Signs of chronic anemia. Mild, moderate and severe anemia

Blood diseases are not uncommon among the population, but the undisputed leader, of course, is anemia, which can easily be attributed to a polyetiological disease that occurs as a result of the pathogenic effects of external and internal factors on the composition and condition of the blood. What is anemia and why is it dangerous, what are the symptoms of the disease, types and stages, how to treat anemia and prevent its development? In this article, we will try to figure it out!

What is anemia?

Anemia is a clinical and hematological syndrome in which there is a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood and the number of red blood cells. In the people, anemia is often called "anemia", because in the presence of this disease there is a violation of the blood supply to the internal organs, which do not receive enough oxygen for proper and full functioning. Anemia - symptoms and treatment depend on the stage and qualification of the disease. Women and children are much more likely to experience this disease than men. In the lungs, hemoglobin and red blood cells are enriched with oxygen, then, together with the blood flow, they are carried to all organs and tissues of the body.

With the development of anemia, metabolic processes are disturbed, the work of internal organs and systems is disturbed, which do not receive enough nutrients and oxygen.

Causes and types of anemia

There are many reasons that can lead to the development of anemia. As an independent disease, anemia rarely develops. Most often, the trigger for the appearance of this syndrome is various diseases of the internal organs or adverse factors that have affected the composition of the blood. Anemia - the causes may be acquired or genetic diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, kidney failure, chronic infections. Iron deficiency in the body can occur with an improper lifestyle, poor nutrition, large blood loss, excessive physical and psychological stress. Quite often, anemia has a mixed pathogenesis, which greatly complicates differential diagnosis.

In medicine, there are several types of anemia, each of which has its own causes:

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, as it is diagnosed in 90% of patients. This type of anemia can frolic under adverse living conditions, after surgery or injuries in which there was a large loss of blood.

Pernicious anemia - develops against the background of vitamin B12 deficiency. The cause is often a congenital inability of the intestine to absorb vit. B12. In adults, the disease develops with atrophy of the stomach.

Hemolytic anemia - manifests itself as a result of the inability of the brain to produce enough cells. Among the causes of anemia can be identified: heredity, infectious diseases, constant stress, depression. Tumor-like processes in the body, burns, high blood pressure can provoke this type of disease.

Sickle cell anemia is characterized by the death of red blood cells. This condition is caused by genetic defects.

Thalassemia is the most severe form of anemia, which refers to hereditary anemia that occurs against the background of genetic disorders.

Despite a sufficient number of causes of anemia, its types, in any of the cases, the disease should not be left without due attention. In addition, each type of anemia leads to oxygen starvation of internal organs, which significantly impairs their functionality and can lead to irreversible consequences.

Why is anemia dangerous?

Anemia, like any other disease, can cause serious harm to our health. With untimely or poor-quality treatment of any type of anemia, there is a risk of developing oxygen starvation of internal organs and systems that not only do not receive oxygen, but also nutrients. The most formidable complication of anemia is hypoxic coma, in 80% of cases it leads to the death of a person. In addition, people suffering from anemia are at risk for the development of cardiovascular pathologies, as well as respiratory failure. In women with anemia, the menstrual cycle is disrupted, and children become inattentive, irritable, and often get sick.

Stages of development of anemia

Anemia has its own stages of development:

1. Mild or grade 1 anemia is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin to 100-120 g/l. At this stage, there are no symptoms. To increase hemoglobin, it is enough to eat right, consume as many iron-containing foods as possible.

2. Middle or stage 2 anemia is accompanied by a decrease in hemoglobin to 70-80 g/l. During this period, the symptoms of anemia are quite pronounced. A person feels general weakness, frequent headaches, dizziness. Medications and proper nutrition will help increase hemoglobin.

3. Severe, or stage 3 - life-threatening. The amount of hemoglobin in the blood is below 70 g / l. At this stage, the patient feels disturbances in the work of the heart, the general condition of the person worsens significantly.

Symptoms of anemia

Clinical signs of anemia are noticeable in the second and third stages of the disease. Common symptoms of anemia are the following conditions:

increased fatigue;
chronic fatigue;
trembling of the limbs;
dizziness;
fainting states;
dryness and pallor of the skin;
persistent shortness of breath, even in the absence of physical exertion;
heartbeat;
distracted attention;
memory loss;
noise in ears;
poor appetite;
circles under the eyes;
"flies" before the eyes.

The symptoms of anemia are quite pronounced, but they can also be present in other diseases or disorders. Therefore, if you have signs of anemia, you do not need to diagnose yourself. The only right decision will be to visit a doctor who, after the results of laboratory tests, will be able to confirm or refute your assumptions.

How to define anemia?

A complete blood count will help identify anemia, which will show the number of red blood cells, their size and shape, the presence or absence of immature blood cells. If necessary, the doctor may prescribe additional studies: a biochemical blood test, puncture of the sternum and other studies.

Anemia treatment

It is necessary to treat anemia comprehensively, only then you can achieve the desired result. Mild anemia often does not require medical treatment. The doctor recommends eating more foods that contain iron, proteins and other vitamins and minerals. Drug therapy is prescribed by a doctor only when the type of anemia, cause and severity are clear. Quite often, anemia does not require medical correction, especially when the cause, against which the anemia appeared, is eliminated.

If, nevertheless, the disease requires medical treatment, then the doctor prescribes drugs that will allow the bone marrow to quickly make up for the deficiency of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood. These medicines include:

Iron preparations: Fenyuls, Totetema, Sorbifer, Aktiferrin;
Vitamins: vit. B12, folic acid, vitamin B complexes.

In more severe cases, when iron supplements fail, your doctor may prescribe glucocorticoid hormones, erythropoietins, anabolic steroids, chemotherapy drugs, and other drugs that are treated in a hospital. Any type of drug therapy should be combined with proper nutrition and lifestyle. The patient should stop smoking and drinking alcohol.

Folk remedies will help to increase hemoglobin, which in their arsenal have many recipes for increasing the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Consider a few recipes:

Recipe 1. For cooking, you will need 150 ml of fresh aloe juice + 250 g of honey and 350 ml of Cahors wine. Mix everything well and take 1 spoon 3 times a day for 1 month.

Recipe 2. A good effect can be obtained from the following infusion. You will need: rose hips, wild strawberries in equal parts of 10 gr. Pour fruit with boiling water, put in a water bath for 15 minutes, then cool, squeeze and take 1/2 cup 2 times a day.

Recipe 3. Strawberry leaves (2 tablespoons) should be poured with boiling water, drained and taken 3 times a day, 2 tablespoons.

Treatment of anemia with folk remedies can only serve as an adjunct therapy to the main treatment.

Important in the treatment of anemia and increasing hemoglobin is food. People diagnosed with anemia need to consume high-calorie foods in sufficient quantities: meat, liver, fish, butter, milk. Cereals should be present in the diet: wheat, rice, buckwheat. Vegetables and fruits must be present in the diet. All food must be fresh, steamed, boiled or baked in the oven. With anemia, it is strictly forbidden to starve or not eat in the morning. A balanced diet, healthy food, will help provide the body with all the necessary substances to increase hemoglobin in the blood.

Prevention of anemia

Prevention of anemia lies in proper and healthy nutrition. In order to prevent the development of this disease, you need to pay attention to your health in time, treat internal diseases, and lead a healthy lifestyle.

Thank you

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

What is anemia?

Anemia- this is a pathological condition of the body, which is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in a unit of blood.

Erythrocytes are formed in the red bone marrow from protein fractions and non-protein components under the influence of erythropoietin (synthesized by the kidneys). For three days, erythrocytes provide transport mainly of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as nutrients and metabolic products from cells and tissues. The life span of an erythrocyte is one hundred and twenty days, after which it is destroyed. Old erythrocytes accumulate in the spleen, where non-protein fractions are utilized, and protein enters the red bone marrow, participating in the synthesis of new erythrocytes.

The entire cavity of the erythrocyte is filled with protein, hemoglobin, which includes iron. Hemoglobin gives red blood cells their red color and also helps them carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. Its work begins in the lungs, where red blood cells enter with the bloodstream. Hemoglobin molecules capture oxygen, after which oxygen-enriched erythrocytes are sent first through large vessels, and then through small capillaries to each organ, giving cells and tissues the oxygen necessary for life and normal activity.

Anemia weakens the body's ability to exchange gases; by reducing the number of red blood cells, the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide is disrupted. As a result, a person may experience such signs of anemia as a feeling of constant fatigue, loss of strength, drowsiness, as well as increased irritability.

Anemia is a manifestation of the underlying disease and is not an independent diagnosis. Many diseases, including infectious diseases, benign or malignant tumors can be associated with anemia. That is why anemia is an important symptom that requires the necessary research to identify the underlying cause that led to its development.

Severe forms of anemia due to tissue hypoxia can lead to serious complications such as shock conditions (for example, hemorrhagic shock), hypotension, coronary or pulmonary insufficiency.

Anemia classification

Anemias are classified:

according to the mechanism of development;
by severity;
by color indicator;
on a morphological basis;
on the ability of the bone marrow to regenerate.

Classification	Description	Kinds
*According to the mechanism of development*	According to the pathogenesis, anemia can develop due to blood loss, impaired formation of red blood cells, or due to their pronounced destruction.	*According to the mechanism of development, there are:* anemia due to acute or chronic blood loss; anemia due to impaired blood formation ( for example, iron deficiency, aplastic, renal anemia, as well as B12 and folate deficiency anemia); anemia due to increased destruction of red blood cells ( for example, hereditary or autoimmune anemia).
*By severity*	Depending on the level of decrease in hemoglobin, there are three degrees of severity of anemia. Normally, the hemoglobin level in men is 130 - 160 g / l, and in women 120 - 140 g / l.	*There are following degrees of severity of anemia:* mild degree, at which there is a decrease in the level of hemoglobin relative to the norm up to 90 g / l; average degree, at which the hemoglobin level is 90 - 70 g / l; severe degree, at which the hemoglobin level is below 70 g / l.
*By color index*	The color indicator is the degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin. It is calculated based on the results of a blood test as follows. The number three must be multiplied by the hemoglobin index and divided by the red blood cell index ( the comma is removed).	*Classification of anemia by color index:* hypochromic anemia (weakened color of red blood cells) color index less than 0.8; normochromic anemia the color index is 0.80 - 1.05; hyperchromic anemia (erythrocytes are overly stained) color index greater than 1.05.
*According to morphological features*	With anemia, red blood cells of various sizes can be observed during a blood test. Normally, the diameter of erythrocytes should be from 7.2 to 8.0 microns ( micrometer). Smaller RBCs ( microcytosis) can be observed in iron deficiency anemia. Normal size may be present in posthemorrhagic anemia. Larger size ( macrocytosis), in turn, may indicate anemia associated with a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid.	*Classification of anemia by morphological features:* microcytic anemia, at which the diameter of erythrocytes is less than 7.0 microns; normocytic anemia, at which the diameter of erythrocytes varies from 7.2 to 8.0 microns; macrocytic anemia, at which the diameter of erythrocytes is more than 8.0 microns; megalocytic anemia, at which the size of erythrocytes is more than 11 microns.
*According to the ability of the bone marrow to regenerate*	Since the formation of red blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow, the main sign of bone marrow regeneration is an increase in the level of reticulocytes ( erythrocyte precursors) in blood. Also, their level indicates how actively the formation of red blood cells proceeds ( erythropoiesis). Normally, in human blood, the number of reticulocytes should not exceed 1.2% of all red blood cells.	*According to the ability of the bone marrow to regenerate, the following forms are distinguished:* regenerative form characterized by normal bone marrow regeneration ( the number of reticulocytes is 0.5 - 2%); hyporegenerative form characterized by a reduced ability of the bone marrow to regenerate ( the reticulocyte count is below 0.5%); hyperregenerative form characterized by a pronounced ability to regenerate ( the number of reticulocytes is more than two percent); aplastic form characterized by a sharp suppression of regeneration processes ( the number of reticulocytes is less than 0.2%, or their absence is observed).

Causes of anemia

There are three main causes leading to the development of anemia:

blood loss (acute or chronic bleeding);
increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis);
reduced production of red blood cells.

It should also be noted that depending on the type of anemia, the causes of its occurrence may differ.

Factors affecting the development of anemia	Causes
*genetic factor*	hemoglobinopathies ( a change in the structure of hemoglobin is observed with thalassemia, sickle cell anemia); Fanconi's anemia develops due to an existing defect in the cluster of proteins that are responsible for DNA repair); enzymatic defects in erythrocytes; cytoskeletal defects ( cell scaffold located in the cytoplasm of a cell) erythrocyte; congenital dyserythropoietic anemia ( characterized by impaired formation of red blood cells); abetalipoproteinemia or Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome ( characterized by a lack of beta-lipoprotein in intestinal cells, which leads to impaired absorption of nutrients); hereditary spherocytosis or Minkowski-Choffard disease ( due to a violation of the cell membrane, erythrocytes take on a spherical shape).
*Nutritional factor*	iron deficiency; vitamin B12 deficiency; folic acid deficiency; deficiency of ascorbic acid ( vitamin C); starvation and malnutrition.
*physical factor*
*Chronic diseases and neoplasms*	kidney disease ( e.g. liver tuberculosis, glomerulonephritis); liver disease ( e.g. hepatitis, cirrhosis); diseases of the gastrointestinal tract ( e.g. gastric and duodenal ulcer, atrophic gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease); collagen vascular diseases ( e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis); benign and malignant tumors for example, uterine fibroids, polyps in the intestines, cancer of the kidneys, lungs, intestines).
*infectious factor*	viral diseases ( hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus); bacterial diseases ( tuberculosis of the lungs or kidneys, leptospirosis, obstructive bronchitis); protozoal diseases ( malaria, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis).
*Pesticides and medicines*	inorganic arsenic, benzene; radiation; cytostatics ( chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer); antithyroid drugs ( reduce the synthesis of thyroid hormones); antiepileptic drugs.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is hypochromic anemia, which is characterized by a decrease in the level of iron in the body.

Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by a decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin and a color index.

Iron is a vital element involved in many metabolic processes in the body. In a person weighing seventy kilograms, the iron reserve in the body is approximately four grams. This amount is maintained by maintaining a balance between the regular loss of iron from the body and its intake. To maintain balance, the daily need for iron is 20-25 mg. Most of the incoming iron in the body is spent on its needs, the rest is deposited in the form of ferritin or hemosiderin and, if necessary, is consumed.

Causes of iron deficiency anemia

Causes	Description
*Violation of the intake of iron in the body*	vegetarianism due to the lack of animal proteins ( meat, fish, eggs, dairy products); socio-economic component ( for example, there is not enough money for good nutrition).
*Impaired absorption of iron*	Iron absorption occurs at the level of the gastric mucosa, therefore, stomach diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer or gastric resection lead to impaired iron absorption.
*Increased body's need for iron*	pregnancy, including multiple pregnancy; lactation period; adolescence ( due to rapid growth); chronic diseases accompanied by hypoxia ( e.g. chronic bronchitis, heart defects); chronic suppurative diseases ( e.g. chronic abscesses, bronchiectasis, sepsis).
*Loss of iron from the body*	pulmonary bleeding ( e.g. lung cancer, tuberculosis); gastrointestinal bleeding ( for example, gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, varicose veins of the esophagus and rectum, ulcerative colitis, helminthic invasions); uterine bleeding ( e.g. placental abruption, uterine rupture, uterine or cervical cancer, aborted ectopic pregnancy, uterine fibroids); kidney bleeding ( e.g. kidney cancer, kidney tuberculosis).

Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

The clinical picture of iron deficiency anemia is based on the development of two syndromes in a patient:

anemic syndrome;
sideropenic syndrome.

Anemia syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms:

severe general weakness;
increased fatigue;
attention deficit;
malaise;
drowsiness;
black stool (with gastrointestinal bleeding);
heartbeat;

Sideropenic syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms:

taste perversion (for example, patients eat chalk, raw meat);
perversion of smell (for example, patients sniff acetone, gasoline, paints);
brittle, dull, split ends;
white spots appear on the nails;
the skin is pale, the skin is flaky;
cheilitis (bites) may appear in the corners of the mouth.

Also, the patient may complain of the development of leg cramps, for example, when climbing stairs.

Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia

On physical examination, the patient has:

cracks in the corners of the mouth;
"glossy" language;
in severe cases, an increase in the size of the spleen.

microcytosis (small erythrocytes);
hypochromia of erythrocytes (weak color of erythrocytes);
poikilocytosis (erythrocytes of various forms).

In the biochemical analysis of blood, the following changes are observed:

decrease in the level of ferritin;
serum iron is reduced;
serum iron-binding capacity is increased.

Instrumental research methods
To identify the cause that led to the development of anemia, the following instrumental studies can be prescribed to the patient:

fibrogastroduodenoscopy (for examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum);
Ultrasound (for examining the kidneys, liver, female genital organs);
colonoscopy (to examine the large intestine);
computed tomography (for example, to examine the lungs, kidneys);
X-rays of light.

Treatment of iron deficiency anemia

Nutrition for anemia
In nutrition, iron is divided into:

heme, which enters the body with products of animal origin;
non-heme, which enters the body with plant products.

It should be noted that heme iron is absorbed in the body much better than non-heme iron.

Food	Product Names
Food animal origin	liver; beef tongue; rabbit meat; turkey; goose meat; beef; fish.	9 mg; 5 mg; 4.4 mg; 4 mg; 3 mg; 2.8 mg; 2.3 mg.
	dried mushrooms; fresh peas; buckwheat; Hercules; fresh mushrooms; apricots; pear; apples; plums; cherries; beet.	35 mg; 11.5 mg; 7.8 mg; 7.8 mg; 5.2 mg; 4.1 mg; 2.3 mg; 2.2 mg; 2.1 mg; 1.8 mg; 1.4 mg.

While dieting, you should also increase your intake of foods containing vitamin C, as well as meat protein (they increase the absorption of iron in the body) and reduce the intake of eggs, salt, caffeine and calcium (they reduce the absorption of iron).

Medical treatment
In the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, the patient is prescribed iron supplements in parallel with the diet. These drugs are designed to compensate for iron deficiency in the body. They are available in the form of capsules, dragees, injections, syrups and tablets.

The dose and duration of treatment is selected individually depending on the following indicators:

patient's age;
the severity of the disease;
causes of iron deficiency anemia;
based on the results of the analyses.

Iron supplements are taken one hour before a meal or two hours after a meal. These drugs should not be taken with tea or coffee, as iron absorption is reduced, so it is recommended to drink them with water or juice.

Iron preparations in the form of injections (intramuscular or intravenous) are used in the following cases:

with severe anemia;
if anemia progresses despite taking doses of iron in the form of tablets, capsules or syrup;
if the patient has diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (for example, gastric and duodenal ulcers, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), since the iron supplement taken may aggravate the existing disease;
before surgical interventions in order to accelerate the saturation of the body with iron;
if the patient has intolerance to iron preparations when they are taken orally.

Surgery
Surgery is performed if the patient has acute or chronic bleeding. So, for example, with gastrointestinal bleeding, fibrogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy can be used to identify the area of bleeding and then stop it (for example, a bleeding polyp is removed, a gastric and duodenal ulcer is coagulated). With uterine bleeding, as well as with bleeding in organs located in the abdominal cavity, laparoscopy can be used.

If necessary, the patient may be assigned a transfusion of red blood cells to replenish the volume of circulating blood.

B12 - deficiency anemia

This anemia is due to a lack of vitamin B12 (and possibly folic acid). It is characterized by a megaloblastic type (increased number of megaloblasts, erythrocyte progenitor cells) of hematopoiesis and represents hyperchromic anemia.

Normally, vitamin B12 enters the body with food. At the level of the stomach, B12 binds to a protein produced in it, gastromucoprotein (Castle's intrinsic factor). This protein protects the vitamin that has entered the body from the negative effects of the intestinal microflora, and also promotes its absorption.

The complex of gastromucoprotein and vitamin B12 reaches the distal (lower) small intestine, where this complex breaks down, absorption of vitamin B12 into the intestinal mucosa and its further entry into the blood.

From the bloodstream, this vitamin comes:

in the red bone marrow to participate in the synthesis of red blood cells;
in the liver, where it is deposited;
to the central nervous system for the synthesis of the myelin sheath (covers the axons of neurons).

Causes of B12 deficiency anemia

There are the following reasons for the development of B12-deficiency anemia:

insufficient intake of vitamin B12 with food;
violation of the synthesis of internal factor Castle due to, for example, atrophic gastritis, gastric resection, gastric cancer;
intestinal damage, for example, dysbiosis, helminthiasis, intestinal infections;
increased body needs for vitamin B12 (rapid growth, active sports, multiple pregnancy);
violation of vitamin deposition due to cirrhosis of the liver.

Symptoms of B12 deficiency anemia

The clinical picture of B12 and folate deficiency anemia is based on the development of the following syndromes in the patient:

anemic syndrome;
gastrointestinal syndrome;
neuralgic syndrome.

Name of the syndrome	Symptoms
*Anemia syndrome*	weakness; increased fatigue; headache and dizziness; skin integuments are pale with an icteric shade ( due to liver damage); flashing flies before the eyes; dyspnea; heartbeat; with this anemia, there is an increase in blood pressure;
*Gastrointestinal syndrome*	the tongue is shiny, bright red, the patient feels a burning sensation of the tongue; the presence of ulcers in the oral cavity ( aphthous stomatitis); loss of appetite or its decrease; feeling of heaviness in the stomach after eating; weight loss; there may be pain in the rectum; stool disorder constipation); enlargement of the liver ( hepatomegaly). These symptoms develop due to atrophic changes in the mucous layer of the oral cavity, stomach and intestines.
*Neuralgic syndrome*	feeling of weakness in the legs when walking for a long time or when climbing up); feeling of numbness and tingling in the limbs; violation of peripheral sensitivity; atrophic changes in the muscles of the lower extremities; convulsions.

Diagnosis of B12 deficiency anemia

In the general blood test, the following changes are observed:

decrease in the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin;
hyperchromia (pronounced color of erythrocytes);
macrocytosis (increased size of red blood cells);
poikilocytosis (a different form of red blood cells);
microscopy of erythrocytes reveals Kebot rings and Jolly bodies;
reticulocytes are reduced or normal;
a decrease in the level of white blood cells (leukopenia);
increased levels of lymphocytes (lymphocytosis);
decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia).

In the biochemical blood test, hyperbilirubinemia is observed, as well as a decrease in the level of vitamin B12.

A puncture of the red bone marrow revealed an increase in megaloblasts.

The patient may be assigned the following instrumental studies:

study of the stomach (fibrogastroduodenoscopy, biopsy);
examination of the intestine (colonoscopy, irrigoscopy);
ultrasound examination of the liver.

These studies help to identify atrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, as well as to detect diseases that led to the development of B12-deficiency anemia (for example, malignant tumors, cirrhosis of the liver).

Treatment of B12 deficiency anemia

All patients are hospitalized in the hematology department, where they undergo appropriate treatment.

Nutrition for B12 deficiency anemia
Diet therapy is prescribed, in which the consumption of foods rich in vitamin B12 is increased.

The daily requirement for vitamin B12 is three micrograms.

Medical treatment
Drug treatment is prescribed to the patient according to the following scheme:

For two weeks, the patient receives 1000 mcg of Cyanocobalamin intramuscularly daily. Within two weeks, the patient's neurological symptoms disappear.
Over the next four to eight weeks, the patient receives 500 mcg daily intramuscularly to saturate the depot of vitamin B12 in the body.
Subsequently, the patient for life receives intramuscular injections once a week, 500 mcg.

During treatment, simultaneously with Cyanocobalamin, the patient may be prescribed folic acid.

A patient with B12-deficiency anemia should be observed for life by a hematologist, gastrologist and family doctor.

folate deficiency anemia

Folate deficiency anemia is a hyperchromic anemia characterized by a lack of folic acid in the body.

Folic acid (vitamin B9) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is partly produced by intestinal cells, but mainly must come from outside to replenish the body's needs. The daily intake of folic acid is 200-400 micrograms.

In foods, as well as in the cells of the body, folic acid is in the form of folates (polyglutamates).

Folic acid plays an important role in the human body:

participates in the development of the organism in the prenatal period (contributes to the formation of nerve conduction of tissues, the circulatory system of the fetus, prevents the development of some malformations);
participates in the growth of the child (for example, in the first year of life, during puberty);
affects the processes of hematopoiesis;
together with vitamin B12 is involved in DNA synthesis;
prevents the formation of blood clots in the body;
improves the processes of regeneration of organs and tissues;
participates in the renewal of tissues (for example, skin).

Absorption (absorption) of folate in the body is carried out in the duodenum and in the upper part of the small intestine.

Causes of folate deficiency anemia

There are the following reasons for the development of folate deficiency anemia:

insufficient intake of folic acid from food;
increased loss of folic acid from the body (for example, with cirrhosis of the liver);
impaired absorption of folic acid in the small intestine (for example, with celiac disease, when taking certain medications, with chronic alcohol intoxication);
increased body needs for folic acid (for example, during pregnancy, malignant tumors).

Symptoms of folate deficiency anemia

With folate deficiency anemia, the patient has an anemic syndrome (symptoms such as increased fatigue, palpitations, pallor of the skin, decreased performance). Neurological syndrome, as well as atrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, stomach and intestines, are absent in this type of anemia.

Also, the patient may experience an increase in the size of the spleen.

Diagnosis of folate deficiency anemia

In a general blood test, the following changes are observed:

hyperchromia;
decrease in the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin;
macrocytosis;
leukopenia;
thrombocytopenia.

In the results of a biochemical blood test, there is a decrease in the level of folic acid (less than 3 mg / ml), as well as an increase in indirect bilirubin.

When conducting a myelogram, an increased content of megaloblasts and hypersegmented neutrophils is detected.

Treatment of folate deficiency anemia

Nutrition in folate deficiency anemia plays a big role, the patient needs to consume foods rich in folic acid daily.

It should be noted that with any culinary processing of products, folates are destroyed by approximately fifty percent or more. Therefore, to provide the body with the necessary daily norm, it is recommended to consume fresh products (vegetables and fruits).

Food	Name of products	The amount of iron per hundred milligrams
*Food of animal origin*	beef and chicken liver; pork liver; heart and kidneys; fatty cottage cheese and cheese; cod; butter; sour cream; beef meat; rabbit meat; chicken eggs; chicken; mutton.	240 mg; 225 mg; 56 mg; 35 mg; 11 mg; 10 mg; 8.5 mg; 7.7 mg; 7 mg; 4.3 mg; 4.1 mg;
*Foods of plant origin*	asparagus; peanut; lentils; beans; parsley; spinach; walnuts; Wheat groats; white fresh mushrooms; buckwheat and barley groats; wheat, grain bread; eggplant; green onions; red pepper ( sweet); peas; tomatoes; White cabbage; carrot; oranges.	262 mg; 240 mg; 180 mg; 160 mg; 117 mg; 80 mg; 77 mg; 40 mg; 40 mg; 32 mg; 30 mg; 18.5 mg; 18 mg; 17 mg; 16 mg; 11 mg; 10 mg; 9 mg; 5 mg.

Drug treatment of folic acid deficiency anemia involves taking folic acid in an amount of five to fifteen milligrams per day. The required dosage is set by the attending physician, depending on the age of the patient, the severity of the course of anemia and the results of the studies.

The prophylactic dose includes taking one to five milligrams of the vitamin per day.

aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia is characterized by bone marrow hypoplasia and pancytopenia (decrease in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, and platelets). The development of aplastic anemia occurs under the influence of external and internal factors, as well as due to qualitative and quantitative changes in stem cells and their micro-environment.

Aplastic anemia can be congenital or acquired.

Causes of aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia can develop due to:

stem cell defect
suppression of hematopoiesis (blood formation);
immune reactions;
lack of factors stimulating hematopoiesis;
not using the hematopoietic tissue of elements important for the body, such as iron and vitamin B12.

There are the following reasons for the development of aplastic anemia:

hereditary factor (for example, Fanconi anemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia);
drugs (eg, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, cytostatics);
chemicals (eg inorganic arsenic, benzene);
viral infections (eg, parvovirus infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV));
autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus);
severe nutritional deficiencies (eg, vitamin B12, folic acid).

It should be noted that in half of the cases the cause of the disease cannot be identified.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia

The clinical manifestations of aplastic anemia depend on the severity of pancytopenia.

With aplastic anemia, the patient has the following symptoms:

pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
headache;
dyspnea;
increased fatigue;
gingival bleeding (due to a decrease in the level of platelets in the blood);
petechial rash (red spots on the skin of small sizes), bruises on the skin;
acute or chronic infections (due to a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood);
ulceration of the oropharyngeal zone (the oral mucosa, tongue, cheeks, gums and pharynx are affected);
yellowness of the skin (a symptom of liver damage).

Diagnosis of aplastic anemia

In the general blood test, the following changes are observed:

decrease in the number of red blood cells;
decrease in hemoglobin level;
decrease in the number of leukocytes and platelets;
decrease in reticulocytes.

The color index, as well as the concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte, remain normal.

In a biochemical blood test, the following is observed:

increase in serum iron;
saturation of transferrin (an iron-carrying protein) with iron by 100%;
increased bilirubin;
increased lactate dehydrogenase.

Puncture of the red brain and subsequent histological examination revealed:

underdevelopment of all germs (erythrocyte, granulocytic, lymphocytic, monocytic and macrophage);
replacement of bone marrow with fat (yellow marrow).

Among the instrumental methods of research, the patient can be assigned:

ultrasound examination of parenchymal organs;
electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography;
fibrogastroduodenoscopy;
colonoscopy;
CT scan.

Treatment of aplastic anemia

With the right supportive treatment, the condition of patients with aplastic anemia improves significantly.

In the treatment of aplastic anemia, the patient is prescribed:

immunosuppressive drugs (for example, cyclosporine, methotrexate);
glucocorticosteroids (for example, methylprednisolone);
antilymphocyte and antiplatelet immunoglobulins;
antimetabolites (eg, fludarabine);
erythropoietin (stimulates the formation of red blood cells and stem cells).

Non-drug treatment includes:

bone marrow transplantation (from a compatible donor);
transfusion of blood components (erythrocytes, platelets);
plasmapheresis (mechanical blood purification);
compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis in order to prevent the development of infection.

Also, in severe cases of aplastic anemia, the patient may need surgical treatment, in which the spleen is removed (splenectomy).

Depending on the effectiveness of the treatment, a patient with aplastic anemia may experience:

complete remission (attenuation or complete disappearance of symptoms);
partial remission;
clinical improvement;
no effect of treatment.

Treatment effectiveness	Indicators
*Complete remission*	hemoglobin index more than one hundred grams per liter; the granulocyte index is more than 1.5 x 10 to the ninth power per liter; platelet count more than 100 x 10 to the ninth power per liter; no need for blood transfusion.
*Partial remission*	hemoglobin index more than eighty grams per liter; granulocyte index more than 0.5 x 10 to the ninth power per liter; platelet count more than 20 x 10 to the ninth power per liter; no need for blood transfusion.
*Clinical Improvement*	improvement in blood counts; reducing the need for blood transfusion for replacement purposes for two months or more.
*No therapeutic effect*	no improvement in blood counts; there is a need for a blood transfusion.

Hemolytic anemia

Hemolysis is the premature destruction of red blood cells. Hemolytic anemia develops when the activity of the bone marrow is not able to compensate for the loss of red blood cells. The severity of anemia depends on whether hemolysis of red blood cells began gradually or abruptly. Gradual hemolysis may be asymptomatic, while anemia in severe hemolysis may be life-threatening for the patient and cause angina pectoris, as well as cardiopulmonary decompensation.

Hemolytic anemia can develop due to hereditary or acquired diseases.

By localization, hemolysis can be:

intracellular (for example, autoimmune hemolytic anemia);
intravascular (eg, transfusion of incompatible blood, disseminated intravascular coagulation).

In patients with mild hemolysis, the hemoglobin level may be normal if the production of red blood cells matches the rate of their destruction.

Causes of hemolytic anemia

Premature destruction of red blood cells may be due to the following reasons:

internal membrane defects of erythrocytes;
defects in the structure and synthesis of hemoglobin protein;
enzymatic defects in the erythrocyte;
hypersplenomegaly (enlargement of the liver and spleen).

Hereditary diseases can cause hemolysis as a result of red blood cell membrane abnormalities, enzymatic defects, and hemoglobin abnormalities.

There are the following hereditary hemolytic anemias:

enzymopathies (anemia, in which there is a lack of enzyme, deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase);
hereditary spherocytosis or Minkowski-Choffard disease (erythrocytes of an irregular spherical shape);
thalassemia (violation of the synthesis of polypeptide chains that are part of the structure of normal hemoglobin);
sickle cell anemia (a change in the structure of hemoglobin leads to the fact that red blood cells take on a sickle shape).

Acquired causes of hemolytic anemia include immune and non-immune disorders.

Immune disorders are characterized by autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Non-immune disorders can be caused by:

pesticides (for example, pesticides, benzene);
medicines (for example, antivirals, antibiotics);
physical damage;
infections (eg malaria).

Hemolytic microangiopathic anemia results in the production of fragmented red blood cells and can be caused by:

defective artificial heart valve;
disseminated intravascular coagulation;
hemolytic uremic syndrome;

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia

Symptoms and manifestations of hemolytic anemia are diverse and depend on the type of anemia, the degree of compensation, and also on what treatment the patient received.

It should be noted that hemolytic anemia may be asymptomatic, and hemolysis may be detected incidentally during routine laboratory testing.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia include:

pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
fragility of nails;
tachycardia;
increased respiratory movements;
lowering blood pressure;
yellowness of the skin (due to an increase in the level of bilirubin);
ulcers may appear on the legs;
skin hyperpigmentation;
gastrointestinal manifestations (eg, abdominal pain, stool disturbance, nausea).

It should be noted that with intravascular hemolysis, the patient has an iron deficiency due to chronic hemoglobinuria (the presence of hemoglobin in the urine). Due to oxygen starvation, cardiac function is impaired, which leads to the development of patient symptoms such as weakness, tachycardia, shortness of breath and angina pectoris (with severe anemia). Due to hemoglobinuria, the patient also has dark urine.

Prolonged hemolysis can lead to the development of gallstones due to impaired bilirubin metabolism. At the same time, patients may complain of abdominal pain and bronze skin color.

Diagnosis of hemolytic anemia

In the general analysis of blood is observed:

decrease in hemoglobin level;
decrease in the level of red blood cells;
an increase in reticulocytes.

Microscopy of erythrocytes reveals their crescent shape, as well as Cabot rings and Jolly bodies.

In a biochemical blood test, there is an increase in the level of bilirubin, as well as hemoglobinemia (an increase in free hemoglobin in the blood plasma).

In children whose mothers suffered from anemia during pregnancy, iron deficiency is also often found by the first year of life.

Symptoms of anemia often include:

feeling tired;
sleep disorder;
dizziness;
nausea;
dyspnea;
weakness;
fragility of nails and hair, as well as hair loss;
pallor and dryness of the skin;
perversion of taste (for example, the desire to eat chalk, raw meat) and smell (the desire to sniff liquids with pungent odors).

In rare cases, a pregnant woman may experience fainting.

It should be noted that a mild form of anemia may not manifest itself in any way, so it is very important to regularly take blood tests to determine the level of red blood cells, hemoglobin and ferritin in the blood.

During pregnancy, the norm of hemoglobin is considered to be 110 g / l and above. A drop below normal is considered a sign of anemia.

Diet plays an important role in the treatment of anemia. From vegetables and fruits, iron is absorbed much worse than from meat products. Therefore, the diet of a pregnant woman should be rich in meat (for example, beef, liver, rabbit meat) and fish.

The daily iron requirement is:

in the first trimester of pregnancy - 15 - 18 mg;
in the second trimester of pregnancy - 20 - 30 mg;
in the third trimester of pregnancy - 33 - 35 mg.

However, it is impossible to eliminate anemia only with the help of a diet, so a woman will additionally need to take iron-containing preparations prescribed by a doctor.

Name of the drug	Active substance	Mode of application
*Sorbifer*	Ferrous sulfate and ascorbic acid.	As a preventive measure for the development of anemia, it is necessary to take one tablet per day. For therapeutic purposes, two tablets should be taken daily in the morning and evening.
*Maltofer*	iron hydroxide.	In the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, two to three tablets should be taken ( 200 - 300 mg) per day. For prophylactic purposes, the drug is taken one tablet at a time ( 100 mg) in a day.
*Ferretab*	Ferrous fumarate and folic acid.	It is necessary to take one tablet per day, if indicated, the dose can be increased to two to three tablets per day.
*Tardyferon*	Iron sulfate.	For prophylactic purposes, take the drug, starting from the fourth month of pregnancy, one tablet daily or every other day. For therapeutic purposes, take two tablets a day, morning and evening.

In addition to iron, these preparations may additionally contain ascorbic or folic acid, as well as cysteine, as they contribute to better absorption of iron in the body. Before use, you should consult with a specialist.

Nowadays, many women suffer from anemia, but do not even know about it. They ignore the symptoms, so treatment is delayed. In adult women, this disease is common for many reasons.

Bad ecology, lack of vitamins, gynecological diseases with heavy bleeding. All this sooner or later leads to a decrease in hemoglobin.

What is anemia

Anemia is a disease in which hemoglobin is below normal. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells. It delivers oxygen to the cells of the body. Due to the lack of oxygen, the organs begin to work worse. Therefore, various symptoms appear.

It is clear that in this case, diagnosis and prompt treatment are necessary. Everyone knows that the life of adult women is full of problems, worries, etc. But, nevertheless, it is necessary to consult a doctor in case of malaise.

This disease is divided into:

Iron deficiency;
Hypoplastic;
hemolytic;
Posthemorrhagic;
Folic deficiency;
Deficient in B12.

What are the signs that anemia is present? These are the following symptoms:

Weakness;
Cardiopalmus;
Pale skin of the face;
Dizziness;
Flashing flies before the eyes and clouding in the eyes;
Low pressure.

Different types of this disease require special treatment. In adult women, signs of this disease are sometimes weakly manifested.

Hair loss, fatigue are "written off" to age, fatigue. Therefore, few people rush to see a doctor, but try to independently prescribe various drugs, vitamin complexes, etc. for themselves. In the meantime, in these cases, careful examination and therapy are required.

Why does it occur

Anemia occurs in the following cases:

It is worth considering each type of this disease.

With iron deficiency anemia, the following symptoms occur that require an urgent medical examination and treatment:

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of this disease. Its symptoms occur in pregnant women and in the postpartum period.

The treatment consists in replenishing iron in the body, because in adult women this type of anemia happens, it is caused by iron deficiency.

Posthemorrhagic anemia has the following symptoms:

Decreased body temperature;
Weakness;
Pallor;
Cold sweat;
Tachycardia;
Nausea and vomiting;
sweating;
Refusal to eat;
Brittle nails;
Dry skin.

This requires urgent treatment because this type of anemia is caused by a large loss of blood (for example, heavy periods in adult women).

Hypoplastic anemia is a rare type of disease. Occurs when brain cells die. It manifests itself with the following symptoms:

Ulcers in the mouth and nose;
fainting;
dizziness;
Too sensitive skin.

Hemolytic anemia occurs when the amount of bilirubin in the blood increases dramatically. The disease can be inherited or acquired. It occurs when the production of red blood cells is disrupted. They die faster than new ones can form. At the same time, jaundice appears, the liver and spleen increase in size, the urine darkens, and the stool becomes light in color.

If there is a deficiency of vitamin B12 in the body, then a special type of anemia develops. At the same time, memory, coordination of movements are disturbed, the limbs go numb, acidity increases, the skin becomes yellowish, and there are problems with swallowing.

When there is not enough folic acid, folic acid deficiency anemia can develop. In this case, the following symptoms are present: disruption of the gastrointestinal tract and poor absorption of folic acid. Therefore, treatment will be associated with the establishment of the digestive system and replenishment of folic acid deficiency. Most often, the disease occurs in adult women.

If a person has signs of anemia of any kind, it is necessary, of course, to immediately consult a doctor. He will examine the patient, listen to complaints and refer him for examination. It will include testing. In the general blood test for this disease, there will be a reduced amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells. If the anemia is hemolytic, a blood chemistry test (which is taken from a vein) will show a high amount of bilirubin. If the anemia is iron deficiency, then the amount of serum iron will be below normal.

The appearance of the patient also says a lot to the specialist. The skin is pale, the pulse is frequent, sometimes cold sweat comes out, the limbs are cold and sluggish. The pressure is reduced. With hemolytic anemia and folate deficiency, the patient's skin color is yellowish. Sclera yellow.

On palpation, the liver and spleen may be enlarged. According to the examination and the results of the tests, the doctor prescribes treatment.

If you do not seek medical help in time, the consequences can be dire:

Decreased functioning of the immune system;
Insomnia;
Inflammation of the mucous membranes;
Nervous breakdown;
Violation of the cardiovascular system;
Liver disease;
swelling;
Diseases of the digestive system;
oxygen starvation;
fainting;
Fever;
Urinary incontinence;
Deterioration in appearance.

Treatment for anemia

If the form of the disease is mild, then the doctor will prescribe the right diet, rich in proteins and vitamin-mineral complexes. With iron deficiency anemia, iron-containing drugs are prescribed (Sorbifer, Ferroplex, Ferrofolgamma, etc.). It is preferable to take them during or immediately after a meal in order to neutralize their effect on the gastric mucosa.

In tablets, iron is absorbed better than in injections. But if taking pills is not possible or the blood loss is too great, then injections are chosen. Iron-containing preparations are usually combined with the intake of folic acid, vitamin B6, ascorbic acid.

With folic acid deficiency, folic acid preparations are prescribed. If anemia is caused by female bleeding, a consultation with a gynecologist is required.

If the anemia is hypoplastic, hemolytic, or posthemorrhagic, treatment is much more severe. Usually in such cases are assigned:

Anabolic steroid;
Glucocorticosteroids;
Cytostatics;
Erythropoietin;
Androgens.

Self-treatment in these cases is extremely unacceptable! It threatens to be fatal.

If the anemia is posthemorrhagic, then a blood transfusion is sometimes required. Sometimes zinc and copper are prescribed in parallel with iron preparations.

Anemia is common during pregnancy. Therefore, a woman should register with a gynecologist for pregnancy as early as possible, often take tests and follow all his recommendations. For pregnant women, there are special complexes for the prevention and treatment of anemia.

Together with drug therapy, treatment with folk remedies is sometimes used. The following recipes will help:

Rosehip helps with anemia. It is necessary to brew its fruits and drink it like tea (especially during pregnancy).
Chokeberry raises hemoglobin well.
Stinging nettle takes pride of place in the treatment of female diseases, bleeding and anemia. It is brewed and drunk.

Nutrition for anemia should be complete. Vegetarianism will have to be abandoned. The diet should have a lot of red meat (beef, veal, liver). Be sure to eat chicken eggs, butter, cottage cheese, buckwheat. Pomegranates and pomegranate juice are good for raising hemoglobin. Apples, black currants, carrots must be on the table of patients with anemia and pregnant women.

Good nutrition sometimes helps to avoid this disease. It is also helpful to be outdoors more often. At the same time, brain cells are well fed with oxygen.

Anemia is a serious condition of the body, characterized by a significant decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. This causes the appearance of disturbances in the work of internal organs, deterioration of the general condition and appearance. Treatment of anemia in adults involves the use of drugs and proper nutrition. In the absence of contraindications, the use of folk remedies is allowed, but only as a complex therapy.

Anemia may not manifest itself in any way for a long time, while severe blood loss may be observed in the patient's body. Such conditions are usually recorded in women during menstruation, as well as in both sexes in the presence of chronic erosive foci. In addition, the disease can be caused by the presence of cancers and a strong decrease in the level of iron in the blood. Only the attending physician can identify the exact cause of the pathology. Regardless of the factor that provoked the violation, the following problems will gradually appear in patients:

rapid physical and intellectual fatigue;
poor sleep, nightmares may begin;
severe shortness of breath may appear, the pulse will become frequent even at rest;
it becomes difficult to concentrate;
short-term memory deteriorates;
appetite may be significantly reduced;
the skin will become pale, circles of blue or gray may appear under the eyes;
due to a lack of hemoglobin, the skin dries out, small wounds may appear;
hair and nails become pale, dull and brittle.

Such signs will increase taking into account the complication of the patient's condition. At critical levels of hemoglobin, patients may begin to lose consciousness due to a severe drop in blood pressure.

Attention! Women should carefully monitor their periods. If bleeding increases, and the duration of menstruation exceeds seven days, a blood test is required to detect anemia.

Drug treatment of anemia in adults

Sorbifer Durules

The latest generation drug for the treatment of anemia in adults. Rarely causes side effects. It is not used for anemia of lead and sideroblastic types. For preventive measures, it is enough to take 1-2 tablets once a day. With critical hemoglobin levels, up to 4 tablets are prescribed, divided into two uses. The duration of taking Sorbifer Durules depends on the complexity of the patient's condition and can last for 16 weeks, which will replenish the balance of iron.

Piracetam

This drug is used in the presence of sickle cell anemia. At the same time, it can significantly improve concentration and memory. Taking into account the severity of the patient, the drug can be used at a dose of 30 to 160 mg / kg. The daily dosage is divided into four uses, with a minimum of two uses. In severe cases, Piracetam is administered intravenously. The duration of therapy can be two months.

Fenyuls 100

The drug is used in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Take the medication strictly before meals once a day for 1-2 doses. In severe cases of pathology, the intake is carried out twice a day, while patients are advised to take two tablets in the morning and evening. Fenyuls 100 is strictly forbidden to divide and dissolve, the tablets are swallowed whole. For better absorption, it is necessary to drink the medicine with water. Therapy continues for 1-4 months.

Ferrum Lek

This drug should be used only in the presence of a latent type of anemia and in the iron deficiency type of the disease. Ferrum Lek treatment can continue for 5 months, if the patient's condition requires it. The drug is available in the form of syrup and chewable tablets. Adults with anemia should take 1-3 tablets or 10-30 ml of syrup 1-2 times a day.

Use this medication in the presence of anemia should only be if it is caused by taking certain drugs or radiation. In this case, the patient after 16 years of age should take 5 mg of the active substance. Folic acid therapy may continue for several weeks.

Metipred

The drug helps with several types of anemia, among which there are such subspecies as hemolytic, hypoplastic and congenital. The dosage of Metipred is selected taking into account the weight and complexity of the course of the disease only by the attending physician. If used improperly, the drug causes a large number of side effects from all body systems. The lyophilisate is administered exclusively in a hospital under the supervision of a physician.

Maltofer

The drug is available in the form of chewable tablets or syrup. Adults can take both forms of medication. The dosage of Maltofer should be selected by the attending physician. Maltofer is taken only in the presence of a latent type of anemia and with a pronounced degree of iron deficiency anemia. Treatment can last up to several months.

Prednisolone

The medication is used only in the presence of acquired autoimmune hemolytic and congenital aplastic anemia. The dosage of Prednisolone is set individually for each patient. It can range from 5 to 60 mg of the active substance per day. Prednisolone tablets are taken once a day. Therapy continues individually, taking into account the course of anemia.

In the table you can see the cost of the above medicines.

A drug	Price in Russia in rubles	Price in Belarus in rubles	Price in Ukraine in UAH
Sorbifer Durules	400	13	164
Piracetam	30	1,2	12,3
Fenyuls 100	500	16	205
Ferrum Lek	300	10	123
	30	1,2	12,3
Metipred	200	6,6	82
Maltofer	300	10	123
Prednisolone	100	3,3	41

Attention! Some iron-containing preparations require the use even after normalization of hemoglobin levels. This is required to create the so-called iron depot. It helps to avoid recurrence in the future.

Video - Anemia

Alternative methods of treating anemia in adults

Field buckwheat

You can use this treatment even with leukemia. To prepare the drug, you should take a teaspoon of vegetable raw materials and pour 0.2 liters of boiling water over it. The mixture is infused for two hours, after which it is filtered through gauze. Take a ready-made infusion for a third of a glass three times a day. Therapy continues for four weeks, after which it is necessary to take a break for 21 days.

Coltsfoot

For the best effect from the treatment, it is desirable to mix the main component with elecampane and plantain officinalis, this will enhance the effect of coltsfoot. Mix the components in equal proportions and mix thoroughly. After that, you should take a tablespoon of the medicinal mixture and pour it with 0.2 liters of boiling water and insist for half an hour. Take the medication three times a day one hour before the main meal, 1/3 cup.

fresh carrots

For treatment, you should take only fresh fruits, which are first rubbed on the smallest grater. It is better to use a blender or a press. After that, it is necessary to separate 100 g of raw materials and mix it with 15 ml of vegetable oil or sour cream. Eat carrots only on an empty stomach for 20 minutes before breakfast.

Green walnuts

Such a drug not only increases hemoglobin, but also significantly improves immunity. Green fruits are passed through a meat grinder and poured with honey. Nuts and honey are taken in equal proportions. The ingredients should be placed in a glass dish and tightly covered with a lid. Infuse the container in a dark place for four weeks. After that, you should take the drug two tablespoons 30 minutes before the main meal twice a day. Treatment continues for one month. Three courses of treatment per year can be carried out.

Video - How to treat anemia with folk remedies

fresh garlic

For the treatment of anemia, you can prepare garlic tincture, which will additionally significantly improve immunity and increase cardiac function. For treatment, take 300 g of garlic and pass it through a press. The resulting mass is poured into 1 liter of alcohol and infused in a glass bottle for 21 days. After that, you need to take 5 ml of the mixture three times a day for a month. For the best effect, it is recommended to drink garlic tincture with milk.

Attention! When combining folk remedies with medications, you should make sure that they are compatible. Sometimes two safe ingredients cause an allergic reaction when mixed.

Nutrition for anemia in adults

For a faster result from the therapy, you should include foods rich in iron and minerals in your diet.

Leaf lettuce can be eaten as an independent dish and mixed with others. It helps to significantly improve the composition of the blood, normalize the psycho-emotional background. It should be eaten with vegetable oils.
Berries such as garden strawberries, blackberries and cherries will normalize blood pressure and get rid of anemia. You can use the fruits as jam, juice and fresh.
Familiar to all bananas also allow you to restore the composition of the blood. It is desirable to eat them with cottage cheese and other fermented milk products.
In the morning on an empty stomach, you can take brewer's yeast. They perfectly help with the complex treatment of anemia and relieve external manifestations of anemia.

During treatment, you should get rid of such harmful products as alcohol, flour and rich products. They do not allow normal absorption of minerals from healthy dishes. It is desirable to diversify your diet with white and red meat, but it is best to boil or bake it.

We should not forget about products such as buckwheat, currants and whole grain bread. They contain a lot of folic acid, which improves blood composition. Green apples and juice from them will be an excellent stimulating factor for recovery for reduced immunity against anemia.

Attention! Since women are more prone to problems with hemoglobin levels due to constant menstruation and childbirth, during the period of bleeding, you should further enrich your diet with iron-containing foods and, if necessary, take medications.

Prevention of anemia in adults

To reduce the likelihood of developing anemia, it is advisable to adhere to the recommended measures:

take at least once every two days an hour walk in the fresh air;
relax after a hard day, while it is desirable to do this in a relaxed atmosphere;
eat right, constantly including iron-containing foods and drinks in your diet;
once a year to drink iron-containing preparations;
do not allow helminthic invasion;
avoid frequent contact with chemicals and toxins;
when refueling the car, do not allow inhalation of fuel vapors;
maintain optimal physical shape.

Attention! Since preventive measures do not always give the desired result, it is recommended to take a general blood test for hemoglobin levels twice a year. If you have previously had problems with your red blood cell count, it is advisable to undergo such examinations every three months.

Anemia is in most cases the result of poor diet and lifestyle. Only in a small percentage of cases, such a condition is due to the presence of serious pathologies that can lead to anemia. Making the right diet, taking multivitamins and taking care of your own health is the key to longevity and the absence of problems with hemoglobin levels.

Anemia should be considered as a fairly serious disease, which leads to increased fatigue, accelerated heartbeat, shortness of breath with the slightest physical exertion, and other pathological manifestations. Severe and moderate anemia can be caused by malnutrition, blood diseases, regular contact with harmful chemicals. There is also the possibility of acquiring the disease with negative heredity.

Causes of anemia

Anemia - what is it? To understand the nature of the disease, it is necessary to consider the causes of its occurrence.

The prerequisites for a decrease in the content of hemoglobin in the blood, along with a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, are quite diverse. However, there are several main reasons that are most often the root cause of the development of the disease:

Disorders in the bone marrow that cause difficulty in the reproduction of red blood cells.
Premature destruction and reduction of the "life" of erythrocytes (the average duration of the functioning of erythrocytes in the blood is about 4 months).
The presence of chronic or acute bleeding.
Chronic infections - lung abscesses, tuberculosis, mycoses, brucellosis, bacterial endocarditis, pyelonephritis, bronchiectasis, etc.
Connective tissue disorders: rheumatoid arthritis, Hortonai disease, polyarteritis nodosa.
Regular participation in donor procedures.

The first of the above reasons is a progressive decrease in the reproduction of red blood cells, on the basis of which anemia can develop. What it is? Often, the violation manifests itself in the presence of renal and endocrine insufficiency, malignant tumors, chronic infections.

The development of anemia can also be caused by insufficient saturation of the body with vitamins of categories C and B12, pyridoxine, iron, and other important elements that are involved in metabolic processes.

Among other causative agents of the disease, it is worth paying attention to hemolysis - the presence of defects in the red blood cells produced by the body. Acute anemia leads to the rapid destruction of the latter. It is not uncommon for hemolysis to cause disturbances in the functioning of the spleen. Timely prevention of diseases of the spleen, compliance with the correct diet, lack of contact with harmful substances helps to avoid unpleasant consequences in the form of anemia.

iron deficiency anemia

There are various forms of anemia, but the most widespread among the world's population is the iron deficiency nature of the disease. The main reason for the development of this form of anemia lies in the loss of blood by the body. At risk are people suffering from gastritis, diseases of a peptic ulcer, oncological nature.

Adults most often suffer from iron deficiency anemia when they have problems absorbing iron or not eating enough foods rich in blood-forming elements.

With regard to the spread of the disease among children, the risk of its occurrence primarily concerns babies who lack a variety of nutrition and are fed mainly with mother's breast milk.

A malignant form of anemia

Pernicious anemia - what is it? The disease is due to the lack of natural mechanisms for the body to assimilate B12 vitamins, the presence of which plays a decisive role in the formation of red blood cells. The lack of timely treatment of pernicious anemia causes not only physical, but also mental abnormalities.

It is quite difficult to identify this form of the disease, because the human body has the ability to accumulate and slowly consume vitamin B12. If we talk about treatment, then its essence lies in the life-long use of a whole complex of vitamin-containing injections.

sickle cell form of anemia

The disease is hereditary in nature, and most often affects the black population of the planet. During the course of the disease, blood cells change their healthy - rounded - crescent shape, making it difficult for the blood to move against the background of an increase in its density. The result is the development of thrombosis and the appearance of a significant number of small blood clots that cause excruciating pain in certain parts of the body.

The form of the disease belongs to the incurable manifestations of anemia, however, drug treatment with intravenous injections and painkillers successfully copes with its severe cases.

thalassemia major

The disease belongs to another form of hereditary anemia, which is common among the inhabitants of the Mediterranean region. In this case, anemia in adults causes a poor oxygen tolerance of red blood cells. Therapy consists in regular transfusions of healthy donor blood.

Aplastic form of anemia

Manifested when the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow is hindered. The result of the course of the disease is an increased risk of acquiring infectious diseases. The skin of patients with aplastic anemia is often covered with severe bruising, bleeding as a result of injuries is sometimes difficult to stop.

The main cause of aplastic anemia is considered to be prolonged exposure to toxic substances on the body, receiving an increased dose of X-ray or radioactive exposure.

Diagnostics

There are a number of effective diagnostic procedures in which anemia is diagnosed. What is dangerous about the disease is the lack of specific drugs that can cope with all its forms.

Procedures aimed at confirming the diagnosis involve the following steps:

identification of mechanisms that lead to a decrease in the level of hemoglobin and erythrocytes;
determination of the main cause of the development of the disease within the anemia syndrome;
conducting objective laboratory studies, interpretation of the data obtained during the analysis.

Diagnosis of the problem requires the implementation of a number of outpatient activities:

Determining the level of hemoglobin by taking blood from a finger.
Analysis of the state of the bone marrow based on the determination of color indicators of blood.
Biochemical study of the composition of venous blood, which helps to identify the level of iron and bilirubin.
Analysis of the state of the gastrointestinal tract (examination of the stomach, rectum, duodenum, large and small intestines).
Gynecological tests, ultrasound of the pelvis of a woman, excluding the presence of an ovarian cyst or uterine fibroids.
Getting advice from an experienced hematologist who is able to diagnose pathologies of the circulatory system.

Treatment

The course of therapy when a disease is detected depends primarily on the causes and form of the disease, as well as on its severity. Along with drug therapy, an effective solution can be the treatment of anemia with folk remedies. As for self-treatment, here we can take dietary supplements, iron-containing substances, but only with a preventive purpose and under the supervision of a doctor.

In recent years, such a popular method as blood transfusion has effectively proven itself, with the help of which anemia is quite successfully treated. What it is? A whole range of procedures is used here, in particular: bone marrow transplantation, therapy with glucocorticoid and anabolic hormones, and so on.

A patient with anemia must be sure to follow a healthy diet, based on the intake of a full variety of foods high in iron, protein and vitamins.

Mild anemia is successfully treated with iron supplements. If necessary, their intravenous or intramuscular administration is practiced. However, the latter variant of therapy is often accompanied by the manifestation of allergic reactions. Therefore, to reduce the dose of medications, the treatment of anemia with folk remedies can be practiced. Ultimately, iron supplementation requires a cautious approach to treatment in order to avoid further trouble.

Disease prevention

There is a wide range of preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk of certain manifestations of anemia. Among the most accessible methods of prevention are:

regular consumption of iron-containing products in a natural form;
maintaining the healthy functioning of the digestive system to ensure efficient absorption of micronutrients through the small intestine;
intake of food rich in high-grade animal proteins;
prophylactic administration of drugs containing folic acid and vitamin B12 complex, which contributes to the productive regeneration of red blood cells in the bone marrow;
maintaining a healthy lifestyle, maintaining sleep and rest, strengthening the immune system;
timely treatment of infectious diseases and elimination of inflammatory processes.