic pressure of plasma, their changes during muscular work. Buffer systems of the blood. The reaction of the blood and its change during muscular work.
38. The structure of the heart. Characterization of the functional properties of the heart muscle: automaticity, excitability, conductivity, contractility and their changes during sports training.
39. Cardiac cycle and its phases at rest and during muscular work. Heart rate. Electrocardiography and the importance of this research method.
40. Systolic (shock) and minute volumes of the heart at rest and during physical work.
41. Characteristics of the circles of blood circulation. Properties and functions of arteries, capillaries and veins.
42. Blood pressure and its indicators at rest and during muscular work. Linear and volumetric blood flow velocities at rest and during muscular activity.
43. Factors that determine the movement of blood through the veins of the systemic circulation. Influence of venous inflow on cardiac output.
44. The volume of circulating blood and its change during muscular work.
45. Regulation of blood circulation at rest and during muscular work. Reflex, nervous and humoral regulation of the heart.
46. Reflex, nervous and humoral regulation of the lumen of blood vessels and blood pressure.
48. Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation. Frequency and depth of breathing at rest and during muscular activity.
49. Pulmonary ventilation. Minute volume of breathing at rest and during muscular work. Dead space and alveolar ventilation.
50. Exchange of gases in the lungs. Composition of inhaled, exhaled, alveolar air. Partial pressure of o2 and co2. Diffusion exchange of gases between alveolar air and blood.
51. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by blood. Dissociation of oxyhemoglobin and its influence on pH, CO2 concentration and temperature.
52. Exchange of o2 and co2 between blood and tissues. Arterio-venous oxygen difference at rest and at work. Coefficient of tissue utilization of oxygen.
53. Regulation of breathing. Respiratory center. Nervous (reflex) and humoral regulation of respiration. Influence of hypoxia and elevated CO2 concentration on pulmonary ventilation.
55. Digestion and absorption in the duodenum and small intestine (cavitary digestion). Secretion of the pancreas and liver. Wall digestion.
56. Motility and secretion of the large intestine. absorption in the large intestine. Influence of muscular work on the processes of digestion.
57. The role of proteins in the body, the daily need for proteins. Protein metabolism during muscle work and recovery.
58. The role of carbohydrates in the body, the daily need for carbohydrates, carbohydrate metabolism during muscle work.
60. The concept of the main exchange. The dependence of the basic metabolism on the sex, age, height and weight of a person. Additional energy consumption.
61. Thermoregulation. Thermal balance. The temperature "core" and "shell" of the body, factors determining fluctuations in their temperature.
62. Heat generation at rest and during muscular work. Heat dissipation by conduction, radiation and evaporation of sweat. Heat transfer within the body. The role of sweat glands in heat transfer.
63. Heat transfer during muscular activity in conditions of high and low air temperatures. Body temperature regulation. Thermoreceptors. thermoregulation centers. Regulation of heat generation and heat transfer.
79. Age features of the development of metabolism and energy.
80. Age features of the development of higher nervous activity.
81. Method for determining the threshold of stimulus force (rheobase) and chronaxia.

90. Method for determining the heart rate by pulse. Methods for calculating heart rate

Heart rate is usually measured at the wrist (carpal artery), neck (carotid artery), temple (temporal artery), or on the left side of the chest.

Men: 210 - "age" - (0.11 x personal weight kg) + 4

Women: 210 - "age" - (0.11 x personal weight kg)

15 hit method

To calculate heart rate using this method, the athlete needs to feel the pulse at any of the indicated points and turn on the stopwatch directly during the heartbeat. Then the athlete starts counting subsequent strokes and stops the stopwatch at the 15th stroke. Assume that 20.3 seconds have elapsed during 15 beats. Then the number of beats per minute will be equal to: (15 hours - 20.3) x 60 = 44 beats / min.

15 second method

This is an easier method for calculating heart rate, but at the same time less accurate. The athlete counts the heart beats for 15 seconds and multiplies the number of beats by 4 to get the beats per minute. If 12 beats were counted in 15 seconds, then the heart rate is: 4 x 12 = 48 beats / min.

Calculation of heart rate during exercise

If during exercise the heart rate is measured manually, without the use of special devices, then it is better to determine it using the 10-beat method. To do this, the athlete needs, using a stopwatch, to measure the time of 10 consecutive strokes.

The athlete must start the stopwatch during the strike (this will be "hit 0") and count to ten, then stop the stopwatch at "hit 10". The inconvenience of this method lies in the rapid decrease in heart rate immediately after the termination of the load. The heart rate calculated using this method will be slightly lower than the actual heart rate.

To calculate the training intensity, as well as to control the functional state of an athlete, the main indicators of heart rate are used, such as heart rate at rest, maximum heart rate, heart rate reserve and heart rate deviation.

heart rate at rest

Well-trained athletes have a very low resting heart rate. In untrained people, resting heart rate is 70-80 beats / min. As aerobic capacity increases, resting heart rate decreases significantly. In well-trained endurance athletes (cyclists, marathon runners, skiers, etc.), resting heart rate can be 40-50 bpm, and in some cases this figure can be even lower.

In women, resting heart rate is about 10 beats higher than in men of the same age. In the morning, the resting heart rate for most people is about 10 beats lower than in the evening. In fact, some people do the opposite.

Resting heart rate is usually taken in the morning before getting out of bed to ensure the accuracy of daily measurements. There is a widespread but erroneous opinion that the lower the pulse in the morning, the better the functional state of the athlete. By the morning pulse, one cannot judge the degree of preparedness of an athlete. However, resting heart rate provides important information about an athlete's degree of recovery after training or competition. By measuring the morning pulse, you can track overtraining at an early stage, as well as all types of viral infections (colds, flu). Morning heart rate rises in case of overtraining or an infectious disease and decreases markedly as the athlete's physical condition improves.

Maximum heart rate

The maximum heart rate (HRmax) is the maximum number of contractions that the heart can make within 1 minute. After 20 years, HRmax begins to gradually decrease - by about 1 beat per year. Therefore, sometimes HRmax is calculated using the following formula:

HRmax = 220 - age

Unfortunately, this formula is very approximate and does not give exact results. Maximum heart rate can vary greatly from person to person.

The frequency and regularity of the heartbeat is an important sign of a person's health. The rhythm should be constant, without interruptions and pauses. Heart rate (HR) is determined within a minute at rest after 10-15 minutes of rest. It changes with physical activity, fear, emotional reactions.

Although a normal heart rate is not a guarantee of heart health, it is still a useful benchmark for identifying a number of disorders in the body.

The main indicator of the heartbeat is the heart rate, that is, the number of heart contractions per minute. At rest, it is 60 - 100 / min. However, some researchers believe that this standard is outdated, and at rest, the heart rate should be between 50 and 75 per minute. There is an association between a heart rate over 75 beats per minute during rest and an increased risk of a heart attack.

The normal heart rate for each person depends on his age, physical condition, heredity, lifestyle, activity level and emotional experiences. It is also affected by body temperature and position.

With a higher physical endurance of a person, his pulse at rest is lower. Therefore, heart rate is one of the indicators for assessing individual fitness.

Video: What pulse is considered normal, and which one is dangerous to health?

Heart rate changes throughout the day and in different situations. Therefore, their deviations from the average indicators, conditionally taken beyond the limits of the norm, are not always associated with some kind of disease. It is worth worrying about this if the pulse is constantly slowed down, accelerated, or the heart beats irregularly.

What is the normal heart rate for an adult?

In a healthy adult male, the normal resting heart rate is 70/min; in a woman, it is 75/min. Taking into account individual changes for adults, a pulse of 60 to 80 per minute is considered optimal.

During registration, with the help of which the doctor objectively assesses the frequency and rhythm of the heartbeat, the person moves, undresses, lies down on the couch, experiences excitement in an unfamiliar situation. Therefore, the upper limit of the normal heart rate is considered to be 100 / min.

Although the range of normal heart rates is quite wide, too high or low heart rate can be a sign of pathology. If it is more than 100/min (tachycardia) or less than 60/min (bradycardia), you should contact your doctor or cardiologist, especially if you have other symptoms such as fainting, dizziness, or shortness of breath.

What are the norms and deviations for children

Normal heart rate in a child depends on his age. For example, for newborns, the heart rate is 100 - 160 / min, for children under the age of 10 years - from 70 to 120 / min, for adolescents over 10 - 12 years old - from 60 to 100 per minute.

For children, it is typical and completely normal. This is an irregular heartbeat caused by undulating acceleration and deceleration of the heartbeat. If such changes are detected on the ECG in a child or adolescent, there is no reason for concern.

Doctors are guided by such normal heart rates in children:

	Average heart rate, bpm	Limits of the norm, beats / min
Newborn



34 years



11 – 12 years old
13 - 15 years old

In children, it is more often caused by functional reasons - crying, fear, cooling of the body. The most dangerous is a significant slowdown in the heartbeat of a small one. It may be a sign of serious arrhythmias, such as congenital atrioventricular block II or III degree.

In adolescents, moderate bradycardia may occur as a result of intense sports training.

Normal heart rates in women and men by age

With self-measurement or according to ECG data, there is no significant difference in heart rate between men and women. With age, there is a gradual decrease in the average heart rate, but even here there can be significant individual fluctuations.

A more accurate assessment of the heart rate can be obtained from the data of daily ECG monitoring. In the conclusion of this study, the average heart rate per day, the minimum and maximum heart rate during the day and night are necessarily indicated.

To evaluate these indicators, standards have been developed that allow the doctor to more accurately determine whether the heartbeat corresponds to the age and gender of the person.

Age, years	Average heart rate during the day, beats / min	Average heart rate at night, bpm




60 and older

Sinus arrhythmia is acceptable, especially at night, but pauses should not exceed 2 seconds. A small number of extraordinary heartbeats (extrasystoles) is also the norm for a healthy person.

What can change the pulse?

Physiological causes or diseases of various organs, including the heart, can slow down, speed up the heartbeat or cause it to be irregular.

Slow heart rate (bradycardia) is normal and does not harm the human body in such cases:

increased humidity of the environment, moderate cooling of the body;
good physical fitness;
sleep state;
taking certain medications, such as sedatives or beta-blockers.

Diseases accompanied by a slow heartbeat:

IHD and other heart diseases, especially
overdose of antiarrhythmic drugs, in particular, cardiac glycosides;
poisoning with lead compounds, FOS, nicotine;
stomach ulcer, traumatic brain injury, stroke, brain tumor, increased intracranial pressure;
hypothyroidism (reduced hormonal activity of the thyroid gland).

Physiological (natural) heart rate increase is possible in such situations:

fever;

elevated ambient temperature;

staying at the top;

pregnancy;

drinking caffeinated drinks.

The main causes of pathological accelerated heartbeat (tachycardia):

diseases of the nervous system (neurosis, autonomic disorders);
hyperthyroidism;
anemia;
heart failure;
chronic lung diseases;
heart disease - ischemic heart disease, myocarditis, some valvular defects.

How to measure the pulse yourself?

The easiest way to determine the pulse on the carotid and radial arteries.

On the carotid artery, it is carried out as follows: the index and middle fingers are located horizontally under the lower jaw on the anterolateral surface of the neck. The place where the pulse is best palpated is determined. It is better not to use this method on your own. In this zone there are reflexogenic areas, the stimulation of which can cause heart rhythm disturbances.

To determine the pulse on the radial artery, it is necessary to put the index and middle fingers in the wrist area. The pulse is felt in the area below the thumb.

There are special devices that help a person determine their pulse. These are fitness trackers, as well as applications for smartphones. They are convenient for athletes and busy people. Heart rate indicators, including its regularity, are determined by many automatic blood pressure monitors that are used to measure pressure at home.

What deviations from the norm are considered dangerous?

When determining heart rate indicators, it is important to take into account not only heart rate, but also the rhythm of heart contractions. The heart should beat without pauses and interruptions, however, single rare additional beats are not a cause for concern.

It is necessary to consult a doctor in such cases:

irregular heart rhythm;
deceleration of heart rate less than 50 / min or acceleration more than 100 / min;
attacks of accelerated heartbeat with a heart rate of more than 140 / min.

These signs may accompany such dangerous conditions:

paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia;
frequent ventricular extrasystoles and paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia;
sick sinus syndrome;
sinoatrial or atrioventricular block II - III degree.

What diseases can be determined by measuring the pulse?

Heart rate changes due to the following reasons:

violation of the regulation of cardiac activity;
deterioration of gas exchange in the lungs;
decrease in oxygen content in the blood;
weakening of myocardial contractility;
pathological processes in the heart.

Therefore, if the heart rate deviates from the norm or the irregularity of the pulse, various diseases of the cardiovascular and other systems can be assumed. The most frequent of them:

dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, or NCD;
organic brain lesions, such as hemorrhages or tumors;
chronic bronchitis, obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, respiratory failure;
iron deficiency and other forms of anemia;
hypo- and hyperthyroidism;
, which is a complication of many heart diseases and hypertension;
mitral stenosis, which in severe cases is often complicated by atrial fibrillation;
IHD, including its chronic forms (angina pectoris, postinfarction cardiosclerosis, atrial fibrillation);
sick sinus syndrome;
, myocardial dystrophy, .

With constant deviations of the heart rate from the norm, it is first of all recommended to consult a therapist. The doctor will conduct an initial examination, which will help to suspect the cause of the violations, and then refer you to a specialized specialist - a cardiologist, pulmonologist, endocrinologist, neurologist or hematologist.

Forecasts and prevention

The prognosis of palpitations depends on their cause:

physiological abnormalities are not dangerous and do not require treatment;
with proper treatment of diseases of the endocrine system, lungs and other organs that caused a violation of the heartbeat, over time, the pulse returns to normal;
in case of heart disease, the prognosis depends on the severity of the underlying disease; in some cases, it is possible to restore a normal heartbeat only through surgery or the installation of a pacemaker.

A normal heartbeat provides a good blood supply to the brain and other organs. To prevent its violations, the following methods are recommended:

regular exercise for 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week;
the ability to manage oneself in a stressful situation, mastering breathing exercises, yoga;
to give up smoking;
normalization of weight;
drinking enough fluids, especially in the hot season;
sufficient rest, a good night's sleep.

Of the physical exercises to maintain a normal heart rate, aerobic training, running, swimming and cycling are best suited.

Conclusion

Heart rate indicators are individual for each person. They change depending on its activity, time of day, under the influence of physiological causes. It is believed that the limits of the norm for an adult at rest are 60 and 100 beats per minute. In this case, the pulse should be regular, a small arrhythmia and single extraordinary contractions (extrasystoles) are acceptable.

Children have a higher heart rate than adults. The KU of the elderly tends to slow down the average heart rate.

Various diseases of the nervous, endocrine, respiratory, cardiovascular systems and blood can cause violations of normal indicators. Therefore, if deviations from the norm are detected, it is necessary to consult a therapist.

You can determine the heart rate indicators using an ECG, daily ECG monitoring, and also by self-measurement of the pulse on the radial artery.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time (usually one minute). It is believed that the heart rate is the same as the pulse, but it is not.

What is the difference between heart rate and pulse

As already mentioned, the heart rate shows how many contractions the heart makes, namely its lower sections - the ventricles - per minute.

Pulse, or pulse rate, is the number of dilations of an artery at the time of ejection of blood by the heart per minute. Blood passing through the vessels during the contraction of the heart creates a bulge in the arteries, which is determined by touch.

The value of the pulse and heart rate, indeed, can be equal, but not always, but only in healthy people.

For example, with rhythm disturbances, the heart beats randomly. If it contracted twice in a row, then the left ventricle did not have time to fill with blood. Thus, the second contraction occurs when the ventricle is empty, and blood is not ejected from it into the aorta and peripheral vessels. Therefore, the pulse in the arteries will not be heard, while the contraction of the heart has occurred. With atrial fibrillation and some other diseases, the heart rate does not correspond to the pulse rate. This phenomenon is called a pulse deficit. In such cases, it is impossible to determine the heart rate by measuring the pulse. This can only be done by listening to the beats of the heart, for example, using a phonendoscope.

In pulse deficiency, the heart rate is greater than the pulse. This usually happens with atrial fibrillation and extrasystole.

Norm

Normally, in adults, the heart rate is from 60 to 80 beats per minute. If the frequency is less than 60 - this is bradycardia, if above 80 - tachycardia.

Resting heart rate will vary depending on:

the person's age;
his gender;
body size;
fitness.

In newborns, this figure is usually 120-140 beats per minute. If the child is premature, the value will be higher - from 140 to 160. In children, by the year it decreases to 110-120, by five years - to 100, by 10 - to 90, by 13 - to 80.

In a trained person, the heart rate is below normal and averages about 50, while in those leading a sedentary lifestyle, it can reach 100 beats at rest.

In women, the heart rate is about 6 beats higher than in men, and it increases even more before the onset of menstruation.

In a healthy older person, the normal heart rate is usually 80 beats. If this figure has risen to 160, then this indicates the presence of a serious illness.

When it changes

The value varies at different times of the day. The indicator changes throughout the day depending on the following factors:

during physical activity;
in moments of anger, fear, excitement and other emotions;
depending on the position of the body (lying, sitting, standing);
after eating;
after taking certain medications.

The heart rate increases after eating, especially hot and protein.

With an increase in body temperature to 37 degrees, it increases by 20 strokes.

During sleep, it decreases by five to seven units.

Heart rate increases by about 10% when a person is sitting and by 20% when standing.

Heart rate rises:

when in a stuffy, hot room;
during stress;
during physical exertion.

Causes of tachycardia and bradycardia

If the resting heart rate does not correspond to the norm, then this may be a sign of a disease. Usually there are other manifestations of the disease.

If tachycardia is accompanied by symptoms such as dizziness, shortness of breath, weakness, fainting, then the following is not excluded:

infectious disease;
heart disease;
the onset of a stroke;
endocrine disorders;
diseases of the nervous system;
tumor processes;
anemia.

Normal bradycardia can be observed in the following cases:

athletes (40 strokes);
in people engaged in heavy physical labor;
while taking certain medications.

It can also be a sign of disease:

poisoning;
heart attack;
stomach ulcers;
hypothyroidism;
myocardial inflammation.

How to measure

Heart rate is measured at rest in a quiet and warm room. To carry out the procedure, you will need a stopwatch and an assistant. Approximately one hour before the measurement, physical and emotional stress and smoking should be excluded. It is not recommended to take medications, drink alcoholic beverages.

To measure heart rate, you need to put your hand on your chest

The person whose heart rate will be measured can lie down or sit down. After he takes the desired position, you need to calmly lie down or sit for five minutes.

The assistant places a clean, dry hand on the chest below the left nipple in the man and under the mammary gland in the woman.

It is necessary to determine the impact on the chest in the region of the apex of the heart, which is called the apex beat. It is audible in half of healthy people in the fifth intercostal space, if the person is standing. If it cannot be determined, then it falls on the edge.

After that, you need to take a stopwatch and start counting the contractions of the human heart for a minute. If the rhythm is wrong, you need to do this for three minutes, then divide the resulting number by three.

You can measure heart rate in other places, where the arteries come close to the surface. Pulsation is well felt:

on the neck,
under the collarbone
at the temple
on shoulders,
on the thigh.

When measuring the pulse, for more accurate results, you need to do it on both sides of the body.

Athletes need to monitor their heart rate while exercising.

Maximum heart rate

This is the highest number of beats per minute that the heart can make. This indicator is used by athletes to know what maximum load the heart can be subjected to.

It is best to determine the maximum heart rate clinically, that is, this should be done by a cardiologist using a treadmill and an electrocardiograph.

There is another simplified way to find out the capabilities of your heart, but the result will be approximate. The maximum heart rate is determined by the formula:

for men - 220 minus age;
for women - 226 minus age.

Conclusion

Heart rate is one of the important indicators of the work of the heart. Like heart rate, it is widely used in medicine for diagnostic purposes, as well as in sports to monitor the intensity of training.

Heart rate is one of the main physiological indicators of the heart. The value of heart rate depends on many reasons: age, gender, environment, physical activity, the presence of diseases, and so on. This indicator is determined by counting the pulse or auscultation. A healthy person does not feel the beating of his own heart, his work goes unnoticed. If there are unpleasant sensations of the heartbeat, then this, as a rule, indicates certain deviations in its work.

The heart rate is a variable value, it can increase and decrease depending on the state of the body. Its change can be physiological, but it can also be a symptom of pathology.

Heart rate: normal

The rhythm of cardiac activity is considered correct if contractions are carried out rhythmically with a frequency of 60 to 80 beats per minute. There are physiological fluctuations in heart rate. Women usually have 7-8 more contractions per minute than men. The frequency increases after meals and at the height of inspiration. With moderate physical and psycho-emotional stress, the heart rate increases to 90-120 per minute, and with heavy loads - up to 100-150 per minute. With a sharp change in body position, the frequency increases by several beats per minute.

Heart rate above normal

An increase in heart rate above 80 is called tachycardia and is often a symptom of many pathological conditions. The appearance of tachycardia is a consequence of the high activity of the sinus node, so it is called sinus.

Sinus tachycardia is often observed in apparently healthy people. It happens with physical overload, emotions, arousal, pain, fever, alcohol, strong coffee and tea, smoking. In these cases, they speak of temporary tachycardia. This increase in heart rate gradually increases and also gradually weakens. in the form of tachycardia - a physiological phenomenon. The value of this indicator in children can be over 200 beats per minute. In athletes during the maximum load, it can reach 190-200 beats per minute.

Prolonged tachycardia is determined in many pathological conditions. Heart rate increases with increasing body temperature: with an increase in temperature by one degree, the frequency becomes more than ten contractions. The number of heartbeats above the norm occurs with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, heart diseases with myocardial damage - myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, cardiosclerosis, as well as with disorders of the central nervous system - depression,

Heart rate below normal

If the heart rate is determined by less than sixty contractions per minute, then this condition is called may be associated with the human constitution and is often family. Often people are well trained, doing physical work. In these cases, it has no clinical significance. Bradycardia is often observed in people with a labile nervous system, in which the tone of the vagus nerve predominates. A decrease in the frequency of contractions is observed in a sleeping person, during vomiting and other conditions that occur with a high tone of the vagus nerve. Bradycardia often occurs in many infectious diseases, especially those caused by viruses, sometimes it can occur with myocardial infarction, with localization of the area of necrosis in the region of the posterior wall. The appearance of bradycardia can lead to treatment with certain drugs, including beta-blockers, an overdose of potassium preparations.

Heart rate: when to be afraid?

Life goes on as long as the heart beats. Heart rate (HR) is the main indicator of how the main organ of our body works. The reflection of the frequency is the oscillatory movements of the walls of the arteries during contractions - the heart pulse. By measuring it, you can quickly verify the well-being or, conversely, the unhealthy heart.

When is heart rate monitoring needed?

It is especially important to monitor the pulse when the heart is working in an enhanced mode: during physical exertion and medical interventions. To monitor heart rate during sports, special heart sensors are usually used, which are attached to the wrist.

When measuring heart rate during medical procedures, ECG, pulse oximetry and special monitors are used to monitor the condition of seriously ill patients. The most important for doctors is the arterial pulse: along with the frequency, its rhythm, filling, tension and height are measured.

Heart rate is an indicator that does not have the most stringent normal criteria: the allowable heart rate in adults is a wide range from 60 to 90 beats per minute. Both moderate bradycardia (decrease in heart rate) and tachycardia (increase) can be a variant of the norm if a person feels normal at the same time. However, there are situations when an increase or decrease in heart rate is not the norm:

Heart rate more than 100 beats per minute in the absence of increased physical activity and stress;
Heart rate less than 50-55 (if you are a trained athlete, then this indicator may be normal for you);
tachycardia after 5 minutes or more at the end of physical labor or exercise;
if the pulse is difficult to feel, it may be a sign of heart failure.

Heart rate is affected by obesity, lack of exercise, chronic stress, and inadequate sleep patterns.

If the heart rate is higher than normal for a long time, this means that the heart is working at the limit of its capabilities. Clench your fist tightly and hold it like that for some time. Soon you will feel your muscles get tired. The same thing happens with the heart when it works in an enhanced mode.

Causes of changes in heart rate

Even with small physical exertion, the heart rate increases. This is a normal process, provided that, a few minutes after their termination, the heart rate returns to normal. However, there are situations when an increase or decrease in heart rate is dangerous, for example, in case of illness, stress or too much exercise in sports.

Diseases:

thyroid diseases (hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis);
heart disease;
violation of potassium-magnesium metabolism;
toxic or traumatic effects on the body and heart.

Stress, depression, frequent experiences.

In times of stress, our hearts work harder. If this happens constantly, then the heart muscle experiences overload, which leads to the development of serious diseases.

Excessive stress in sports.

It seems to many that sport is an endless source of health. However, too intense physical activity will not only not bring benefits, but, on the contrary, can seriously harm. And first of all, the heart.

The heart experiences the maximum load during physical exertion, so it is necessary to monitor its condition during exercise. The heart is a muscular organ, and any muscle can be trained.

The fact that at rest it has a lower heart rate in comparison with ordinary people can be considered evidence of the fitness of the heart in athletes experiencing prolonged cardio loads (skiers, long-distance runners). Athletes' hearts are capable of pumping more blood in a smaller number of contractions.

But in order for training not to cause harm, you should always focus on the safe limits of cardiac work parameters. The main indicator is the determination of the optimal frequency of contractions. In this regard, the method of the outstanding Finnish physiologist M.I. Karvonen, which allows you to determine the scope of the optimal range of heart rate during sports - the so-called "target heart rate zone". The range is calculated from resting heart rate to maximum heart rate (MHR). Depending on age and physical condition, it is 50-80% of the maximum frequency. It sounds a little complicated, but it's actually quite easy.

If A is heart rate at rest, B is age, then MHR = (220 - B). The lower limit of the target zone in this case will be A + (MHR-A) * 0.5, and the upper A + (MHR-A) * 0.8.

Now let's figure it out.

Let's say the resting heart rate of a 25-year-old man is 75 beats per minute. The maximum heart rate for him will be 220-25=195 beats. The lower value of the target zone in this case is 75+(195-75)*0.5=135, the upper value is 75+(195-75)*0.8=171.

That is, if a person aged 25 with a heart rate of 75 beats per minute while exercising, for example, on a simulator saw that the heart rate monitor shows a value of 160-165, this means that it is time to slow down. It is not worth approaching critical values, let alone exceeding them without the coach's control.

It is not in vain that heart problems occupy the first lines in the sad statistics in Russia. In the modern rhythm of life, it is easier for us not to notice the initial ones than to find time and go to the doctor.

Heart disease is not always sudden. More often they develop over the years and can be "caught" at an early stage.

One of the signs that something is not right with the heart is a significant change in heart rate, which persists for a long time. Normally, after exercise, the heart rate returns to its normal values (from 60 to 90) within a few minutes.

However, if you begin to notice one or more of the symptoms listed below, then you should immediately contact a cardiologist:

after even small physical exertion (for example, climbing stairs), the heart rate does not return to normal for a long time;
you regularly feel an increased heartbeat;
when measuring, the pulse is often above 100-120 beats per minute or, conversely, below 50;
you feel constantly tired, weak, or dizzy (even slightly).

All this is a serious reason to consult a doctor.

What to do to help the heart?

Physical exercise. Physical activity should be regular, but appropriate to the level of your training. Don't overload your heart.
Stress. Learn to cope with psychological problems and stressful situations. Try different methods: go to a psychologist, do yoga, get acquainted with meditation. The latter, by the way, thanks to deep breathing, slows down the heart rate well.
Medical treatment. If walking and deep breathing no longer help, it is worth resorting to medicines. However, in no case should you self-medicate. A change in heart rate may indicate the presence of serious diseases, and in this case, the cause needs to be treated - the disease itself.
Food. Proper nutrition will provide the body with the necessary substances. But it is better to refuse coffee, alcohol, cigarettes. It is also helpful to reduce the amount of salt in food.
Relaxation. The contraction of the heart muscle is replaced by relaxation. And in life it is important to maintain balance. Do not forget: hard work should be replaced by good rest.