Lipidogram and blood lipid spectrum - interpretation of the analysis. Interpretation of blood lipid spectrum analysis
There is an opinion that cholesterol in the human body is a rather harmful substance. Many information sources advise constantly reducing this indicator in the human body. It is worth immediately noting that this opinion is erroneous, since it is cholesterol that is involved in many processes of the life of human cells.
LDL is considered atherogenic, and HDL is antiatherogenic
People around us believe that there are two types of cholesterol – “good” and “bad” and when there is a strong excess of it in the body, it is deposited on the vascular walls and leads to disastrous consequences. Let's take a closer look at what a lipid profile is and what level of cholesterol is not only safe, but also necessary for the healthy functioning of the body. And also what laboratory test is used to determine this indicator in the blood and its interpretation.
Cholesterol – what is it?
Cholesterol is a steroid or a substance of high biological activity. It is produced to a greater extent in human liver cells, up to approximately 50%, about 20% is synthesized by the intestines. All other cholesterol is synthesized by the adrenal glands, skin and gonads. And only up to 500 mg of cholesterol per day comes from food.
Cholesterol also has a number of functions. The most basic of them are the strengthening of the cell wall, the production of bile acid and the synthesis of steroid hormones.
LDL is the so-called “bad”, in fact, this concept does not exist in medical vocabulary, it is more of a common name for low-density lipoprotein. But it is bad because when it is in excess and oxidized, it actually settles on the inner wall of the vessel, closing its lumen. Therefore, it is imperative to monitor this indicator, especially if total cholesterol in the blood is elevated.
HDL can be lowered for a number of reasons, such as poor diet or bad habits.
Lipoproteins vary in size, density and lipid content
HDL is considered “good” in everyday life. It differs from low-density lipoprotein in its structure and functional characteristics. Its main function is to cleanse the vascular wall of LDL. With a sufficiently high level of HDL or its normal level, people are less susceptible to atherosclerotic diseases. If a HDL blood test reveals a significant decrease, then atherosclerosis is suspected and additional studies are prescribed to confirm the diagnosis.
Lipid profile
This is a special biochemical blood test. The study involves breaking down lipids (fats) into their individual components. Using this analysis, you can monitor indicators and promptly seek specialized medical care in case of any pathological abnormalities. This biochemical analysis includes:
- Total cholesterol or cholesterol is one of the main indicators of the state of fat balance in the human body. Produced in liver cells.
- HDL (high-density lipoprotein) - delivers cholesterol to the liver from the vascular wall when it is in excess.
- LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is a carrier of cholesterol from the liver to the arteries; when in excess, it settles on the vascular wall.
- TG (triglycerides) are neutral lipids.
This study also calculates the atherogenic coefficient (AC), which determines the predisposition to atherosclerosis. This is called the ratio between HDL and LDL.
Indications for analysis
With some vascular diseases, the level of LDL in the blood increases significantly, this may indicate atherosclerosis and concomitant diseases. Most likely, total cholesterol will also be increased. And the HDL level, which is responsible for the process of converting cholesterol into bile and removing cholesterol plaques from the walls of blood vessels, drops significantly in the blood.
A lipid profile is often prescribed when a risk of coronary heart disease is suspected.
A blood test for a lipid profile is prescribed to people who belong to the “risk group” and have some of the following diseases:
- cardiac ischemia;
- liver and pancreas;
- chronic pancreatitis;
- obesity, foodborne;
- hyperthyroidism;
- alcoholism;
- myeloma;
- sepsis;
- gout.
A lipid profile is also prescribed for children, but also for certain diseases, for example, diabetes or a hereditary predisposition to lipid metabolism disorders.
Interpretation of the analysis
Lipidogram allows you to detect lipid metabolism disorders
In medical practice, there are certain standards by which the lipid profile is assessed. It is also worth noting that blood biochemistry standards may vary slightly in different laboratories, this is due to the use of different kits and reagents for research. When deciphering the analysis, the weight and age of the patient are taken into account.
| Index | Regulatory boundaries |
| Total cholesterol | 3.2 – 5.5 mmol/l |
| HDL | > 0.9 mmol/l |
| LDL | 1.7 – 3.5 mmol/l |
| TG | 0.4 – 1.8 mmol/l |
Only a doctor should decipher this laboratory test; it is he who will be able to competently assess the situation and, if necessary, prescribe adequate and timely treatment. Also, the doctor must correlate the test result with the individual characteristics of the patient and his medical history. For example, a recent heart attack or taking medications.
What can cause an increase in LDL levels?
LDL can increase in some kidney and liver diseases due to an imbalance in HDL. Risk factors for increasing “bad” cholesterol include: smoking, alcohol abuse, overeating, insufficient physical activity or physical inactivity, and bile stagnation. To reduce or maintain LDL, you need to resort to a healthy lifestyle and proper nutrition.
Preparing for analysis
Before donating blood for a lipid profile, you must abstain from eating for 12 hours
To obtain a correct and informative analysis result, a prerequisite on the part of the patient is preparation for it. Blood is drawn from a vein and must be taken on an empty stomach. You should stop eating 8 hours before the test, or better yet 12. Dinner should be very light and consist mainly of fiber, exclude fatty meats, all types of sausages and smoked meats. Since this will lead to chyle in the blood serum and the analysis will be incorrect. You should also refrain from drinking coffee and alcohol the day before, and do not smoke at least two hours before donating blood. If medications are used, it is better not to take them before taking the test. And if this is undesirable, then be sure to warn your doctor about taking them.
What are the benefits of lipids?
Lipid metabolism is very important for the healthy functioning of the human body. The main function of metabolism is the breakdown, digestion and absorption of fats in the intestinal tract. A very important fact is that lipids are actively involved in the synthesis of male and female hormones. Therefore, any imbalance in fat balance can lead to problems with the reproductive system. With normal lipid profile indicators, the adrenal glands produce a sufficient amount of vitamin D. Also, if this indicator is abnormal in the blood, a person’s immunity is significantly reduced.
Blood performs a huge number of important functions. Almost any condition of the body is immediately reflected in blood counts, which is why it is so important to examine it. An increase or decrease in blood lipids indicates the presence of various diseases, or a predisposition to them. Deciphering the blood lipid spectrum analysis will help identify and prevent many diseases.
Lipids are fats necessary for the body. The main lipid is cholesterol (TC). It has 3 main functions. The first important role is that it is part of cell membranes. The second function is participation in the synthesis of hormones (testosterone in men and estrogen in women), and also takes part in the synthesis of cortisone. And the 3rd important function is that thanks to sunlight it promotes the formation of vitamin D in the skin, without which calcium absorption is impossible. Without cholesterol, normal functioning of organ systems is impossible. Our body contains approximately 350g of this important lipid, of which 90% is found in tissues and 10% in blood. Most of it is produced by the body itself, the rest comes from food. A blood lipid spectrum test will help determine the lipid content.
A blood test is taken from a vein on an empty stomach. It is better to do this in the morning, since it is not recommended to eat food at least 8 hours before the test.
Drinking alcohol and smoking can distort the metabolism of fats in the body. It is important not to drink alcohol at least 24 hours before and smoke an hour before donating blood. Do not eat fatty foods for 24 hours. Try to avoid psychological and physical stress. The results can also be affected by: stress, injury, prolonged fasting, pregnancy, infectious diseases, various medications (hormones, nicotinic acid, aspirin, insulin, cholestyramine, ascorbic acid, lithium salts, phenobarbital, etc.). When using any medications, it is advisable to warn the doctor about this and, if indicated, discontinue them.
Lipid profile analysis and interpretation
Lipid profile (spectrum), also called lipid profile, refers to biochemical tests that allow you to determine the level of fat in the body. Shows the development of cardiovascular diseases, liver, kidneys, gall bladder, endocrine system, atherosclerosis, as well as predisposition to them. Blood is taken for analysis from a vein.
- OXC – cholesterol. The norm is 3.4 – 5.4 mmol/l. Basic lipid. The lowest level is in newborns. The rate increases with age.
- HDL is high density lipoprotein. The norm for men is 0.7-1.7 mmol/l, for women – 0.8-2.2 mmol/l. They transport fats to the liver, where they are broken down. They are the ones who prevent the formation of plaques.
- LDL – low density lipoproteins. The norm for men is 2.2-4.8 mmol/l, for women – 1.9-4.5 mmol/l. OCS is transported to the vascular walls, where plaques subsequently form, due to which the lumen of the vessels narrows, interfering with blood flow.
- VLDL – very low density lipoproteins. The norm is 0.16 – 1.63 mmol/l. The most harmful fats are involved in the transport of triglycerides to peripheral tissues.
- Triglycerides. The norm is 0.41 – 1.8 mmol/liter. Fatty compounds are the main source of energy for cells.
- KA – atherogenic coefficient. Norm 1.5-3. This is the ratio of LDL and VLDL to the HDL fraction.
The older the person, the higher the likelihood of deviations. Most often, increased rates occur in women. It is recommended to periodically take a blood test for fats, especially for people over 40 years of age. This will help prevent a number of diseases.
Deviations of lipid metabolism
Deviations in lipid analysis, up or down, indicate the presence of any diseases, or a predisposition to them. Low cholesterol levels in the blood are just as dangerous as high ones, because it means that fat metabolism is impaired.
- OHS. An analysis reading above normal may mean: pregnancy, obesity, metabolic disorders, unhealthy diet (lots of carbohydrates and fats), alcohol abuse. It is also observed in diseases: atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stomatotropic hormone deficiency, gout, myocardial infarction, renal failure, hypothyroidism, etc. An indicator below the norm may indicate poor absorption of the gastrointestinal tract, cirrhosis liver, malnutrition, infectious diseases.
- An increase in the profile of total fats in the body (HDL, LDL, VLDL) can occur with diabetes mellitus and hepatitis.
- An increased level of triglycerides will indicate hypertension, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, viral hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, gout, pancreatitis (acute and chronic), and cerebral vascular thrombosis. A decreased profile may indicate lung disease, malnutrition, anorexia, stroke, or kidney disease.
- The atherogenic coefficient (AC) shows the predisposition to the formation of atherosclerotic changes. The higher the indicator, the higher the probability.
It is important to understand that lipid spectrum analysis alone does not make it possible to make a diagnosis. Only a doctor can interpret it and prescribe additional examination and treatment.
High cholesterol prevention and diet
In order for the lipid profile to be good and fat metabolism in the body to be stable, or as close to ideal as possible, it is important to eliminate fatty foods as much as possible. This is especially true for women, because... In them, elevated cholesterol levels are more common. But it is saturated fats that increase blood lipids, these include: refined oil, butter, red meat, cheese, eggs, mayonnaise, lard, full-fat dairy products, margarine, chips and fast food.
Polyunsaturated fats help lower cholesterol, such as olive oil (as well as corn and soybean oil). For meat, it is better to choose poultry (without skin) and fish, they are rich in protein; eat moderately lean beef and lamb tenderloin. Prefer skim milk. It is not recommended to eat a lot of eggs. You don’t have to exclude them from your diet, but it’s definitely worth reducing the amount of them in your food. Fruits and berries will also come to the rescue in the fight against high lipids in the blood; you should especially give preference to apples, pomegranates, cherries, and grapes.
Protein-rich legumes and nuts (pistachios, walnuts, almonds) fit perfectly into the diet. Cereals will also help return the exchange of total cholesterol to normal: porridge, whole grain bread. Excessive smoking and alcohol consumption adversely affect diagnostic rates. Psychological stress also entails an increase in lipid profile. You should try to avoid stressful situations.
When studying the lipid spectrum, it is important to take into account the patient’s age, because The older a person is, the higher the level of total cholesterol in his body will be. If a lipid profile reveals a high LDL content, this should serve as an alarm bell, since this type of fat is the most harmful. Everything possible must be done to reduce its level. Proper nutrition will help with this. It is also important to understand that cholesterol is necessary for our body, but in moderation; it is dangerous to abuse fatty foods. Timely diagnosis will help prevent a number of diseases of the cardiovascular system, and prescribe effective treatment if they already exist. The results of the lipid profile are taken into account in conjunction with additional studies; this is the only way the doctor will be able to interpret it.
A blood test that allows you to find out the current state of fat (lipid) metabolism in the body is a lipid profile. What is it, what is meant by this name? A blood lipidogram contains information about several indicators at once. It allows the doctor to assess the patient’s risk of developing diseases such as ischemia, atherosclerosis, and the overall condition of the cardiovascular system.
Lipidogram - what is it?
A medical blood test that gives an idea of the state of fat metabolism in the body, as well as the risk of damage to blood vessels and the heart, is called a lipid profile. It is a complex study and carries a number of meanings:
- blood cholesterol levels;
- triglycerides;
- atherogenic coefficient;
- HDL (high density lipoprotein);
- LDL (low density lipoprotein);
- VLDL (very low density lipoprotein).
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the main lipid in the body. It comes to us along with animal products. Its quantitative indicator is an integral marker of fat metabolism. In newborns, the minimum indicator is determined, over time it begins to grow, and by old age it reaches its maximum.
It is noteworthy that in men, cholesterol levels in a standard situation are shown by a low lipid profile. The norm for women is different, and with age, cholesterol accumulates in their bodies much faster. Figures from 3.2 to 5.6 mmol/l are considered good indicators.
Many people are accustomed to thinking that cholesterol is some kind of terrible phenomenon. This is clearly misleading, given that it is part of the membranes of every cell in the body. It increases the protective properties of cells. Hormones such as testosterone, cortisol, estrogens and others are synthesized from cholesterol. Without bile acids, digestion is impossible; they are formed from cholesterol. So what are the negative opinions associated with? With elevated cholesterol levels, when a lipid profile was performed (the transcript in adults showed elevated cholesterol), and there were risks of developing cardiovascular diseases. Many are afraid of this, and the very word “cholesterol” is associated with the disease.
Deciphering the blood test
For people who already have lipid metabolism disorders, the target value is 1.8 mmol/l. It is achieved as a result of changing the diet, introducing physical activity, and drug therapy. A cardiologist or therapist prescribes the correct treatment. If the decoding of the blood lipid profile shows cholesterol from 5.2 to 6.2, this is a moderate risk of developing atherosclerosis; with a figure of 6.2 and above, the level is high. Let's look at other lipid profile indicators.
- LDL. This complex delivers cholesterol to tissues. An indicator that determines atherogenicity. Commonly called “bad” cholesterol. It quickly attaches to the walls of blood vessels that are altered by any pathologies.
- VLDL. Lipoproteins related to “bad” cholesterol. However, they do not play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. They have only transport significance, being synthesized in the liver.
- HDL. In other words, “good” cholesterol. Its concentration highly reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis.
- Triglycerides. Lipids that have structural and energetic functions. They are found in the blood of all people.
Atherogenic coefficient (AC)
The ratio of “good” and “bad” cholesterol also includes a lipid profile. Decoding in adults (the norm is indicated below) gives an idea of the degree of risk of developing atherosclerosis. The atherogenic coefficient is calculated as follows: the difference between cholesterol and LDL is taken and divided by HDL.
Deciphered by indicator:
Less than 3 means the risk of developing atherosclerosis, as well as its further unpleasant consequences, is minimal.
From 3 to 4 - unfavorable prognosis. The risk is moderate. It is necessary to adjust your lifestyle and diet.
4 and above. Disorders of lipid metabolism have been identified, and the process is already chronic and requires treatment. High risk of stroke and heart attack.
Submission of analysis. Lipidogram - interpretation in adults, normal
Before the study, you need to prepare properly. Before analyzing the lipid profile, it is necessary to exclude animal fats, alcohol from the diet for three days, and avoid emotional stress and physical activity. Before the study, dinner should be as light as possible. The next morning, do not drink anything (except water), do not eat, do not use toothpaste, chewing gum, and do not smoke under any circumstances. It is very important to remain completely calm. The interpretation of lipid profile results depends on age and gender. Children have different indicators.
Let's consider assessing the result of a lipid profile in adults:
Why is this analysis performed?
So, it became clear what a lipid profile is. Why is such research being carried out?
A lipidogram primarily makes it possible to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
The analysis is used to monitor the state of the body during treatment for atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, kidney disease and diabetes.
A lipid profile must be tested regularly if one of your relatives suffered from hypercholesterolemia or there were cases of strokes and heart attacks. This will help prevent the development of such health problems.
A lipidogram allows you to monitor your body during a hypolipidemic diet, as well as during treatment.
Who needs analysis
Lipidogram (the norm is indicated in the table in the article), regardless of age, is indicated for those categories of people who:
Body mass index is more than 25;
There is an increase in blood pressure;
Diabetes mellitus (increased blood glucose levels);
Waist circumference in women is more than 80 cm, in men - more than 94 cm;
There are diseases of the liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland;
Close relatives had high cholesterol and died before the age of 50 from a stroke or heart attack;
There are autoimmune diseases (rheumatism, lupus erythematosus and others);
Pregnancy;
There were attacks of stroke, heart attack, chest pain;
Men 40 years of age and older;
Women aged 50 years and older.
A lipid profile is also prescribed if treatment with anticholesterol drugs is carried out to assess their effectiveness.
The results of the lipid profile are interpreted by the therapist and, if necessary, treatment is prescribed.
Hypercholesterolemia
If the lipid profile exceeds the norm, the doctor makes a diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia. This is a pathological disorder in lipid metabolism; it is not a disease as such. This is a kind of matrix for the development of atherosclerosis and heart damage. There are two types of pathology:
Congenital (primary). This hereditary disease is associated with a defect in the gene that is responsible for normal cholesterol.
The secondary form is associated with the following:
Diabetes. Due to increased glucose, the blood thickens, and this contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The breakdown and synthesis of fats is disrupted. There are many fatty acids in the blood.
Decreased basal metabolism - hypothyroidism.
In diseases of the liver and biliary tract, cholesterol stones form in the gallbladder.
Exposure to certain medicinal diuretics, immunosuppressants, and beta blockers.
Nutrition also has an impact - excess carbohydrates, abuse of fried and fatty foods.
How to improve performance? Diet
There is no need to look for spells and magic potions to get your lipid profile back to normal. The price of the right food and a visit to the sports complex will be much lower than if you have to treat your “bad” cholesterol and its negative consequences. The old phrase “We are what we eat” comes to mind. First of all, limit the consumption of fried foods, baked goods, animal fats, sweets, and salty foods. Include more fiber (legumes, vegetables, cereals, fruits) in your diet; these products remove excess bile from the intestines and prevent it from entering the blood. As you know, bile is the “daughter of cholesterol.” Eat more often, but in small portions. This will start proper metabolism in the body, excess weight will go away, and cholesterol levels will decrease.
Healthy lifestyle
Now we know what a lipid profile is. We are starting to bring her performance back to normal.
As for physical activity, start small - daily walks over short distances. Next, you can move on to Nordic walking with poles, this will allow you to train your whole body. Cycling and swimming are very beneficial.
Do workouts at home, don’t forget about yoga, it not only strengthens the body, but also has a beneficial effect on the psyche. Move more, be it cleaning the house, dancing, working on the site. Proper nutrition in tandem with exercise effectively reduces weight.
Fight stress.
Smile more often, no matter what.
Listen to your favorite music, do meditation, read interesting books.
Let out negative emotions.
Do what you love (everyone has their own).
Communicate with loved ones and family.
Get rid of bad habits.
Change your environment if you feel uncomfortable.
Follow our advice. Change your lifestyle, nutrition, and you will see how your health will begin to change for the better. All indicators of your lipid profile will return to normal.
Lipid spectrum (lipidogram) is a complex of biochemical blood tests that allow you to assess the complete state of fat metabolism in the body. The study includes the definition of:
- total cholesterol (TC);
- triglycerides (TG);
- high density lipoproteins (HDL);
- (VLDL);
- low density lipoproteins (LDL);
- atherogenic coefficient (AC).
In an extended analysis of the lipid spectrum, the determination of lipid transport proteins circulating in the blood - apoprotein A and apoprotein B - is also carried out.
Compound
Cholesterol is the general name for fatty molecules that circulate in the blood. Cholesterol performs several biological functions in the body. It is a structural component of the cytoplasmic membrane of all cells of the body. It is a precursor substance for adrenal hormones - corticosteroids, estrogen and testosterone. It is part of bile and fat-soluble vitamin D, which is responsible for the growth of bone and cartilage tissue and the body’s immune defense.
Since fat, and therefore cholesterol, is hydrophobic in nature and cannot move independently in the blood, special transporter proteins apoproteins are attached to it. The protein + fat complex is called lipoprotein. Based on their chemical and molecular structure, there are several types of lipoproteins that perform their functions in the body.
– a fraction of the lipid spectrum that has antiatherogenic properties. For its ability to bind excess fat in the body, transport it to the liver, where it is utilized and excreted through the gastrointestinal tract, HDL is called “good” or “healthy” cholesterol.
Low and very low density lipoproteins– the main factor in the formation of atherosclerosis. Their main task is to transport cholesterol to all cells of the human body. At elevated concentrations, LDL and VLDL are able to “linger” in the vascular bed, deposit on the walls of arteries and form cholesterol plaques.
Triglycerides are neutral fats that circulate in the blood plasma and are also. These lipids are the main fat reserves of the body, providing the energy needs of cells.
Atherogenic coefficient– this is the ratio of “good” and “harmful” fats in the patient’s blood, which is calculated by the formula: KA = (TC – HDL) / HDL.
Apoproteins (apolipoproteins)– proteins that transport cholesterol fractions in the bloodstream. Apoprotein A1 is a component of HDL, and apoprotein B is a component of HDL.
Deviations from the norm in the lipid spectrum indicate metabolic disorders in the body and can lead to serious complications. Regular analysis and monitoring of its results will help prevent the development of diseases.
Indications for lipid spectrum analysis
The study of the lipid spectrum is carried out for:
- diagnosis and monitoring of the dynamics of atherosclerosis in patients with risk factors: smoking, alcohol abuse, cardiovascular pathology, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, family history;
- studying the state of fat metabolism in patients with coronary heart disease after myocardial infarction;
- assessment of fat metabolism in terms of management of patients with cerebrovascular diseases.
Recently, analysis of all patients over 50 years of age in most clinics has been included in the scope of a guaranteed screening (preventive) examination. This means that, regardless of the reason for visiting a doctor, it should be carried out in the target age categories once a year (or every 2 years). If a deviation from the norm is detected at this stage, the patient may be prescribed an extended blood test for the lipid spectrum.
In addition, all healthy young people are recommended to undergo a lipid spectrum test once every 5 years. This will allow you to notice lipid metabolism disorders in time and begin treatment.
Monitoring the treatment of atherosclerosis should also be carried out with a study of the lipid spectrum. A blood test is prescribed once every 3 months during the period of drug and dose selection, and once every 6 months in case of positive dynamics. A decrease in cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and atherogenicity coefficient indicates the correct selection of drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
How to prepare for the analysis?
Like any other biochemical test, lipid spectrum analysis requires a little preliminary preparation and adherence to the rules listed below:
- The study of the lipid spectrum is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach (fasting time should be at least 8 hours, but no more than 14). Drinking table water without gas is allowed. If it is not possible to donate blood in the morning, it is allowed to do so in the daytime. The break between the last meal and blood sampling should be 6-7 hours.
- You should have dinner the day before as usual, without following a special diet: this way the results of the lipid spectrum analysis will be more reliable. Moreover, you should not disrupt a person’s usual eating patterns for 1-2 weeks before the examination;
- It is recommended to stop smoking half an hour before blood sampling and stop drinking alcohol one day before;
- The study of the lipid spectrum should be carried out when the patient is calm and does not experience psychological discomfort;
- Before drawing blood, you need to sit quietly for 5-10 minutes.
Blood for analysis is taken from a vein. Usually 5-10 ml is enough. The laboratory technician then properly prepares the biological fluid and transports it to the laboratory. Next, the blood is sent for decoding: the results of the lipid spectrum test are usually ready within 24 hours.
Normal and pathological values of the lipid spectrum
Blood test standards for the lipid spectrum vary depending on the age of the person being examined and the equipment of a particular laboratory. Average indicators are presented in the table below
| Lipid spectrum indicator | Normal in blood |
|---|---|
| Total cholesterol | 3.20 – 5.26 mmol/l |
| High density lipoproteins | |
| Female | > (more) 1.1 mmol/l |
| Male | > (more) 1 mmol/l |
| Low density lipoproteins | < (меньше) 3,50 ммоль/л |
| Very low density lipoproteins | < (меньше) 0,50 ммоль/л |
| Triglycerides | less than 2 mmol/l |
| Atherogenic coefficient | 2-3 |
| Apo(lipo)protein A | |
| Female | 1.08 – 2.25 g/l |
| Male | 1.04 – 2.02 g/l |
| Apo(lipo)protein (B) | |
| Female | 0.60 – 1.17 g/l |
| Male | 0.66 – 1.33 g/l |
As a rule, with disorders of fat metabolism, all indicators deviate from the norm. This condition is called dyslipidemia.
What does dyslipidemia mean?
A decrease or increase in lipid spectrum indicators can lead to significant disruptions in the functioning of the body. When correcting fat metabolism, first of all, it is necessary to focus on the causes that caused the disorders.
Cholesterol
Most often, the first thing diagnosed in patients who come to the clinic is increased cholesterol. This indicator in a newborn does not exceed 3 mmol/l, but with age it begins to gradually increase. Despite the fact that the average cholesterol level is in the range of 3.2-5.26 mmol/l, these values in elderly patients can be expanded to 7.1-7.2 mmol/l.
Up to 80% of the cholesterol circulating in the blood is formed in the liver (so-called endogenous cholesterol). The remaining 20% comes from food. Therefore, one of the main risk factors for deviation of this analysis from the norm is errors in nutrition: eating large amounts of food saturated with animal fats (fatty meat, milk and dairy products).
Risk factors for high cholesterol include:
- hereditary genetic diseases (familial hypercholesterolemia);
- coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction;
- liver diseases (cholelithiasis, primary biliary cirrhosis);
- kidney diseases (chronic pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure);
- diabetes;
- thyroid disease (hypothyroidism);
- obesity;
- taking medications (diuretics, beta blockers, combined oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids);
- alcoholism;
- diseases with impaired mineral metabolism, gout.
Since cholesterol is a collective concept that includes all fractions of fats circulating in the blood, it can most often be increased by increasing atherogenic lipids. Analysis of the lipid spectrum in this case may show an increase in the concentration of LDL and VLDL with normal or reduced values. The atherogenicity coefficient and the risk of developing atherosclerosis in the subject will, accordingly, be increased.
Reducing cholesterol is less common. The causes of these lipid spectrum disorders may be:
- fasting, up to complete exhaustion;
- malabsorption syndrome, other gastrointestinal problems that interfere with the absorption and assimilation of food;
- severe diseases, including infectious diseases, sepsis;
- chronic pathology of the liver, kidneys, lungs in the terminal stage;
- taking certain medications (statins, fibrates, ketoconazole, thyroxine).
Cholesterol reduction usually occurs due to all fractions of the lipid spectrum. When deciphering the analysis, a picture of hypolipoproteinemia will be observed: a decrease in the concentration of not only total cholesterol, but also HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides and the atherogenic coefficient. This condition is fraught with disruption of the construction of cell membranes in the body, which means pathology on the part of all organs and systems, loss of reproductive function in women of fertile age, depression of the nervous system with the formation of depression and suicidal thoughts. The condition is corrected by eliminating the cause that caused it and prescribing a diet rich in animal fats.
High density lipoproteins
Most often, when analyzing the lipid spectrum in patients with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular pathology, a decrease in this indicator is determined. HDL is the main antiatherogenic factor, which you should try to maintain at target values (>1–1 mmol/l in women and >1 mmol/l in men). When deciphering analyzes of the lipid spectrum, it was noted that a critical decrease in HDL is more often observed in men than in women. This is due to the “protective” effect of estrogens, female sex hormones, on blood vessels. This is why women aged 40-50 years (that is, before menopause, when the concentration of estrogen in the blood decreases) has a lower risk of experiencing coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. In old age, the incidence of cardiovascular pathology becomes approximately the same in both sexes.
A decrease in HDL occurs when:
- atherosclerosis;
- cardiovascular diseases;
- smoking and alcohol abuse;
- overweight;
- chronic liver diseases accompanied by cholestasis;
- diabetes mellitus
An increase in the indicator in lipid spectrum tests is rare.
Low and very low density lipoproteins
This form of lipids is considered a key link in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The lower the density of the protein + fat complex, the easier it settles on the inner surface of the vessels, first forming a soft and loose lipid spot, and then, gradually strengthening with connective tissue, turning into a mature cholesterol plaque. An increase in the concentration of LDL and VLDL occurs for the same reasons as an increase in cholesterol.
When LDL and VLDL are significantly higher than the norm, the atherogenicity coefficient can reach values of 7-8 or more (with a norm of 2-3). Such indicators of the lipid spectrum indicate already formed atherosclerosis and a high risk of developing complications from the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
Triglycerides
Scientists consider triglycerides as an additional atherogenic factor. With atherosclerosis, in addition to an increase in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein fractions, triglycerides are also likely to be increased.
Atherogenic coefficient
The atherogenicity coefficient is an integral value that can be used to determine the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its complications in each individual patient. An increase in its value indicates the predominance of lipoproteins of “harmful” fractions over “beneficial” ones, which means an increasing risk of deposition of cholesterol plaques on the inner surface of the arteries.
Apolipoproteins
Usually, when analyzing the lipid spectrum, the concentration of carrier proteins - apolipoproteins - is not calculated. This study will be useful in investigating the causes of hereditary forms of hypercholesterolemia. For example, with a genetically determined increase in apolipoprotein A, the concentration of low-density lipoproteins naturally increases. As a rule, such conditions require lifelong prescription of a therapeutic diet and medications.
Target lipid profile values: what indicators should you strive for?
The older the patient, the more difficult it is for him to keep his cholesterol and other lipid levels within normal limits. According to statistics, every third inhabitant of the planet over 60 years of age suffers from atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases are in first place among the causes of mortality.
Correction of impaired fat metabolism is a long process and requires maximum control both from the therapist prescribing treatment and from the patient himself. The higher the initial cholesterol level, the longer the therapy for atherosclerosis should be. Target values of the lipid spectrum that all patients with cardiovascular pathology and cerebrovascular disorders should strive for:
- total cholesterol - less than 5.26 mmol/l;
- KA – less than 3.00 mmol/l;
- low density lipoproteins – below 3.00 mmol/l;
- high density lipoproteins – above 1 mmol/l;
- triglycerides – less than 2 mmol/l.
When these values of the lipid spectrum in the blood are reached, the risk of developing myocardial infarction and stroke is reduced by 3.5 times.
Thus, the lipid spectrum is a comprehensive analysis that allows you to give a complete assessment of fat metabolism in the body. The sooner abnormalities in the lipid profile are detected, the faster they can be corrected by changing diet, lifestyle and prescribing medications.
Lipidogram is a blood test that allows you to find out the state of lipid (fat) metabolism in the body. This name refers to a number of blood tests for lipid metabolism. A blood lipidogram includes several indicators. They are important for assessing the risk of the possible occurrence of atherosclerosis, ischemia and the state of the cardiovascular system as a whole.
What indicators are included in the lipid profile?
This study includes the following parameters:
- total cholesterol;
- lipoproteins;
- low density lipoproteins (LDL);
- triglycerides;
- atherogenic coefficient.
Why take a lipid profile test?
So, lipid profile - what is it and why is such a study needed?
- Allows you to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
- To monitor the progress of treatment over time for ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and kidney disease.
- If you have a family history of problems with hypercholesterolemia, heart attacks or strokes, it is advisable to periodically take a lipid profile to prevent the development of such health problems.
- This study allows for monitoring and treatment.
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a vital substance. It takes part in the formation of all cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones and the formation of bile. Cholesterol can be high density or low density. These fractions are popularly called good and bad cholesterol. So, it is precisely an excess of low-density cholesterol that can lead to the development of atherosclerosis. It is called bad, or sticky, because of its ability to settle on the walls of blood vessels and form atherosclerotic plaques. Lipidogram - the study is a marker of the possible development of atherosclerosis.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides (TG) are complex organic compounds of fatty acids and glycerol esters that belong to the class of lipids. They are the main component of nutrition and a source of energy for the body. But an excess of this indicator is a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis.
Atherogenic coefficient (AC)
This coefficient allows you to determine the degree of risk for the possible development of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It shows the ratio of atherogenic and antiatherogenic blood fractions. To calculate CA, it is enough to divide the difference between total cholesterol and HDL by HDL.
How to interpret the KA indicator?
- If the KA index is less than 3, then the risk of atherosclerosis is minimal.
- With KA from 3 to 4, the degree of development of ischemic heart disease or atherosclerosis is high.
- If KA is 5 or higher, this fact indicates that coronary artery disease or atherosclerosis is already present, and this, in turn, increases the likelihood of developing heart and brain diseases (heart attack, stroke), as well as kidney diseases and thrombosis of the extremities.
What is hypercholesterolemia?
Hypercholesterolemia, or high cholesterol, manifests itself in hyperlipidemia - an increased content of lipids (fats) in the blood. Outwardly this does not appear in any way. In order to find out the level of cholesterol and its fractions (LDL, HDL, triglycerides, atherogenic coefficient), it is necessary to do an analysis such as a lipid profile. What it is and what to do if the results are higher than normal, we will understand in this article.
In healthy people, lipid profiles most often increase due to errors in nutrition or increased synthesis of internal (endogenous) cholesterol.
What foods can increase blood cholesterol?
Mostly these are products of animal origin. These include:
- All sausages.
- Fatty meats (goose, duck, pork, etc.).
- Strong rich broths.
- Chicken, duck eggs, etc. (the yolk is especially rich in cholesterol).
- All types of mayonnaise (even the so-called lean mayonnaise).
- Fatty dairy products (cream, butter, sour cream, milk).
- Black and red caviar of noble varieties of fish.
- All baked goods (cakes, pastries, cookies, etc.).
The method of cooking also affects the level of cholesterol in foods. Thus, dishes steamed or baked in the oven contain much less harmful cholesterol than those fried in large amounts of oil or lard.
Reasons for increased synthesis of endogenous cholesterol
- Over the age of 50-55 years, the synthesis of endogenous low-density cholesterol often increases.
- Decrease in the level of sex hormones in women (menopause).
- Various inflammatory processes occurring in liver cells or in the bile ducts increase cholesterol synthesis.
The normal values for this study are shown in the table below.
From this table it can be seen that in a study such as a lipid profile, the norm in women differs only in terms of high-density lipoproteins, and all other data do not have gender differences.
Why is high cholesterol dangerous?
An increase in cholesterol levels in the blood inevitably leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the lumens of blood vessels, and this, in turn, can lead to the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as:
- Hypertension, which is characterized by a prolonged increase in blood pressure > 140/90 mm Hg. Art., this is a consequence of a decrease in the diameter of the lumen of the renal arteries due to plaques formed in them. In addition, the plaques themselves are capable of producing substances that increase blood pressure.
- which develops as a result of the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the lumens of the coronary arteries. Through these arteries the heart muscle is fed. Due to the narrowing of the lumen of these arteries, the heart suffers from a lack of oxygen, which is manifested by pressing pain.
- occurs as a result of damage to cerebral vessels by atherosclerotic plaques. This may include attacks of dizziness, memory loss, tinnitus, or
How to take a blood lipid profile?
This analysis is done in a biochemical laboratory. The blood for this procedure is taken from a vein in the treatment room. Blood is donated in the morning on an empty stomach. The day before, it is advisable not to eat fatty foods, salads with mayonnaise, and dinner should not be too late.
Determination of lipids in feces
An analysis to detect fats (lipids) in stool is called a stool lipid profile. Such a study makes it possible to determine the efficiency of the pancreas and identify diseases in which its functions are impaired.
This study includes:
- Total lipid content.
- Non-esterified (free) fatty acids.
- Monoglycerides, which are formed during the breakdown of phospholipids and triglycerides.
- Diglycerides are also released as a result of the breakdown of phospholipids and triglycerides with the participation of lipase.
- Cholestenone is formed from cholesterol in the large intestine with the participation of enzymes secreted by microbial flora.
- Coprosterol is also formed from cholesterol in the large intestine.
- Coprastanone is a substance formed with the participation of microbial flora.
Almost all of these indicators are expressed as percentages. The standards are given in the table below:
Causes of increased lipid levels in stool
There are only three main reasons for the increase in the percentage of lipids in feces:
- Insufficient production of lipase by the pancreas. Under the influence of lipase, fats (lipids) are broken down in the large intestine.
- Insufficient flow of bile into the large intestine. Bile activates the enzyme lipase and thus takes part in the breakdown of lipids in the large intestine.
- Poor passage of the lymphatic pathways through which fats are absorbed can also cause elevated lipid levels to be detected in the large intestine.
Increased intake can also cause increased fat content in stool. In this case, undigested food passes through the small intestine too quickly, and lipids, like other food components, simply do not have time to be absorbed into it.
The stool for this study is sent to the laboratory, and the medications taken by the patient that can affect the results of the study are indicated. The use of these medications is agreed with your doctor.
Lipidogram - what is it? We found. Now we know that the lipid profile can be not only of blood, but also of feces. Let's dwell a little on the cost of these studies.
Lipidogram (“BLUE”). Price
Synevo is a European network of laboratories located in Central and Eastern Europe. There are such laboratories in Russia as well. An analysis such as a cholesterol lipid profile will cost around 1,300 rubles.
