Methods of preparing food. Approximate daily menu
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a common disease endocrine system human, occurring in people with impaired metabolism and overweight bodies. Cases of the disease are recorded in people over 35-40 years of age.
The blood sugar of a person with diabetes is permanently elevated. This occurs due to insufficient cellular susceptibility to glucose entering the body with food. U healthy person this substance is completely absorbed by cells and transformed into energy. This physiological process does not occur without insulin produced by the pancreas.
In type 2 diabetes, insulin production is normal, but cell membrane does not allow glucose to enter the cellular apparatus. The pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the cells do not respond to it. After this, insulin production is minimized.
The disease requires attention and adequate treatment, otherwise the person will die. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a destructive effect on the elasticity of blood vessels, sexual and reproductive functions, liver, kidneys and visual apparatus. But in order for a person to live long and fully, he needs comprehensive treatment. Diabetics are advised to take antihyperglycemic drugs, active image life and a special diet.
| Frequently eaten foods | Type - water | Type - coal | Type - fire |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bread | Bran bread | Bakery products, pasta, cereals | Cakes, cookies, pastries |
| Broths | Vegetable, fish | Soups with cereals | Fatty meat broths |
| Seasonings | Mustard, spices, pepper, herbs | Low-fat mayonnaise, salad dressings | Ketchup, full-fat mayonnaise |
| Vegetables | Greens, sorrel, cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, zucchini, eggplant, radishes, carrots, onions, mushrooms | Beans, potatoes, corn | Roasted vegetables or cooked in animal fat |
| Fruits | Quince, lemon, cranberry | Berries - raspberries, currants, blueberries. Fruits - apples, cherries, peaches, apricots, plums, bananas, cherries, figs, citrus fruits | |
| Dairy products | Kefir, low-fat cheese | Fermented milk products, milk, yogurt, feta cheese | Sour cream, butter, cream, full-fat cheese, condensed milk |
| Meat | Rabbit, chicken, lean beef, veal | Goose, duck, sausages, bacon, fatty meat, canned meat | |
| Seafood | Boiled fish, without skin (not fatty) | Squid, mussels, oysters, medium-fat fish | Eel, herring, caviar, mackerel, canned food in oil and fatty fish |
| Fats | Oils - corn, olive, sunflower | Butter and lard | |
| Bakery | Products containing unsaturated fats (liquid oils) and sweeteners | Biscuit, cake, pies | |
| Dessert | Fruit salads | Jelly | Pudding, ice cream |
| Sweets | Sweeteners | Candies | |
| Beverages | Coffee and tea without cream and sugar, mineral water | Alcohol | |
| Nuts | Hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, pistachios | Salted nuts, coconut |
Necessity of diet
Type 2 diabetes mellitus cannot be completely cured. But the chance for full life diabetics have it. Diet for type 2 diabetes includes general treatment diseases. In medicine, this nutritional system is called diet No. 9. It fully complies with the principles of healthy eating:
- energy value sufficient for full life activity;
- fractional meals;
- correct drinking regime;
- ban on frying food;
- reducing to zero the consumption of foods with easily digestible carbohydrates;
- inclusion of complex carbohydrates in the diet;
- maintaining an optimal balance of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a serious reason for constant adherence therapeutic technique nutrition. The diet is designed so that patients do not experience feelings of hunger and powerlessness. By following a diet, the risk of fluctuations in blood glucose is minimized.
Proper diet planning
Diet for diabetes mellitus Type 2 is characterized by diverse and useful menu. But when compiling it, the rules are strictly followed.
The daily diet predominates protein food. With this approach, patients maintain a prolonged feeling of satiety. Lean fish, seafood, white meat and dairy products are natural source proteins. The menu includes rabbit, turkey, chicken, rabbit, pike and cod. Dishes from these products are prepared by boiling and baking.
The diet of people with diabetes does not include all kinds of canned food, processed meats, fast food and smoked sausages. Fatty meat is also excluded. Soups on meat broth are used no more than once a week.
Eggs are present on the menu of sick people, but in limited quantities. Preference is given to the white part of the egg; the yolk is used infrequently. Eggs are boiled or their whites are used to make a baked omelet.
Some types of bread are included in the diet of diabetics. Allowed to eat whole grain or rye bread. Weight eaten flour products does not exceed 300 grams per day.
Type 2 diabetes does not prohibit the consumption of dairy products. The diet of diabetics includes low-fat cottage cheese, kefir, natural yogurt, curdled milk, bifilife. Curd masses with dried fruits, curd cheeses in chocolate icing, yoghurts with fillers and stabilizers.
Vegetables are included in the diet of diabetics. Menu entry allowed juicy vegetables with minimal starch content. These are tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, lettuce, zucchini, greens. The consumption of potatoes, carrots, and beets is limited to two servings per week, as these vegetables are rich in sugar and starch.
The diet for type 2 diabetes allows the introduction of cereals into the diet. To prepare them, buckwheat, oatmeal and pearl barley are used. Porridge is cooked in water or diluted milk. The diabetic diet prohibits eating pasta, semolina and rice.
Fruits and berries are included in the daily menu of sick people. Preference is given to fruits rich in vitamin C - oranges, grapefruits, lemons, red currants. Bananas, melon, grapes, dates, figs, raisins and dried apricots are not included in the diet for type 2 diabetes.
Beverages
When following a diet for people suffering from type 2 diabetes and obesity, attention is paid to correct regimen drinking. The diet includes:
- still mineral water;
- berry or fruit compote;
- weak black or green tea;
- Herb tea;
- low-fat milk;
- cucumber or tomato juice;
- rosehip decoction.
No sugar is added to drinks. The diet for type 2 diabetes does not allow the use of alcoholic drinks, juices industrial production and sparkling sweet water.
Approximate daily menu
Example of a menu for people with diabetes:
- Breakfast: protein dish. We offer an omelette made from the whites of two eggs or milk oatmeal.
- Snack: a large sweet and sour apple or a salad of diet-allowed fruits dressed with yogurt.
- Lunch: cucumber and tomato salad, cereal soup, chicken breast with buckwheat porridge.
- Snack: low-fat cottage cheese casserole.
- Dinner: baked pike with vegetable stew.
- Snack: a glass of yogurt or low-fat kefir.
Recipes
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is not a sentence to a poor diet with tasteless dishes. There are various recipes for preparing dishes for diabetics.
The diet menu is allowed to include simple and tasty dish from cheese and greens. To get twelve servings of the dish, take two hundred grams of feta cheese and one hundred grams of soft cheese. butter. The ingredients are mixed and three cloves of crushed garlic and finely chopped dill are added. Small balls are formed from the mass.
Diabetics are offered nourishing and tasty recipes meat dishes. Steam meat cutlets – good example. They are prepared from two hundred grams of minced white meat, twenty grams of crumb white bread, two tablespoons of skim milk, a pinch of salt and a teaspoon of butter. Mix everything thoroughly. Cutlets are formed from the mass and baked in the oven for fifteen minutes.
Dietary pudding made from zucchini and apples helps lower blood sugar levels and remove toxins from the body. To prepare the dish, take one hundred grams of peeled apples and zucchini. The fruits are grated on a coarse grater. Add two tablespoons of milk, a spoonful of soft butter, an egg and a third of a glass of flour to the mass. The resulting mixture is transferred to a greased form and placed in the oven for twenty minutes. If desired, sprinkle the finished dish with low-fat sour cream.
There are recipes for preparing dishes for diabetics in a slow cooker. Cooking food in this device does not require the use of oil.
IN grocery stores Sweets for diabetics are sold. Their use is permitted, but limited to a minimum. If you want to sweeten tea or coffee, it is permissible to use stevia, sorbitol, and fructose. IN daily menu no more than thirty grams of sweeteners are introduced.
Dietary treatment will help a person suffering from diabetes and obesity to normalize weight and minimize Negative influence diseases.
The problem of nutrition for people with diabetes is quite acute, and numerous recommendations on the Internet add even more confusion to the minds of patients.
Today you will learn about proper diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus, what should be sample menu diabetic for every day, diet for initial stage and if you suspect diabetes and much more.
I do not claim to be the ultimate truth, but according to experience at the moment, my recommendations are the most effective and bring tangible results. If you want to regain your health, then carefully read the article.
What should be the diet for type 2 diabetes?
When choosing optimal diet for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, it is necessary to remember the goals that it pursues. To improve well-being and maintain health it is necessary (main goals):
- weight loss, reduction of waist and hips
- decrease in insulin and blood glucose levels
- normalization of lipid spectrum and blood pressure
In addition, the diet should be comfortable, physiological, and contain a full spectrum nutrients, both macronutrients (proteins, fats and healthy carbohydrates) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Nutrition should be such that a person can stick to it all his life.
If the diet is strict and causes discomfort, then it will be difficult to follow it and the patient will still return to the old style of eating, which means that the effort spent will be in vain. In addition, there will be deep disappointment and loss of faith in yourself and your success.
IN official medicine The so-called diet No. 9 is prescribed, but it does not meet the listed criteria at all and is not suitable for diabetics. Also, for weight loss, I recommend diet No. 8, which is low in calories and low in fat. Although in the last few years it has been proven that low calorie diets do not work, and reducing fat in the diet leads to an increase in carbohydrate intake, which increases sugar and insulin levels in the body. In addition, the shortage of income healthy fats leads to a deficiency of vital necessary substances (fat-soluble vitamins, groups of minerals, Omega 3 FAs, phospholipids, lecithin and others).
What diet should you follow for type 2 diabetes? In my practical experience A healthy and effective diet is considered to be one with low carbohydrate intake, normal protein intake and high intake of healthy fats.
It is this type of nutrition that solves all the tasks and contributes to achieving these goals in 90% of cases. For some, the result is visible already in the first month of treatment, for others it takes a little longer. IN in rare cases this nutrition system does not bring bright results, and most often this is due to unresolved concomitant diseases(for example, uncompensated hypothyroidism), taking medications that interfere with achieving goals, non-compliance with recommendations by the patient himself, leptin resistance, genetic syndromes lipid metabolism disorders and others rare reasons.
Diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a reminder for patients
In this section I want to describe detailed principles working diet for diabetics, namely carbohydrates, proteins, fats, diet.
What carbohydrates are allowed on this diet?
Recommended for use in large quantities vegetables and greens that grow above the ground: all types of cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, eggplant, asparagus, green beans, fresh or frozen green peas, leaf salads and greens and others...
The following fruits are allowed: avocado, lemon, 1-2 apples per season. Berries are allowed only seasonal and in small quantities or frozen.
From fermented milk products allowed: sour cream, cottage cheese, cheeses
Nuts and seeds in limited quantities.
For the most effective action The diet should exclude all sweet, starchy carbohydrates and some dairy products. These include:
- all cereals
- all bakery products
- all sweets, including honey
- all pasta
- all legumes
- all tuberous vegetables
- all fruits except those listed above
- milk, all liquid fermented milk products
Such restrictions are required for a quick start and after achieving goals it will be possible to expand the diet, but only with fruits and vegetables. Other products will continue to be prohibited, unless you can afford them occasionally.
Proteins in the diet of a diabetic with type 2
Protein is the basis of life, our entire body consists of protein structures, and in order for the body to maintain youth and health, protein must be present in your life. Moreover, you need to ensure that its quantity is adequate and corresponds age norm.
A person who does not engage in additional sports physical activity in the gym or at home requires a minimum of 1-1.5 g of protein per kg of body weight. I mean now the weight of the protein, and not the weight of the piece of meat, since 100 g of meat contains only 15-20 g of protein.
Which foods have the highest protein content?
- any meat (veal, lamb, chicken, duck, geese, etc.)
- seafood (shrimp, squid, crabs, etc.)
- cottage cheese
- any eggs
- offal
You can use any product for your diet. To calculate how much protein you eat, you need to download BJU tables from the Internet, which indicate the protein content in each product.
Fats in a diabetic diet
For more than 50 years, humanity has been afraid of any fat; doctors have prescribed low-fat diets to combat obesity, atherosclerosis and high cholesterol. Valuable fats were removed from foods, and their place was taken by carbohydrates and hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are much more dangerous to human health. And during this time the number cardiovascular pathology Not only did it not decrease, but it increased significantly.
This fact served as a new impetus for research into the role of fats in the human body. And it turned out that scientists were cruelly mistaken all this time, and according to some data, the results of past studies were blatantly falsified. To please their ambitions, the facts were manipulated and the research results formed new recommendations for medical practitioners and food manufacturers, which they adhered to for more than 50 years. You can read about Alan Keys on the Internet and what contribution he made to collective fatphobia.
So, let's learn not to be afraid of fats, but at the same time correctly distinguish healthy fats, from harmful ones. Thus, harmful fats include: trans fats, i.e. hydrogenated vegetable oils, as well as oils containing large amounts of Omega 6 fatty acids (sunflower, rapeseed, corn), and oil that has been subjected to prolonged heating (deep frying).
What oils and fats are allowed?
- any animal and fish oil, including lard
- olive oil
- exotic oils (avocado, almond, macadamia, walnut etc.)
- linseed oil (Caution! Watch storage, it oxidizes quickly)
- Coconut oil
Do you need a special diet for type 2 diabetes?
Older guidelines recommended small, frequent meals. But if you switch to my proposed nutrition system, then it is not at all necessary to eat 5-6 times a day. Moreover, if you eat often, you can simply overeat calories, because the new food will contain more fat, which has twice the calorie content of carbohydrates and proteins.
When switching to a new diet, you need to drink sufficient quantity water, since when carbohydrate intake is reduced, fluid will begin to be excreted and simple, clean water is needed to replenish it.
At first, there is no need to count calories and the amount of proteins and fats eaten, since reducing carbohydrate consumption immediately gives results in the form of weight loss, volume reduction and normalization of glycemic indicators. At first, you eat as much as you need to feel full. Subsequently, when the rate of weight loss slows down, a decrease in daily caloric intake will be required, and this will require accurate recording of what is eaten.
Only carbohydrates can be counted in this style of eating. And you need to learn how to do it right away.
Diet for obese diabetics in the early stages of the disease
When diabetes mellitus begins, the clinic prescribes the usual table No. 9. This approach destroys any hope of recovery, but type 2 diabetes at the initial stage is very amenable to regression with a competent initial approach.
If you change your eating style and lifestyle in time, the disease will recede, but you will have to stick to this diet for the rest of your life. This is not at all difficult, since the food will be satisfying and complete.
From my medical experience, I have seen how quickly a patient’s deteriorating health can be improved by switching only to this type of nutrition.
Is the diet suitable for atherosclerosis, high cholesterol and diabetes?
Since the power of fear of fat in people’s minds is very great, the first objection will be “Is it possible to eat so much fat when cholesterol is high and there are signs of atherosclerosis?” My answer is clear - “Yes, you can!”
In this article I will not describe the whole truth about cholesterol and atherosclerosis, because this is a very large topic and requires more than one article. I will only say one thing: atherosclerosis does not arise from high cholesterol blood and especially not from increased consumption of foods with high content cholesterol.
Education process cholesterol plaque much more complex and begins first of all with defeat inner wall vessel to certain factors to which carbohydrates are most directly related. And cholesterol is sent by the body to the lesion to restore the integrity of the vascular wall, where they begin to be deposited and form a plaque. This physiological process occurs regardless of the level of cholesterol in the blood. This explains the fact that atherosclerosis occurs even in vegetarians who do not consume animal products rich in cholesterol.
In addition, the increase in the indicator “ total cholesterol" V biochemical analysis blood doesn't mean anything. Need analysis lipid spectrum to assess lipid metabolism.
According to Western experts, cholesterol standards are greatly underestimated. In fact, artificially lowering cholesterol with statins does not reduce mortality from cardiovascular pathology, but increases the incidence of Alzheimer's disease, depression, diabetes mellitus and others no less dangerous diseases which significantly reduce the patient’s quality of life.
Cholesterol is very necessary for the body; it is a protector of the cell wall, “ ambulance“with inflammation of the inner wall of blood vessels, so it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the lesion - excess carbohydrates in food, which lead to glycation of proteins, compromising their integrity.
Is it possible to use the diet for fatty liver hepatosis and diabetes?
To answer this question, you need to understand what exactly causes fatty liver hepatosis. Many people think that fatty liver is caused by eating fatty foods. However, this is absolutely not true. Fat deposition in the liver occurs due to fructose, which comes in large quantities from food. Food fats do not participate in this process at all.
If you think that you don't eat fructose, you are very mistaken. Ordinary sugar (sucrose), which is added not only to sweet dishes, but also to bread, sausage and other unsweetened products, contains both glucose and fructose in equal proportions. In addition, all fruits contain the most fructose. Even the honey that is allowed on traditional diet, consists of sucrose (glucose + fructose).
Therefore, the diet that I recommend comes in handy and it copes well with fatty liver. However, the process of releasing the liver is slow and may take time (6 months or more). I talked in more detail about this style of eating and the effect on the liver in the article.
Features of the diet for latent diabetes mellitus
Hidden diabetes is considered to be the syndrome of impaired glucose tolerance, which in official medicine is accepted as prediabetes. If you suspect diabetes and such a disorder carbohydrate metabolism I recommend exactly the same diet that I wrote about above. This, one might say, is the most rewarding time to start treatment in order to prevent the development of overt diabetes mellitus.
If a person pulls himself together at this moment, then I can guarantee that type 2 diabetes will not develop. You simply won't give diabetes any chance.
Diabetic diet: menu for every day of the week
It is quite difficult to create a diet that would satisfy every person on earth. Therefore, I prefer indicative templates according to which you can create your own menu and replace the proposed products with similar ones.
In this article I will not describe weekly menu, because there was a lot of information. You can get a diet for 3 days of the week by following the link to the article. Using a menu of only three days, you can change the order and combination of dishes, thereby creating a diet for yourself for the remaining 4 days.
Update: October 2018
Basic principles of nutrition
In diabetic patients who, intentionally or unknowingly, do not follow a diet before diagnosis, due to excessive amounts of carbohydrates in the diet, cell sensitivity to insulin is lost. Because of this, glucose in the blood increases and stays on high rates. The point of dietary nutrition for diabetics is to restore lost insulin sensitivity to cells, i.e. ability to metabolize sugar.
- Limiting the total calorie content of the diet while maintaining its energy value for the body.
- The energy component of the diet should be equal to real energy expenditure.
- Eating at approximately the same time. This contributes coordinated work digestive system and the normal course of metabolic processes.
- Mandatory 5-6 meals a day, with light snacks - this is especially true for insulin-dependent patients.
- Basic meals that are (approximately) equal in calorie content. Most of the carbohydrates should be consumed in the first half of the day.
- Wide use of the permitted range of products in dishes, without focusing on any specific ones.
- Adding fresh, fiber-rich vegetables from the list of allowed to each dish to create satiety and reduce the rate of absorption of simple sugars.
- Replacement of sugar with approved and safe sweetener substitutes in standardized quantities.
- Preference for desserts with content vegetable fat(yogurt, nuts), since the breakdown of fats slows down the absorption of sugar.
- Eating sweets only during main meals, and not as snacks, otherwise it will happen sudden jump blood glucose.
- Strict restriction up to the complete exclusion of easily digestible carbohydrates.
- Limiting complex carbohydrates.
- Limiting the proportion of animal fats in the diet.
- Elimination or significant reduction of salt.
- Avoiding overeating, i.e. overload of the digestive tract.
- Avoid eating immediately after physical activity or sports.
- Elimination or sharp limitation of alcohol (up to 1 serving during the day). Do not drink on an empty stomach.
- Using dietary cooking methods.
- The total amount of free liquid daily is 1.5 liters.
Some features of optimal nutrition for diabetics
- In no case should you neglect breakfast.
- You should not go hungry and take long breaks from eating.
- Last meal no later than 2 hours before bedtime.
- Dishes should not be too hot or too cold.
- During meals, vegetables are eaten first and then protein product(meat, cottage cheese).
- If a serving of food contains a significant amount of carbohydrates, there must also be proteins or the right fats to reduce the speed of digestion of the former.
- It is advisable to drink permitted drinks or water before meals, and not to wash them down with food.
- When preparing cutlets, a loaf is not used, but you can add oatmeal and vegetables.
- You cannot increase the GI of foods by further frying them, adding flour, breading them in breadcrumbs and batter, flavoring them with oil, and even boiling them (beets, pumpkin).
- With poor tolerance raw vegetables They make baked dishes from them, various pastes and pates.
- You should eat slowly and in small portions, chewing your food thoroughly.
- You should stop eating at 80% saturation (according to personal feelings).
What is the glycemic index (GI) and why does a diabetic need it?
This is an indicator of the ability of foods, once they enter the body, to cause an increase in blood sugar levels. GI acquires particular relevance in severe and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Each product has its own GI. Accordingly, the higher it is, the faster it grows after its use and vice versa.
The GI gradation separates all products with high (more than 70 units), medium (41-70) and low GI (up to 40). Tables with the breakdown of products into specified groups or online calculators for calculating the GI can be found on thematic portals and used in everyday life.
All foods with a high GI are excluded from the diet with the rare exception of those that are beneficial for the body of a person suffering from diabetes (honey). In this case, the overall GI of the diet is reduced by limiting other carbohydrate foods.
The usual diet should consist of foods with low (mostly) and medium (smaller share) GI indicators.
What is XE and how to calculate it?
XE or Bread Unit is another measure for calculating carbohydrates. The name comes from a piece of “brick” bread, which is obtained by standard cutting a loaf into pieces and then in half: this is exactly the 25-gram piece that contains 1 XE.
Many foods contain carbohydrates, but they all differ in composition, properties and calorie content. This is why it is difficult to determine the daily volume of food consumption, which is important for insulin-dependent patients - the amount of carbohydrates consumed must correspond to the dose of insulin administered.
This calculation system is international and allows you to select the required dose of insulin. XE allows you to determine the carbohydrate component without weighing, but with the help of a glance and easy to understand natural volumes(piece, piece, glass, spoon, etc.). Having estimated how much XE will be eaten at one time and measuring blood sugar, a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus can administer the appropriate dose of short-acting insulin before meals.
- 1 XE contains about 15 grams of digestible carbohydrates;
- after consuming 1 XE, the blood sugar level increases by 2.8 mmol/l;
- To absorb 1 XE you need 2 units. insulin;
- daily norm: 18-25 XE, divided into 6 meals (snacks 1-2 XE, main meals 3-5 XE);
- 1 XE is equal to: 25 g. white bread, 30 gr. black bread, half a glass of oatmeal or buckwheat, 1 medium-sized apple, 2 pcs. prunes, etc.
Allowed foods and those that can be consumed rarely
When eating for diabetes, permitted foods are a group that can be consumed without restrictions.
| Low GI: | Average GI: |
|
|
| Products with borderline GI content should be significantly limited and, in severe diabetes, excluded: | |
|
Prohibited Products
Refined sugar itself is a product with an average GI, but with a borderline value. This means that theoretically it can be consumed, but the absorption of sugar occurs quickly, which means that blood sugar also rises quickly. Therefore, ideally, it should be limited or not consumed at all.
| High GI foods (prohibited) | Other prohibited products: |
|
|
Equivalent replacement of harmful products with useful analogues
We exclude |
Introduce into the diet |
| White rice | Brown rice |
| Potatoes, especially mashed potatoes and fries | Yasm, sweet potato |
| Regular pasta | Pasta made from durum flour and coarse grinding. |
| White bread | Peeled bread |
| Cornflakes | Bran |
| Cakes, pastries | Fruits and berries |
| Red meat | White dietary meat (rabbit, turkey), low-fat fish |
| Animal fats, trans fats | Vegetable fats (rapeseed, flaxseed, olive) |
| Rich meat broths | Light soups with a second dietetic meat broth |
| Fat cheese | Avocado, low-fat cheeses |
| Milk chocolate | bitter chocolate |
| Ice cream | Whipped frozen fruit (not Popsicles) |
| Cream | Low-fat milk |
Table 9 for diabetes
Diet No. 9, specially designed for diabetics, is widely used for inpatient treatment such patients and should be followed at home. It was developed by the Soviet scientist M. Pevzner. The diet for diabetics includes daily intake of up to:
- 80 gr. vegetables;
- 300 gr. fruit;
- 1 glass of natural fruit juice;
- 500 ml of fermented milk products, 200 g of low-fat cottage cheese;
- 100 gr. mushrooms;
- 300 gr. fish or meat;
- 100-200 gr. rye, wheat with an admixture of rye flour, bran bread or 200 grams of potatoes, cereals (ready);
- 40-60 gr. fat
Main dishes:
- Soups: cabbage soup, vegetable soup, borscht, beetroot soup, meat and vegetable okroshka, light meat or fish broth, mushroom broth with vegetables and cereals.
- Meat, poultry: veal, rabbit, turkey, chicken, boiled, chopped, stewed.
- Fish: low-fat seafood and fish (pike perch, pike, cod, navaga) boiled, steamed, stewed, baked in its own juice.
- Snacks: vinaigrette, mixed fresh vegetables, vegetable caviar, salt-soaked herring, jellied dietary meat and fish, seafood salad with butter, unsalted cheese.
- Sweets: desserts made from fresh fruits, berries, fruit jelly without sugar, berry mousses, marmalade and jam without sugar.
- Beverages: weak coffee, tea, still mineral water, vegetable and fruit juice, ).
- Egg dishes: white omelet, soft-boiled eggs, in dishes.
Diet by day for a week
The menu for the week, despite the skepticism of many people who have just embarked on the path of dietary nutrition, can be very tasty and varied, the main thing is not to make food a priority in life, because it is not the only thing that a person lives by.
1st option |
2nd option |
|
First day |
||
| Breakfast | Protein omelet with asparagus, tea. | Crumbled buckwheat with vegetable oil and steamed cheesecake. |
| 2 breakfast | Salad of squid and apple with walnuts. | Carrot salad made from fresh vegetables. |
| Dinner | Beetroot soup, baked eggplants with pomegranate seeds. |
Vegetarian vegetable soup, meat stew with jacket potatoes. One apple. |
| Snack | Rye bread sandwich with avocado. | Kefir mixed with fresh berries. |
| Dinner | Baked salmon steak with green onions. | Boiled fish with stewed cabbage. |
Second day |
||
| Breakfast | Buckwheat with milk, a glass of coffee. | Hercules porridge. Tea with milk. |
| 2 breakfast | Fruit salad. | Cottage cheese with fresh apricots. |
| Dinner | Rassolnik in the second meat broth. Seafood salad. | Vegetarian borscht. Turkey meat goulash with lentils. |
| Snack | Unsalted cheese and a glass of kefir. | Vegetable cabbage rolls. |
| Dinner | Baked vegetables with chopped turkey. | Dried fruit compote without sugar. Soft-boiled egg. |
The third day |
||
| Breakfast | Oatmeal with grated apple and sweetened with stevia, a glass of sugar-free yogurt. | Low-fat cottage cheese with tomatoes. Tea. |
| 2 breakfast | Smoothie made from fresh apricots with the addition of berries. | Vegetable vinaigrette and 2 slices of crusty bread. |
| Dinner | Vegetable stew with veal. | Viscous pearl barley soup with milk. Steamed veal dumplings. |
| Snack | Cottage cheese with added milk. | Fruits poached with milk. |
| Dinner | Salad of fresh pumpkin, carrots and peas. | Stewed broccoli with mushrooms. |
Fourth day |
||
| Breakfast | Burger made with whole grain bread, low-fat cheese and tomato. | Soft-boiled egg. Glass of milk. |
| 2 breakfast | Steamed vegetables with hummus. | Fruits and berries, blended with kefir. |
| Dinner | Vegetable soup with celery and green peas. Chopped chicken cutlet with spinach. | Vegetarian cabbage soup. Barley porridge under a fish coat. |
| Snack | Pears stuffed with raw almonds. | Squash caviar. |
| Dinner | Salad with salmon, pepper and natural yogurt. | Boiled chicken breast with eggplant and celery goulash. |
Fifth day |
||
| Breakfast | Steamed fresh plum puree with cinnamon and stevia. Weak coffee and soy bread. | Sprouted grains with natural yogurt and bread. Coffee. |
| 2 breakfast | Salad with boiled egg and natural squash caviar. | Berry jelly. |
| Dinner | Cauliflower and broccoli soup. Beef steak with arugula and tomatoes. | Mushroom broth with vegetables. Meatballs with stewed zucchini. |
| Snack | Low-fat cottage cheese with berry sauce. | A glass of green tea. One apple. |
| Dinner | Steamed green beans and fish balls in green natural sauce. | Salad with tomato, herbs and cottage cheese. |
Sixth day |
||
| Breakfast | Low-fat cheese and 2 slices of whole grain bread. Orange fresh. | Rice bran with milk and berries. |
| 2 breakfast | Raw beet salad, mustard oil and walnut. | Fruit salad with nuts. Diet breads. |
| Dinner | Pike perch soup with wild rice. Baked avocado with cottage cheese cream. | Soup with beef meatballs and sorrel. |
| Snack | Fresh berries whipped with low-fat milk. | Zrazy from carrots and cottage cheese, vegetable juice. |
| Dinner | Baked red onions with quail egg omelette. | Steamed fish with cucumber, pepper and tomato salad. |
Seventh day |
||
| Breakfast | Curd and carrot soufflé, weak tea. | Cottage cheese casserole. Berry fresh. |
| 2 breakfast | Warm salad of fresh celery root, pear and kohlrabi. | Bran bread burger with soaked herring and lettuce. |
| Dinner | Cold spinach soup. Rabbit fillet stewed with Brussels sprouts. | Bean soup with second meat broth. Steamed mushroom cutlet. |
| Snack | Layered fruit dessert with mascarpone. | A glass of kefir. |
| Dinner | Baked cod with green salad. | Pike perch fillet with fresh vegetables. |
Sweeteners
This issue remains controversial, since diabetic patients do not experience an urgent need for them, but use them only to satisfy their taste preferences and habits of sweetening food and drinks. In principle, there are no artificial and natural sugar substitutes with 100% proven safety. The main requirement for them is no increase in blood sugar or a slight increase in the indicator.
Currently, with strict blood sugar control, 50% fructose, stevia and honey can be used as sweeteners.
Stevia
Stevia – Leaf Supplement perennial plant Stevia, a sugar substitute that contains no calories. The plant synthesizes sweet glycosides, such as stevioside, a substance that gives leaves and stems a sweet taste, 20 times sweeter than regular sugar. Can be added to prepared dishes or used in cooking. It is believed that stevia helps restore the pancreas and helps produce own insulin without affecting blood sugar.
Officially approved as a sweetener by WHO experts in 2004. Daily norm– up to 2.4 mg/kg (no more than 1 tablespoon per day). If the supplement is abused, it may develop toxic effects And allergic reactions. Available in powder form liquid extracts and concentrated syrups.
Fructose
Fructose 50%. Fructose does not require insulin to metabolize, so it is safe in this regard. It has 2 times less calories and 1.5 times more sweetness compared to regular sugar. Has a low GI (19) and does not cause fast growth blood sugar
The consumption rate is no more than 30-40 grams. per day. When consuming more than 50 g. fructose per day decreases the liver's sensitivity to insulin. Available in powder and tablet form.
Honey
Natural Bee Honey. Contains glucose, fructose and a small proportion of sucrose (1-6%). Insulin is needed to metabolize sucrose, but the content of this sugar in honey is insignificant, and therefore the burden on the body is small.
Rich in vitamins and biologically active substances, increases immunity. With all this, it is high-calorie carbohydrate product with a high GI (about 85). For mild diabetes, 1-2 teaspoons of honey with tea per day is acceptable, after meals, slowly dissolving, but not adding to a hot drink.
Supplements such as aspartame, xylitol, suclamate and saccharin are currently not recommended by endocrinologists due to side effects and other risks.
It should be understood that the rate of absorption of carbohydrates, as well as the sugar content in foods, may vary from the average calculated values. Therefore, it is important to monitor blood glucose before meals and 2 hours after meals, food diary and thus find foods that cause individual spikes in blood sugar. To calculate the GI of ready-made dishes, it is more convenient to use a special calculator, since the cooking technique and various additives can significantly increase First level GI of starting products.
Diabetes mellitus type 2 - pathology endocrine apparatus, in which there is a reduced sensitivity of cells and tissues of the body to insulin (the hormone of the islets of Langerhans-Sobolev of the pancreas) with its sufficient synthesis. The result is high level blood sugar and disruption of all types of metabolism.
To effectively contain the manifestation of the disease, you need to follow the rules of diet therapy (nutrition therapy). The main goal is to keep the glucose level no higher than 5.6 mmol/l and glycosylated hemoglobin levels within 6-6.5%, reduce body weight, and reduce the load on the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas. What can you eat if you have type 2 diabetes?
Basic principles of nutrition for type 2 diabetes mellitus
In diabetic patients who, intentionally or unknowingly, do not follow a diet before diagnosis, due to excessive amounts of carbohydrates in the diet, cell sensitivity to insulin is lost. Because of this, glucose in the blood increases and remains at high levels. The point of dietary nutrition for diabetics is to restore lost insulin sensitivity to cells, i.e. ability to metabolize sugar.
- Limiting the total calorie content of the diet while maintaining its energy value for the body.
- The energy component of the diet should be equal to real energy expenditure.
- Eating at approximately the same time. This contributes to the smooth functioning of the digestive system and the normal course of metabolic processes.
- Mandatory 5-6 meals a day, with light snacks - this is especially true for insulin-dependent patients.
- Basic meals that are (approximately) equal in calorie content. Most of the carbohydrates should be consumed in the first half of the day.
- Wide use of the permitted range of products in dishes, without focusing on any specific ones.
- Adding fresh, fiber-rich vegetables from the list of allowed to each dish to create satiety and reduce the rate of absorption of simple sugars.
- Replacement of sugar with approved and safe sweetener substitutes in standardized quantities.
- Preference is given to desserts containing vegetable fat (yogurt, nuts), since the breakdown of fats slows down the absorption of sugar.
- Consume sweets only during main meals, and not as snacks, otherwise there will be a sharp jump in blood glucose.
- Strict restriction up to the complete exclusion of easily digestible carbohydrates.
- Limiting complex carbohydrates.
- Limiting the proportion of animal fats in the diet.
- Elimination or significant reduction of salt.
- Avoiding overeating, i.e. overload of the digestive tract.
- Avoid eating immediately after physical activity or sports.
- Elimination or sharp limitation of alcohol (up to 1 serving during the day).
- Do not drink on an empty stomach.
- Using dietary cooking methods.
- The total amount of free liquid daily is 1.5 liters.
We always take into account the glycemic index for type 2 diabetes
It is vital for a diabetic to understand the concept of “ glycemic index» products. This number shows the average person’s reaction to the product - how quickly blood glucose rises after taking it.
GI is determined for all products. There are three gradations of the indicator.
High GI - from 70 to 100. A diabetic should exclude such foods.
Average GI - from 41 to 70. Moderate consumption when stabilization of blood glucose is achieved - occasionally, no more than 1/5 of all food per day, in the right combinations with other products.
Low GI - from 0 to 40. These products are the basis of the diet for diabetes.
What increases the GI of a product?
Culinary processing with “invisible” carbohydrates (breading!), accompaniment of high-carbohydrate foods, temperature of food consumption.
So, cauliflower, steamed does not cease to be low-glycemic. And its neighbor, fried in breadcrumbs, is no longer indicated for diabetics.
One more example. We lower the GI of the meal by accompanying carbohydrate meals with a powerful portion of protein. Chicken and avocado salad with berry sauce is an affordable dish for diabetes. But these same berries, whipped into a seemingly “harmless dessert” with oranges, just a spoonful of honey and sour cream, are already a bad choice.
Bread unit for type 2 diabetes mellitus
A conventional measure of food consumed, equal to 12 grams of carbohydrates, is a bread unit (XE). It was developed by nutritionists from Germany to roughly estimate the amount of carbohydrates in each individual product. It is advisable for a sick person to have a special table with him. It determines the number of carbohydrates in the product and the amount grain units per day.
With the help of such tips, you can quickly and easily create a treatment menu. You can calculate the amount of XE in any product using a simple scheme, without using tables. Often, food packages indicate how many carbohydrates are in one hundred grams of the product. When this number is found, it must be divided by 12. The resulting result is the number of bread units in 100 grams of the selected product.
Allowed foods and those that can be consumed rarely for type 2 diabetes
When eating for diabetes, permitted foods are a group that can be consumed without restrictions.
Prohibited foods for type 2 diabetes
Refined sugar itself is a product with an average GI, but with a borderline value. This means that theoretically it can be consumed, but the absorption of sugar occurs quickly, which means that blood sugar also rises quickly. Therefore, ideally, it should be limited or not consumed at all.
Diet for type 2 diabetes
The endocrinologist prescribes an individual menu for each patient with the second type of disease. True, there are general principles eating food. Diet for type 2 diabetics is balanced diet With the right ratio useful substances:
- fats – up to 30 percent;
- complex carbohydrates – from 5 to 55 percent;
- proteins – 15-20 percent.
IN daily diet diabetics includes the following products:
- moderate amount of vegetable fats;
- fish, seafood;
- fiber (vegetables, fruits, greens).
What products can replace sugar?
All sweeteners can be divided into 2 main groups:
- Natural. They are quite high in calories, so this must be taken into account when consuming them. Not recommended for type 2 diabetes mellitus: fructose, stevia, sorbitol, xylitol).
- Artificial. Derivatives of various chemical substances: saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame).
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Stevia
This is a plant whose leaves are used as food supplement, is the most harmless natural sweetener for type 2 diabetes, as it contains no calories. The plant substance can be added to prepared dishes or used in cooking. It does not increase blood glucose levels and is therefore safe for diabetics.
Saccharin
Available in the form of a white powder, soluble in water. If you use saccharin when boiling, it acquires bitter taste, so it is dissolved in warm water. Well absorbed into gastrointestinal tract, can accumulate in organs and tissues in high concentration. Saccharin is used in small doses and in combination with other sugar substitutes.
The choice of foods for a diet for diabetes should be made taking into account the stage of the disease and if accompanying pathologies, since depending on the severity of symptoms, it is possible to either expand the diet or strictly limit it.
Meal routine for type 2 diabetes
What are the food requirements for diabetes? The initial condition is that it is advisable not to eat enough, rather than to overeat. It is necessary to constantly strengthen the body and perform exercises so as not to gain unnecessary pounds. Immediately after diagnosing the pathology, it is necessary to register with an endocrinologist. If the patient manages to radically change his lifestyle and interact with specialists, then he can live a long time, while ideal performance and well-being are guaranteed.
You should start with a diet that offers 20 kcal for women and 25 kcal for men per 1 kg of weight. Allowed foods must be eaten at least 5 times a day.
The diet has the following schedule:
- The first breakfast should be at 7 o'clock. This is oatmeal, less often buckwheat, 25% of the calorie content of the whole day.
- Second breakfast a couple of hours later, it’s cottage cheese with skim milk(unsweetened). Contains 15% of daily calories.
- A typical lunch at 1-2 p.m. is 30% caloric.
- Afternoon snack at 16:00 (fruit) - 10% calorie content.
- Dinner at 18:00, which includes an omelet or fish with vegetables - 20% of calories.
- If necessary, you can drink milk or kefir at 10 p.m.
Fruits and vegetables contain a significant amount of carbohydrates, as a result of which you should not consume more than 1/2 of a banana during the day, just a piece of melon, and one bunch of grapes. It is necessary to exclude from your diet foods that contain a lot of sugar: cakes, waffles, confectionery, cakes, cookies, jams, preserves, syrups, dates and ice cream. If you can’t imagine your life without sweets, then you should use sweeteners. In stores there are confectionery products, juices, compotes that are made with the addition of a sweetener.
In addition, it is worth monitoring what diabetics eat and what they drink. It is necessary to completely avoid alcohol, as it can cause hypoglycemia and even coma. A similar reaction can occur a couple of hours after drinking alcohol; alcohol causes significant harm to the liver damaged by diabetes.
