Late ovulation and conception. When does a woman ovulate? How to determine ovulation by basal temperature? Basal temperature as a way to determine ovulation

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Questions and answers on: 32 day cycle when ovulation

2010-12-11 16:46:16

Natalya asks:

Good afternoon. After the termination of pregnancy, I still have questions that the doctors have not yet given me answers to. My husband and I planned the pregnancy in advance, and used birth control for 6 months after a miscarriage (spontaneous at 5-6 weeks). I got pregnant right away. The first day of the last menstruation is October 12. Cycle 30 days. The pregnancy was confirmed by a test, my changes in my body, and of course, a couple of weeks later, on November 24, I had an ultrasound. Everything is fine - Ultrasound confirmed pregnancy, she is in the uterus, there is corpus luteum. The only thing they said on the ultrasound was 3 weeks, the fetus was still not visible. After this we contacted our perinatal center, in order to observe pregnancy there. I passed all the tests - the results are all good (only the results for hormones and infections came later). On December 6, I was sent again for an ultrasound to clarify the date. During the procedure, the ultrasound doctor saw the fetus, set the term at 6 weeks, but did not hear the fetal heartbeat. On the same day, I began to feel a cramp in the right lower abdomen. The next day I went to the doctor and she prescribed me a sick leave, progesterone injections and suppositories. She told me to come again for an ultrasound on the 8th so that another doctor could look at the heartbeat. In general, they never heard him, plus she noticed a detachment (although the previous doctor did not notice it on the 6th). After this, they did an ultrasound on the same day of genetics and the result was the same. On the 10th I had a curettage. BUT I am still tormented by thoughts - what if they were all wrong! Suddenly I became pregnant not on the days when ovulation was according to all calculations, but later and the fetus was simply smaller and the heart was not yet heard. After all, three ultrasounds show that the pregnancy is developing: at the first ultrasound on November 24, the embryo was not visible at all, then on December 6 it was already clearly visible and ovum even in two days it increased in size (ultrasound on December 8). I understand that this is out of despair... but suddenly there is an explanation and it happens that my fetus developed at the beginning a little slower than others.

Answers Vengarenko Victoria Anatolevna:

Natalya, ultrasound is only an additional method of examination, but the fact that the fetus has begun to be rejected is obvious, so consult geneticists and plan your pregnancy calmly.

2016-10-31 17:39:50

Oksana asks:

Hello, tell me what to do. My husband and I are planning to have 2 children, he works on a rotational basis and always comes on the day when my period starts, and leaves after 10 days. Is there a possibility that we are not ovulating? I decided to track ovulation with tests in this cycle. I bought an electronic cleara, my cycle is 30-31 days at 16 days, the test smiled at me, called my husband, it was yes. the next day I had shooting pains in my ankles and a tugging in my stomach. I really hoped for a miracle, but yesterday it was 23 days, the remaining tests smiled at me again, I was worried and went for an ultrasound today. Dts-24
Uterus in retroposition
Contour: smooth, clear
Body measurements: length 5.96 cm, size 5.11 cm, width 6.0 cm
The shape is correct
The structure of the myometrium is changed: moderate venous congestion
Nodal images not identified
Endometrium: M-echo is differentiated: 14.6 mm, the structure is not changed. The contours at the border with the inner muscle layer are clear.
The uterine cavity is not dilated
Cavity image no
Neck: determined: length 3.13 cm thickness 2.91 cm
The structure has not been changed
The church canal has not been widened.
The fallopian tubes are not identified.
Ovaries:
Right-located 3.51/2.27/2.52 cm; volume 10.13 cc
The location is typical. The shape is correct, the structure is not changed.
Follicles are located: d-0.64 cm; Corpus luteum - no
No cystic formations
Left is located 2.95/2.29/2.22 cm; volume 7.88 cc
Typically located
The form is correct, the structure is not changed
Follicles are located d-0.58 cm; There is no corpus luteum, no cystic formations
Free liquid not located in the retrouterine space

CONCLUSION
Ultrasound data of a moderate increase in the linear dimensions of the uterine body, the structure of the myometrium is not changed, moderate venous plethora; The structure of the endometrium corresponds to the phase of the menstrual cycle, thickened more than normal, the uterine cavity is not expanded, there are no cavity formations; Ovaries normal sizes and echostructure, the follicular apparatus is not changed, there are no cystic formations, there is no evidence of the presence of a corpus luteum.

P.S. I asked, it turns out I didn’t ovulate?! To which I received the answer that I didn’t come to him earlier for an ultrasound to look at the DF and the corpus luteum may look the same as the follicle and it doesn’t cost anything to guess.

Tell me how bad is the ultrasound?

Answers Palyga Igor Evgenievich:

Hello, Oksana! The ultrasound conclusion is without any peculiarities, although it is strange how can “the endometrium in structure correspond to the phase of the menstrual cycle,” but at the same time “thicken more than normal”?! It is impossible to draw a conclusion about the occurrence of ovulation, since the corpus luteum is not visualized. It makes no sense at all to undergo an ultrasound scan on the 24th day of the menstrual cycle to confirm ovulation. In your case, I would advise you to schedule folliculometry to assess the growth of the dominant follicle and the passage of ovulation from the 7-8th day of your cycle. and plan sexual intercourse during the period of objectively confirmed ovulation. Ovulation tests are quite subjective and do not give accurate information fully.

2016-08-25 08:28:49

Elena asks:

Good afternoon. I had my period on 07/20/16, the cycle was 30 days, today it’s 37 days. Delay 7 days. At 32 d.c. I did an ultrasound and found a corpus luteum cyst of the left ovary measuring 4.4*4.1. In the middle of the cycle (days 15-17) there were signs of ovulation, discharge similar to egg white, then it stopped, but at 23 days. I also had this discharge for one day. There was a PPA just at 20-25 b.c. I donated blood for hCG at 33 dc - the result is negative. Now it’s 37 dc. The breasts are very sore and engorged and the body temperature stays at 37 for several days, there are no periods. Could there be breast tenderness and temperature with a gastrointestinal cyst? or is it pregnancy? Should the hCG be at 33 d.c. Is there already something to show in the blood or is it too early? What if ovulation was just at 23 d.c. when I saw discharge... but it was also in the middle of the cycle... Please tell me.

Answers Bosyak Yulia Vasilievna:

Hello, Elena! If the analysis is hCG negative, which means pregnancy can be ruled out. If you wish, you can retake the hCG test again, but pregnancy is 99% excluded. I advise you to undergo an ultrasound scan of the pelvic organs to determine the cause of the delay.

2016-04-28 21:29:43

Raisa asks:

Hello!
Please help me understand the ultrasound results!
I went for an ultrasound on April 27, 2016, it was the 16th day of the cycle!
After stopping the contraceptive, I took Regulon for 4 months, for prevention after treatment, the gynecologist prescribed it!
So then my cycle went wrong, it became 32 days!
I wanted to know when to wait ovulation according to the calendar It should be 28.04, and the doctor didn’t want to explain anything to me; there was no time to see a gynecologist...
I really want to get pregnant!
Here are the results of the ovaries and the conclusion:
Endometrium: 7.4 mm thick, not homogeneous, clear, even contours. The shape is oval!
The uterine cavity is not deformed, the contour is clear and even!
Right ovary: 38-25-29 mm, volume 14.4 cm, usually located.
Follicular apparatus: follicles - several up to 5 mm, located on the periphery and FLUID FORMATION 19 MM with homogeneous contents (it seems like the doctor said that it is in the right ovary dominant follicle, but not another word(()
Left ovary: 38-17-31 mm, volume 10.3 cm, usually located.
Follicular apparatus: follicles - several up to 5 mm, located on the periphery and a liquid formation of 16 mm with a thickened dense capsule and diffusely heterogeneous content, blood flow is not visible.

Features: none.
Free fluid behind the uterus - 7 ml.

CONCLUSION: fluid formations of the ovaries. Free fluid behind the uterus.

Please help me figure it out!
When is ovulation and will it happen at all...
Thank you very much in advance for your attention and answer!

Answers Bosyak Yulia Vasilievna:

Hello, Raisa! Most likely, a dominant follicle was visualized in the right ovary (the ultrasound specialist directly conducting the examination should say exactly this). Ovulation occurs when the follicle reaches 20-21 mm (increases by an average of 1 mm per day). It would be rational for you to undergo a control ultrasound scan after 1-2 days to objectively assess whether ovulation has occurred. You most likely have a cyst in your left ovary if a thickened, dense capsule and heterogeneous contents are visualized. In this case, after completing a month, the ultrasound scan should be repeated and the growth of the cyst should be observed. For what purpose were you prescribed Regulon? How old are you? If you wish, please write in more detail.

2016-03-18 08:08:06

Maria asks:

By the way, I ended yesterday, duration 5 days, my cycle is 24 days
Here are the ultrasound results:

direct ovary: along the rib of the uterus 26*16*17 mm, volume 3.5 cm3, clear, even contours, echostr/ra-follicles 11 mm, 11 mm, 11 mm. The echogenicity of the stroma is normal.
Lev testicle: 25*19*17 mm, volume 4.2 cm3, clear contours. smooth. echo is heterogeneous, with the presence of an anechogenic inclusion of 13 mm with an uneven contour

Question: at 6 days I had an ultrasound, it showed three follicles from the right testicle and one from the left one, what is this and what could it be connected with?

March 18, 2016
Bosyak Yulia Vasilievna answers:
Gynecologist, reproductive specialist
information about the consultant
Hello Maria! What worries you? On ultrasound, antral follicles are visualized; with a 24-day cycle, you most likely ovulate, plus or minus the 12th day of your cycle. Have you ever undergone folliculometry? To assess the growth of the dominant follicle and the passage of ovulation, it is advisable to do this.

The doctor sent me to 14 dc for foleiculometry, what worries me is that they told me that three follicles came out of one, 1 from the other and that this is not normal at 6 dc. They prescribed me clostelbigit, which I tolerate strangely, everything hurts, my vision began to worsen, my stomach hurts, my back hurts, everything hurts.

Answers Bosyak Yulia Vasilievna:

Hello Maria! Have you been taking clostilbegit since what day? At what dose? Did you take blood tests for sex hormones before stimulation? If, against the background of clomiphene, 4 follicles begin to grow, then this is normal. The main thing is that these follicles mature and ovulation occurs. If you feel unwell, you should inform your doctor.

2015-08-12 13:24:24

Oksana asks:

Ultrasound at 15 d.c.
body of the uterus 58*45*50mm
M-echo 14
right ovary 33*24 mm follicle 7-10mm
left ovary 36*31 mm follicle 7-10mm

Cycle 33-38 days
When to expect ovulation

Answers Gumenetsky Igor Evgenievich:

Hello, Oksana! Do you think I'm a medium?! Ovulation occurs when the dominant follicle reaches 20 mm, but when this happens, virtually no one can say for sure. If menstrual cycle irregular, then I advise you to undergo folliculometry.

2015-05-29 12:21:21

Elena asks:

Hello. Could you please advise on my problem? I have always had polycystic disease based on the LH/FSH ratio. They don’t do an ultrasound scan. The ovaries are not enlarged, there are up to 5 follicles in each ovary. Previously, follicles did not grow larger than 8 mm and the endometrium did not grow larger than 6-7 mm. I went to the doctor, they prescribed Remens + Cyclovita for 3 months to reduce LH due to black cohosh in Remens. From the 2nd cycle I went for an ultrasound and the follicle grew to 20mm by 18 days (the cycle lasted from 28 to 35 days, but sometimes it didn’t last for 2 months). the endometrium has grown to 12mm. tried to get pregnant. after 3 days, the fluid behind the uterus was up to 10mm, the formation was 20mm (either a follicle or a wt). Progesterone on the 8th day after supposed ovulation showed 43.5 (normal 13-56). (in that cycle there was a lot of mucus from 14 to 18 days). Then menstruation 14 days after expected ovulation. In the new cycle (3rd cycle of taking Remens), the dryness ended and a little bit of mucus appeared from 18 d.c. only at 18.19 d.c. after which it did not appear again. ultrasound with 13d.ts follicle 8mm, endom 6mm, at 17d.ts follicle 12.5mm, endometrium 7mm, at 21dts follicle already 19mm with tubercle, endometrium 13mm. There was contact with my husband that evening and the next evening. on the 24th day I came for an ultrasound of the right ovary in which there was a follicle - 29*48*33, there was some kind of formation in it mesh structure up to 30mm. The uzist also talked about some kind of hemorrhage, either in the ovary or in the follicle. uzistka new years 20. She said the follicle probably didn’t burst, but she immediately wrote a corpus luteum cyst... although the corpus luteum only after ovulation. there is no fluid behind the uterus, just one drop said. right side where the cyst hurts when I move. The pain started for the first time on the day of expected ovulation at night, when the follicle was 19mm that day. By nightfall, there was a dull, bursting pain on the right side for several hours, then it went away. There was no mucus that day, but it wasn’t dry either, and it’s still not particularly dry. That same night my chest started to hurt and it still hurts, especially at night and in the morning, it’s severe and painful. I’m still in the second cycle and I can’t figure out if ovulation is happening and whether it happened in this cycle. and what kind of cyst do I have in this cycle - follicle or corpus luteum. We are planning a pregnancy for cycle 2. I am 30 years old. except for LH before treatment, all hormones were normal. (including estradiol, FSH and testosterones) progesterone before treatment was 1.5, but I understood this because there was no ovulation. Please tell me what do you think, did I ovulate in this cycle or that one? and what kind of cyst do I have, gastric or follicular? and if it’s a follicle, then why didn’t the remens work this month? After all, the follicle and endometrium have grown, albeit very quickly. That month, the endometrium was already 12 mm from 14 dc, and this month it grew sharply from 17 to 21 dc, along with the follicle. and there was very little mucus and it didn’t last long. On the days when ovulation was supposed to happen, it was wet but without mucus. and so far. and will it help to accurately determine again a test for progesterone a week after ovulation (in that cycle it was 43.5 on the 8th day after ovulation, as expected) Thank you.

Answers Gumenetsky Igor Evgenievich:

Hello, Elena! In your case, you need to contact experienced specialist Ultrasound, and not rely on your own subjective feelings and draw conclusions based on them. If on the 24th day m.c. there was a formation of 29-30 mm, then it most likely formed follicular cyst, provoking painful sensations. How long have you been openly sexually active without getting pregnant? I personally believe that for a 30-year-old patient who is planning to conceive, prescribing one remens is not rational and there is no particular hope for its effectiveness. To draw conclusions, it is necessary to see the levels of sex hormones - FSH, LH, prolactin, AMH, free testosterone today and folliculometry findings.

2015-05-20 17:13:39

Lilia asks:

Hello! I have low progesterone. In this regard, my doctor prescribed taking duphaston from days 10 to 20 of the cycle, that is, 10 days. According to ultrasound readings, I ovulate on the 10th-11th. My cycle is 30-31 days.
Question 1: why was I prescribed to take duphaston for 10 days with a cycle of 31 days, when everywhere it is written that duphaston should be taken from days 11 to 25 with a cycle of 28 days (that is, it should be taken not 10, but 14 days!!!)
Question 2: how to take duphaston when planning pregnancy? I am very afraid that if I stop drinking, another spontaneous miscarriage will occur!

Answers Gumenetsky Igor Evgenievich:

Hello, Lilia! Let's start from the end. Do you have a history of miscarriages? If yes, for what period? If you wish, please write in more detail. Duphaston is actually prescribed from the 11th to the 25th day, i.e. in the second phase of the cycle. With habitual miscarriage, I think that the reason is not only low progesterone.

2014-10-20 05:44:33

Julia asks:

Hello. My chest has been hurting for 4 days now, especially when I put on a bra. I used to ache sometimes, but before I started critical days and even then not so much and one -2 days. what could this be from? Now I’m on day 23 of my cycle, I started getting sick 6-8 days after Ovulation. two days before the onset of chest pain, shooting in the ovaries and the left ovary ached. Now sometimes my lower abdomen feels tight. 8-10 days after Ovulation. I caught ovulation with tests that were bright for 3 days!!!

Answers Bosyak Yulia Vasilievna:

Hello Julia! I think this is how it manifests itself in you premenstrual syndrome. Is there any discharge when pressing on the nipple? If discharge is present, then on day 2-3 m.c. It is necessary to take a prolactin test. After your period, I advise you to undergo an ultrasound scan of the pelvic organs to visualize the ovaries first. Be healthy!

One of the indicators normal operation reproductive system - regular maturation of the egg, so many women have a question on what day of the cycle ovulation occurs. It is easiest to accurately calculate the period suitable for conception with an average regular cycle. But there are certain methods that will help girls with any cycle length make calculations.

What day is it on?

Ovulation is the release of an egg (oocyte) from the ovary. Breaking the walls of the follicle, it exits into the fallopian tubes. If there are active sperm in them at this moment, there is a high probability of fertilization.

When does ovulation occur? In women with a normal and regular cycle of 28–30 days – on days 14–15. But the body cannot work like a machine, so deviations occur - the egg can leave the follicle for 11-21 days.

Important! The duration of ovulation is 12–48 hours, sperm can remain viable for 3–7 days. These factors should be taken into account by girls who do not plan to become a mother in the near future. 5 days before and after the expected release date of the egg should be used barrier means contraception.

The release of the egg from the ovary is accompanied by certain hormonal changes. Ovulation can be determined by a number of characteristic signs that appear equally in women with any length of the menstrual cycle.

Main symptoms of ovulation:

1. Change in appearance and consistency vaginal discharge– during ovulation, the cervical fluid becomes viscous and transparent, which facilitates the movement of the egg and sperm. The color of mucus can be white, yellow, pink.
2. The amount of natural lubrication during sexual intercourse increases.
3. The mammary glands slightly increase in volume, hurt, and their sensitivity increases.
4. The position of the cervix changes - it rises higher and becomes softer.
5. Increased libido against the background of a hormonal surge, the body gives signals of readiness for conception.
6. Minor spotting discharge - appears after follicle rupture.
7. Pain, spasms in lower area abdomen, most often on one side - occur when the walls of the follicle rupture, contraction fallopian tube, during the movement of the egg. Fine discomfort are of a short-term nature.

Among additional symptoms at the end of ovulation, bloating, upset stool, increased appetite most often occur, headache, mood swings.

Long cycle

Long menstrual cycle – 35–45 days. Since the stage of the corpus luteum is approximately the same for all women, to determine ovulation with a long cycle you need to subtract 14 from its duration.

For example, with a cycle of 35 days, the calculation scheme is as follows: 35 – 14 = 21, ovulation should occur on the 21st day.

The average menstrual cycle lasts 28–32 days, while menstrual flow observed for 3–5 days. Ovulation occurs after 12–15 days, with a 32-day cycle - after 18 days, but it all depends on individual characteristics body.

How many days after ovulation will the test show pregnancy? A faint second line may appear on the test 6–12 days later when the embryo implants. Exactly on what day this will happen depends on your hormonal levels.

Short

Duration short cycle– less than 25–26 days. To calculate the day the egg is released, you need to subtract 14 from the length of the cycle, for example, 25 – 14 = 11. The favorable period for conception will occur on the 11th day after menstruation.

If the menstrual cycle consistently lasts less than 21 days, the gynecologist can diagnose polymenorrhea; in such cases, ovulation often occurs immediately after menstruation, on the 7th–8th day.

Irregular cycle

To calculate the favorable period for conception with an irregular cycle, a lot of effort will be required - keeping a chart, measuring basal temperature regularly throughout the year.

To calculate the ovulation period it is necessary from the long cycle subtract 11, from the shortest – 18. The resulting values ​​will show the interval during which conception can occur, but with an irregular cycle these indicators can be a week or more.

Table of approximate ovulation dates

Cycle change

Quite often there is early or late ovulation. Most often, such deviations are associated with hormonal imbalance, which causes disturbances in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian ligament. Permissible deviations Ovulation dates are 1–3 days.

Late ovulation - the release of the egg occurs later than the 20th day of the cycle, often observed before the onset of menopause. This pathology increases the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, birth defects a child has a miscarriage.

Why does the ovulatory period lengthen:

• hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism;
• benign neoplasms in the pituitary gland;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• severe stress;
• physical fatigue, intense training;
• a sharp decline or weight gain of more than 10%;
• chemotherapy;
• long-term use hormonal drugs.

Late ovulation also occurs during natural feeding. When menstruation returns after childbirth, a long follicular phase can be observed for six months. This phenomenon is considered normal, as the body prevents repeat pregnancy.

Early ovulation

Early ovulation - in a normal cycle, the egg leaves the follicle before the 11th day; it is not suitable for fertilization. Additionally, there is a mucus plug in the cervix, which prevents the penetration of sperm; the endometrium is still too thin, high level estrogen interferes with the implantation of the embryo.

Reasons for early ovulation:

• stress, nervous tension;
• natural aging – a high level of FGS is observed in the body, which provokes active growth follicles;
• smoking, alcohol abuse, coffee;
• endocrine and gynecological diseases;
• recent abortion;
• cancellation oral medications contraception.

Important! On average, for each year of taking OCs, it takes 3 months to restore the normal ovulatory period.

Atypical cases of ovulation

Can you ovulate twice in one cycle? IN in rare cases 2 eggs are released into the fallopian tubes at once. Follicle rupture occurs in one of the ovaries with a difference of several days, or in both ovaries simultaneously.

Ovulation occurs immediately after the end of menstruation - this happens if menstruation lasts more than 5 days, which provokes hormonal imbalance. The reason may also be the non-simultaneous maturation of follicles in two ovaries; this pathology often causes pregnancy after sex during menstrual periods.

Important! The anovulatory cycle is observed in adolescence, before menopause. In women over 30 years of age, 2–3 such cycles per year are allowed. If the egg does not release in a timely manner - this is one of the main signs of pregnancy, it is necessary to determine the level of hCG.

Diagnosis of ovulation

Not all women show clear signs of egg release, so it is necessary to use additional methods definitions favorable period for conception.

How to determine ovulation:

1. Basal temperature– the most accurate data can be obtained by measuring in the rectum. This should be done at the same time immediately after waking up, without getting out of bed. Better to use mercury thermometer, the duration of the procedure is 5–7 minutes. In the first half of the cycle rectal temperature is 36.6-36.8 degrees. Immediately before the follicle breaks through, there is a sharp decrease in indicators, then they increase to 37.1–37.2 degrees. The accuracy of the method is more than 93%.
2. Pupil syndrome is a gynecological term that indicates the condition of the cervical pharynx. During the follicular phase, the pharynx expands, opens to its maximum just before ovulation, and on the sixth day it narrows. The reliability of the method is about 60%.
3. Condition of mucus - Using serrated tweezers, remove a small amount of mucus from cervical canal, stretch. 2 days before ovulation, the length of the thread is 9–12 cm, gradually it decreases, after 6 days the mucus completely loses its viscosity. The accuracy of the method is more than 60%.
4. Home tests to measure LH levels in urine - this method is only suitable for women with a regular cycle, otherwise you will have to use it constantly. There are also reusable systems for saliva analysis, but they are expensive. If your LH level is high all the time, it could be a sign of stress or PCOS. When to take the test? 14–16 days before the expected date of your period.
5. Ultrasound is the most exact method to find out the day of ovulation. With a regular cycle, diagnosis is carried out on days 10–12 of the cycle, with an irregular cycle - 10 days after the start of menstruation.

To independently determine the date favorable for conception, you need to keep a diary. It should record the indicators of rectal and normal temperature, condition of the cervix and vaginal discharge, general state, when signs of ovulation appear, do tests.

Important! There is a theory that if there was sex before the release of the egg, then when it is fertilized, there is a high probability of having a girl. If sexual intercourse occurs immediately during ovulation, boys are more likely to be born.

Every girl needs to know the day of ovulation. This information will help you avoid unwanted pregnancy or increase the chance of the long-awaited conception. Help determine the day the egg is released specific symptoms, changes in the amount and structure of vaginal discharge, tests, basal temperature indicators.

It is fraught with many mysteries. And deal with them all to an ordinary person sometimes it can be very difficult. Therefore, in this article I would like to talk in detail about the cycle. The norm and deviations will also be described below.

Understanding the concepts

First of all, I want to define the concepts themselves in order to fully understand what we're talking about. So, the monthly (or more correctly, the menstrual) cycle is a special physiological process, which is characteristic exclusively of the female body (sexually mature personality). It is of a regular nature and affects mainly reproductive system. All these processes are controlled by hormones produced by the ovaries and the brain.

When does a woman begin to develop monthly cycle? The norm is the time of puberty for a girl. This happens on average at 11-14 years of age. The menstrual cycle disappears in women with the onset of menopause (most often it occurs at the age of 45-55). This is a normal physiological process, as a result of which a woman no longer becomes able to conceive and bear a baby. External manifestation The menstrual cycle is bleeding, or menstruation.

How to count?

Not all women know how to correctly calculate their female cycle. So, first of all, it’s worth saying that you need to start counting from the first day bloody discharge, end with the last day before the new menstruation. Ideally, the monthly cycle is 28 days. But this does not happen for all women. A deviation from this figure of one week is also considered the norm. That is, if a woman’s cycle lasts within 21-35 days, there is nothing wrong with that. If not, you should definitely consult a doctor for qualified advice. It is also important to remember that the cycle must be regular. If one month has 25 days, and the second - 32 - this is abnormal. Variations are possible within 1-3 days. Otherwise, again you need to contact a gynecologist for advice and search for reasons.

Nuances

1. Ovulation (translated from Latin as “egg”). This is one of the processes of the menstrual cycle. At this time, the follicle ruptures and an egg comes out, completely ready for fertilization.
2. Menstruation. Occurs approximately 12-15 days after ovulation. This is bloody discharge, with which, as unnecessary (if pregnancy has not occurred), the exfoliated endometrium comes out.

Phases

The phases of the menstrual cycle are what else needs to be discussed in this article. So, this issue can be approached in different ways. According to one version, there are only two phases of the menstrual cycle:

1. Folliculin.
2. Luteal (secretory, or corpus luteum phase).

Why is there such a division? It’s all due to hormones, which at a certain period are dominant in the reproductive organs female body. You can often see information that there are two more phases of the monthly cycle:

1. Menstruation phase.
2. Ovulation phase.

However, most scientists believe that it is not entirely correct to distinguish them from the point of view of hormonal levels. However, it is believed that they more clearly show the processes occurring in the ovaries and uterus. In addition, these phases are very important during pregnancy planning, so they cannot be completely excluded. All four phases will be discussed below.

First phase: menstruation

The normal menstrual cycle begins with the first phase, which is calculated from the first day of bleeding. These are the so-called menstruation. At this time, the previously rejected endometrium is released along with the blood. This process can also be called preparation for receiving a new egg. As for the duration, this phase lasts only 3 to 6 days. It ends even before the end of bleeding in women. What else is important to say when studying the menstrual cycle? How much blood should a girl normally produce? No more than 80 ml for the entire period of menstruation. If a woman changes pads or tampons more than 10 times a day, this is a reason to consult a doctor. You should also seek help if bleeding continues for a week or more.

Possible problems

What problems may arise in this phase?

1. Amenorrhea (the prefix “a” means absence). This complete absence bloody discharge. However, this diagnosis can only be made if similar phenomenon observed for six months.
2. Algomenorrhea (the prefix “algo” means pain). This painful menstruation when a woman feels very bad. At this time, the woman’s ability to work sharply decreases.
3. Menorrhagia. This is too much bleeding. This diagnosis can be made if a woman’s menstruation lasts more than 7 days or the amount of discharge is more than 80 ml.

Second phase: follicular

We further study the monthly cycle. The norm is when the second phase in a woman lasts about two weeks after the end of bleeding. At this time, the woman’s brain begins to send certain impulses, under the influence of which follicle-stimulating hormone is actively produced, and follicles grow in the ovaries. Gradually, a dominant follicle is formed, which will be a refuge in the future. At the same time, a hormone such as estrogen is actively produced in the woman’s body. He is working to renew the lining of the uterus. Also, this hormone affects the cervical mucus so much that it becomes immune to sperm.

Problems

Disruption of the menstrual cycle in the second phase can be caused by various stresses and diseases. In this case, the third phase of the female cycle will occur somewhat later than usual.

Phase Three: Ovulation

This is the middle of the monthly cycle. At this moment, there is a restructuring of hormones in the female body. FSH level, i.e., it decreases significantly, but immediately a surge of LH occurs, i.e. Time frame of the period: three days. What happens to the female body at this time?

1. LH makes the cervix very receptive to sperm.
2. The maturation of the egg ends.
3. The egg is released from the follicle, after which it enters the fallopian tubes and awaits conception (the period is about two days).

Phase four: luteal

It can also be called the “corpus luteum phase.” After the follicle is released, it begins to actively produce the hormone progesterone, the main task of which is to prepare the uterine mucosa for implantation. At the same time, the cervical mucus dries out and LH production stops. If a normal monthly cycle is observed in women, then this phase lasts no more than 16 days (within a maximum of 12 days, the fertilized egg must attach to the uterus).

1. If fertilization has occurred: in this case, the egg enters the uterine cavity, is implanted, and the production of the so-called pregnancy hormone begins, which will be active throughout the entire period of gestation.
2. If fertilization does not occur: in this case, the egg dies and the production of progesterone stops. This causes destruction of the endometrium, which entails its rejection and the onset of the first phase of the new menstrual cycle - bleeding.

Cycle and conception

Every lady should know her correct menstrual cycle. After all, this is very important in a situation if you want to prepare for conceiving a baby or, conversely, avoid an unwanted pregnancy. After all, as everyone knows, there are favorable and dangerous days female cycle. More details about this:

1. The maximum probability of conception is a couple of days before ovulation or during the second phase of the menstrual cycle.
2. It is worth remembering that male sperm live up to seven days women's ways, therefore, fertilization is possible even if unprotected intercourse occurred a week before ovulation.
3. Favorable days for those who do not yet want to have children: a couple of days after ovulation. The egg has already died at this time, fertilization will not occur.

However, it is worth saying that it is very difficult to accurately predict ovulation. After all, the female body is not an ideal machine. If you don’t want to get pregnant, it’s best not to rely on your calculations, but to take additional protection modern means, say, condoms.

Basal temperature

We further study the monthly cycle. The norm and deviations must be known to every woman. Here I would also like to talk about how you can identify the phases yourself. To do this, it is enough to trace the basal temperature graph (as you know, this is a measurement of temperature indicators in a woman’s vagina or rectum). In the first days after bleeding, the temperature should be kept within 37 °C. Then it usually decreases slightly, and then “jumps” by 0.5 °C and is normally more than 37 °C. The temperature remains at this level almost all the time, but a few days before the start of menstruation it drops again. If this does not happen, we can say that the girl became pregnant. If the temperature has not changed at all throughout the entire cycle, this means that the third phase - ovulation - has not occurred.

About crashes

Modern women very often suffer from such a problem as a violation of the menstrual cycle. What symptoms may indicate this:

1. Increasing the interval between menstruation, its significant fluctuation.
2. Change of days in the cycle (deviation of more than three days in any direction).
3. Copious or scanty bleeding.
4. Complete absence of menstruation for at least two months (unless, of course, this is a sign of pregnancy).
5. The appearance of bleeding in different phases menstrual cycle (not only the first).
6. The duration of bleeding is more than a week or less than three days.

These are the main problems that should alert the lady. In this case, you should definitely consult a gynecologist and find out the causes of these phenomena.

Causes

If a woman’s menstrual cycle is disrupted, the reasons for this may be the following:

1. Weight change - obesity or sudden weight loss. Fasting, as well as the consumption of foods harmful to the body and overeating, affects the entire body as a whole, and especially reproductive function ladies. Accordingly, for the menstrual cycle.
2. Stress. In this state, the woman actively begins to produce the hormone prolactin, which can inhibit ovulation and cause a delay in menstruation.
3. Physical exercise.
4. Acclimatization. If a woman changes her waist belt - from heat to cold or vice versa, the body turns on protective forces, which can affect the female cycle.
5. If a woman's menstrual cycle is off, the reason for this may be hormonal disbalance(impaired production of certain hormones).
6. Women's diseases. The cycle may go astray if a lady has following problems: inflammation of the uterus, pathology of its cervix, cysts, polyps of the uterus, its appendages.
7. Reception oral contraceptives. If a woman is just starting to take birth control pills, at first, while the body is adapting, there may be certain failures. However, after a maximum of three months, if medications are selected correctly, a clear and normal cycle menstruation.
8. Adolescence and menopause. During these periods, the female cycle may be irregular, which is not an indicator special problems with the body. In a young girl, the first cycle of menstruation will never be an indicator that menstruation will continue in the same manner.
9. A woman will stop menstruating completely if she becomes pregnant.
10. Huge problems with the cycle will occur in the case of involuntary or planned abortions.

Diagnostics

If a woman starts menstruating in the middle of her cycle or has some other problem, she mandatory should seek medical advice. After all, this may be the reason for quite serious problems with the body. What indicators will the gynecologist use to diagnose?

1. Poll (receiving complete information O possible reasons violations).
2. Gynecological examination of the patient.
3. Taking all smears necessary for analysis.
4. Blood and urine tests.

If these procedures do not provide complete answers to the doctor’s questions, the lady may be prescribed additional studies:

1. Ultrasound of the pelvic or abdominal organs.
2. Hormone tests.
3. MRI - magnetic resonance imaging (definition pathological changes in tissues, as well as searching for possible neoplasms).
4. Hysteroscopy (examination of the patient’s uterine walls using a special instrument).

Only the combination of these methods for studying the patient’s condition can give full picture causes of her illness, which will lead to the diagnosis correct diagnosis and prescribing appropriate treatment.

Diseases

Above, a little was said about what problems can arise with the female menstrual cycle and what diseases develop against this background. However, this is far from a complete list.

1. Hypomenorrhea. This is very scanty bleeding.
2. Opsomenorea. Significant shortening of the duration of bleeding in a woman.
3. Oligomenorrhea. This is an increase in the interval between the woman's bloody discharge.

All of these issues should be cause for concern. Every woman should remember that timely diagnosis and treatment of the disease is very important.

Complications

If a woman’s cycle is disrupted (for example, different periods of time pass between periods) or other problems arise with women's health, you should immediately consult a doctor for qualified advice. After all, if the disease is not diagnosed and treated in time, it can lead to serious complications, which will be extremely difficult to cope with. It is worth remembering that late detection of pathologies that cause disruptions in the menstrual cycle can lead not only to the inability to get pregnant, but even to fatal outcome young lady.

If a woman has minor irregularities in her menstrual cycle, she can try to correct the situation without the intervention of doctors. To do this, it is enough to correctly adjust your daily routine and nutrition. That is, you need to exclude everything from food harmful products, pay more attention to consumption fresh vegetables and fruits, as well as cereals. IN sufficient quantity the lady should also rest: at least seven hours night sleep, breaks from work, physical activity and stay on fresh air- only these nuances can correct the female cycle with minor glitches.

Treatment by a doctor

If a girl still needs to apply for medical assistance, treatment will be prescribed based on the reasons that led to hormonal imbalance.

1. If the cause is stress, the patient will be prescribed sedatives.
2. If there are problems with bleeding, the woman may be prescribed hemostatic drugs (to eliminate bleeding if menstruation occurs in the middle of the cycle).
3. At heavy bleeding a lady can have an infusion donor blood, plasma.
4. Maybe surgical intervention(including hysterectomy, i.e. removal of the uterus).
5. In some cases, the girl may be prescribed antibiotics (if the cause of the failure is an infectious disease).
6. The most common methods of treatment are the prescription of hormonal drugs to regulate hormonal levels.

Women's health is entirely subject to a cycle called menstruation (period). This phenomenon is monthly in nature and must fit within certain standards, if non-compliance with which one can suspect the presence of certain gynecological diseases, disruptions in endocrine function, nervous system.

Period bleeding first appears in girls during adolescence. In the first year, their irregular arrival is acceptable, but then menstruation should come every month. During bleeding, the endometrium, the functional layer of the uterus, is shed. It begins to grow again immediately after the end of menstruation and should serve as a “cushion” for implantation of the fertilized egg if pregnancy occurs. In the case when conception does not occur, the endometrium exfoliates and comes out in the form of bloody discharge.

Healthy menstrual cycle consists of two phases with ovulation in between. The first phase begins on the first day of menstruation and is called follicular, during which follicles mature in the ovaries, and an egg develops in the largest and healthiest one - the dominant one. When the time of ovulation approaches, and this is usually the 14-15th day of the cycle, the follicle ruptures and the egg is released into the fallopian tube. Next, it must meet with a sperm, develop into a fertilized egg and attach to the wall of the uterus.

After the follicle ruptures, the so-called “corpus luteum” is formed in its place, which begins to actively produce the hormone progesterone, which is needed so that the likely first pregnancy is preserved. After ovulation occurs, and with the start of the corpus luteum, the second phase of the cycle begins - the luteal phase. It should last 12-14 days - this is very important, since under the influence of progesterone all the changes necessary for pregnancy occur in the uterus. If the second phase is short, then even the resulting pregnancy may not survive due to a lack of hormones or an unprepared endometrium. If pregnancy does not occur, then the corpus luteum gradually fades away, the level of hormones decreases, and the endometrium begins to be rejected - menstruation begins and, accordingly, a new cycle begins. The same is true for menstruation after childbirth.

It is believed that a healthy menstrual cycle lasts 28-32 days, indicators such as 21-35 days are also within the norm, the main thing is stability. Menstruation must arrive strictly within a certain period, with an acceptable difference of 1-2 days. Regularity is also extremely important; bleeding should be present in every cycle.

The mere fact of menstruation does not mean that the body is completely ready for pregnancy. And healthy woman There are cycles without ovulation, and when the ovaries are not functioning period may arrive on schedule, but without the release of an egg. You can find out if you are ovulating various methods: using ultrasound, special express tests for ovulation and according to individual sensations and changes in the body. During ovulation, the discharge becomes similar to egg white, the basal temperature rises by 0.4-0.6 degrees, and nagging pain in the area of ​​the ovaries. To recognize ovulation by basal temperature, it must be measured over several previous cycles, only in this case the changes will be indicative.

If menstruation is delayed, the first step is to confirm or rule out pregnancy. This is worth doing, even if there was no sexual contact during this cycle, on “dangerous” days, or if you used contraception. The next step should be to contact a gynecologist, he will conduct an examination, prescribe examinations and this will help determine what caused the delay.

If the cycle is 28 days, when does ovulation occur? The calendar method of birth control is the safest. Knowing the time of your ovulation, you can avoid unwanted pregnancy without inconvenience or harm to your health.

What is the menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is cyclically repeating changes in a woman’s body. The purpose of such a mechanism is to promote reproduction. The beginning of the cycle is considered the first day of menstruation. From this moment the body begins to prepare for possible conception. Under the influence of hormones, the egg matures, and the layer inner surface the uterus is growing. The tissue lining the inside of the uterus is called the endometrium. It grows so that in the event of a successful conception, the fertilized egg can successfully attach to the uterus. Consolidation (or implantation) of the fertilized egg is necessary for the successful development of the embryo. After implantation, it forms new organ- placenta. Through the placenta, the fetus receives the substances and oxygen necessary for development from the mother's body. The placenta also produces hormones that force the woman's body to maintain the pregnancy.

For successful implantation of the fertilized egg, a layer of endometrium with a thickness of at least 7 mm is required. Therefore, until the endometrium reaches the required thickness, pregnancy is unlikely. By the time the egg matures, the thickness of the endometrium is about 11 mm.

Ovulation occurs when an egg is released into the oviduct from a ruptured mature follicle. The oviduct is also called the uterine or fallopian tubes. If a mature egg is not fertilized by a sperm, preparations begin for the rejection of the unfertilized egg and the upper layer of the endometrium. After 14 days of preparation, rejection itself begins - menstruation. It occurs in the form of bleeding of different durations and abundance.

The duration of the menstrual cycle varies. Some women have a very short menstrual cycle, lasting 21 days. Others wait 32 days for their period to arrive.

Indicator reproductive health of a woman is the regularity of her menstrual cycle.

Calculating the big day

With a 28-day cycle, ovulation occurs on day 14 (plus or minus 2 days). At this point, the egg is ready for fertilization. She retains this ability for 1-2 days.

If menstruation begins earlier or later, the period of possible fertilization also shifts. When the menstrual cycle lasts 25 days, ovulation should be expected earlier - on the 10-11th day.

It’s not difficult to calculate: you need to subtract 14 days from the date of the 1st day of expected menstruation. Thus, if menstrual period is 24 days, ovulation occurs on day 10 (24-14=10). With a 30-day cycle, ovulation should be expected on the 16th day. That's how much time is needed reproductive organs women to prepare for pregnancy. But this does not mean that only sexual intercourse that occurs on the 16th day will necessarily lead to conception. Sperm remain viable in a woman’s body for up to 7 days. A fertilized egg lives in anticipation of a sperm for about a day. Thus, unprotected sexual intercourse that occurred during the period from 7 to 17 days of the menstrual cycle lasting 30 days is considered dangerous. It will lead to pregnancy with a 33% chance. This period is called fertile.

But such a calculation is very conditional. It is applicable only if the girl has a regular menstrual cycle.

Young ladies should not rely on calculations. Irregular cycle may be due to health problems or heredity. If the girl’s mother had an irregular menstrual cycle, then her personal “floating” schedule is not a sign of illness or reproductive dysfunction. It is her natural feature, which must be taken into account when choosing contraceptive methods.

Factors influencing cycle regularity

Monthly changes in a woman’s body are regulated by 2 parts of the brain - the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It is they who produce hormones, thanks to which the egg matures, and the uterus prepares to receive the fertilized egg.

Reproductive function is quite difficult process, depending on many factors, including health different organs and systems of women. Any serious deviations in the functioning of the female body can make changes to her schedule.

Spicy and chronic diseases, stress, physical and emotional stress, strict restrictive diets, obesity, hormonal imbalances, hormonal drugs, long-term use medicines or surgery - all this can affect the regularity of the menstrual cycle. A long move or shift may change the schedule climatic conditions and time zones. Break the cycle reproductive processes maybe even overheating in the sun or sunburn.

Serious changes in a woman's hormonal levels occur as a result of pregnancy. Therefore, after childbirth, abortion and miscarriage, restoration of the menstrual cycle can take several months. Before full recovery reproductive function cannot be guided by the estimated date of ovulation.

1-2 months needed female body to restore fertility after withdrawal hormonal contraceptives. While taking them, the activity of the ovaries is inhibited and they do not function. After drug withdrawal, activation of the genital organs can occur gradually and chaotically.

Calculate date possible ovulation and only women with a menstrual cycle that repeats within one day can use the calendar method of contraception. If the body has experienced serious illness, stress or have been exposed to others negative factors, it is not recommended to hope for correctness in the next month.

You should be careful when calculating the date of ovulation for women after 40. At this age, systemic transformations may begin that prepare the body for menopause. They are usually accompanied by sharp fluctuations in hormonal levels, leading to disruptions in the menstrual cycle. During this period, repeated ovulation often occurs.

Repeated ovulation and anovulation

Typically, ovulation occurs only once in one menstrual cycle.

However, there are cases when 2 ovulations occur. Almost every woman during reproductive period repeated ovulation occurs. Most often, it appears before the onset of menopause, and also after discontinuation of hormonal medications. The likelihood of re-ovulation increases during the hot season. It can be caused by high sexual activity, especially after prolonged abstinence. Women with irregular sex life are much more likely to conceive after intercourse than married women.

It is known that repeated ovulation is accompanied by lower hormonal levels. Therefore, the likelihood of getting pregnant during it is lower. Often, even a fertilized egg that matures during repeated ovulation dies. This is due to the fact that at the time of re-fertilization, the endometrial layer is already beginning to be rejected. The fertilized egg attached to it is rejected along with it. However, a certain number of pregnancies still persist. This is partly due to low efficiency calendar method protection from pregnancy. It is impossible to predict the occurrence of repeated ovulation.

In addition to repeated ovulation, anovulation also occurs. Anovulation is a condition when ovulation does not occur. Anovulation is usually caused by natural causes- pregnancy or breastfeeding. It is also observed during puberty and before the onset of menopause. But pathological anovulation also occurs.

Signs of the onset of a period of possible conception

If it is impossible to predict the onset of ovulation, it can be detected by constant monitoring for the functioning of your body.

Exist characteristic features, by which you can determine the approach and onset of the period of probable conception:

1. Before the day of ovulation, a change in discharge occurs. They become abundant, viscous and watery. The consistency and whitish-transparent color resemble raw protein. Before this period, the discharge was thicker and less abundant. Or they could be absent.
2. It increases in women before ovulation sexual desire. They strive for sexual intercourse and look more attractive to the opposite sex. They become playful.
3. At gynecological examination the doctor recognizes a clear sign ovulation - a raised, softened and slightly open cervix.
4. The doctor can find out about the release of a mature egg when ultrasound examination ovary. There will be small cracks on it where the follicle shell has burst. There will be an accumulation of liquid in the remaining space. Later, a corpus luteum forms at this site.
5. During ovulation, nagging pain appears in the lower abdomen from the side of the ovary in which the egg has matured. They are caused by the rupture of a mature follicle and the release of an egg into the funnel of the fallopian tube. The pain may last from a few minutes to several days.
6. The hormonal surge characteristic of ovulation can cause unpleasant and painful sensations in the mammary glands. However, not all ladies are so sensitive.
7. by increased levels of luteinizing hormone (LH). It is thanks to him that mature eggs are released. A special test will help determine your LH level. In appearance and principle of operation, it resembles a pregnancy test. The device detects the presence of LH in the urine. When positive result An additional bar appears on the indicator.

Basal temperature measurements

You can independently check the presence of ovulation by daily. This method is simple and reliable. The most basal is called low temperature body, which appears in a person after a long rest, usually after a night's sleep. Before ovulation, slight fluctuations in basal temperature are observed. To accurately determine them, it is recommended to measure basal temperature rectally, by inserting a thermometer into the rectum. This should be done at the same time (preferably between 7 and 8 am) immediately after waking up, without moving or getting out of bed. Measurement time is about 5 minutes.

Before ovulation, your basal body temperature will be approximately the same. It is usually 36.4-36.8°C. Fluctuations in the range of 0.1-0.4°C these days are quite within normal limits. Immediately before the maturation of the egg, it will first fall by 0.1-0.3 ° C, and then sharply increase to 37.0-37.4 ° C. The temperature will remain on this “high note” almost until the start next menstruation, starting to fall 1-2 days before it starts. Thus, if a woman has a 31-day menstrual cycle, her basal body temperature should jump on day 17. With a 26-day cycle, you need to expect a drop in body temperature before the jump on the 11th day.