Severe degree of radiation sickness. Radiation sickness: signs, symptoms and consequences

It occurs under the influence of exposure to significant areas of the body of ionizing radiation, which leads to the death of dividing cells.

Ionizing radiation is a stream of particles and electromagnetic quanta that are formed during nuclear reactions (radioactive decay).

In the human body, these particles disrupt various functions or destroy living cells.

Radiation sickness is the result of exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation on tissues, cells and body fluids. At the same time, there are changes in molecular level with the formation of reactive compounds in tissues and body fluids, leading to the appearance of toxins in the blood or cell death.

With radiation sickness, radical changes in the function of the nervous and endocrine systems, violation of the regulation of the activity of other body systems, as well as damage to the cells of the hematopoietic tissue bone marrow and in intestinal tissues. Irradiation leads to a decrease in the body's defenses, which contributes to intoxication and hemorrhage in various bodies and fabrics.

Radiation sickness is acute and chronic. The acute form of the disease has 4 degrees of severity, which depends on the dose received: I degree - mild (dose 100-200 rem); II degree - medium (dose 200-400 rem); III degree– heavy (400–600 rem); IV degree - extremely severe (over 600 rem).

Chronic radiation sickness develops with repeated irradiation of the body in small doses, whose total dose exceeds 100 rad. The severity of the disease depends not only on the total dose of radiation, but also on its power.

Radiation sickness can occur as a result of accidents or total exposure in medicinal purposes, for example, in bone marrow transplantation or the treatment of multiple tumors.

Radioactive damage also occurs when radioactive fallout occurs, when radionuclides, which are a product of radioactive decay, enter the body. They decay with the emission of ionizing radiation.

Symptoms

Symptoms of acute radiation sickness depend on the dose of radiation and the time elapsed after it.

Sometimes there are no primary symptoms at all.

However, nausea and vomiting appear after a few hours.

The main characteristic of radionuclides is the half-life, that is, the period of time during which the number of radioactive atoms is halved.

Workers of X-ray and radiological services very often develop chronic radiation sickness.

The cause of the disease is poor control over radiation sources, violations of safety regulations by personnel when working with X-ray units, etc.

Diagnosis of radiation sickness is carried out when clinical signs irradiation. The dose of radiation received is determined by chromosomal analysis of cells or by dosimetric data.

Treatment of chronic radiation sickness is symptomatic, aimed at reducing or eliminating the symptoms of asthenia, restoring normal composition blood, treatment of concomitant diseases.

With moderate radiation sickness, the primary reaction is more pronounced: already 1–3 hours after exposure to ionizing radiation, the patient starts vomiting, which stops only after 5–6 hours. In severe radiation sickness, vomiting occurs 30–60 minutes after exposure, and stops after 6-12 hours. In extremely severe radiation sickness, the primary reaction occurs immediately (no later than 30 minutes after exposure).

Irradiation leads to damage to the small intestine (enteritis), which is expressed in bloating, diarrhea and fever. Often damaged colon, stomach and liver (radiation hepatitis). With radiation dermatitis, the skin is affected (burns), hair falls out.

Irradiation can also affect the eyes (radiation cataract), retina and increase intraocular pressure.

The main symptoms of chronic radiation sickness are asthenic syndrome(weakness, fatigue, decreased performance, irritability) and hematopoiesis suppression (decrease in the number of leukocytes, platelets,

Modern people have a remote understanding of radiation and its consequences, because the last large-scale catastrophe occurred more than 30 years ago. Ionizing radiation is invisible, but can cause dangerous and irreversible changes in the human body. In large, single doses, it is absolutely deadly.

What is radiation sickness?

This term refers to a pathological condition provoked by exposure to any type of radiation. It is accompanied by symptoms depending on several factors:

type of ionizing radiation;
received dose;
the rate at which radiation exposure enters the body;
source localization;
dose distribution in the human body.

Acute radiation sickness

This course of pathology occurs as a result of uniform exposure a large number radiation. Acute radiation sickness develops at radiation doses exceeding 100 rad (1 Gy). This volume of radioactive particles must be obtained once, over a short period of time. Radiation sickness of this form immediately causes noticeable clinical manifestations. At doses of more than 10 Gy, a person dies after a short torment.

chronic radiation sickness

The type of problem under consideration is a complex clinical syndrome. The chronic course of the disease is observed if the doses of radioactive exposure are low, amounting to 10-50 rad per day for a long time. Specific signs of pathology appear when the total amount of ionization reaches 70-100 rad (0.7-1 Gy). Difficulty timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment consists in intensive processes of cell renewal. Damaged tissues are restored, and the symptoms remain invisible for a long time.

The characteristic signs of the described pathology occur under the influence of:

x-ray radiation;
ions, including alpha and beta;
gamma rays;
neutrons;
protons;
muons and other elementary particles.

Causes of acute radiation sickness:

man-made disasters in the field of nuclear energy;
the use of total irradiation in oncology, hematology, rheumatology;
use of nuclear weapons.

Radiation sickness with a chronic course develops against the background of:

frequent radiological or radionuclide studies in medicine;
professional activities related to ionizing radiation;
eating contaminated food and water;
living in a radioactive area.

Forms of radiation sickness

The types of pathology presented are classified separately for acute and chronic nature diseases. In the first case, the following forms are distinguished:

Bone marrow. Corresponds to a radiation dose of 1-6 Gy. This is the only type of pathology that has degrees of severity and periods of progression.
transitional. Develops after exposure to ionizing radiation at a dose of 6-10 Gy. Dangerous state sometimes ending in death.
Intestinal. Occurs when exposed to radiation 10-20 Gy. Specific signs are observed in the first minutes of the lesion, death occurs after 8-16 days due to the complete loss of the intestinal epithelium.
Vascular. Another name is the toxemic form of acute radiation sickness, it corresponds to an ionization dose of 20-80 Gy. Death occurs in 4-7 days due to severe hemodynamic disorders.
Cerebral (lightning, acute). The clinical picture is accompanied by loss of consciousness and sharp drop blood pressure after exposure to radiation 80-120 Gy. Death observed in the first 3 days, sometimes a person dies within a few hours.
Death under the beam. At doses of more than 120 Gy, a living organism dies instantly.

Radiation chronic illness is divided into 3 types:

Basic. External uniform exposure to radiation for a long time.
Heterogeneous. Includes both external and internal exposure with a selective effect on certain bodies and fabrics.
Combined. Uneven exposure to radiation (local and systemic) with overall impact for the whole body.

Degrees of radiation sickness

The severity of the violation in question is assessed according to the amount of radiation received. Degrees of manifestation of radiation sickness:

light - 1-2 Gy;
moderate - 2-4 Gy;
heavy - 4-6 Gy;
extremely heavy - more than 6 Gy.

Radiation sickness - symptoms

The clinical picture of the pathology depends on its form and degree of damage. internal organs and fabrics. General signs radiation sickness at a mild stage:

weakness;
nausea;
headache;
pronounced blush;
drowsiness;
fatigue;
feeling of dryness.

Symptoms of more severe radiation exposure:

vomit;
fever;
diarrhea;
pronounced redness of the skin;
fainting;
strong headache;
hypotension;
fuzzy pulse;
lack of coordination;
convulsive twitching of the limbs;
lack of appetite;
bleeding;
the formation of ulcers on the mucous membranes;
hair loss;
thinning, brittle nails;
violations of the genital organs;
respiratory infections;
trembling fingers;
disappearance of tendon reflexes;
decreased muscle tone;
internal hemorrhages;
deterioration of higher brain activity;
hepatitis and others.

Periods of radiation sickness

Acute radiation damage occurs in 4 stages. Each period depends on the stage of radiation sickness and its severity:

primary reaction. The initial stage lasts 1-5 days, its duration is calculated depending on the received radiation dose - the amount in Gy + 1. The main symptom of the primary reaction is considered acute, including 5 basic signs - headache, weakness, vomiting, redness of the skin and body temperature.
Imaginary well-being. The "walking corpse" phase is characterized by the absence of a specific clinical picture. The patient thinks that the radiation sickness has receded, but pathological changes progress in the body. Diagnosis of the disease is possible only by violations of the blood composition.
Razgar. At this stage, most of the symptoms listed above are observed. Their severity depends on the severity of the lesion and the dose of ionizing radiation received.
Recovery. At allowable amount radiation compatible with life, and adequate therapy the recovery begins. All organs and systems gradually return to normal functioning.

Radiation sickness - treatment

Therapy is developed after the results of the examination of the affected person. Effective treatment of radiation sickness depends on the degree of damage and the severity of the pathology. When receiving small doses of radiation, it comes down to stopping the symptoms of poisoning and cleansing the body of toxins. In severe cases it is necessary special therapy aimed at correcting any violations that have arisen.

Radiation sickness - first aid

If a person has been exposed to radiation, a team of specialists should be called immediately. Before they arrive, you need to perform some manipulations.

Acute radiation sickness - first aid:

Completely undress the victim (clothing is then disposed of).
Thoroughly wash the body under the shower.
Rinse eyes, mouth and nasal cavity soda solution.
Rinse the stomach and intestines.
Give an antiemetic (Metoclopramide or any equivalent).

Acute radiation sickness - treatment

Upon admission to the hospital of the clinic, a person is placed in a sterile ward (box) to prevent infection and other complications of the described pathology. Radiation sickness requires the following therapeutic regimen:

Cessation of vomiting. Ondansetron, Metoclopramide, neuroleptic Chlorpromazine are prescribed. If there is an ulcer better fit platyfillin hydrotartrate or atropine sulfate.
Detoxification. Droppers with physiological and glucose solution, Dextran preparations are used.
replacement therapy. Severe radiation sickness parenteral nutrition. For this, fat emulsions and solutions with high content trace elements, amino acids and vitamins - Intralipid, Lipofundin, Infezol, Aminol and others.
Restoration of blood composition. To accelerate the formation of granulocytes and increase their concentration in the body, Filgrastim is administered intravenously. Most patients with radiation sickness are additionally shown daily transfusion of donor blood.
Treatment and prevention of infections. Strong ones are needed - Metillicin, Tseporin, Kanamycin and analogues. Biological-type preparations, for example, hyperimmune, anti-staphylococcal plasma, help to increase their effectiveness.
Activity suppression intestinal microflora and fungi. In this case, antibiotics are also prescribed - Neomycin, Gentamicin, Ristomycin. Nystatin, Amphotericin B is used to prevent candidiasis.
Virus therapy. Acyclovir is recommended as a preventive treatment.
Fighting bleeding. Improvement of blood clotting and strengthening of vascular walls provide steroid hormones, Dicinon, Rutin, fibrinogen protein, E-ACC preparation.
Restoration of microcirculation and prevention of blood clots. Heparins are used - Nadroparin, Enoxaparin and synonyms.
Relief of inflammatory processes. Maximum quick effect produces Prednisolone in small doses.
collapse prevention. Shown are Niketamide, Phenylephrine, Sulfocamphocaine.
Improvement of neuroendocrine regulation. Novocaine is administered intravenously, B vitamins, calcium gluconate are additionally used.
Antiseptic treatment of ulcers on mucous membranes. Recommended rinsing with soda or novocaine solution, Furacilin, hydrogen peroxide, propolis emulsion and similar agents.
Local therapy of the affected skin. Wet dressings with Rivanol, Linol, Furacilin are applied to the burned areas.
symptomatic treatment. Depending on the symptoms present, patients are prescribed sedatives, antihistamines and painkillers, tranquilizers.

Chronic radiation sickness - treatment

The main aspect of therapy in this situation is the cessation of contact with radiation. With a mild degree of damage, it is recommended:

fortified diet;
physiotherapy;
natural stimulants of the nervous system (schizandra, ginseng and others);
bromine preparations with caffeine;
B vitamins;
according to indications - tranquilizers.

Radiation sickness is a pathological condition of a person, which is caused by a systematic effect on the body of radioactive irradiation. The clinical picture appears if the radiation dose exceeds 100 rad (1 Gy). If the dose is less than indicated, then we can talk about the asymptomatic course of radiation sickness.

Etiology

Etiological factors that can provoke the development of radiation sickness are the following:

short, but intense impact on the body of radiation waves;
systematic exposure of a person to X-ray waves;
ingestion of radioactive compounds.

Irradiation is possible even in the case of a slight contact with the skin of radioactive rays. In this case, signs of the disease appear on the affected area of \u200b\u200bthe skin. If at this stage the necessary medical care is not provided and treatment is not started, the disease can give serious complications.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of radiation sickness is quite simple. Radiation that penetrates human tissue is the cause of the formation of an oxidative reaction. Against the background of this process, the antioxidant defense system is significantly weakened and cannot fully perform its functions. As a result, the affected cells die. This mechanism of development of the disease leads to a violation normal functioning such systems:

central nervous system;
cardiovascular;
endocrine;
hematopoietic.

How large dose radiation received by a person, the faster will develop clinical picture. In addition, it is worth noting that if a person is at this time near the explosion or at its epicenter, the body will be additionally affected:

exposure to mechanical and light energy;
heat.

Therefore, in addition to violations in the functioning of systems, chemical burns are possible.

The degree of development of the disease and forms

There are two forms of radiation sickness - chronic and acute. Chronic radiation sickness may show no signs at all until a certain moment. Acute radiation sickness has a well-defined clinical picture.

IN modern medicine There are four degrees of radiation sickness:

mild (irradiation up to 2 Gy);
medium (from 2 to 4 Gy);
heavy (from 4 to 6 Gy);
very heavy (more than 6 Gy).

The last two stages of the disease have already irreversible processes. Not an exception - a lethal outcome.

General symptoms

Chronic radiation sickness occurs in early stages asymptomatic. The clinical picture appears somewhat later.

Acute radiation sickness manifests itself in the form of such symptoms:

severe headache, sometimes accompanied by dizziness;
nausea and vomiting;
nose bleed;
general malaise, weakness;
seen on blood test increased content And ;
in some places the skin turns red and begins to itch.

The period of manifestation of such symptoms lasts no more than one week. As the disease develops, the clinical picture is supplemented by the following symptoms:

low body temperature;
Strong headache;
cramps in the lower extremities;
loss of appetite, nausea;
unstable blood pressure.

With the last degree of development of acute radiation sickness, the general condition of the patient worsens significantly, the clinical picture is supplemented by the following symptoms:

hair loss, thinning of the skin and nail plates;
violation of the genitourinary system (in women, a violation menstrual cycle, men have problems with potency);
the formation of ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth, intestines and stomach;
fever, for no apparent reason;
severely weakened immunity.

Last period of development acute form disease begins approximately 4 weeks after exposure. Restoring the functionality of the systems is possible if the correct treatment is started. The most difficult thing is to restore the functioning of the genitourinary system.

It is noteworthy that in the second stage of the development of acute radiation sickness, the symptoms may partially disappear, the patient's condition may improve significantly. But this does not say anything about the recovery of a person.

After radiation sickness, the likelihood of developing complications is high. Most often this is due to the work of the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system.

Classification of the disease

In modern medicine, types of radiation sickness are distinguished according to the time and nature of localization.

According to the time of irradiation, the following forms are distinguished:

single;
prolonged;
chronic.

According to the nature of localization:

local or general form;
uniform or uneven.

As shows medical practice, acute stage The development of the disease is accompanied by lesions in all areas of the skin and at all levels - tissue, molecular, organ. Almost always there is swelling of the brain. If the patient is not given the correct treatment, then a lethal outcome is not ruled out.

Diagnostics

If you have the above symptoms, you should immediately contact an oncologist or therapist. After a personal examination and clarification of symptoms, a general history, laboratory and instrumental methods of research are carried out.

To the program laboratory research includes the following:

blood clotting testing.

Concerning instrumental methods studies, the standard program includes such analyzes:

puncture biopsy of the bone marrow;
electroencephalography.

Only on the basis of all the tests passed, it is possible to accurately diagnose, identify the degree of development of the disease and prescribe the correct course of treatment.

It should be noted that the diagnostic program can be supplemented by other research methods. It all depends on the degree of development of radiation sickness and what systems human body involved in the pathological process.

Treatment

Radiation sickness of a person at an early stage is treated quite well. But it should be understood that such an effect of radiation on the human body does not pass without a trace. After completing the course of treatment, the patient needs a long period of rehabilitation.

Drug treatment involves taking such drugs:

antihistamines;
antibiotics;
for general strengthening immune system;
vitamin complexes.

If the patient is diagnosed with the third stage of the disease, then in addition to the above drugs, antihemorrhagic agents are prescribed. Blood transfusion is also mandatory.

In addition, at any stage of the development of the disease, physiotherapy procedures are used - oxygen masks and exercise therapy. It is worth noting that during this period it is very important for the patient to eat right. Proper Treatment radiation sickness gives positive results and significantly reduces the risk of serious diseases.

Nutrition for radiation sickness

During the period of treatment and medication, the patient should eat right:

consume the optimal amount of liquid - at least 2 liters per day (including juices and tea);
do not drink while eating;
steamed food is preferred;
the consumption of fatty, spicy, salty foods is minimized.

You need to eat in small portions, but quite often - at least 5 times a day. Smoking and alcohol consumption are naturally excluded.

Possible Complications

Depending on the nature of the development of the disease and general condition health of the patient, radiation sickness can cause complications. The most common side effects of radiation sickness are:

ophthalmic diseases;
malignant tumors that can cause severe cancer;
complete baldness of the human skin;
disorders in hematopoiesis.

Such complications can be avoided at least partially if the disease is diagnosed at an early stage and the correct treatment is started. Therefore, at the first symptoms, you should immediately seek medical help.

Prevention

Prevention of radiation sickness is especially important for those people who live in the area increased radiation. But such events are also important for residents of other countries.

For people who are at risk, prevention is as follows:

taking vitamins of group B6, P, C;
hormonal anabolic drugs;
drugs to strengthen the immune system.

But you need to consume such drugs strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

General prevention includes taking radioprotectors, vitamins and general strengthening immunity. These measures minimize the risk of developing pathological process. If a person has the above signs of illness, you should immediately seek medical help. Procrastination or self-medication can not only accelerate the development of the disease, but also cause the development of serious complications.

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY

Treatment of acute radiation sickness is carried out in a complex manner, taking into account the form, period of the disease, severity and is aimed at stopping the main syndromes of the disease. At the same time, it should be remembered that only the bone marrow form of ARS can be treated, the therapy of the most acute forms (intestinal, vascular-toxemic and cerebral), in terms of recovery, is not yet effective all over the world.

One of the conditions determining the success of treatment is the timeliness of hospitalization of patients. Patients with bone marrow form of ARS grade IV and the most acute forms of diseases (intestinal, vascular toxemic, cerebral) are hospitalized according to the severity of the condition immediately after the lesion. Most patients with bone marrow I-III degree after stopping the primary reaction, they are able to perform official duties until signs of the height of ARS appear. In this regard, patients with ARS of the 1st degree should be hospitalized only when clinical signs of a peak or development of leukopenia appear (4-5 weeks), with moderate and severe degrees, hospitalization is desirable from the first day in a favorable environment and is strictly required from 18-20 and 7 -10 days respectively.

Measures for urgent indications are carried out in case of radiation injuries during the period of the primary reaction to radiation, the development of intestinal and cerebral syndromes, according to vital indications in case of combined radiation injuries, as well as in case of ingestion of radioactive substances.

When irradiated in doses (10-80 Gy), causing the development of an intestinal or vascular-toxemic form of acute radiation sickness, symptoms of intestinal damage, the so-called early primary radiation gastroenterocolitis, begin to come to the fore already during the primary reaction. Complex emergency care in these cases, it should consist mainly of means of combating vomiting and dehydration of the body. If vomiting occurs, the use of dimetpramide (2% solution of 1 ml) or aminazine (0.5% solution of 1 ml) is indicated. However, it should be remembered that the introduction of these drugs is contraindicated in collapse. Dinetrol is an effective means of stopping vomiting and diarrhea in the intestinal form of acute radiation sickness. In addition to antiemetic action, it has analgesic and tranquilizing effect. In extremely severe cases, accompanied by diarrhea, signs of dehydration and hypochloremia, intravenous administration of 10% sodium chloride solution, saline solution or 5% glucose solution is advisable. For the purpose of detoxification, transfusion of low molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidol, polyglucin and saline solutions is indicated. With a sharp decrease in blood pressure, caffeine and mezaton should be administered intramuscularly. In severe cases, these drugs are administered intravenously, and with their low effectiveness, noradrenaline is added in combination with polyglucin. Can also be used camphor (subcutaneously), and with symptoms of heart failure - corglicon or strophanthin (intravenously).

An even more serious condition of patients requiring urgent interventions by medical personnel occurs when cerebral form acute radiation sickness (occurring after exposure to doses above 80 Gy). In the pathogenesis of such lesions, the leading role belongs to radiation damage to the central nervous system with early and profound impairment of its function. Patients with cerebral syndrome cannot be saved and they should be treated with symptomatic therapy aimed at alleviating their suffering (analgesics, sedatives, antiemetics, anticonvulsants).

In case of combined radiation injuries, the complex of measures provided as emergency medical care consists in combining methods and means of treating acute radiation sickness and non-radiation injuries. Depending on the specific types of injuries, as well as the leading component of the lesion in a given period, the content and sequence of assistance may vary, but in general they represent single system complex treatment. During the acute period (i.e. immediately and shortly after injury) with radiation-mechanical lesions, the main efforts should be directed to providing emergency and urgent care for mechanical and gunshot injuries(stopping bleeding, maintaining the function of the heart and breathing, anesthesia, immobilization, etc.). In severe injuries complicated by shock, it is necessary to carry out anti-shock therapy. Surgical interventions are carried out only for health reasons. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that surgical trauma can increase the severity of the syndrome of mutual burdening. Therefore, the surgical intervention should be minimal in volume and carried out under reliable anesthesia. During this period, only emergency resuscitation and anti-shock operations are performed.

With radiation-burn injuries health care in the acute period, it consists in anesthesia, the imposition of primary dressings and immobilization, and in case of burn shock, in addition, in anti-shock therapy. In cases where, when there are manifestations of a primary reaction to radiation, their relief is indicated. The use of antibiotics in the acute period is primarily aimed at preventing the development of wound infection.

When radioactive substances enter the gastrointestinal tract emergency help consists of measures aimed at preventing their absorption into the blood and accumulation in the internal organs. To do this, the victims are prescribed adsorbents. At the same time, it should be remembered that adsorbents do not have polyvalent properties, and in each individual case it is necessary to use appropriate adsorbents that are effective for binding a particular type of radioisotope. For example, when strontium and barium isotopes enter the gastrointestinal tract, adsorbar, polysurmin, highly oxidized cellulose and calcium alginate are effective; when radioactive iodine enters the body - stable iodine preparations. To prevent the absorption of cesium isotopes, the use of ferrocin, bentonite clay, vermiculite (hydromica), Prussian blue is shown. Such well-known sorbents as activated carbon (carbolene) and white clay are practically ineffective in these cases due to the fact that they are not able to capture small amounts of substances. Ion-exchange resins are used with great success for these purposes. Radio active substances, which are in the cationic (for example, strontium-90, barium-140, polonium-210) or anionic (molybdenum-99, tellurium-127, uranium-238) form, replace the corresponding group in the resin and bind to it, which reduces by 1 ,5-2 times their resorption in the intestine.

Adsorbents should be applied immediately after establishing the fact of internal contamination, since radioactive substances are absorbed very quickly. So, when uranium fission products get inside, after 3 hours up to 35-50% of radioactive strontium has time to be absorbed from the intestine and deposited in the bones. Radioactive substances are absorbed very quickly and in large quantities from wounds, as well as from the respiratory tract. Isotopes deposited in tissues and organs are very difficult to remove from the body.

After the use of adsorbents, it is necessary to take measures to release the gastrointestinal intestinal tract from content. Optimal time for this are the first 1-1.5 hours after the incorporation of radionuclides, but without fail this should be done at a later date. Apomorphine and some other drugs that cause vomiting are effective means for releasing the contents of the stomach. With contraindications to the use of apomorphine, it is necessary to wash the stomach with water.

Since isotopes can linger in the intestines for a long time, especially in the large intestine (for example, poorly absorbed transuranium and rare earth elements), siphon and conventional enemas should be administered to clean these sections of the intestinal tract, as well as saline laxatives should be prescribed.

In case of inhalation contamination with radioactive substances, the victims are given expectorants and the stomach is washed. When prescribing these procedures, it should be remembered that 50-80% of the radionuclides that linger in the upper respiratory tract soon enter the stomach as a result of swallowing sputum. In some cases, it is advisable to use inhalation in the form of aerosols substances that are able to bind radioisotopes and form complex compounds. Subsequently, these compounds are absorbed into the blood and then excreted in the urine. Similar assistance should be provided when radioactive substances enter the blood and lymph, i.e. at a later stage after infection. For these purposes, it is recommended to prescribe pentacin (trisodium calcium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), which has the ability to bind such radionuclides as plutonium, transplutonium elements, radioactive isotopes of rare earth elements, zinc and some others into stable non-dissociating complexes.

To prevent the absorption of radioactive substances from wound surfaces, the wounds must be washed with an adsorbent or saline solution.

IN THE PERIOD OF THE PRIMARY REACTION of the bone marrow form of ARS, treatment is carried out in order to preserve the combat and working capacity of the victim and early pathogenetic therapy. The first includes the use of antiemetics, psychostimulants (dimetpramide, dimetkarb, dixafen, methaclopramide, diphenidol, atropine, chlorpromazine, aeron, etc.). To prevent nausea and vomiting, it is taken orally a tablet of dimetcarb or dimedpramide 20 mg 3 times a day, as well as chlorpromazine (especially against the background of psychomotor agitation) 25 mg 2 times a day. With developed vomiting, dimetpramide is administered intramuscularly in 1 ml of a 2% solution or dixafen in 1 ml, or aminazine in 1 ml of a 0.5% solution, or subcutaneously atropine in 1 ml of a 0.1% solution. Cordiamin, caffeine, camphor can be used to combat hemodynamic disorders, with collapse - prednisolone, mezaton, norepinephrine, polyglucin, with heart failure - corglicon, strophanthin). With indomitable vomiting, diarrhea and symptoms of dehydration - 10% sodium chloride solution, saline.

The basis of the early pathogenetic therapy are the development of post-radiation toxicosis and inhibition of cell proliferation processes, accompanied by a decrease in the synthesis of protective proteins, suppression of phagocytosis, the function of immunocompetent cells, etc. This therapy consists of detoxifying, antiproteolytic therapy, the use of agents that restore microcirculation, stimulate hematopoiesis and nonspecific immunological resistance of the body.

Post-radiation toxicosis develops immediately after irradiation as a result of the accumulation of so-called radiotoxins in cells and tissues, which, depending on the timing of appearance and chemical nature, are divided into primary and secondary. Primary radiotoxins include products of water radiolysis, substances of a quinoid nature, and compounds that appear during lipid oxidation (aldehydes, ketones, etc.). Secondary radiotoxins are the result of the decay of radiosensitive tissues; predominantly, these are the products of oxidation of phenolic and hydroaromatic compounds formed in excess. They appear at the later stages of the formation of radiation injury as a result of deep biochemical changes in the metabolism and physiological disorders. Radiotoxins, having high biological activity, can cause breaks in chemical bonds in DNA molecules and prevent their repair, contribute to the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations, damage the structure of cell membranes, and suppress cell division processes.

The means and methods of pathogenetic therapy are aimed at preventing the occurrence or reducing the formation of toxic products, inactivating or reducing their activity, and increasing the rate of elimination of toxins from the body. The latter can be achieved by forcing diuresis using osmotic diuretics. However, since these measures can cause undesirable shifts in the water-electrolyte balance, at present, in the system of combating early post-radiation toxemia, preference is given to detoxifiers - plasma substitutes of hemodynamic, detoxification and polyfunctional action. Among the first, in the mechanism of action of which the main role is played by the effect of "diluting" the concentration of toxins and accelerating their elimination, are polyglucin, reopoliglyukin and some other drugs based on dextran. The introduction of these drugs not only provides a dilution of the concentration of radiotoxins, but also binds them. Polyvinylpyrrolidone derivatives gemodez (6% PVP solution), aminodesis (a mixture of PVP, amino acids and sorbitol), gluconodesis (a mixture of PVP and glucose), preparations based on low molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol - polyvisoline (a mixture of NSAIDs, glucose, potassium, sodium and magnesium salts), rheogluman (10% dextran solution with the addition of 5% mannitol), in addition to the complexing action, also has a pronounced hemodynamic effect, which improves blood microcirculation and improves lymphatic drainage, reduces blood viscosity, and inhibits the processes of aggregation of formed elements.

Many detoxifiers-plasma substitutes have an immunocorrective effect (stimulate the system of mononuclear phagocytes, interferon synthesis, migration and cooperation of T- and B-lymphocytes), which ensures a more favorable course of post-radiation repair processes.

Very effective are the methods of extracorporeal sorption detoxification - hemosorption and plasmapheresis. At present, the positive effect of hemosorption has already been confirmed by a large practice in the treatment of patients with acute radiation injury, however, this procedure causes a number of undesirable consequences (increases thrombus formation, hypovolemia, increases blood viscosity, hypotension, causes nausea, chills). Plasmapheresis is more promising in this regard, it is a transfusiological procedure, which consists in removing a certain volume of plasma from the bloodstream while replenishing with an adequate amount of plasma-substituting fluids. Plasmapheresis in the first 3 days after irradiation, in the mechanisms of therapeutic action of which, it is believed, not only the elimination of antigens and autoimmune complexes, decay products of radiosensitive tissues, inflammatory mediators and other "radiotoxins", but also the improvement of the rheological properties of blood. Unfortunately, the methods of extracorporeal detoxification are very laborious and therefore can be applied mainly at the stage of specialized medical care, if the appropriate forces and means are available.

The development of toxemia and microcirculation disorders in the first days after irradiation is partly associated with the activation of proteolytic enzymes and disseminated intravascular coagulation. To mitigate these disorders, the use of protease inhibitors (kontrykal, trasilol, gordox, etc.) and direct anticoagulants (heparin) during the first 2-3 days of the irradiation field in radiation sickness III-IY degrees is indicated.

In addition to detoxifiers, a large group of drugs used in the early stages after irradiation are biologically active substances of natural and synthetic origin: cytokines, interferon inducers, polyribonucleotides, nucleosides, coenzymes, some hormonal drugs.

The mechanisms of their anti-radiation action are associated with an increase in radioresistance of tissues by activating the processes of migration of lymphoid cells to the bone marrow, an increase in the number of receptors on immunocompetent cells, an increase in the interaction of macrophages with T- and B-lymphocytes, an increase in the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, and activation of granulocytopoiesis. At the same time, the synthesis of gamma globulin, nucleic acids and lysosomal enzymes is stimulated, the phagocytic activity of macrophages is enhanced, the production of lysozyme, beta-lysines, etc. is increased. Some macromolecular compounds (polysaccharides, exogenous RNA and DNA) are also capable of absorbing and inactivating radiotoxins.

Carrying out early pathogenetic therapy, as a rule, will be carried out only in hospitals.

IN THE HIDDEN PERIOD

In the latent period, sanitation of possible foci of infection is carried out. Sedatives, antihistamines (phenazepam, diphenhydramine, pipolfen, etc.), vitamin preparations (group B, C, P) can be prescribed. In some cases, with an extremely severe degree of acute radiation sickness from a relatively uniform irradiation (a dose equal to or more than 6 Gy), if possible, on the 5-6th day, it is possible earlier, after irradiation, transplantation of an allogeneic or syngeneic (previously prepared) can be performed. from the injured and preserved) bone marrow. Allogeneic bone marrow should be selected according to the ABO group, Rh factor and typed according to the HLA antigenic system of leukocytes and the lymphocytic MS test. The number of cells in the transplant should be at least 15-20 billion. Transplantation is usually carried out by intravenous administration bone marrow. When transplanting bone marrow to an irradiated person, we can count on three effects: engraftment of the transplanted bone marrow of a donor with subsequent reproduction of stem cells, stimulation of the remnants of the victim's bone marrow, and replacement of the affected bone marrow with a donor one without engraftment.

Engraftment of donor bone marrow is possible almost against the background of complete suppression of the immune activity of the irradiated person. Therefore, bone marrow transplantation is performed with active immunosuppressive therapy with antilymphocyte serum or 6% antilymphocyte globulin solution using corticosteroid hormones. The engraftment with the production of full-fledged cells occurs no earlier than 7-14 days after transplantation. Against the background of an accustomed transplant, the revival of the remnants of the irradiated hematopoiesis can occur, which inevitably leads to an immune conflict between one's own bone marrow and the engrafted donor's. In international literature, this is called a secondary disease (foreign transplant rejection disease), and the effect of temporary engraftment of a donor's bone marrow in the body of an irradiated person is called "radiation chimeras". To enhance reparative processes in the bone marrow in patients who received sublethal radiation doses (less than 6 Gy), untyped allogeneic bone marrow compatible with ABO and Rh factor at a dose of 10-15x10 9 cells can be used as a stimulating hematopoiesis and replacement agent. At the end of the latent period, the patient is transferred to a special mode. In anticipation of agranulocytosis and during it, to combat exogenous infection, it is necessary to create an aseptic regimen: bedding with maximum isolation (dispersal of patients, boxed wards with bactericidal lamps, aseptic boxes, sterile wards).

DURING THE HIGH PERIOD, therapeutic and preventive measures are carried out primarily aimed at:

Replacement therapy and restoration of hematopoiesis;

Prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic syndrome;

Prevention and treatment of infectious complications.

Treatment of acute radiation sickness should be carried out intensively and comprehensively using not only pathogenetically substantiated means, but also symptomatic drug therapy.

The staff, before entering the ward to the patient, puts on gauze respirators, an additional gown and shoes that are on a rug moistened with a 1% chloramine solution. Systematic bacterial control of air and items in the ward is carried out. Careful oral care is required, hygienic treatment of the skin with an antiseptic solution. When choosing antibacterial agents, one should be guided by the results of determining the sensitivity of the microorganism to antibiotics. In cases where individual bacteriological control is not possible (for example, with a massive influx of affected), it is recommended to selectively determine antibiotic sensitivity to microorganisms isolated from individual victims.

For the treatment of this contingent of patients, antibiotics should be used, to which the most common pathogenic strain of the microbe is sensitive. If bacteriological control is not possible, antibiotics are prescribed empirically, and the therapeutic effect is assessed by body temperature and clinical symptoms characterizing the severity of the infectious process.

Prevention of agranulocytic infectious complications begins within 8-15 days, depending on the severity of ARS (stage II-III) or a decrease in the number of leukocytes less than 1x10 9 /l with maximum doses of bactericidal antibiotics, which are prescribed empirically even before determining the type of pathogen

The use of sulfonamides, due to the fact that they increase granulocytopenia, should be avoided, they are used only in the absence of antibiotics. Antibiotics of choice are semi-synthetic penicillins (ocacillin, methicillin, ampicillin 0.5 orally 4 times a day, carbenicillin). The effect is assessed by the clinical manifestations of the first 48 hours (decrease in fever, disappearance or smoothing of focal symptoms of infection). If there is no effect, it is necessary to replace these antibiotics with tseporin (3-6 g per day) and gentamicin (120-180 mg per day), ampiox, kanamycin (0.5 2 times a day), doxycycline, carbenicillin, lincomycin, rimfampicin. The replacement is made empirically, without taking into account the data of bacteriological studies. If successful, continue the introduction of the drug until the exit from agranulocytosis - an increase in the content of leukocytes in the peripheral blood to 2.0-3.0x10 9 /l (7-10 days). The emergence of a new focus of inflammation on this antibiotic regimen requires a change in drugs. If possible, regular bacteriological examination is carried out, while antibiotic therapy becomes targeted. Antibiotics are administered (including penicillin up to 20 million units per day) at intervals not exceeding 6 hours. If there is no effect, you can add another antibiotic, for example, carbencillin (20 grams per course), reverin, gentomycin. To prevent superinfection with fungi, nystatin is prescribed 1 million units per day 4-6 times or levorin or amphitericin. In severe staphylococcal lesions of the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx, pneumonia, septicemia, antistaphylococcal plasma or antistaphylococcal gamma globulin, other directional globulins are also indicated. In acute radiation sickness of 2 and 3 degrees, it is desirable to introduce agents that increase the nonspecific resistance of the body.

To combat hemorrhagic syndrome, drugs are used in appropriate doses that compensate for platelet deficiency. First of all, it is a platelet mass. Previously, it (300x109 cells in 200-250 ml of plasma per transfusion) is irradiated at a dose of 15 Gy to inactivate immunocomponent cells. Transfusions begin with a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood less than 20x10 9 cells / l. In total, each patient produces from 3 to 8 transfusions. In addition, in the absence of platelet mass, direct blood transfusions, native or freshly prepared blood for no more than 1 day of storage are possible (the presence of a stabilizer and storage of blood for a longer time increase the hemorrhagic syndrome in ARS and transfusion of such blood is not desirable, except in cases of anemic bleeding). Also used are agents that enhance blood coagulation (aminocaproic acid, amben), affecting the vascular wall (serotonin, dicynon, ascorutin). In case of bleeding from the mucous membranes, local hemostatic agents should be used: thrombin, a hemostatic sponge, tampons moistened with a solution of epsilon-aminocaproic acid, as well as dry plasma (it can be applied topically for bleeding from the nose, wounds)

In case of anemia, blood transfusions of single-group Rh-compatible blood are necessary, preferably - erythrocyte mass, erythropoiesis, direct transfusions of freshly prepared blood for no more than 1 day of storage. Hematopoietic stimulants are not prescribed during the peak period. Moreover, leukopoiesis stimulants pentoxyl, sodium nucleinate, tezan-25 cause depletion of the bone marrow and aggravate the course of the disease. To eliminate toxemia, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, 5% glucose solution, gemodez, polyglucin and other liquids are dripped into the vein, sometimes in combination with diuretics (lasix, mannitol, etc.), especially with cerebral edema. Doses control the volume of diuresis and indicators of the electrolyte composition.

With a pronounced oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal syndrome - nutrition through a permanent (anorexia) nasal probe (special nutrition, pureed food), prescribe pepsin, antispasmodics, pancreatin, dermatol, calcium carbonate in generally accepted doses. With oropharyngeal syndrome, in addition, treatment of the oral cavity is necessary. antiseptic solutions and praparats accelerating reparative processes (peach and sea buckthorn oil).

In severe intestinal lesions - parenteral nutrition (protein hydrolysates, fat emulsions, polyamine mixtures), starvation. If necessary, symptomatic therapy: vascular insufficiency- mezaton, norepinephrine, prednisolone; with heart failure - corglicon or strophanthin.

IN THE RECOVERY PERIOD, in order to stabilize and restore hematopoiesis and CNS function, small doses of anabolic steroids (nerobol, retabolil), tezan, pentoxyl, lithium carbonate, sodium nucleic acid, securinin, bemitil are prescribed; vitamins of groups B, A, C, R. The patient receives a diet rich in protein, vitamins and iron (diet 15, 11b); gradually the patient is transferred to a general regimen, antibacterial (when the number of leukocytes reaches 3x10 9 / l and more hemostatic (when the number of platelets increases to 60-80 thousand in 1 μl) are canceled, rational psychotherapy is carried out, and he is correctly oriented in work and life mode The terms of discharge from the hospital do not exceed 2.5-3 months for ARS grade III, 2-2.5 months for grade II ARS, and 1-1.5 months for grade I ARS.

Treatment of those affected by ionizing radiation at the stages of medical evacuation is carried out in accordance with the main directions of ARS therapy, taking into account the intensity of the flow of the injured, the prognosis for life, the regular and personnel capabilities of the stage.

FIRST MEDICAL AID is provided immediately after radiation damage in the order of self- and mutual assistance. Are taken orally means of preventing the primary reaction - dimetkarb, with developed vomiting and hypodynamia - dixafen in / m; when skin and clothes are contaminated with RV - partial sanitization; in case of danger of further irradiation (being on the ground) of contaminated RS, a radioprotector - cystamine or B-130 is taken orally.

PRE-MEDICAL ASSISTANCE is provided by a paramedic or medical instructor. With developed vomiting and hypodynamia - dimetpramide or dixafen in / m; at cardiovascular insufficiency- cordiamine s / c; caffeine i / m; with psychomotor agitation inside - phenazepam; if necessary, further stay in the zone of increased radiation inside - cystamine or B-130; when skin or clothes are contaminated with RV - partial sanitization.

FIRST MEDICAL AID is carried out at the WFP. Of great importance is correctly, quickly and accurately carried out triage. At the sorting post, the affected, contaminated with RS, are isolated and sent to the site for partial sanitization (PSO). All the rest, as well as those affected after PSO, are examined by a doctor at the triage yard as part of the medical team (doctor, nurse, registrar). Those who are injured and need emergency care are identified.

Urgent first aid measures include: the introduction of severe vomiting - dimetpramide / m, with indomitable vomiting - dixaphene / m or atropine s / c, with severe dehydration - drinking plenty of salted water, saline s / c and / in ; in acute vascular insufficiency - cordiamin s / c, caffeine / m or mezaton / m; in heart failure - corglicon or strophanthin IV; with convulsions - phenazepam or barbamil i / m.

Delayed therapeutic measures include the appointment of febrile patients inside ampicillin or oxacillin, penicillin in / m; with the severity of bleeding, EACC or amben i / m.

Patients with ARS stage I (dose - 1-2 Gy) after stopping the primary reaction, they are returned to the unit; in the presence of manifestations of the height of the disease, as well as all patients with ARS of a more severe degree (dose more than 2 Gy), they are referred to the OMEDB (OMO) for the provision of qualified assistance.

QUALIFIED MEDICAL CARE. Upon admission to the OMEB of those affected by ionizing radiation, in the process of their sorting, victims are identified with contamination of the skin and uniforms with RV in excess of the permissible level. They are sent to the OSO, where a complete sanitization is carried out and, if necessary, emergency assistance is provided. In the sorting and evacuation department, the form and severity of ARS, the state of transportability are determined. Non-transportable affected (acute cardiovascular failure, indomitable vomiting with signs of dehydration) are sent to the anti-shock department, patients with signs of severe toxemia, psychomotor agitation, convulsive hyperkinetic syndrome - to the hospital department. Patients with ARS stage I (dose 1-2 Gy) after stopping the primary reaction, they are returned to their unit. All patients with a more severe degree of ARS (dose over 2 Gy), with the exception of those with a cerebral form of radiation sickness, are evacuated to therapeutic hospitals; patients with ARS stage I during the height of the disease, they are evacuated to VPGLR, with II-IY st. - in therapeutic hospitals.

Measures of emergency qualified medical care:

with a pronounced primary reaction (persistent vomiting) - dimetpramide or dixafen intramuscularly or atropine s / c, in case of severe dehydration, sodium chloride solutions, hemodez, reopoliglyukin - all intravenously.

in case of cardiovascular insufficiency - mezaton in / m or norepinephrine in / in with a glucose solution, in case of heart failure - corglicon and strophanthin in / in drip on a glucose solution;

with anemic bleeding - EACC or amben IV, locally - thrombin, hemostatic sponge, as well as transfusion of erythrocyte mass or freshly prepared blood (direct blood transfusions);

in severe infectious complications - ampicillin with oxacillin or rifampicin or penicillin, or erythromycin inside.

Delayed qualified assistance measures include the appointment of:

when excited - phenazepam, oxylidine inside;

with a decrease in the number of leukocytes to 1x10 9 / l and fever - tetracycline, sulfonamides inside;

in the latent period - multivitamins, diphenhydramine, plasma transfusion, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyglucin every other day;

in the cerebral form of ARS to alleviate suffering - phenazepam IM, barbamil IM, Promedol SC.

After the provision of qualified assistance and preparation for evacuation, ARS patients are evacuated to the hospital base.

SPECIALIZED MEDICAL CARE is provided in therapeutic hospitals. In addition to qualified assistance activities in initial period with ARS II-III st. hemosorption can be carried out, in the latent period, patients with stage IY. ARS (dose 6-10 Gy) - allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, and in the peak period with the development of agranulocytosis and deep thrombocytopenia and severe enteritis - placement of patients in aseptic wards, tube or parenteral nutrition, transfusion of leukoconcentrates and platelet mass obtained by cell separation.

Staged treatment of combined and combined radiation injuries has a number of features.

With PSA incorporation, in addition to the treatment of ARS, medical care measures are taken to remove RV that have entered the body: gastric lavage, the appointment of laxatives, adsorbents, cleansing enemas, expectorants, diuretics, the introduction of complexones (EDTA, pentacin, etc.). With betadermatitis - anesthesia (novocaine blockade, local anaesthesia), dressings with antibacterial agents, etc.

In CRP, it is necessary to combine complex therapy radiation sickness with treatment of non-radiation injuries. Surgical treatment must be completed in the latent period of radiation sickness, during the height of the operation is carried out only for health reasons. A feature of the treatment of CRP in the initial and latent periods of radiation sickness is the prophylactic administration of antibiotics (before the onset of infectious processes and agranulocytosis).

In the midst of illness, he turns Special attention for the prevention and treatment of wound infection and the prevention of bleeding from wounds (the use of fibrin and hemostatic sponge, dry thrombin).

After completion of treatment of patients with ARS, a military medical examination is carried out to determine the suitability for further service in the Armed Forces.

Radiation sickness can occur due to irradiation of the body, values significantly exceeding the limit values. The circumstances that provoke the development of the disease can be called: external irradiation of the body, its individual parts.

In addition, the catalyzing factor in the development of the disease is the internal exposure, which is observed due to the ingress of radioactive substances.

The method of penetration can be very diverse: Airways, contaminated food, water.

Once inside, they begin to “storage” inside tissues, organs, the body is filled with the most dangerous foci of regular exposure.

Signs of radiation sickness

Symptoms during exposure can be diametrically opposed:

- cardinal disturbance of appetite, sleep, extremely violent excited state

- weakness of the body, "rolling" complete apathy for everything, often occurring, diarrhea, vomiting.

The disease is actively manifested by significant changes (disturbances) in the normal functioning of the nervous, hormonal systems observed in conjunction with damage to cells and tissues. Especially, cells of the intestinal tissue and bone marrow are exposed to maximum danger during radiation. The body's defenses are weakening, which inevitably entails a list of very unpleasant consequences: infectious complications, poisoning, hemorrhage.

Forms of the disease

There are two key types of this disease: acute, chronic.

1. Regarding the acute form radiation sickness, then it actively manifests itself during the primary irradiation of the body. In the course of the disease, the damaging radiation exposure is small intestine. Very characteristic indicators for given state are, diarrhea, high temperatures. In addition, the large intestine, stomach, and in some situations, the liver falls under the “hit”.

Of course, there are a number of other negative consequences for the body after irradiation. Plots skin who have been exposed to radiation experience burns, radiation dermatitis is observed. Eyes, also at maximum risk - radiation cataract, retinal damage - just a few, possible consequences irradiation.

After a minimum time period, after the body has been exposed to radiation, accelerated “depletion” of the bone marrow is observed. The quantitative content in the blood is extremely greatly reduced.

In the vast majority of those exposed, literally after 60 minutes, nausea occurs, and vomiting is likely.

Main primary symptoms, for acute radiation sickness having middle degree gravity, are gagging.

Their offensive fluctuates in the range of 60-120 m, and complete their action after 6 hours.

Vomit with a severe degree of the disease, it occurs almost instantly, literally in thirty minutes, and the interval of its possible completion ranges from 8-12 hours.

Vomiting brings severe suffering to the body, it is extremely painful, with great difficulty it can be “tamed”.

2. Speaking of the chronic form, they mean repeated exposure to ionizing radiation in small doses.

In addition to the total radiation dose received by the body, it is necessary to take into account the fact during which time interval the radiation dose was absorbed by the body. Symptoms for this type of disease are very diverse:

- severe fatigue

- lack of desire to work

- feeling of weakness severe irritability

- oppression of hematopoiesis, expressed by a sharp decrease in blood cells, the occurrence of

- it happens that with a given symptomatic background, they arise, get their further development various tumors (leukemias).

Causes of radiation sickness

Circumstances that can lead to radiation damage to the human body can be conditionally classified into emergency, general. Talking about the former is a topic for a separate article, although, thank God, accidents do not happen so often, but still they do exist (Fukushima, Chernobyl). talking about total exposure, then it means therapeutic radiological effects, for example, during bone marrow transplants, the treatment of all kinds.

In most cases, the chronic form of radiation sickness cannot be called a consequence acute phase of this disease. Basically, the risk group is made up of employees of radiological services, x-ray laboratories.

Radiation sickness treatment

Of course, the key, fundamental condition for treatment will be the final cessation of any contact of the patient with a source of ionizing radiation. Whenever possible, using specialized preparations, trying to carry out the withdrawal of radioactive substances. I would like to note that this cleansing procedure, by means of which the removal of radioisotopes of heavy, rare earth metals from the body, is relevant, capable of bringing positive effect, only on the most early stages the development of the disease.

In the chronic form of the disease, physiotherapy is prescribed. If there are vegetative-vascular problems that make themselves felt dizzy, different, then this is weighty argument for use during galvanic collar therapy, ultrasound, massage.

The doctor also prescribes the intake of drugs that have high general tonic, sedative capabilities. Much attention in therapy is paid to B vitamins, since they are the most actively take part in the production of hemoglobin, nucleoproteins. Vitamin therapy is carried out 2-3 times, with an intermediate interval of two weeks. Also useful coniferous baths, shower, followed by rubbing.

1. Pre-grind completely celandine, including the stem, leaves. Further, the resulting mixture (200 g), having previously placed it in a gauze bag, lower it to the bottom of a three-liter container. After filling the jar with 3 liters of whey, add sour cream (1 tsp). To completely eliminate the occurrence of wine midges, it is strongly recommended to carefully cover the bottle with several (3-4) layers of gauze. For the full formation of strong lactic acid bacteria, this composition should be kept in a warm, dark place for three weeks.

Reception of celandine enzymes for 10 days, 100 ml will be in to a large extent contribute to the restoration of the epithelial gastric surface, but, by the way, entirely. Radionuclides, various heavy metals are detached from the intestinal epithelial hairs.

2. Inhalations with celandine enzymes, allow you to remove radionuclides from lungs. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to breathe over the vapors of celandine daily, for ten minutes. After a few days, along with sputum, dust particles containing radionuclides will gradually be removed from the lungs.

3. The use of chestnut-based kvass, thirty minutes before a meal, 200 ml each, has proved extremely positive. This procedure will allow for a “cardinal cleansing” of the body from radionuclides, heavy metals at least most of them. Cut chestnut fruit in half 40 pcs. We fill them with a 3-liter container, pre-filled with well water. After that, the following components should be added sequentially: sugar (200g), whey (100 ml), sour cream (20g). Keep kvass indoors warm (about thirty degrees), and the storage time is two weeks.

Kvass based horse chestnut significantly increases immunity, minimizes the chances various diseases for penetration. Along the way, it grows stronger percentage iodine, calcium. It is necessary to take into account one more nuance. If you use 200 ml of kvass from a container, then you should definitely add a similar amount of water plus a couple of tablespoons of sugar. After 12 hours, the total volume of kvass will be the same.

4. An excellent tool that can significantly cleanse the body of radionuclides is eggshell. Reception should be carried out no more than 3 gr. Eggs are thoroughly washed warm water with soap and then rinse well. After that, the shell should be boiled for five minutes. The best tool for bringing the shell to a state of powder is a mortar. Reception, depending on age, is best done for breakfast, for example with cottage cheese, porridge.

5. Flax-seed(200 gr), pour into a container filled with two liters of very hot water. Putting on water bath, boil for two hours. After cooling, the decoction is often consumed in 100 ml.

6. The removal of radioactive substances from the stomach, will actively contribute to the consumption seaweed, steamed bran.

Nutrition for radiation sickness

The issue of well-planned nutrition is of great importance, since some foods, when ingested, contribute to the excretion of certain types of radioactive substances. For example, with "delayed" strontium, magnesium salts (prunes, apples) are successfully able to fight. White bread, cereals, consume an extremely limited amount.

- the daily protein component should be quite significant (minimum 140 gr)

- for normalization, a nutritious diet must necessarily contain fermented milk products

- from fats, special preference should be given to those with a vegetable basis.

When eating salads, the addition of a forest fern leaf will be very useful. Carrots, apples, and beets have a good binding effect against radionuclides.

Radiation sickness represents the final stage of a series of events that are actively developing due to the impact of large doses of radiation on the body. At the same time, molecular changes, the emergence of active elements in fluids, tissues, inevitably entail contamination of the blood with toxins, poisons, and most importantly, cells inevitably die.

Beware of this disease, take an interest in your health in a timely manner, goodbye.