Treatment of polyuria and polydipsia in dogs. Polydipsia - increased thirst in dogs

Water is the basis of all foundations. Life without her is impossible. That’s why animals and people need a certain amount of fluid every day. Of course, the sight of a dog lapping up water will not surprise anyone, but what to do if your pet has turned into a real “water drinker”? It is possible that he has polydipsia. In dogs (as well as in other animals) similar phenomenon talks about some very serious problems with health, albeit not in all cases.

By the way, what kind of word is this? This term refers to cases where dogs drink a lot and immoderately. What is the normal average daily amount of water for dogs? Almost all authors agree that it is about 20-70 ml/kg per day. If this value increases to more than 100 ml/kg, then we can talk about polydipsia. So the symptoms of this pathology are simple: the dog constantly hangs around a bowl of water, drinks a lot and greedily. Of course, she also pees a lot.

The need for water is regulated by the pituitary gland using the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone). It is this substance that “forces” the kidneys to secrete concentrated urine. When the water balance in the body is disturbed, the thirst center in the brain is stimulated, after which the dog begins to drink. So, polydipsia can manifest itself in the following cases:

• The “concentration” mechanism in the kidneys does not work.

• Organs do not respond to ADH.

• Because the antidiuretic hormone has stopped being synthesized altogether.

• The need for it has increased greatly, since the kidneys do not respond well to its standard amount (primary polydipsia).

Read also: Thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats: signs, diagnosis, treatment

Such phenomena can be caused by any kidney injury, high calcium levels in the blood, liver failure, any kidney infection, diabetes mellitus. Polydipsia is also observed with pyometra (infection of the uterus), overactive adrenal glands, damage to the thyroid gland, and also with poisoning by certain poisons. In addition, there is also psychogenic polydipsia: in dogs the exact cause of this “glitch” has not been identified (it will still be difficult to find out anything from the dog), but some scientists suggest that it may be due to severe stress.

Alternatively, the development of cerebral encephalopathy with dangerous diseases and sepsis: it is difficult to say what happens to the psyche and parts of the brain in this case. However, polydipsia in this case is a trifle, since it is difficult not to notice problems with the animal’s behavior. Very often, such “oddities” occur in animals with skull injuries, as well as in cases of... Some animals are born with genetic defect: their body simply does not produce antidiuretic hormone in the required amount. In general, the causes of primary polydipsia in dogs have not yet been precisely determined, although we have already talked about the main predisposing and contributing factors.

Polyuria is excessive formation and excretion of urine (for dogs more than 50 ml/kg/day). As a rule, polyuria is accompanied by polydipsia - increased thirst (more than 100 ml/kg/day).

Polyuria is a symptom that accompanies these diseases in dogs:

1. Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
2. Chronic renal failure
3. Pyometra
4. Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenocorticism)
5. Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism)

The very concept of “diabetes” means “diabetes”. In diabetes, polyuria and polydipsia are always present. Polydipsia is a consequence of polyuria. With diabetes mellitus there will be high level glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia), glucose in the urine (glucosuria). In diabetes insipidus, there is no hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Not diabetes is much less common. Its diagnosis and treatment are more difficult. Diabetes insipidus may be central genesis or nephrogenic. Central diabetes insipidus is associated with decreased production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) due to pituitary tumors. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is more often a consequence metabolic disorders, primary nephrogenic diabetes as congenital pathology kidney is extremely rare.

Also, polyuria and polydipsia can be a symptom of chronic renal failure. There are three stages in the development of chronic renal failure: latent, polyuric and anuric (oliguric). The polyuric stage is characterized increased diuresis, increased thirst and unconcentrated urine (urine is almost clear, odorless). These symptoms should alert you. Chronic renal failure occurs more often in older animals, but can also occur congenital anomalies and breed predisposition to them.

Pyometra is an inflammatory disease of the uterus, characterized by the accumulation of pus in its cavity. In this case, there may be no discharge from the loop (often the cervix is ​​closed and prevents the release of pus out). The dog usually becomes lethargic, refuses to eat, and may have an elevated body temperature. Polyuria with pyometra is associated with kidney damage from endotoxins from E. coli bacteria, which often “live” in the affected uterus.

Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenocorticism) is a hormonal disorder associated with increased work adrenal glands and cortisol production. Exist different kinds and the mechanisms of development of hyperadrenocorticism is a rather complex and extensive topic. It must be remembered that one of the leading symptoms is polyuria and polydipsia (found in 90% of sick dogs), also common: saggy belly, baldness, enlarged liver.

Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism) is a hormonal disease associated with suppression of the adrenal glands, and as a result, reduced production of cortisol and aldosterone, and often sex hormones. Polyuria occurs as a secondary phenomenon due to a lack of aldosterone (a hormone that retains sodium ions and water in the bloodstream). Symptoms also include weakness, loss of appetite, and slow heartbeat.

Let's summarize. If you notice polyuria in your dog, you should consult a doctor. After clinical examination The doctor will prescribe blood tests (general clinical and biochemical), ultrasound abdominal cavity, Analysis of urine. As a rule, these studies are sufficient to make a diagnosis: diabetes mellitus, pyometra, chronic renal failure. If you suspect endocrine diseases depending on the symptoms are prescribed additional research and hormonal tests are carried out.

Article prepared by doctors therapeutic department"MEDVET"
© 2015 SEC "MEDVET"

The body of every animal must maintain water balance. If fluid intake exceeds its release, a positive water balance develops, the consequences of which are edema. If the excretion exceeds its intake, then dehydration occurs. Water mainly enters the body through its spontaneous consumption and eating moistened food. Water requirements vary depending on temperature and humidity environment, physical activity and individual characteristics. In dogs and cats, water intake ranges from 20 to 70 ml/kg per day. When calculating total water intake, the water content of the food should be taken into account, especially if the dog is fed ready-to-eat food. canned food, which contain about 70% water. A cat's body, compared to a dog, is slower to correct dehydration by drinking water. (Anderson, 1982). The formation of urine is the main way of removing water from the body, while feces act as a secondary method. In dogs, water loss occurs during breathing, especially when physical activity And high temperature environment. Urine excretion is normally slightly less than the volume of water consumed due to other means of excretion. Normal urine excretion in dogs and cats ranges from 20 to 45 ml/kg per day.

Water balance is regulated mainly by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which acts on the collecting ducts of the kidneys. The hypothalamus produces ADH and secretes it from the posterior pituitary gland. The main physiological stimuli for ADH release are increased osmotic pressure of body fluids and depletion of fluid reserves. The mechanism of ADH release is more sensitive to changes in osmolality than to changes in circulating volume: an increase in serum osmolality of 1-2% leads to maximum ADH release, while circulating volume should increase by 5-10%. Once released, ADH binds to receptors on the basolateral membrane of the renal collecting ducts. This connection initiates a series of intracellular reactions leading to water reabsorption. The half-life of ADH is short (a few minutes), so the body reacts quickly to changes water balance. Although ADH is required for water to enter the collecting duct cells, water movement also depends on the high osmotic gradient within medulla kidney High concentration urea and sodium chloride are maintained by the creation of this high gradient by the loops of Henle and vasarecta.

Problem Definition

Urine excretion greater than normal indicates polyuria. Owners notice ioliuria in animals faster home care who require regular rinsing trays or replacement of filler than for animals that are walked on the street. Owners also notice their pet's frequent requests for a walk or spotting random puddles on the floor. A careful history can differentiate polyuria from dysuria, behavioral problems, and urinary incontinence. An owner may report an "incontinence" problem whenever the animal urinates in the house. You need to ask the owner to accurately describe the animal's actions. Monitoring urination and observing how it happens is very important. The owner should accurately describe the animal's normal daily urination. Incontinent animals may leak urine involuntarily during sleep or while walking, that is, when the animal is not in a posture to urinate. In comparison, dogs with polyuria and an overfilled bladder will urinate at home if they are not taken outside often enough.

Animals with polyuria usually exhibit polydipsia or dehydration. The owner notices polydipsia by the frequency of emptying water bowls. The owner usually accurately describes high consumption water, although he cannot say whether it will be excessive for his animal. The history should include the owner's description of the source of water and the amount consumed. The type of feeding is also very important last changes in feeding mode, because liquid food is important source water for pets, in addition, food low in protein can lead to a decrease in osmotic pressure in the renal medulla through a decrease in urea production.

Any changes in the animal's behavior and environment are also important in assessing water intake and urine output. Since polyuria-polydipsia can be the result of several systemic reasons, a complete history focused on this problem is required. It should note all cases of vomiting, diarrhea, discharge from the eyes and nasal cavity, cough and astral cycle for unspayed bitches, as well as any health problems that will allow a more accurate diagnosis of the causes of polyuria-polydipsia.

To confirm the diagnosis of polyuria-polydipsia, it is necessary to determine water intake and specific gravity urine. It is also important to measure urine excretion, but this is usually difficult to achieve in practice. When the animal is already in the clinic, the easiest way out is to measure the specific gravity of urine. If it is less than 1.030, then the animal requires further examination. If water intake is excessive, but the specific gravity of the urine is 1.030, other ways of losing water should be looked for, or the owner has misdiagnosed polydipsia.

If the specific gravity of the urine is greater than 1.030, but the owner believes that the animal has polyuria, the history should be reviewed to ensure that the animal still has dysuria. behavioral disorders or urinary incontinence.

Differential diagnosis

If it is determined that an animal has polyuria-polydipsia, the question is to determine what comes first. There are diseases that lead to polyuria, and then to maintain water balance - to polydipsia; There are diseases that cause polydipsia, and as a result, polyuria, and there are diseases that cause both disorders simultaneously (Table 1). The most common causes of polyuria-polydipsia in dogs are renal failure, hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus, while the most common causes in cats are important reasons These disorders are renal failure, diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism.

Table 1. Causes of polyuria-polydipsia
Primary polyuria	Primary polydipsia
Absence of ADH Diabetes insipidus of pituitary nature Suppression of ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) Pyometra Bacterial pyelonephritis Escherichia coli bacteremia	Hyperthyroidism Hypercalcemia Hypokalemia Liver failure "Psychogenic" reason Damage to the hypothalamus (third center)
Hypoadrenocorticism Hypokalemia Hypercalcemia Hyperadrenocorticism - treatment with glucocorticoids Congenital absence of ADH receptors Failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH Increased solute load Generalized renal failure Diabetes mellitus - renal glycosuria Increased salt intake Posturethral obstruction Hypoadrenocorticism Diuretics Decreased osmotic pressure in the renal medulla Liver failure Diet with very low content squirrel Hypokalemia-hyponatremia

Primary polyuria
Diseases that cause primary polyuria are more common than those that cause primary polydipsia. In diseases that cause primary polyuria, the tubular mechanism of ADH concentration is disrupted. Complete absence ADH (pituitary diabetes insipidus) leads to severe polyuria with hyposthenuria (urine specific gravity less than 1.008). Partial deficiency in ADH production leads to less severe polyuria, in this case for accurate diagnosis An assessment of ADH concentrations as a response to dehydration is required. Diabetes insipidus can be congenital or acquired. Acquired diabetes insipidus is caused by trauma, inflammation, and neoplasia of the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland.

In other diseases that cause polyuria, ADH is present in required quantity, but its action on the surface or inside the collecting ducts is suppressed. Bacterial endotoxins, especially related to Escherichia coli can compete with ADH in the formation of bonds on the canalicular membrane. Diseases that can cause polyuria through this mechanism include pyometra, abscesses prostate gland, pyelonephritis and sepsis. Hypercalcemia also inhibits the formation of ADH binding to its receptors. Glucocorticoids and elevated calcium concentrations inhibit the intracellular production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which normally stimulates ADH. Aldosterone inhibits phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down cAMP. Thus, in the absence of aldosterone (hypoadrenocorticism), the action of ADH is suppressed. Hyponatremia is also associated with impaired renal concentrating ability in dogs (Tyler et al., 1987). It and medullary washout, as with hypoadrenocorticism, lead to inadequate urine concentration. The absence of ADH receptors in the collecting ducts has been described as a congenital defect in dogs. The term "primary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus" refers to the absence of receptors, and the above-described disorders leading to suppression of the action of ADH at the tubular receptors refer to secondary or acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Kidney failure, in which the amount functional nephrons decreases by 66%, also characterized by a decrease in the concentrating ability of the kidneys. In kidney failure, a small number of nephrons must excrete the same amount of solutes as normal kidneys. To do this, each nephron must excrete more water(obligate polyuria). With further destruction of nephrons, the specific gravity of urine gradually decreases to the level of isosthenuria. These increased obligate water losses prevent the kidneys from conserving water when extrarenal water losses begin (with vomiting, diarrhea, etc.) or when the amount of self-ingested water is limited. In animals with renal failure, dehydration develops much faster than in healthy animals.

Just as is seen in kidney failure, when under solute load the kidneys must excrete as much water as possible. An example is diabetes mellitus, in which it is necessary to excrete increased amount glucose. Another example is increased salt intake. The same situation is present after eliminating urethral obstruction. All solutes retained during obstruction must be excreted, which entails increased losses water. Natriuresis also partially explains the polyuria associated with hypoadrenocorticism.

Liver failure can lead to polyuria, presumably due to the involvement of two renal mechanisms. One is to reduce the liver's production of urea, the main active agent in increasing medullary osmotic pressure. Without urea, the osmolality of the renal medulla decreases, reducing the kidney's ability to reabsorb water. The second mechanism is an increase in serum concentrations of ammonia, which is a major renal toxin, due to a decrease in the hepatic conversion of ammonia to urea. A low protein diet may also result in decreased urea production and decreased medullary osmotic pressure.

Hypokalemia is also associated with the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. This is thought to occur due to the failure to establish a normal osmotic gradient in the medullary interstitium to suppress cAMP generation and reduce ADH release by the neurohypophysis in response to increased osmotic pressure (Ruteckietal, 1982).

Primary polydipsia
The causes of primary polydipsia are hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, liver failure and disorders within the third center of the hypothalamus. It is believed that one of the mechanisms of polydipsia with liver failure is the lack of catabolism of substances such as renin and angiotensin II, which directly stimulate the third center.

Some dogs and cats drink a lot of water compulsively and periodically for unknown reasons (psychogenic polydipsia). These animals have a normal ability to concentrate urine when deprived of water, unless medullary leaching of solutes develops.

Diagnosis plan for polyuria and polydipsia

If it is determined that the animal has polyuria-polydipsia, then the history needs to be reviewed. Has the animal received medications such as diuretics, glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants or hormones thyroid gland which can cause polyuria? Have there been any recent changes in your diet? For unspayed females, you need to know when their last heat was.

On physical examination, the kidneys and liver should be carefully palpated and noted (size and contour. A sagging abdomen and endocrine/alopecia may indicate hyperadrenocorticism. Lymphadenopathy may indicate lymphosarcoma, which results in pseudohyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia in some dogs. In cats, careful palpation should be performed neck area to reveal possible increase thyroid gland. Sudden development Cataracts suggest diabetes mellitus. Depending on those found at general examination violations, a plan of diagnostic 7 tests is developed.

If, during a general examination, certain violations are not identified, then detailed general and biochemical blood tests, urinalysis, urine culture, radiographic and ultrasonography abdominal cavity. Biochemical analysis blood tests should include determination of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, liver enzymes, calcium, phosphorus, glucose, total protein, albumin, sodium and potassium for all dogs and cats, and for cats also determination of serum thyroxine concentration. These tests should identify the possible presence of systemic or urinary infection, azotemic renal failure, liver disease, hypercalcemia, diabetes mellitus, hypocatremia, hypokalemia or hyperthyroidism. A blood urea nitrogen value less than normal may suggest that the cause of polyuria is medullary washout due to decreased urea production. Hyperadrenocorticism can be assumed by a stress leukogram, increased levels of liver enzymes, slightly increased level blood glucose and infection urinary tract without pyuria. Hypoadrenocorticism can be suspected in the presence of hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and the absence of a stress leukogram despite symptoms of a stress illness. If hypo- or hyperadrenocorticism is suspected, adrenal function testing should be performed. To evaluate the liver, kidneys, uterus, prostate and adrenal glands, radiographic and ultrasound examinations of the abdominal cavity should be performed.

The specific gravity of urine can suggest an approximate differential diagnosis. Severe hyposthenuria (urine specific gravity below 1.006) excludes generalized renal dysfunction, since urine dilution requires normal functioning kidneys to the distal tubules. Hyposthenuria suggests the possibility of absence of ADH, inhibition of its action, or psychogenic polydipsia. If the specific gravity of urine is more than 1.020, diabetes insipidus of pituitary nature is excluded and congenital absence ADH receptors. If the specific gravity of urine is 1.008-1.029 and there is proteinuria, then the first points differential diagnosis there will be renal failure and hyperadrenocorticism.

If the causes of polyuria and polydipsia remain unknown (all results laboratory tests normal, with the exception of the specific gravity of urine), then it makes sense to take into account calculations of the amount of water consumed per
5-7 days by the owner to confirm the problem exists. These home calculations will be more accurate because animals in the hospital reduce their water intake due to stress.

The next diagnostic step for an animal with normal tests, but with high water intake and low specific gravity of urine is to conduct an acute or gradual water deprivation test. This water deprivation test is contraindicated in animals with dehydration, azotemia, hypercalcemia, or systemic disease. All of the above tests are performed before this test. Test for excess water must be fulfilled in the following way: initially empty spontaneously or with the help of a catheter bladder, measure the specific gravity of urine and take samples of blood serum and urine to determine their osmolality. The accuracy of the refractometer should be checked using distilled water (specific gravity = 1.000). The animal is weighed, the same scale must be used throughout the test, and the time is recorded. At in a harsh way deprivation of water, all water and food are removed, and to monitor the development of dehydration, the animal is weighed every 2-4 hours, skin turgor and moisture of the mucous membranes are checked. The animal is allowed to empty its bladder, and then the time point and specific gravity of the urine are recorded. The test is continued until the body weight is reduced by 5% or until the specific gravity of the urine exceeds 1.035. At the end of the test, the osmolality of the blood serum and urine is measured. The main difficulty with this test is its unpredictable duration, where you are faced with having to test all night because the animal has not lost 5% of its body weight. In this situation, the animal is either monitored overnight or given a maintenance amount of water (2.75 ml/kg per hour if the animal is not being monitored). The next morning, the animal is weighed, the specific gravity of the urine is measured and the water is removed again, and the test is continued until the body weight is reduced by 5% or until the specific gravity of the urine exceeds 1.035.

In the gradual water deprivation test, water intake (initially approximately 60 ml/kg) is reduced over 3 days (Feldman and Nelson, 1996), and then completely remove the water and food. The animal's body weight and urine specific gravity are measured before the test and then with increasing frequency because gradual water restriction becomes more difficult as weight loss approaches 5%. The authors primarily performed the acute water deprivation test. However, if the results of this test are indeterminate (urine specific gravity 1.020–1.029), a gradual water deprivation test is performed to rule out the possibility that medullary washout of solutes during prolonged polyuria will interfere with peak urine concentration.

To evaluate the results of the water deprivation test, the following parameters are considered: how quickly dehydration occurred, what the final specific gravity of the urine was, and what the results of the comparison of serum and urine osmolality before and after the test were. 95% healthy dogs and cats urine specific gravity reaches 1.048 before weight loss reaches 5% (Hardy and Osborn, 1979; Ross and Finco, 1981). Even with severe water deprivation, healthy animals may take 2-4 days to dehydrate, but animals with diabetes insipidus develop dehydration within a few hours. In healthy animals, urine osmolality increases rapidly when minimal changes in serum osmolality. If the animal’s body cannot concentrate urine (specific gravity less than 1.035) and loses 5% of its weight, then this confirms a violation of the ADH-renal concentration mechanism. When an animal excretes concentrated urine (specific gravity greater than 1.035), but polydipsia is detected, psychogenic polydipsia is most likely. If the animal concentrates urine to a specific gravity of 1.030-1.035, then partial ADH deficiency, partial renal tubular defects, or psychogenic polydipsia with medullary washout should be considered. varying degrees. When an animal's body concentrates urine to a specific gravity of 1.030 when deprived of water, adequate therapy There will be a limitation of water consumption to maintenance amounts.

If the animal's body is not able to concentrate urine to more than a specific gravity of 1.020, then an ADH reaction test should be performed. ADH in oil (vasopressin tannate) is no longer available. Authors used desmopressin acetate, 10-20 mcg. The University of Georgia produces a sterile intranasal preparation that is prepared for intravenous administration using specific sterile procedures (Greeneetal., 1979). Intranasal drugs are less expensive, but the same company also produces injectable drugs. Urine specific gravity is measured every 1-2 hours for 8 hours, and then after 12 and 24 hours. Reaction to intravenous administration desmopressin is usually noticeable after 30 minutes, it reaches its maximum 4-8 hours after administration, in some animals this maximum may not follow until 24 hours. Urine osmolality is measured both before drug administration and at the moment the highest specific gravity of urine is reached. Water consumption is also measured. The authors generally did not remove water during the ADH response test unless it was performed immediately after the water deprivation test. There is some risk of fluid overload if an animal with pituitary diabetes insipidus drinks too much water after administration of ADH.

A positive reaction to ADH will be an increase in urine specific gravity greater than 1.020 or a fivefold increase in urine osmolality (HardyandOsbom, 1982). In animals that do not respond to the water deprivation test, positive results An ADH test confirms pituitary diabetes insipidus. If the specific gravity or osmolality of urine does not increase significantly, this is evidence of an impaired renal tubular response to ADH. Exogenous administration of ADH stimulates urinary concentrating ability less than its endogenous production during a water deprivation test. The reasons for this are not known, but because of this, a water deprivation test should be performed first. The results of water deprivation and ADH tests cannot always be directly interpreted. Measuring plasma ADH concentration increases the accuracy of diagnosis, but is still rarely used in veterinary medicine. The most common diseases that produce a urine specific gravity of 1.015–1.029 on a water deprivation test and minimal response to ADH management are preazotemic, generalized renal failure, and hyperadrenocorticism (canine Cushing's disease with minimal dermatologic and biochemical changes). In these cases, diagnosing Cushing's disease requires measurement of serum cortisol concentration during adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, dexamethasone suppression, or measurement of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration. The ratio of urinary cortisol to creatinine concentrations should also be determined: if the results are normal, then hyperadrenocorticism is unlikely. To confirm that the cause of polyuria is renal dysfunction, an exogenous creatinine clearance test should be performed. (Fincoetal., 1982).

Some animal diseases have characteristic features. In veterinary medicine, designations for symptoms that have a clear direction are accepted. Polyuria and polydipsia in dogs are classified as similar signs. Polydipsia means increased thirst during the day: more than 100 ml/kg. Polyuria – increased urine output: more than 50 ml/kg.

Healthy individuals drink approximately 50-60 ml/kg of water per day. It all depends on the ambient temperature, the composition of the food, and the activity of the dog. 20-40 ml of urine/kg per day is excreted. The balance in fluid intake and excretion is controlled by the kidneys, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. There is a certain pattern between polyuria and polydipsia.

Secondary polydipsia usually develops against the background of kidney disease. The organs cannot retain fluid and too much urine comes out. Thirst occurs as compensation for water loss. Primary polydipsia develops extremely rarely. And then, with the help of polyuria, the body tries to get rid of excess water.
The signs of polydipsia are very easy to recognize. The dog often runs to the water bowl. Absorption of water is convulsive, in large quantities. The brain is responsible for this process; the center of thirst is located there. In case of kidney dysfunction, water-salt imbalance, the center is stimulated and issues an order for urgent water replenishment.

Causes of polyuria in dogs

There are two main categories of causes: physiological and pathological. The first include moments elevated temperature air, the dog is hot, wants to drink more. IN stressful situation some pets consume more fluid. Active image life requires more water. As a rule, the situations described are short-term; once the cause goes away, fluid intake returns to normal. The pathological aspects associated with the development of the disease are a completely different matter.

Polyuria accompanies the following diseases:

• With active inflammatory process– peritonitis, pyometra.
• Oncological formations – mastocytoma, lymphosarcoma.
• Kidney failure.
• Diabetes.
• Problems with the thyroid gland.
• Cushing's and Addison's syndrome.

Polyuria and polydipsia are characterized by a breed predisposition. Small terriers often suffer from Cushing's syndrome. Dobermans often experience hepatitis, and the female half of the canine tribe is often susceptible to hypercalcemia. All these diseases are accompanied excessive secretion fluids from the body.

Increased content calcium in the blood means crossing the border at 2.6 mmol/l. For a dog, this indicates progressive cancer. Exceeding the permissible values ​​occurs during metastasis bone tissue. The Lhasa Apso breed has kidney problems caused by dysplasia.

Polydipsia as primary manifestation occurs as a result of psychological instability. Can accompany febrile state. With strong pain the animal drinks more. Neurological problems contribute to increased thirst. High content salt in the diet makes the dog want to visit the water bowl frequently.

Diagnosis of polydipsia and polyuria

A thorough history taking is of great importance. It is important for the veterinarian to distinguish urinary incontinence from polyuria itself. Incontinence manifests itself as intermittent leakage. This can happen at any time of the day. Develops in middle-aged and older dogs. Widely distributed in spayed large breed females.

For diseases lower sections genitourinary system, the animal often goes to the toilet. This symptom is called pollakiuria. The doctor collects information about general condition dogs, behavioral characteristics during feeding. Excessive appetite indicates diabetes mellitus and helps in diagnosis. Early prescribed treatment is taken into account. Some medications can cause polyuria. For example, hormones, diuretics.

If you suspect chronic renal failure pay attention to certain symptoms. The disease has three stages: latent, anuric, polyuric. The latter will be accompanied characteristic symptom polyuria. Diuresis is increased, polydipsia is present, and the urine is clear. Urine contains a lot of water. Deficiency is more often diagnosed in older animals.

Increased activity of the adrenal glands leads to the development of Cushing's syndrome. Most sick animals show symptoms of polydipsia. The presence of the syndrome will be indicated by an enlarged liver, partial baldness, and a sagging belly. Addison's disease refers to hormonal diseases. Here the opposite situation arises - the adrenal glands are depressed.

The production of aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones decreases. Aldosterone promotes water retention in the blood. With its deficiency, secondary polyuria develops. Additional symptoms: poor appetite, slow heartbeat, weakness.

It is advisable for the owner to provide data on how often and how much the dog drinks water. If possible, measure the amount you drink. You should also collect urine and submit it for analysis. During a clinical examination, the veterinarian gently palpates the dog's abdomen. An enlarged liver will indicate diabetes mellitus. Indicates pyelonephritis big size kidney

Pyometra is easily identified by an enlarged uterus or abdomen. Peritonitis is characterized by tension abdominal wall. Increased calcium levels will result in bradycardia. Examine the genitals for discharge. Then they take urine and blood tests, and conduct specialized studies (X-rays, ultrasound). In a urine test, the most important indicator is specific gravity. If it exceeds 1.03, then the dog does not have polyuria. If less than 1, the probability is quite high.
Biochemical blood test gives full picture about the processes occurring inside a living organism. All are purulent, inflammatory diseases will be determined.

Special examinations will clearly show the size and structure internal organs. X-rays are taken to determine hypercalcemia. chest cavity, bones, brain. The entire set of studies is carried out with the sole purpose of establishing the real reason polyuria. Then therapy begins.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the diagnosis. Therefore, when strange symptoms, take your pet to the vet immediately. Polydipsia will not go away on its own. If problems with the kidneys are detected, if the latter are unable to control diuresis, hormones will be needed. A synthetic antidiuretic substance will artificially regulate the process of urine excretion. And control the water-salt balance.

If hypercalcemia occurs, the dog should be taken to the vet immediately. The condition is extremely dangerous and can result in the death of the pet. IN veterinary clinic put a drip with saline solution. Diuretics are prescribed. If it is impossible to install exact reason polydipsia, polyuria, maintenance treatment will be recommended.