What are your blood sugar targets? What not to eat.

Today, type II diabetes mellitus is a very common acquired disease among both women and men. In most cases, this pathology is associated with obesity, which develops as a result of the modern lifestyle of many people (the predominance of carbohydrate foods in the diet, non-compliance with diet, frequent use fast food, overeating, physical inactivity, stress, etc.). The disease is getting younger every year. If previously type 2 diabetes mellitus was considered a disease of older people, now boys, girls and middle-aged people are increasingly facing this problem.

Diet is the cornerstone of diabetes treatment.

It is recommended to follow a diet for this disease constantly. In case of obesity, the daily calorie intake for women is 1000-1200 kcal, and for men 1300-1700 kcal. If you have normal body weight, there is no need to reduce your daily calorie intake. Since in diabetes mellitus the absorption of glucose by tissues is impaired, it is necessary not only to limit the intake of easily digestible carbohydrates into the body with food, but also fats. This is necessary to prevent obesity, since people suffering from this disease have a predisposition to accumulation overweight bodies. Daily ration should be divided into 5-6 parts: 3 main meals (without overeating) and 2-3 so-called snacks (apple, kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese, etc.). This diet is necessary to maintain constant blood glucose levels.

• bakery products made from whole grains, with bran, special diabetic types bread (protein-wheat or protein-bran) and crispbread;
• vegetarian soups, okroshka, pickles, 1-2 times a week you are allowed to eat soups with secondary meat or fish broth;
• lean varieties of meat, poultry in boiled, baked, jellied form, 1-2 times a week are allowed and fried foods;
• low-fat sausages ( boiled sausage, lean ham);
• various varieties of fatty fish no more than once a week;
• any vegetables, greens, fresh, boiled, baked, potatoes and sweet potatoes should be limited;
• unsweetened berries and fruits (apples, pears, plums, peaches, citrus fruits, lingonberries, raspberries, cranberries, currants, etc.); when preparing dishes from berries and fruits, sweeteners should be used;
• pasta from durum wheat added to soups or other dishes, oatmeal, buckwheat, millet cereals;
• eggs no more than 1 pc. per day (or 2 pieces 2-3 times a week) in the form of omelettes with vegetables or soft-boiled, eggs added to dishes should also be taken into account;
• dairy and dairy products With reduced content fat (cottage cheese, cheese, whole milk, kefir, yogurt, sour cream and butter are added to dishes);
• no more than 2-3 tablespoons per day (it is better to add unrefined types of oils to fresh vegetable salads);
• confectionery and sweets only with sweeteners, made specifically for diabetic nutrition;
• sugar-free drinks (tea, coffee, vegetable, unsweetened fruit and berry juices, rose hip decoction, mineral waters).

Foods excluded from the diet for diabetes:

• sugar, chocolate, sweets, ice cream, jam, baked goods, confectionery products with added sugar, heavy cream and creams;
• fatty meats and poultry, offal, as well as pates made from them, lard;
• fatty smoked sausages, canned food;
• fatty dairy products, especially cream, sweet yoghurts, baked milk, curd cheeses;
• cooking fats, margarine;
• rice, semolina;
• sweet fruits and berries (grapes, bananas, figs, raisins, etc.);
• juices with added sugar, sweet carbonated drinks, alcohol.

Today, food designed specifically for people with diabetes can be purchased not only in pharmacies, but also in many grocery stores. Among the products for diabetics, you can also find many sweets made without added sugar, so patients have the opportunity to create a diet in such a way as not to feel restrictions and at the same time take into account the recommendations of doctors.

For diabetes, drinks without added sugar or with the use of sweeteners are not limited.

In order to independently create a diet for type II diabetes, you can use the recommendations given below. It is proposed to divide products into 3 groups:

Group 1 - products that significantly increase blood glucose levels: sugar, honey, jam, sweets, including confectionery and baked goods, sweet fruits and juices from them, lemonades, natural kvass, semolina, etc. This group also includes high-calorie foods: butter, fatty fish, fatty dairy products, mayonnaise, sausages, nuts, etc.

Group 2 - products that moderately increase: black and white bread, potatoes, pasta, rice, oatmeal, buckwheat, sweets for diabetics, etc. This group also includes dairy products, unsweetened baked goods, vegetable oils.

Group 3 combines products whose consumption is not limited or can even be increased: vegetables, herbs, unsweetened fruit(apples, pears, plums, quince) and berries, as well as drinks without added sugar or with sweeteners.

People suffering from obesity need to completely exclude foods from group 1 from the diet, sharply limit the consumption of foods from group 2 and increase the amount of foods from group 3. People with normal body weight should also completely exclude 1 group of foods and halve the amount of foods from group 2; the restrictions for them are not as strict as for people prone to obesity.

Among the many sugar substitutes offered today, I would like to especially highlight the natural sugar substitute stevia, which is made from honey grass. It is several times sweeter than sugar, but does not affect blood glucose levels. Besides, honey grass, from which this natural non-carbohydrate sweetener is produced, contains many useful substances and vitamins.

Following a diet for diabetes is an integral part of treatment. A properly selected diet and following all nutritional recommendations will help to avoid sharp fluctuations in blood glucose levels, which will have a beneficial effect on the body’s condition and well-being. Moreover, in many cases, patients even manage to reduce the dose of sugar-lowering drugs.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease endocrine system, is associated with a lack of insulin in the body.

As a result, the glucose content in the blood increases, which leads to metabolic disorders and gradual defeat almost everyone functional systems in the human body. The disease is divided into type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Today, issues of nutrition and diet for diabetes of any type are an extremely serious topic that is raised by every patient after he is diagnosed with the disease.

Generally, proper nutrition in case of diabetes mellitus, it must be observed every day, since without a diet, a person’s health will deteriorate.

Diet is necessary for patients with diabetes of any type, but nutritional recommendations have certain differences for diabetes types I and II. With the latter, reducing excess body weight through diet may be the only therapeutic measure.

The type of diabetes mellitus is determined by the endocrinologist who is treating you.

1. For type 1 diabetes: proper nutrition is a necessary background for insulin therapy. If you do not pay attention to it, all efforts to reduce blood sugar will be in vain: this indicator does not stabilize, and this affects the condition of the blood vessels of all organs and systems.
2. Type 2 diabetes: does not always require drug therapy. First, the patient is recommended a diet that will help reduce weight. If the dynamics are good, in this case medications may not be required at all.

General tips to help reduce blood sugar:

1. Reduce your intake soft drinks, lemonade and juices. Regular consumption of sweetened drinks increases the risk of developing diabetes by approximately 15%. When drinking tea and coffee, reduce the amount of cream and sweeteners.
2. Try to choose unsweetened foods, such as unsweetened iced tea, yogurt, or unsweetened oatmeal. You can sweeten the food to your liking. Most likely, you will add much less sugar to your food than the manufacturing company.
3. Replace your favorite sweets with more healthy food. Instead of ice cream, crush frozen bananas and beat the mixture with a mixer to make a wonderful dessert. Instead of your favorite milk chocolate, it is better to eat a piece of dark chocolate.

It is especially important to follow a diet for mild diabetes, since it is practically the main method of treatment.

Differences in diet for type 1 and type 2 diabetes

For the sick type 1 diabetes mellitus a low-calorie diet is required (25–30 kcal per 1 kg of body weight), preventing late complications diseases. In this case, the diet is extremely important and must be strictly followed. The main thing you should pay attention to when creating a diet is the balance of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Sick type 2 diabetes a subcalorie diet is prescribed (daily energy value of food is 1600–1800 kcal). On such a diet, patients should lose about 300–400 g of body weight per week. If you are severely overweight, the daily amount of calories is reduced according to the percentage of excess body weight to 15–17 kcal per 1 kg.

Nutrition Basics

In each individual case, the doctor prescribes a special diet for the diabetic patient, which must be followed to maintain normal body health.

When starting to eat right, follow these simple rules every day:

1. You need to eat food 5-6 times in small portions during the day (every 2-3 hours).
2. The ratio of proteins, carbohydrates and fats should be balanced.
3. The amount of calories received from food should be equal to the patient’s energy expenditure.
4. A person must receive proper nutrition: certain vegetables and fruits, cereals, dietary meat and fish, natural juices without added sugar, dairy products, soups.

The food of a patient with diabetes should be rich in vitamins, so it is useful to introduce vitamin carriers into the diet: baker's yeast, brewer's yeast, rosehip decoction, dietary supplements, dietary supplements.

Diet rules for diabetes for every day

If you have diabetes, you can eat the following foods:

1. Bread - up to 200 grams per day, mostly black or special diabetic.
2. Prepare soups using vegetable broth; consuming weak meat and fish broths is acceptable 1-2 times a week.
3. Dishes from meat products and birds. For diabetes mellitus, patients are allowed to eat boiled beef, chicken, and rabbit meat.
4. Vegetables and greens. Potatoes, beets, carrots are recommended to consume no more than 200 grams per day. But other vegetables (cabbage, lettuce, radishes, cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes) and greens (except spicy) can be consumed almost without restrictions, raw and boiled, and occasionally baked.
5. Cereals, legumes, and pasta products should not be consumed frequently. If you decide to eat a plate of spaghetti, give up bread and other carbohydrate foods and dishes that day.
6. Eggs can be consumed no more than 2 times a day, adding them to other dishes, soft-boiled or in the form of an omelet.
7. Fruits and berries of sour and sweet and sour varieties (Antonovka apples, oranges, lemons, cranberries, red currants...) - up to 200-300 grams per day.
8. Milk - with a doctor’s permission, kefir, yogurt (only 1-2 glasses per day), cottage cheese (50-200 grams per day) in in kind or in the form of cottage cheese, cheesecakes and puddings.
9. It is recommended to consume cottage cheese daily, up to 100-200 grams per day in its natural form or in the form of cottage cheese, cheesecakes, puddings, casseroles. Cottage cheese, as well as oatmeal and buckwheat porridge, bran, rose hips improve fat metabolism and normalize liver function, and prevent fatty changes in the liver.
10. Tea with milk, weak coffee, tomato juice, fruit and berry juices (total liquids with soup up to 5 glasses per day).

Carefully plan your menu every day and eat only foods that are healthy and necessary for you.

Prohibited products

The diet of patients with diabetes must be thoughtful; first of all, people who have been diagnosed with this disease need to give up the following foods:

1. Sweets, chocolate, confectionery, baked goods, jam, honey, ice cream and other sweets;
2. Hot, spicy, salty and smoked snacks and dishes, lamb and pork fat;
3. Pepper, mustard;
4. Alcoholic drinks;
5. Grapes, bananas, raisins;
6. Sugar is allowed only in small quantities with a doctor's permission.

All foods for diabetes should be consumed according to a schedule, and to control blood glucose, daily menu must contain fiber.

Sample menu for the day

Following a diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus, you can stick to simple menu, alternating products from among those allowed.

Example #1:

1. Breakfast – oatmeal, egg. Bread. Coffee.
2. Snack - natural yogurt with berries.
3. Lunch – vegetable soup, chicken breast with salad (beets, onions and olive oil) and stewed cabbage. Bread. Compote.
4. Afternoon snack – low-fat cottage cheese. Tea.
5. Dinner – hake baked in sour cream, vegetable salad (cucumbers, tomatoes, herbs or any other seasonal vegetables) with vegetable oil. Bread. Cocoa.
6. Second dinner (a few hours before bedtime) – natural yogurt, baked apple.

Example #2:

1. Breakfast: cottage cheese 150 g, buckwheat or oatmeal porridge 150 g, black bread, unsweetened tea.
2. Second breakfast: unsweetened compote 250 ml.
3. Dinner: chicken bouillon 250 g, boiled lean meat 75 g, stewed cabbage - 100 g, sugar-free jelly - 100 g, bread, mineral water 250 ml.
4. Afternoon snack – apple 1 pc.
5. Dinner: vegetable stew 150 g, meatballs 100 g, cabbage schnitzel - 200 g, bread, unsweetened rosehip broth.
6. Second dinner: drinking yoghurt – 250 ml.

Example #3:

1. Breakfast: carrot-apple salad – 100 g, low-fat cottage cheese with milk – 150 g Bread with bran – 50 g Tea without sugar – 1 glass. Second breakfast: mineral water – 1 glass, apple.
2. Lunch: vegetable soup with soy – 200 g, meat goulash – 150 g, vegetable caviar – 50 g. Rye bread – 50 g. Tea with xylitol – 1 glass.
3. Afternoon snack: fruit salad – 100 g. Tea without sugar – 1 glass.
4. Dinner: fish schnitzel – 150 g, millet milk porridge – 150 g. Bread with bran – 50 g Tea without sugar – 1 glass. Second dinner: kefir – 1 glass.

Remember: a diabetic patient should not be hungry. You should eat at the same time, but if slight hunger occurs between main meals, you should definitely muffle it with a cup of tea or vegetables. But it should be just a light snack - overeating is dangerous for a diabetic.

Pancreas. The main reason for it is overeating and consuming large amounts of fats and carbohydrates. This forces the pancreas to “work to the limit,” which is subject to a “carbohydrate attack.” When sugar levels rise after a meal, the gland increases the release of insulin. The disease is based on disorders carbohydrate metabolism: impaired absorption of glucose by tissues and increased formation of glucose from fats and glycogen .

The most common is type 2 diabetes , developing more often in adults over 40 years of age and in the elderly. The number of patients especially increases after 65 years. Thus, the prevalence of the disease is 8% at the age of 60 years and reaches 23% at 80 years. In older people, decreased physical activity, decreased muscle mass, which utilizes glucose, and abdominal obesity aggravate existing insulin resistance. In old age, glucose metabolism is determined by the sensitivity of tissues to insulin , as well as the secretion of this hormone. Insulin resistance is more pronounced in overweight elderly people, and reduced secretion dominates in non-obese individuals, which allows for a differentiated approach to treatment. A feature of the disease at this age is its asymptomatic course until complications appear.

This form of diabetes is more common in women and the likelihood of developing it increases with age. The overall prevalence of the disease among women aged 56-64 years is 60-70% higher than in men. And this is connected with hormonal disorders— the onset of menopause and a lack of estrogen activates a cascade of reactions and metabolic disorders, which is accompanied by weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and the occurrence of dyslipidemia.

The development of the disease can be represented by the following diagram: excess weight - increased insulin resistance - increased sugar levels - increased insulin production - increased insulin resistance. It turns out like this vicious circle, and a person, without knowing it, consumes carbohydrates, reduces his physical activity and gets fatter every year. Beta cells wear out, and the body stops responding to the signal sent by insulin.

The symptoms of diabetes are quite typical: dry mouth, constant thirst, urge to urinate, fatigue, fatigue, unexplained weight loss. Most main characteristic disease is hyperglycemia - high sugar in blood. One more characteristic symptom is a feeling of hunger in diabetes mellitus (polyphagia) and is caused by glucose starvation of cells. Even after having a good breakfast, the patient begins to feel hungry within an hour.

Increased appetite is explained by the fact that glucose, which serves as “fuel” for tissues, does not enter them. Responsible for the delivery of glucose into cells insulin , which patients either lack or the tissues are not susceptible to it. As a result, glucose does not enter the cells, but enters the blood and accumulates. Cells deprived of nutrition send a signal to the brain, stimulating the hypothalamus, and the person begins to feel hungry. At frequent attacks polyphagia can be said to be labile diabetes, which is characterized by a large amplitude of glucose fluctuations during the day (0.6 - 3.4 g/l). It is dangerous due to development ketoacidosis And .

At diabetes insipidus e, associated with disorders in the central nervous system, similar symptoms are noted ( increased thirst, an increase in the amount of urine excreted to 6 liters, dry skin, weight loss), but the main symptom is absent - an increase in blood sugar levels.

Foreign authors tend to believe that the diet of patients receiving replacement therapy, should not limit simple carbohydrates. However domestic medicine maintains the same approach to treating this disease. Proper nutrition for diabetes is healing factor at initial stage diseases, the main point in diabetes while taking oral hypoglycemic drugs and necessary for insulin-dependent diabetes.

What diet should patients follow? They are prescribed or its varieties. This dietary food normalizes carbohydrate metabolism (allows you to reduce blood sugar and stabilize it at a level close to normal, and prevents disorders fat metabolism. The principles of diet therapy of this table are based on the sharp limitation or exclusion of simple carbohydrates and the inclusion complex carbohydrates up to 300 g per day.

The amount of proteins is within physiological norm. The amount of carbohydrates is adjusted by the doctor depending on the degree of increase in sugar, the patient’s weight and concomitant diseases.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes develops after age 40 and is usually associated with excess weight. One of the most important conditions Effective treatment is self-monitoring, which allows you to maintain normal blood sugar levels. This reliable means prevention of diabetic complications. Treatment of type 2 diabetes begins with diet therapy, which helps normalize weight and control sugar levels.

What should be the diet for type 2 diabetics? Usually when normal weight is prescribed as a basic diet with a caloric intake of up to 2500 kcal and an amount of carbohydrates of 275-300 g, which is distributed by the doctor between bread, cereals and vegetables.

Preference is given to products with minimal glycemic index, high content plant fibers and, preferably, uncooked or minimally processed. The main table is shown for permanent use with diabetes 2 light type And medium degree severity in patients with normal weight.

Nutrition is of great importance in the presence of obesity, since weight loss has a positive effect on the course of the disease. For obesity, varieties are prescribed - reduced diets (with reduced calorie content) containing 225 g, 150 g or 100 g of carbohydrates per day.

First of all, the 9th diet for type 2 diabetes excludes the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates, which are quickly and easily absorbed (after 15 minutes), sharply increase sugar and do not create a feeling of satiety:

• sugar;
• jams, preserves, marmalade;
• confectionery;
• syrups;
• ice cream;
• White bread;
• sweet vegetables and fruits, dried fruits;
• pasta.

Limitation of use is provided:

• potatoes as a high starch product;
• beets, which have a high glycemic index;
• bread, cereals, corn, pasta and soy products.

To lose weight, the calorie content of the diet is reduced to 1700 kcal by limiting carbohydrates to 120 g per day, with protein (110 g) and fat (70 g) as normal. It is recommended to carry out fasting days. In addition to the above recommendations, high-calorie foods are excluded:

• oils (butter and vegetable), sour cream, margarine, mayonnaise, spreads;
• lard, sausages, frankfurters, sausages, smoked meats, fatty meat and fish, chicken with skin, canned food in oil;
• fatty cheeses, cottage cheese, cream;
• nuts, seeds, baked goods, mayonnaise, alcoholic drinks.

The consumption of vegetables in the form of side dishes increases:

• eggplant;
• cucumbers;
• cauliflower;
• leafy greens;
• red salad pepper (high content of vitamins);
• turnips, radishes;
• pumpkin, zucchini and squash, which have a beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism.

The diet should be varied, but contain fewer calories. This is doable if higher-calorie foods (for example, sausages) are replaced with an equal amount of boiled fatty meat, and the butter in the sandwich is for cucumber or tomato. This way, your hunger is satisfied and you consume fewer calories.

If not insulin-dependent diabetes you need to reduce the consumption of foods that contain “hidden fats” (sausages, sausages, nuts, seeds, sausages, cheeses). With these products we will quietly get a large amount of calories. Since fats are very high in calories, even a tablespoon of vegetable oil added to a salad will ruin your weight loss efforts. 100 g of seeds or nuts contain up to 600 kcal, but we do not count them as food. A piece of high-fat cheese (more than 40%) is much higher in calories than a piece of bread.

Since carbohydrates must be present in the diet, it is necessary to include slowly absorbed carbohydrates with high content dietary fiber: vegetables, legumes, bread coarse, whole grain cereals. You can use sugar substitutes ( xylitol , stevia, fructose or sorbitol) and count them into the total amount of carbohydrates. Xylitol is equivalent to regular sugar in terms of sweetness, so its dose is 30 g. Fructose is enough for 1 tsp. for adding to tea. Worth giving preference natural sweetener stevia.

It is very important for patients to know the glycemic index (GI) of all foods. When consuming foods with a high GI, hyperglycemia appears, and this causes increased production insulin . Products with medium and low GI break down gradually and almost do not cause an increase in sugar. You need to choose fruits and vegetables with an index of up to 55: apricots, cherry plums, grapefruits, lingonberries, cranberries, peaches, apples, plums, sea buckthorn, red currants, cherries, gooseberries, cucumbers, broccoli, green peas, cauliflower, milk, cashews, almonds , peanuts, soybeans, beans, peas, lentils, leaf salad. They are allowed to be consumed in limited quantities (no more than 200 g of fruit per serving). It must be remembered that heat treatment increases GI. Proteins and fats reduce it, so the diet of patients should be mixed.

The basis of nutrition should be vegetables and low-fat foods. Sample diet includes:

• Salads from fresh vegetables, boiled or baked vegetables. Try to limit beets and potatoes (you can exclude them completely).
• Lean meat and boiled fish, since the calorie content of fried foods increases by 1.3 times.
• Coarse bread, moderate amount cereals (rice and wheat cereals are excluded).
• Low-fat fermented milk products.

Sugar is excluded when mild degree diseases, and against the background of insulin therapy for moderate and severe diseases, the consumption of 20-30 g of sugar per day is allowed. Thus, diet therapy by the doctor varies depending on the severity of the disease, weight, intensity of work of the patient and age.

Patients are also recommended to increase physical activity. Physical exercise mandatory because they increase tissue sensitivity to insulin, reducing insulin resistance, and also reduce arterial pressure and reduce blood atherogenicity. The exercise regimen is selected individually, taking into account concomitant diseases and the severity of complications. The best option for all ages would be to walk for an hour every day or every other day. Proper nutrition and an active lifestyle will help fight heightened feeling hunger.

Diet for type 1 diabetes

This form of diabetes is more common in at a young age and in children, whose peculiarity is a sudden onset with acute metabolic disorders (acidosis , ketosis , dehydration ). It has been established that the occurrence of this type of diabetes is not associated with a nutritional factor, but is caused by the destruction of b-cells of the pancreas, which leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin, impaired glucose utilization, and a decrease in the synthesis of proteins and fats. All patients require lifelong insulin therapy; if the dose is insufficient, ketoacidosis develops and diabetic coma. Equally important is that the disease leads to disability and high mortality caused by micro- and macroangiopathic complications.

Diet for type 1 diabetes is no different from normal healthy eating and it contains an increased amount of simple carbohydrates. The patient is free to choose a menu, especially with intensive insulin therapy. Now almost all experts believe that you can eat everything, with the exception of sugar and grapes, but you need to know how much and when you can eat. Strictly speaking, the diet comes down to correctly calculating the amount of carbohydrates in foods. There are several important rules: you can consume no more than 7 units of bread at a time and sweet drinks (tea with sugar, lemonade, sweet juices) are strictly excluded.

The difficulties lie in correctly counting bread units and determining the need for insulin. All carbohydrates are measured in bread units and their amount taken with food at one time is summed up. One XE corresponds to 12 g of carbohydrates and is contained in 25 g of bread - hence the name. A special table has been compiled for grain units contained in different products and from it you can accurately calculate the amount of carbohydrates consumed.

When creating a menu, you can change foods without exceeding the amount of carbohydrates prescribed by your doctor. To process 1 XE, you may need 2-2.5 units of insulin for breakfast, 1.5-2 units for lunch, and 1-1.5 units for dinner. When creating a diet, it is important not to consume more than 25 XE per day. If you want to eat more, you will need to inject additional insulin. Using short insulin the amount of XE should be distributed over 3 main and 3 additional meals.

One XE is contained in two spoons of any porridge. Three spoons of pasta are equivalent to four spoons of rice or buckwheat porridge and two pieces of bread, and all contain 2 XE. The more boiled the foods are, the faster they are absorbed and the faster the sugar rises. Peas, lentils and beans can be ignored, since 1 XE is contained in 7 tablespoons of these legumes. Vegetables win in this regard: one XE contains 400 g of cucumbers, 350 g of lettuce, 240 g of cauliflower, 210 g of tomatoes, 330 g fresh mushrooms, 200 g green pepper, 250 g spinach, 260 g sauerkraut, 100 g carrots and 100 g beets.

Before eating sweets, you need to learn how to take an adequate dose of insulin. Those patients who monitor their blood sugar several times a day, know how to count the amount of XE and, accordingly, change the dose of insulin, can indulge in sweets. It is necessary to monitor sugar levels before and after consuming sugary foods and evaluate the adequate dose of insulin.

Number Diets 9B indicated for patients with severe disease receiving large doses insulin, and it is characterized by an increased carbohydrate content (400-450 g) - allowed large quantity bread, cereals, potatoes, vegetables and fruits. The amount of proteins and fats increases slightly. The diet is close in composition to the general table, 20-30 g of sugar and sweeteners are allowed.

If the patient receives insulin in the morning and afternoon, then 70% of carbohydrates should be in these meals. After an insulin injection, you need to eat twice - after 15 minutes and after 3 hours, when its maximum effect is noted. Therefore, in insulin-dependent diabetes fractional meals great importance is given: second breakfast and afternoon snack should be done 2.5-3 hours after the main meal and it must necessarily contain carbohydrate foods (porridge, fruits, potatoes, fruit juices, bread, biscuits with bran). When administering insulin in the evening before dinner, you should leave some food overnight to prevent hypoglycemic reactions. The weekly menu for diabetics will be presented below.

Two largest research have convincingly proven the benefits of controlling carbohydrate metabolism in terms of preventing the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications. If your sugar level long time exceeds the norm, then various complications develop: fatty liver, but the most dangerous - diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

Authorized Products

• The basis of the diet is fresh vegetables: cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes, eggplants, bell pepper, onions, greens, mushrooms, lemons, cranberries, sauerkraut, garlic, green beans. Vegetables are used raw or stewed. Rarely do you need to choose boiled or baked potatoes with their skins as a side dish. French fries and croquettes are not acceptable because they are cooked with fat.
• Potatoes are allowed with restrictions and most often up to 200 g in all dishes. You need to remember the high carbohydrate content in carrots and beets and limit their inclusion in your diet. Sometimes you can introduce rice, legumes, pasta.
• Preference is given to products with a high fiber content (plant fibers reduce the ability of starch to increase sugar): bakery products made from wholemeal flour, grain bread and bran bread. It is recommended to consume rye bread and bran bread up to 200 g per day. However, there is no difference between white and black bread. The same can be said about buckwheat, which is not much different from other cereals.
• The absorption of starch facilitates grinding, kneading and long-term processing, so its sugar-raising effect can be reduced if the products are not crushed or boiled. To do this, cook potatoes whole in their skins, and for porridges choose large grain cereals, do not overcook them.
• First courses can be prepared using meat or vegetable broth. Preference should be given to vegetable soups, okroshka, mushroom soup. Potatoes may be present in limited quantities in first courses.
• Lean meats and chicken are allowed. All meat dishes should be cooked boiled or baked, which reduces the calorie content of the dishes. From fish you need to choose dietary varieties: pike perch, pollock, pike, cod, hake, navaga. Give preference to fish and seafood over meat.
• The amount of cereal is limited to the norm - usually 8-10 tablespoons. It can be buckwheat, pearl barley, barley, whole oatmeal. If you eat pasta (occasionally), then you need to reduce the amount of bread. Legumes (lentils) are allowed.
• Low-fat fermented milk drinks, milk and low-fat cottage cheese should be included in the diet daily. Cheeses with a fat content of no more than 30% can be consumed in non- large quantities, low-fat sour cream is added only to dishes. It should be noted that milk is also a carbohydrate-containing product (it contains milk sugar), but it does not cause such a pronounced increase in sugar, since the absorption of lactose is inhibited by the proteins and fats of milk.
• You can eat one egg per day (3-4 per week) - soft-boiled or as an omelet.
• Various vegetable oils in the amount of 1 tbsp. l. (for the whole day) should be added to prepared dishes.
• Fruits and berries contain simple carbohydrates, but at the same time contain fiber, which inhibits their absorption. They should be consumed raw, and not juices, which are absorbed very quickly. The recommended fruit is grapefruit. Apples, oranges, and tangerines are consumed to a limited extent. If you want to make compote, it is prepared without sugar; you can sweeten it with sorbitol. Sweet fruits should be avoided: grapes, pears, plums, and dried fruits.
• Drinks used are unsweetened or with sugar substitutes: coffee with milk, tea, vegetable juices. Useful herbal teas, for which it is recommended to use blueberry shoots, bean pods, strawberry leaves, nettle, rose hips, hazel leaves, dandelion roots and leaves, or ready-made antidiabetic medicinal preparations.
• You can eat sweets, waffles, and cookies for diabetics. But even in this case, the norm should be 1-2 candies once or twice a week.

Table of permitted products

	Proteins, g	Fats, g	Carbohydrates, g	Calories, kcal
Vegetables and greens
zucchini	0,6	0,3	4,6	24
cabbage	1,8	0,1	4,7	27
sauerkraut	1,8	0,1	4,4	19
cauliflower	2,5	0,3	5,4	30
cucumbers	0,8	0,1	2,8	15
radish	1,2	0,1	3,4	19
tomatoes	0,6	0,2	4,2	20
pumpkin	1,3	0,3	7,7	28
Fruits
apricots	0,9	0,1	10,8	41
watermelon	0,6	0,1	5,8	25
cherry	0,8	0,5	11,3	52
pears	0,4	0,3	10,9	42
nectarine	0,9	0,2	11,8	48
peaches	0,9	0,1	11,3	46
plums	0,8	0,3	9,6	42
apples	0,4	0,4	9,8	47
Berries
cowberry	0,7	0,5	9,6	43
blackberry	2,0	0,0	6,4	31
raspberries	0,8	0,5	8,3	46
currant	1,0	0,4	7,5	43
Cereals and porridges
buckwheat (kernel)	12,6	3,3	62,1	313
oat groats	12,3	6,1	59,5	342
corn grits	8,3	1,2	75,0	337
pearl barley	9,3	1,1	73,7	320
millet cereal	11,5	3,3	69,3	348
barley grits	10,4	1,3	66,3	324
Bakery products
Rye bread	6,6	1,2	34,2	165
bran bread	7,5	1,3	45,2	227
doctor's bread	8,2	2,6	46,3	242
whole grain bread	10,1	2,3	57,1	295
Confectionery
diabetic crackers	10,5	5,7	73,1	388
Raw materials and seasonings
xylitol	0,0	0,0	97,9	367
honey	0,8	0,0	81,5	329
fructose	0,0	0,0	99,8	399
Dairy
milk	3,2	3,6	4,8	64
kefir	3,4	2,0	4,7	51
sour cream 15% (low fat)	2,6	15,0	3,0	158
curdled milk	2,9	2,5	4,1	53
acidophilus	2,8	3,2	3,8	57
yogurt	4,3	2,0	6,2	60
Cheeses and cottage cheese
cottage cheese 0.6% (low fat)	18,0	0,6	1,8	88
cottage cheese 1.8% (low-fat)	18,0	1,8	3,3	101
cottage cheese 5%	17,2	5,0	1,8	121
Meat products
beef	18,9	19,4	0,0	187
beef tongue	13,6	12,1	0,0	163
veal	19,7	1,2	0,0	90
rabbit	21,0	8,0	0,0	156
Bird
chicken	16,0	14,0	0,0	190
turkey	19,2	0,7	0,0	84
Eggs
chicken eggs	12,7	10,9	0,7	157
Fish and seafood
herring	16,3	10,7	-	161
Oils and fats
butter	0,5	82,5	0,8	748
corn oil	0,0	99,9	0,0	899
olive oil	0,0	99,8	0,0	898
sunflower oil	0,0	99,9	0,0	899
Non-alcoholic drinks
mineral water	0,0	0,0	0,0	-
coffee	0,2	0,0	0,3	2
instant chicory	0,1	0,0	2,8	11
black tea without sugar	0,1	0,0	0,0	-
Juices and compotes
carrot juice	1,1	0,1	6,4	28
plum juice	0,8	0,0	9,6	39
tomato juice	1,1	0,2	3,8	21
pumpkin juice	0,0	0,0	9,0	38
rose hip juice	0,1	0,0	17,6	70
Apple juice	0,4	0,4	9,8	42

Fully or partially limited products

• Baked goods, sweet desserts, honey, confectionery, preserves and jams are excluded (preparations for xylitol ), sugar, ice cream, curd mass, sweet cheese, sweet juices, sweet drinks, beer.
• Products made from flour (dumplings, dumplings, pancakes, pies).
• Sweet fruits and dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, bananas, dates, figs, grapes, pineapple, persimmon, apricot, melon.
• Semolina and pasta.
• You should not eat fatty broths and fatty meats, fatty sauces, smoked meats, lard, ham, sausages and cream. Liver, egg yolks, and honey are allowed in limited quantities.
• It is better to avoid fried foods, eating spicy and too salty foods, and hot sauces.

Limit:

• Potato, wheat cereal, White rice.
• Beets and carrots.
• The consumption of fats, even vegetable ones, is reduced as much as possible.

Table of prohibited products

	Proteins, g	Fats, g	Carbohydrates, g	Calories, kcal
Vegetables and greens
beet	1,5	0,1	8,8	40
horseradish	3,2	0,4	10,5	56
Fruits
apricots	0,9	0,1	10,8	41
pineapples	0,4	0,2	10,6	49
bananas	1,5	0,2	21,8	95
melon	0,6	0,3	7,4	33
mango	0,5	0,3	11,5	67
Berries
grape	0,6	0,2	16,8	65
Nuts and dried fruits
raisin	2,9	0,6	66,0	264
dried figs	3,1	0,8	57,9	257
dates	2,5	0,5	69,2	274
Cereals and porridges
semolina	10,3	1,0	73,3	328
rice	6,7	0,7	78,9	344
sago	1,0	0,7	85,0	350
Flour and pasta
pasta	10,4	1,1	69,7	337
noodles	12,0	3,7	60,1	322
Bakery products
wheat bread	8,1	1,0	48,8	242
Confectionery
jam	0,3	0,2	63,0	263
candies	4,3	19,8	67,5	453
pastry cream	0,2	26,0	16,5	300
Ice cream
ice cream	3,7	6,9	22,1	189
Chocolate
chocolate	5,4	35,3	56,5	544
Raw materials and seasonings
mustard	5,7	6,4	22,0	162
mayonnaise	2,4	67,0	3,9	627
sugar	0,0	0,0	99,7	398
Dairy
baked milk	3,0	6,0	4,7	84
cream	2,8	20,0	3,7	205
sour cream 25% (classic)	2,6	25,0	2,5	248
sour cream 30%	2,4	30,0	3,1	294
Ryazhenka 6%	5,0	6,0	4,1	84
ayran (tan)	1,1	1,5	1,4	24
fruit yogurt 3.2%	5,0	3,2	8,5	85
Cheeses and cottage cheese
glazed cheese	8,5	27,8	32,0	407
curd	7,1	23,0	27,5	341
Meat products
salo	2,4	89,0	0,0	797
Bird
smoked chicken	27,5	8,2	0,0	184
smoked duck	19,0	28,4	0,0	337
Fish and seafood
smoked fish	26,8	9,9	0,0	196
canned fish	17,5	2,0	0,0	88
sardine in oil	24,1	13,9	-	221
cod (liver in oil)	4,2	65,7	1,2	613
Oils and fats
animal fat	0,0	99,7	0,0	897
cooking fat	0,0	99,7	0,0	897
Non-alcoholic drinks
lemonade	0,0	0,0	6,4	26
Pepsi	0,0	0,0	8,7	38
Juices and compotes
grape juice	0,3	0,0	14,0	54

* data is per 100 g of product

Menu (Power Mode)

The diet should include up to 60% carbohydrates, 25% fats and 25% proteins. The nutritional menu for diabetics should have an even distribution of carbohydrates, which is determined by the doctor for each patient individually. The daily menu needs to be adjusted taking into account the allowed amount of carbohydrates and calories that need to be counted daily.

The diet includes 5-6 small meals. This is explained by the fact that glucose-lowering drugs act for 24 hours, and to avoid hypoglycemia , you need to eat often and preferably at the same hours.

An approximate diet for each day may include: bread - 150 g, cereals - 50 g, potatoes - 70 g, other vegetables 550 g, meat - 110-130 g, eggs - 1-2 pcs., milk and fermented milk drinks 400-500 g, apples - 200 g, butter - 10 g, cottage cheese - 150 g, vegetable oil - 2 g, sour cream - 10 g, xylitol - 30 g. One serving of soup - 0.25 l.

Below is a menu based on generally accepted dietary recommendations. When creating a weekly menu for yourself, try to diversify it more and include your favorite vegetables and fruits, meat and fish dishes, allowed amount of sweeteners in jelly, drinks and casseroles. A menu for type 1 diabetes may look like this:

Recipes

Dietary meals should be low in calories and foods such as mushrooms, leafy greens, cabbage, cucumbers, radishes, lemons, grapefruits, bell peppers, eggplants, onions and garlic have almost no effect on sugar levels. Therefore, they can be included in food recipes for diabetes mellitus 2 type. Vegetables can be used to make puddings, cutlets, casseroles, cabbage rolls, cucumbers, tomatoes and zucchini can be stuffed with meat, eggs, spinach.

Considering that many have accompanying illnesses Gastrointestinal tract, the best way to prepare dishes for patients is steaming, boiling or baking. Since dishes should be lower in calories, frying and baking with oil is completely excluded. The taste of unsalted food can be improved with various seasonings: dill, cumin, marjoram, thyme, basil, onion, garlic, lemon juice.

First meal

Borsch with prunes and mushrooms

Mushroom broth, tomato paste, mushrooms, beets, cabbage, carrots, roots, onions, potatoes, herbs, prunes, salt.

Washed dried mushrooms and leave for 3 hours to swell, then cook until tender. The broth is filtered and used to prepare borscht. Potatoes and white roots are dipped into the broth. Beets, carrots, and onions are sautéed with the addition of tomato paste and add to potatoes. 5 minutes before readiness, add shredded cabbage and chopped mushrooms and salt. Separately, boiled prunes, sour cream and herbs are added to the plate.

Mixed vegetable soup

Broth, onions, carrots, vegetable oil, different types cabbage, potatoes, bell peppers, green beans, greens.

First, put the potatoes into the boiling broth, after 10 minutes add carrots, cabbage and green beans. In a frying pan with oil, sauté the onion and add it to the vegetables, bring to readiness. Sprinkle the finished soup with herbs.

Stewed cabbage with apples

Vegetable oil, onion, peeled apples, cabbage, 1 tbsp. lemon juice, salt pepper.

Heat vegetable oil in a saucepan. Add onions, shredded cabbage and apples. Simmer until done, add salt and pepper and lemon juice at the end.

Hake baked in sour cream

Hake, vegetable oil, onion, sour cream, salt, herbs.

Cut the fish into portions and place on a baking sheet. Place onion rings on top, salt and pepper, sprinkle with oil and grease with a small amount of sour cream. Bake for 20 minutes. Serve with salad and tomatoes.

Dessert

Cottage cheese and pumpkin casserole

Pumpkin, cottage cheese, egg, sour cream, semolina, xylitol, butter.

Prepare the pumpkin by cutting it into cubes. Mix cottage cheese, butter, sour cream, egg, xylitol and semolina. After this add pumpkin. Place the curd and pumpkin mixture in a mold and bake in the oven.

During pregnancy and lactation

Stands out separately gestational diabetes , found during pregnancy. It does not develop in all pregnant women, but only in those who have a genetic predisposition. Its cause is reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin (so-called insulin resistance) and is associated with a high content of hormones. Some ( , lactogen , ) have a blocking effect on insulin - this “counter-insulin” effect appears at the 20-24th week of pregnancy.

After delivery, carbohydrate metabolism most often normalizes. However, there is a risk of developing diabetes. Hyperglycemia is dangerous for mother and child: the possibility of miscarriage, complications during childbirth, pyelonephritis a woman has complications from the fundus of the eye, so the woman will have to strictly monitor her diet.

• Simple carbohydrates are excluded and complex carbohydrates are limited. It is necessary to exclude sugary drinks, sweets, pastries, cakes, white bread, bananas, grapes, dried fruits, and sweet juices. Eat foods containing large amounts of fiber (vegetables, unsweetened fruits, bran), which slows down the flow of glucose into the blood.
• Pasta and potatoes should be present in small quantities in a woman’s diet.
• Fatty and fried foods are excluded; it is recommended to avoid semi-finished products, sausages, and smoked meats.
• You need to eat every two hours (3 main meals and 2 additional ones). After dinner, if you feel hungry, you can drink 150 g of kefir or eat a small apple.
• You can steam, stew or bake food.
• Drink up to 1.5 liters of liquid.
• During the day, measure your sugar level after meals.

Compliance with these recommendations is necessary after childbirth for 2-3 months. After this, you should examine your blood sugar and consult an endocrinologist. If after childbirth, fasting sugar is still high, then diabetes mellitus is diagnosed, which was hidden and appeared for the first time during pregnancy.

Diabetes mellitus is constant anxiety and make every effort to survive. Despite the fact that the disease is still incurable. In spite of constant companions - a glucometer and insulin. You can't neglect anything, not a single chance, behind which there is normal life person.

The importance of proper nutrition in type 2 diabetes

Doctors making a diagnosis "diabetes mellitus type 2", strongly recommend that the patient pay attention to nutrition - the regimen and everything that the patient eats. Thus, they make it clear: not only medications must now accompany the patient, but also diet.

The basic principle of proper nutrition for patients with type 2 diabetes is 4 to 6 meals per day. Of these, 3 are main, and the rest are light snacks. But the time should be fixed for both the main meal and snacks.

Second important point: amount of food consumed. It should be moderate. Then there is a possibility of maintaining a constant blood sugar level. This is precisely what ensures frequent, regular receipt of glucose.

Expanding the term “proper nutrition”, it should be emphasized that a patient with diabetes mellitus should give up quickly digestible carbohydrates - simple or refined. This is sugar of any kind, all confectionery products, baked goods made from fine flour.

There is also a taboo on salt, all salty foods. By causing water retention in the body, they increase blood pressure.

You should avoid fatty meats, sausages, and dairy products with a high degree of fat content - cholesterol is present in large quantities here. All this provokes obesity, and excess weight becomes a springboard for cardiovascular diseases.

Principles of diet treatment

When it comes to therapeutic diet patients with type 2 diabetes, always rises theme of bread units.

To make it easier for patients to understand these bread units, doctors have compiled a special table. Its principle: the amount of carbohydrates in each product. The measure is 1 piece of bread or 1 grain unit. It contains 12 g of carbohydrates.

In an example it looks like this:

• 1 spoon of boiled buckwheat is 1 unit of bread;
• half a banana - 1 bread unit;
• an adult's breakfast should be 5-6 bread units;
• lunch - 6 bread units;
• dinner – 5 bread units.

This is on average. If a patient with diabetes is clearly overweight, it is necessary to further limit their diet.

Diabetics know what diet number 9 is. This is a ban on easily digestible carbohydrates, polyunsaturated and saturated fats. Besides:

• minimum salt – up to 3 g per day. Moreover, it is necessary to count not only the salt in pure form. It is found even in unsalted food;
• complete abstinence from alcohol, which first increases blood sugar and then sharply reduces it, which can cause the development of coma;
• extremely limited protein intake for those who already have kidney problems.

But diabetics can eat foods rich in microelements. Out of season, in winter and autumn, take multivitamins in tablets.

Water also has its own rules. It is necessary to drink water - it improves metabolism. A diabetic patient should get into the habit of drinking 1 glass of water on an empty stomach, 1 glass before each meal and 1 glass of water at night. Total: 2 liters of water.

It is worth noting that regarding water, consultation with a doctor is necessary. In general, the slightest deviation from the diet has the right to exist only with the approval of the attending physician. We must not forget how serious diabetes is, for which there is no antidote yet.

Menu for 7 days

Monday

• breakfast
  scrambled eggs, carrot salad, bread, tea;
• lunch
  grapefruit, still mineral water;
• dinner
  vermicelli soup, stewed liver, steamed rice, compote, bread;
• afternoon tea
  Fruit and berry salad, yogurt;
• dinner
  baked fish, millet porridge with milk, bread, herbal tea.

Tuesday

• breakfast
  buckwheat porridge, cheesecakes, green tea;
• lunch
  compote of prunes or other dried fruits;
• dinner
  boiled veal or pork, stew of cabbage, carrots, peppers, potatoes and tomatoes, compote;
• afternoon tea
  a cheese sandwich;
• dinner
  meatballs, grilled or steamed vegetables, rosehip infusion;

Wednesday

• breakfast
  boiled beets, rice porridge, bread, coffee, butter;
• lunch
  orange;
• dinner
  fish soup, squash caviar, grilled veal, bread, homemade lemonade;
• afternoon tea
  cottage cheese, herbal tea;
• dinner
  fish baked in sour cream, boiled vegetables, cocoa;

Thursday

• breakfast
  cheese, stewed beets with vegetable oil, buckwheat, kefir;
• lunch
  yogurt with berries or fruits;
• dinner
  vegetable soup with chicken broth and seasoned butter, braised cabbage, bread, compote;
• afternoon tea
  fermented baked milk, apple;
• dinner
  cheesecakes with sour cream, tea from fragrant herbs;

Friday

• breakfast
  carrot salad, milk oatmeal, coffee (with milk);
• lunch
  2 plums, grapefruit or 2 tangerines;
• dinner
  vegetable puree soup, goulash, eggplant caviar, bread, berry compote;
• afternoon tea
  fruit mix, tea;
• dinner
  baked apples with curd and berry filling, kefir, yogurt or fermented baked milk;

Saturday

• breakfast
  salad of carrots, celery and apples, milk, bread;
• lunch
  apple, dried fruit compote;
• dinner
  vegetable borscht, appetizer of boiled beets with nuts and garlic, vegetable stew, bread;
• afternoon tea
  10-12 strawberries, cherries or cherries;
• dinner
  pumpkin porridge with rice, steamed meat or fish cutlet, compote;

Sunday

• breakfast
  cabbage salad with vegetable oil, grilled fish, kefir;
• lunch
  stewed vegetables with sour cream, mineral water;
• dinner
  beetroot soup, baked eggplants with walnuts and pomegranate, coffee with milk;
• afternoon tea
  tangerine or apple and yogurt;
• dinner
  cottage cheese casserole with sour cream, hibiscus tea;

Low carb diet for every day

The conditions of this diet are strict: daily consumption carbohydrates should not exceed 30 g or 2 XE(bread units).

A low-carb diet excludes from the diet:

• all fruits and berries, except avocados;
• all sweet juices;
• flour products;
• peas and beans with the exception of asparagus;
• carrot;
• beets;
• pumpkin;
• corn;
• potato.

You can’t eat onions either, just a little bit in the salad. There is an explanation for this limitation: these products are saturated with “fast” carbohydrates or have a high glycemic index.

But there are foods that you can eat on a low-carb diet:

• lean meat;
• seafood;
• low-fat cottage cheese and hard cheeses;
• greenery;
• cucumbers;
• zucchini;
• tomatoes;
• cabbage

It is difficult for those with a sweet tooth to maintain such a diet. But - necessary. But the permitted list of products still gives room for variety.

And be that as it may, the patient does not prescribe a low-carb or any other diet to himself. Only with the consent of the doctor.

The first thing to say is: bread. It is better if it is a special diet one or rye.

A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus should understand why it is rye - this will make the principle of choosing products clearer.

If you eat rye bread, which takes much longer to process, glycemic levels increase gradually what creates favorable conditions For general well-being diabetic.
First courses can be cooked in fish or meat broth no more than 2 times a week. Porridges made from millet, buckwheat, and oatmeal duplicate the property of rye bread to inhibit the increase in glycemic levels. Thus, they are suitable for patients with type 2 diabetes.

You will have to give up semolina porridge with milk. Just like the milk itself. Instead of him - dairy products(yogurt, unsweetened yogurt, kefir), no more than 1-2 glasses per day. And you can eat cottage cheese every day, up to 200 g per day in its natural form or with cottage cheese.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes is a metabolic disease characteristic feature which consists in an increased concentration of glucose in the blood serum, hyperglycemia.

In other words, the human body produces own insulin. However, this does not always happen in a timely manner and is insufficient. Therefore, a special diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus should provide and maintain sufficient quantity optimal glucose content in blood serum.

Diabetes mellitus: causes that provoke its occurrence

In 10-15% of patients, type 1 diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes, which is characterized complete absence hormonal secretion of insulin in the pancreas. The most important element in the treatment of the disease is a properly formulated diet for type 1 diabetes. The remaining 85-90% of diseases of the endocrine system are defined as type 2 diabetes mellitus, which usually manifests itself in people after 45-60 years of age.

This type is characterized by resistance to insulin - insulin resistance. Most people with type 2 diabetes are obese, and this fact itself leads to increased insulin resistance. The disease of the endocrine system itself develops gradually and has hidden forms symptomatic signs. However, it is possible to identify risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes:

• abuse of sweets;
• hereditary predisposition (no more than 1% of the total);
• diseases of the pancreas, as well as any form (acute or chronic) of pancreatitis;
• defeats viral infections beta cells;
• inactive lifestyle;
• psycho-emotional stress and stress;
• age criteria, special zone at risk are people over 60 years of age.

Insulin sensitivity can be increased by reducing excess weight, increasing physical activity and appropriate treatment, an important link in this chain is the diet for type 2 diabetes. The basis for the treatment of any form of endocrine system diseases in diabetes mellitus is specially selected food products.

Diabetes mellitus type 2: diet and nutrition

• reduction of excess weight;
• prevention of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and/or hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar);
• preventing the development of atherosclerosis;
• regular split meals;
• the need for a balanced breakdown of carbohydrates (low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes).

The main task in a properly designed diet is the correct calculation of the quantitative number of carbohydrates in the consumed diet. It is known that each product has its own physical properties, chemical composition and a certain energy value. A diet for diabetes must be properly structured with a selection of a variety of foods. The standard for calculating the quantitative number of carbohydrates in the diet is the “carbohydrate” or “bread” system of units, which makes it easier to determine energy value product and allows you to replace some carbohydrate-containing components with others when creating a menu.

Interchangeable “bread” diet for diabetes mellitus (memo):

• A piece white bread is equal to 20 g, and the same piece of rye is equal to 23 g.
• Two tablespoons of raw pasta equals 15 g.
• One tablespoon of flour, oatmeal, buckwheat or rice is equal to 15 g.
• Medium tuber raw potatoes is defined as 65g, and a tablespoon of roasted or mashed potatoes equals 35 and 75g respectively.
• One medium banana is 15 g.
• Three prunes equal 20 g.
• Two spoons granulated sugar or two pieces of refined sugar, that’s 10 g.

• Milk, kefir, fermented baked milk - one glass or 200 ml.
• Honey – ½ tbsp. spoons without top or 12 g.

A diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus allows you to stabilize your weight and avoid chronic manifestations of various diseases that occur against the background of diabetes mellitus. The basic principles of nutrition for type 2 diabetes are as follows:

• the amount of energy consumed must compensate for the energy expended, but not exceed it;
• sustainable saturation of the body with proteins, carbohydrates and fats;
• fractional meals, designed for 5-6 meals a day in small portions.

To increase satiety in overweight people, it is necessary to daily diet food include: spinach, cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, peas. Mandatory when dietary nutrition, do not forget about the work of the liver. The following will help maintain the healthy functionality of this digestive organ: oatmeal, soy, cheese, low-fat meat and/or fish broth.

What diet is most effective for diabetes?

For patients with diabetes, there are several types of dietary nutrition, the main task of which is to regulate carbohydrate metabolism in the human body. The purpose of the dietary table is defined as the diabetic’s tolerance to carbohydrates. Diet No. 9 for type II diabetes mellitus is universal and highly effective. The main feature of this diet is the reduction in energy value due to easily digestible animal fats and carbohydrates. Sugar consumption in dietary table No. 9 is completely eliminated due to various sweet ingredient substitutes, such as:

• aspartame;
• xylitol

The basis of culinary heat treatment for dietary purposes, they are used: frying without breading, stewing, boiling and baking.

1. Fish dishes made from low-fat varieties: pike perch, pike, cod. Meat dishes from chicken, lamb, turkey.
2. Sausages with a small amount of fat.
3. Bakery products made from whole grains with the addition of bran.
4. Vegetarian soups based on prefabricated vegetables.
5. A wide range of vegetable products - zucchini, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, legumes (peas, beans, lentils, etc.), cabbage (white and cauliflower), bell peppers, carrots, beets, herbs (parsley, dill, celery), onions .
6. Egg dishes. No more than one is recommended boiled egg in a day.
7. Low-fat or dairy products low content fat
8. Among the drinks included in the diet: coffee drink, fruit juices no sugar, rose hip decoction, still mineral water.

Approximate daily ration consumed products for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be:

• 600 g cabbage;
• 200 g each of potatoes, black or white bread;
• no more than 200 ml of milk or kefir;
• no more than 150-200 g of meat or fish;
• butter, cereal, 20 and 50 g per day, respectively.

Recipe composition of dishes for diabetics

All dietary information balanced diet, can be obtained from your doctor or dietitian. Based on the clinical condition of the patient with diabetes mellitus, and taking into account all physiological characteristics patient, the doctor will recommend the most optimal options nutrition.

As an example, we can suggest the following dietary (diet No. 9) table for diabetes mellitus:

First meal

Diet summer soup. The following ingredients are needed:

• broth – 400 ml;
• carrots – 50 g;
• tomato – 50 g;
• cabbage – 130 g;
• sour cream and herbs - 40 g each.

Homemade cabbage soup (mashed). Components:

• weak fish or meat broth - 250 ml;
• cabbage – 70 g;
• tomato puree and butter – 15 g each;
• carrots and onions – 25 g each;
• beets – 60 g;
• sour cream or whey – 20 g;
• flour – 5 g;
• bay leaf – 1 piece.

Second courses

Steamed meatballs. Ingredients:

• lean meat – 250 g;
• vegetable oil – 25 g;
• rice or oatmeal – 40 g.

Steamed meatballs (chicken). Required Products:

• chicken meat – 250 g;
• butter – 25 g;
• kefir and dry bread - 15 g each.

Dietary fruit and vegetable pudding. Compound:

• zucchini – 150 g;
• butter – 2 tbsp. spoons;
• apple – 60 g;
• milk – 40 g;
• semolina – 25 g;
• sour cream – 30 g;
• egg yolk – 1 pc.

Lazy dumplings (steamed). Required Products:

• cottage cheese – 150 g;
• wheat flour – 15 g;
• sour cream – 25 g;
• sugar – 15 g;
• one egg.

Dessert

Fruit and berry jelly. Ingredients:

• fresh berries – 70 g;
• potato starch – 5 g;
• water – 70 ml.

Diabetes mellitus: disease prevention

In order to reduce the risk of diabetes, you must follow several basic rules of a healthy life:

1. Eat properly. Healthy and balanced diet, includes the consumption of food components with a low glycemic index, that is, those foods that affect the quantitative amount of glucose in the blood. The reference glycemic index (GI) for sugar (glucose) is 100. All other related products have their own GI response of the body to pure glucose.
2. Maintenance water balance. It is known that the pancreas produces not only hormonal secretion insulin, but also water solution, necessary to neutralize acid formations in the human body. Proper balancing will allow the body to function smoothly.
3. Sports and emotional mood. Daily activities physical exercise, allow you to maintain body weight in optimal mode. The fight against extra pounds is the main task of a person who wants to see himself healthy and attractive. Don't forget about good mood. Set yourself up only for positive emotions.

Take care of yourself and always be healthy!