Polio vaccination, revaccination and side effects. Who should get the flu shot? Ours and others
Every year in cold weather for every person of the year there is a risk influenza infection- disease viral nature. In this regard, a large role is assigned to its prevention, in particular, vaccination against influenza of one kind or another.
Main types of influenza
The main types of influenza are groups A, B, C, which have big number subtypes that differ each year. Viruses of groups A and B are considered the most dangerous, as they cause the emergence of new strains against which the population has no immunity.
Most common influenza viruses:
- A (H1N1) California;
- A(H3N2)Victoria;
- B (Massachusetts);
- H5N1 - avian;
- A(H1N1) swine flu.
Types of flu shots
There are 4 main types of antifungal vaccines:
- A live vaccine that contains a weakened virus that can cause flu-like symptoms. Vaccination with such a vaccine contributes to the formation of persistent. Ease of use lies in the introduction of the drug through the nose (drops, spray). The vaccine is not approved for children under 3 years of age. Vaccination is contraindicated in case of intolerance to aminoglycosides and allergy to protein chicken egg.
- Whole virion liquid vaccine. A preparation containing whole, purified, concentrated, inactive viruses. Not administered to children under 7 years of age. Contraindicated in allergic egg white and intolerance to aminoglycosides.
- Split vaccine, consisting of protein structures of viruses. The main names are Fluarix, Begrivak, Fluvaxin, Vaxigripp. Contraindications are similar to the above types. Vaccination is allowed from 6 months of age.
- subunit vaccine. It is considered the most purified. These can be preparations on chicken embryos - Grippol, Grippol plus, Inflexal, Agrippal, Influvak. Vaccinations with this vaccine are prohibited up to 6 months, and Grippol plus - up to 3 years. This vaccine is considered the most purified. This group also includes a preparation prepared on a cell culture - Grippol Neo.
- Virosome vaccines. They differ in strengthening the immune response to vaccination. No preservatives, well tolerated.
To be vaccinated or not?
Regarding the need for a flu shot, there are different opinions. According to medical advice, compulsory vaccination persons who are severely tolerant of influenza are subject to:
- children from 6 months;
- (60 years and older);
- patients with chronic diseases.
In addition to these categories of persons, influenza vaccination is desirable for students of general education institutions, teachers, teachers, transport and public utilities workers, medical staff, military, etc. Not everyone is allowed to be vaccinated against influenza, there are contraindications. It should not be carried out by persons prone to allergies to the components of the vaccine, as well as in the presence of any disease in acute form at the time of vaccination. The live vaccine is not suitable for pregnant women and immunocompromised patients.
After being vaccinated with one or another vaccine, within 2 weeks the human immune system produces protective antibodies, which protects the body from influenza for a period of 6 to 8 months. The effectiveness of vaccination is 70-90%. If the disease of a vaccinated person, nevertheless, has occurred, the flu is tolerated much easier and without consequences. This positive sides vaccinations.
When evaluating the pros and cons of influenza vaccination, consideration should be given to possible side effects. It can be:
- skin reactions (redness, swelling, soreness);
- allergic reaction;
- malaise;
- temperature increase;
- post-vaccination complications.
In addition to these problems, there may be backfire vaccinations as a result of errors in their implementation. For example: non-sterile injection, improper dilution of the vaccine, wrong place the introduction of the vaccine, violation of the storage of the drug. Such errors are fraught with the appearance infectious process, inflammatory manifestations, etc.
Whether to get vaccinated against the flu - each person decides on his own, parents decide for the child.
Especially for: - http: // siteThe disease has been known to the world for a long time. The first mention of this disease is presented in the form of an image of a person whose one leg is shorter than the other and the foot hangs down - these are the consequences of paralysis after suffering polio. Hippocrates described cases of poliomyelitis. For a long time, the incidence of this infection was in small quantities, and society did not focus on it.
The situation has changed since the 19th century. Number of sick children paralytic form grew, children who recovered from polio became disabled for the rest of their lives. Scientists have found that the source of the disease is a virus, and began develop a vaccine against this disease. Research progressed for a long time, as a sample of the study, there were only monkeys, which were few, and it was difficult to obtain more. At this time, the disease grew, it was already an epidemic.
At the beginning of the 20th century, mankind already knew that people get polio only once in a lifetime, no one gets infected again. And this means that the infection developed immunity in the body, so vaccination and revaccination are the best way to fight against the disease.
Created in the 20th century live attenuated vaccine for the oral route of administration. The virus particles multiplied after entering the body, this led to the fact that the immune system reacted and produced antibodies capable of protecting a person from infection. However, there is a risk of complications, which are expressed in post-vaccination flaccid paralysis, this is one of the types of the disease.
There are 2 types of polio vaccines:
- inactivated for injection under the skin;
- liquid in drops that are administered orally.
Description of vaccines
| Description | |
| oral | Every year causes cases flaccid paralysis in the Russian Federation; Consists of weakened poliovirus; It is administered orally, into the oral cavity; It is allowed to use for the second and third vaccines; The patient with a deficiency of the immune system is contraindicated; For patients with increased risk get polio; To vaccinate healthy children; In other cases, the vaccine is used for revaccination. |
| inactivated | Complications rarely occur; Consists of killed poliovirus; Enter intramuscularly or subcutaneously; You can vaccinate children up to a year and patients with weak immunity; If there is sensitivity to polymyxin B, neomycin and streptomycin, then it is contraindicated; |
When to get vaccinated?
Each individual country makes vaccinations against polio according to its own schedule. This is due to the fact that each country has its own risk of getting sick from birth. Where cases of infection still occur regularly, vaccination is given in the first days after birth. In our country, vaccination takes place as follows:
- polio vaccine is given at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months
- revaccination at one and a half years
- revaccination at 20 months
- The last revaccination was at the age of 14.
In the Russian Federation, vaccination is often carried out according to following scheme: the first injection at 3 months, the second at 4.5 months is carried out by the IPV method, and following vaccinations- with OPV. It is also important to get revaccinated against polio.
The type of vaccination, the timing of vaccination may be different, it depends primarily on the state of health of a small patient.
These changes have the right to make the local pediatrician, based on various data, including the results of tests.
Side effects after vaccination:
There is a risk of non-specific complications after polio vaccination in various forms, namely:
- edema - local reaction, the vaccination site may turn red and be painful, but these sensations continue for a maximum of 2 days;
- enlarged lymph nodes;
- an itchy rash called hives appears on the skin;
- anaphylactic shock;
- angioedema;
- body temperature is above normal;
- painful muscles;
- convulsions during fever;
- within 14 days of increased activity.
The reactions listed above appear rarely and the reason, as a rule, is non-compliance with the rules of vaccination: the vaccine is administered to a person with low immunity or immediately after illness.
When not to vaccinate
Vaccinating a child is a serious task and the responsibility lies mainly with mom and dad. Before vaccination, a pediatrician should take a referral for blood and urine tests, as the results will help the local doctor give conclusion about the state of health of the child and tell him if he can be vaccinated in the near future. The same requirements must be observed when revaccinating poliomyelitis.
You should not be vaccinated if your child:
If the child has been ill with an infection, then you can get vaccinated against polio not earlier than 14 days after recovery provided that the blood test is good. Also, you can’t get vaccinated if the baby is completely healthy, but someone around the child has an infectious disease at home. If the child is to be vaccinated, then one week before it, you can not start giving new products.
Description of polio
Poliomyelitis is an infection transmitted orally or fecally. Therefore, in the people it is called nothing more than a "disease dirty hands". Often the disease occurs without symptoms or manifests itself as an acute respiratory viral infection, infection in the intestines. If the virus penetrates the central nervous system , the disease proceeds in severe form, the disease strikes spinal cord. A person with any form of this infection is contagious.
The virus enters environment with faeces, mucus from oral cavity and by air. Poliomyelitis is a disease that causes lethal outcome, there is no cure for it and vaccination is the only method of protection.
Polio is transmitted:
- in case of non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
- when drinking contaminated unboiled water;
- when eating dirty food.
The course of infection can vary depends on the form of poliomyelitis. The first stage is usually characterized elevated temperature body, weakness, headache, upset gastrointestinal tract and convulsions. During the transition initial stage in the second, in unvaccinated patients, the symptoms disappear, but paralysis occurs lower extremities, paresis, paralysis of the deltoid muscle, muscles of the face, trunk or neck.
Should my child be vaccinated against polio?
The polio vaccine should be given for the first time at 3 months, this is due to the fact that the child's body is unstable and unable to protect itself, immunoglobulins received from the mother during breastfeeding, end by this period. No unambiguous scientific results that the vaccine is effective and side effects may cause less harm than the consequences of the disease.
If the child has not been vaccinated, then the first stage will soon pass into the second. In Russia this the vaccine is on the list mandatory vaccinations during the first years of a child's life. Each parent, in order to make a choice between vaccination and refusing it, should think: did he see outbreaks of polio, measles or smallpox among his friends and relatives? An Introduction to Practice Everywhere preventive vaccination allowed to protect the life and health of children in the modern world.
The foci of this infection still persist in Africa and the Middle East, this is due to poor living standards and low level medicine, including vaccinations. Tourism in the above countries is developing, this contributes to the penetration of infection into our country. Therefore, as many children living in the territory of the Russian Federation as possible should do polio vaccination as a preventive measure.
In our country, the polio vaccine is given along with DTP.
Before you make a decision to vaccinate against polio or not, make sure you are well informed about the disease, the vaccination itself, its effects, pros and cons.
Now you will know the dangers and benefits of mandatory childhood vaccinations.
From various infectious diseases for children is a busy schedule in the first year of life. Many parents refuse to vaccinate their babies because of the increasing mortality after vaccination. The Ministry of Health is warning refuseniks that it could be life-threatening for their children in the future, but statistics negative consequences shocking and so parents continue to restrict their children from mandatory vaccinations.
In fact, ministers argue that the cause of deaths and other unpleasant symptoms in a child after the introduction of the vaccine lies not at all in the vaccination itself, but in the fact that parents incorrectly prepare their babies for vaccination due to ignorance. Local doctors do not fully disclose concise information on how to properly prepare a child for vaccination. For example, some doctors do not insist that before vaccination all children undergo a thorough examination by a pediatrician, take blood and urine tests, take antihistamines and antipyretics, did not walk outside after vaccination and so on.
For everyone who is puzzled by the question of whether a child should be vaccinated or not, experts have compiled a list of the pros and cons of mandatory vaccination:
- "Live" vaccines completely kill the immunity of a growing organism, which is already not yet fully formed - this is an absolute minus, but it also contains a plus, because a priori there are no cells in the human immune system that fight serious infections, and in this In this case, compulsory vaccination is vital for the child. Yes, for a while the vaccine does destroy immune cells, but after 7-10 days, immunity will become twice as strong and can really protect the child from infections such as measles, mumps, and so on.
- None of the vaccines will give a 100% guarantee that the child will not catch the infection against which he was vaccinated. This is true, but doctors are sure that it is better to protect the child by vaccination and reduce the effect of infection on the body than it will not be protected at all. That is, when the immune cells are filled with a vaccine, for example, from, then if the child catches it, then he will have a chance to recover faster and not die from this infection.
- In fact, vaccination various infections, for example, measles, is considered optional by many parents and they think that the child will cope with the disease itself if infected. Doctors do not agree with this, because in childhood a child may not get sick, but if he catches measles or rubella in adulthood, then the list of complications increases several times. For example, rubella for a woman in interesting position is a risk of development intrauterine pathologies such as fetal malformation.
- Many parents believe that mandatory vaccinations do not need to be given to children who are breastfed by their mothers. This is wrong and unsafe because breast milk although it protects the baby from diseases, but quite a tiny part, that is severe infections in any case, they can overcome the baby and bring him a lot of harm.
- All vaccines are considered dangerous for the life and health of children - this is a fact, but scientists say that refusing mandatory vaccination and contracting this or that infection more often leads to death and serious consequences.
Valeria Yanobekova
Epidemics that raged in past centuries devastated entire cities and areas. People did not know how to deal with them and fled from them or trusted in God.
Only in the 18th century, the Dutch scientist Leeuwenhoek, having designed an improved model of a microscope that allows achieving 150-300 times magnification, discovered new world the world of microorganisms. However, at that time, the fact that the spread of infectious diseases is associated with microorganisms was not yet known to scientists. The first practical results on the prevention of infectious diseases were obtained empirically. In 1776, after many years of preliminary research English doctor E. Jenner instilled in an eight-year-old boy material from the smallpox abscess of a woman infected with cowpox. A few days later, the boy had a fever, abscesses appeared, but then these phenomena disappeared. When after 6 weeks he was injected with infectious material from a patient with smallpox, the boy did not get sick. This is the first example known to us vaccination , that is, the creation active immunity against an infectious disease by introducing into the body a special drug – vaccines .
Another 100 years later (in 1880), the French scientist Louis Pasteur received vaccines against chicken cholera, anthrax and rabies, but, most importantly, proved that weakened microbes can be used to prevent infectious diseases. He called such cultures of microbes vaccines (from the Latin vacca- cow), and the method of prevention - vaccination, since the first example of successful vaccination was associated with the pathogen cowpox. Thus, a new direction appeared in medicine, which is now successfully used.
Pasteur's ideas were developed by the Russian biologist I.I. Mechnikov and a German doctor, bacteriologist and biochemist P. Ehrlich, who showed the importance phagocytosis and workings antibodies in the process of ridding the body of microbes. For this discovery, both scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908.
At the end of the 19th century, thanks to the work on immunization rabbits with diphtheria and tetanus toxin received the first effective remedy- Serum for the treatment and prevention of diphtheria and tetanus. This work was also awarded the Nobel Prize.
Today, preparations based on weakened live or killed microorganisms, their individual components(antigenic fragments cell membranes) and waste products are found wide application V medical practice and are used to prevent various infectious diseases.
In order to better understand what vaccines are, let's look briefly at the relationship between the human body and microbes, which may either have no consequences at all or manifest itself in the form of a disease. The result depends on the type and number of microorganisms, on the state of the person (his age, health, state of the immune system).
The human body is protected from microbes different ways. Firstly, there are natural barriers: the skin and mucous membranes, which, if they are not damaged, many microorganisms are not able to overcome, because in addition to creating a purely mechanical obstacle (exfoliation of the upper layer of the skin, movement of cilia and bronchial secretions, sneezing, coughing), these barriers release substances that kill microbes (salt, milk, fatty acid, enzyme lysozyme and others). They determine the so-called natural non-specific resistance of the organism, directed at once to many (if not all) infectious agents.
Another type of protection is a specific immune response, which prevents the development of only one type of microorganisms and manifests itself when microbes enter the body. internal environment organism. The immune system begins to interact with antigens pathogen, its toxins (poisons) and other waste products. The cells of the immune system enter the battle: phagocytes, lymphocytes and the antibodies produced by them, while their number in the body increases so much that it is enough to neutralize the “stranger”. After the microbes are destroyed and removed from the body, the number of phagocytes and lymphocytes again decreases to a certain minimum level. But the immune system already remembers this pathogen and, if it enters the body again, quickly mobilizes its forces to neutralize it. These mechanisms underlie immunity to many diseases or, in other words, immunity.
Building and maintaining immunity to such infections is a task that can only be successfully managed with the help of vaccines. Especially in childhood when the immune system is not yet fully formed.
Is it possible to create vaccines for all occasions, against all known pathogens of infectious diseases? It is hardly feasible. First, microorganisms quickly change their properties, adapt, and what worked yesterday will not necessarily help today. Secondly, the creation of such a large number of vaccines and their vaccination is a very expensive and lengthy process, especially since in many cases immunity is relatively short-lived and periodic re-vaccination is required. Finally, in some cases it is simply not advisable to solve this problem, since the body itself, without vaccination, can successfully resist many pathogens.
With the help of vaccines, doctors around the world are fighting first of all with the main infectious diseases, which would otherwise take on the character epidemics . Leading this work World Organization health, which develops and implements immunization programs. Mankind has already got rid of smallpox And plague, cholera, typhus. Next in line is the elimination of such common infectious diseases as diphtheria , tetanus , tuberculosis , polio , whooping cough And measles. On the way - vaccines against pneumococcal infection ( pneumonia , meningitis , otitis media), from helicobacteriosis accompanied by gastritis , peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, from malaria, against rotavirus infection, which accounts for up to 25% of all diarrhea in children under 3 years of age, and others.
A person vaccinated with all currently available vaccines would be protected from more than 25 infections. Such a person, who is very health conscious, would receive 467 (male) or 515 (female) vaccinations in his entire life - one every two months. If the marks from these injections could be arranged in a row, they would form a line, equal to the length the arms of a man 180 cm tall from the wrist to the armpit.
Immunology is currently facing new challenges. The nature of the epidemic is viral diseases – HIV infection And acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is the terminal (final) stage of HIV infection, Hepatitis B. They are caused by highly variable viruses that are difficult to deal with. However, for the prevention of hepatitis B, the vaccine has already been created and is being successfully used. Scientists have been trying to develop a vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for many years, but so far it has not been successful. Meanwhile, the number of people infected with HIV is increasing by 3 million every year.
What are vaccines and how are they distinguished?
Firstly, according to the method of obtaining the vaccine, they are classified into live, inactivated, chemical, artificial, genetically engineered and toxoids.
Live vaccines are obtained by culturing microorganisms under unfavorable conditions or by “infecting” non-susceptible animals; both greatly weaken bacteria and viruses. These include vaccines against rabies, tuberculosis, plague, tularemia, anthrax, polio, measles, smallpox, yellow fever, mumps, rubella and others. These vaccines are administered, as a rule, once and they create a strong immunity, similar to natural post-infection. Examples: vaccine against tuberculosis BCG; Ervevax– rubella vaccine; Priorix- vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella.
Inactivated vaccines are prepared from "killed" microorganisms. These include Havrix– Hepatitis A vaccine; SolkoTrykhovak And SolkoUrovak- vaccines against infections urinary tract(for more information about one of these vaccines, namely SolcoTrichovac, see the section “Women's page. A new drug for the prevention and treatment of gynecological infections” in chapter 3.11; vaccines against whooping cough, leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, typhoid, cholera, dysentery and others. All of them create, as a rule, a shorter (compared to live vaccines) immunity.
Chemical and artificial vaccines are microbial antigens purified from impurities that can induce immunity. Examples: influenza vaccines Influvac And Fluarix .
Toxoids are neutralized poisons of microbes that retain their antigenic structure and the ability to cause the development of immunity.
Secondly, vaccines are distinguished by the number of antigens they contain: monovaccine (against one type of microorganisms), divaccine (against two types of microbes) or polyvaccine (against several - more than two types of microbes).
Creating vaccines is a complex and lengthy process, so the emergence of a new vaccine is not so common occurrence. In addition to creating new vaccines, work is constantly being done to improve existing drugs. Here are just a few areas of this work:
– development combined drugs and drugs with a slow release of antigens, allowing for one injection to administer 5-6 or more vaccines and reduce the number repeated injections;
- increasing the activity of vaccines to reduce the doses required for vaccination;
- Creation oral vaccines and vaccines administered through the nose instead of injections;
- reducing the ability of vaccines to cause side effects (fever, swelling, and others);
- increasing the thermal stability of vaccines.
This work is carried out by the World Vaccine Initiative, which has set itself the goal of creating combination vaccine, which could protect against 25-30 infections, would be administered once orally in the very early age and would not give side effects.
It should be noted that the problem of vaccination is possible more(best of all, of all) people are not solved, not only because there are not enough the right vaccines, but also because of the prevailing prejudice in many countries against their use. To overcome it, doctors have to do a lot of explanatory work, to convince people of the effectiveness and safety modern vaccines. In Russia, vaccination centers are being created for such purposes, now there are about 30 of them in Moscow alone.
When making a choice regarding vaccination, it is necessary to weigh all the pros and cons. Let's try to do it together using the following table (Table 3.10.1).
Table 3.10.1. Pros and cons of vaccination
| "Pros" of vaccination | "Cons" of vaccination |
|---|---|
|
|
We hope that we have convinced you of the need for vaccination. And we also want to offer you two "reminders" that contain useful - in our opinion! – information regarding vaccination of children.
You should tell your doctor before vaccination:
- about the state of health of the child at the time of vaccination. Vaccination is allowed 10-14 days after SARS, residual effects(cough, runny nose) are not a reason to delay vaccination;
- about the child's allergy to aminoglycosides, egg white, gelatin, baker's yeast. One of these components is contained in some vaccine preparations (see table 3.10.3 “True contraindications to vaccination”);
- about the emergence of a strong temperature reaction(above 40 ° C), redness at the injection site with a diameter of 8 cm or more, or an allergic reaction to a previous injection of this vaccine;
- about acute infectious disease persons in direct contact with the child, including family members; quarantine in children preschool or school and so on.
– if possible, within 30 minutes after vaccination, remain in medical institution, since at this time there is theoretically a risk of developing allergic reactions requiring emergency medical care;
– monitor the well-being of the child during the first 3 days after the introduction inactivated vaccines and 5-10 days after the introduction of live vaccines;
- if you develop unusual reactions or complications (for example, complaints of pain in the joints or in the abdomen), consult a doctor.
We want to draw your attention to the calendar preventive vaccinations, which has been introduced in Russia since January 2002 by order of the Minister of Health Russian Federation(table 3.10.2).
Table 3.10.2. Immunization calendar
| Age | Name of vaccination |
|---|---|
| 12 hours | First vaccination against hepatitis B |
| 3-7 day | Tuberculosis vaccination |
| 1 month | Second vaccination against hepatitis B |
| 3 months | First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis. Haemophilus influenzae* |
| 4.5 months | Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio. Haemophilus influenzae* |
| 6 months | Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio. Haemophilus infection*. Third vaccination against hepatitis B |
| 12 months | Vaccination against measles, epid. parotitis, rubella |
| 18 months | The first revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis. Haemophilus influenzae* |
| 20 months | Second revaccination against polio |
| 6 years | Second vaccination against measles, epid. parotitis, rubella |
| 7 years | The second revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis. The first revaccination against tuberculosis (with a negative Mantoux test) |
| 13 years | Vaccination against hepatitis B (previously not vaccinated according to the scheme 0-1-6 months). Rubella vaccination (girls who have not previously been vaccinated or have received only one vaccination) |
| 14 years | Third revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. Revaccination against tuberculosis (with a negative Mantoux reaction). Third revaccination against polio |
| adults | Revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus every 10 years from the last revaccination |
*Hemophilus influenzae: vaccination is permitted and recommended by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, but not mandatory (due to insufficient funding of state medical institutions)
All vaccines (except BCG) used under the National calendar, set by age, can be administered simultaneously with different syringes into different areas body.
The attitude towards contraindications to vaccination is constantly changing - there are fewer and fewer reasons for “rejections”, the list of diseases that exempt from vaccinations is getting shorter. And what used to be a contraindication, for example, chronic diseases, becomes an indication for vaccination. In children and adults with chronic diseases, the infections that vaccines protect against are much more severe and often lead to complications. For example, whooping cough in children with bronchial asthma, viral hepatitis in children with liver diseases and so on. Besides, modern technologies do not stand still: methods of purification of vaccines are being improved, the concentration of ballast substances in favor of the necessary components. Table 3.10.3 summarizes the true contraindications for vaccination.
Table. 3.10.3. True contraindications to vaccination
| Vaccines, imported analogues | Permanent (absolute) contraindications | Temporary (relative) contraindications |
|---|---|---|
| DPT, Tetrakok |
Neoplasms Progressive neurological pathology History of seizures strong reactions* or complications from prior vaccine administration Severe allergic diseases (anaphylactic shock, recurrent angioedema, polymorphic exudative erythema, serum sickness) |
Acute diseases (vaccination should be carried out 2 weeks after recovery) Aggravation chronic diseases(vaccination is carried out after stabilization of the condition) |
| BCG | Primary immunodeficiencies HIV infection Malignant blood diseases Neoplasms Severe reactions* to previous vaccine administration (lymphadenitis, keloid scar) |
Prematurity with a newborn weighing less than 2 kg Intrauterine infections Hemolytic disease of the newborn Skin diseases |
| Measles vaccine, Ruvax | Primary immunodeficiencies Malignant blood diseases Neoplasms Severe reactions* to previous vaccine administration Strong allergic reactions on aminoglycosides (gentamicin, kanamycin, etc.) and quail eggs |
Same as with DTP vaccine Immunosuppressive Therapy pregnancy |
| Rubella vaccine, Rudivax and others | Primary and severe secondary immunodeficiencies Allergic reactions to aminoglycosides (neomycin) |
Pregnancy Feverish conditions Introduction of human plasma or blood immunoglobulins |
| Polio live vaccine, Polio Sabin Vero | Primary immunodeficiencies HIV infection Malignant blood diseases Neoplasms Neurological complications from previous vaccine administration |
Acute diseases Exacerbation of chronic diseases |
* Severe reactions - an increase in body temperature up to 40 ° C and above, redness at the injection site with a diameter of 8 cm or more
Vaccinations for children are a rather painful topic for many parents. All of them, it is worth mentioning the planned vaccination, are suddenly divided into two camps - opponents who scare with horror stories terrible consequences, and people who want to protect their babies from rather dangerous diseases using the method recommended by doctors - vaccinations. To understand whether it is necessary to vaccinate children, the pros and cons of this, let's try to sort out all the fears of anti-vaccinators on the shelves, their "cons" and adequately consider them on www.site.
The first argument put forward by opponents suggests that routine vaccination depletes the immune system of babies. It seems to be wasted, instead of being ready to fight the sores that lie in wait for him. But from a logical point of view, our world is not a sterile test tube. Every day a person is faced with a mass of negative microorganisms. But all these pathogens do not pass the barrier protection of the body. Most often, infections do not go further than the lymph nodes. And that's okay.
If you try to reduce the number of contacts of the body with negative bacteria and viruses, then the immune system, having nothing to do, switches to completely harmless things. This provokes the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases. So from this point of view, vaccinations allow the immune system not to forget about its purpose.
Anti-vaccinationists are sure that if natural transmission virus, it gets on the mucous membranes and skin, then during vaccination, it is administered subcutaneously, which confuses the immune system and prevents normal antibodies from being developed. Well, this statement has some logic. When the virus enters the skin and mucous membranes, the so-called primary immunity begins to be produced.
Later, when the virus gets to circulatory system, the development of secondary immunity begins, it is also called acquired. At the time of vaccination by subcutaneous injection of the drug, the first barrier - the skin and mucous membranes - is artificially broken through with a syringe needle, and the vaccine stimulates the production of already stronger immunity.
Many ardent opponents routine vaccinations see a threat in the composition of vaccines, such as compounds of mercury and aluminum. They see a threat in the ghostly connection between them and developments. various diseases. For example, the preservative thimerosal is a mercury compound. Because of him, many parents, at one time, refused to carry out routine vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella. This caused a surge in these diseases.
The parents' argument was the information that this mercury compound is associated with the development of autism in children. Studies have shown that thimerosal is quickly and completely eliminated from the body, and can in no way affect the occurrence of this disease. Nevertheless, they decided to remove him from the composition of many vaccinations for general reassurance.
As for aluminum, vaccines contain aluminum alum. They cannot be removed from the composition, for the reason that they are necessary for the production of antibodies.
But still heard that aluminum is harmful? And no one can be reassured by the fact that vaccines contain its salts, which, for example, are one of active components heartburn medications.
Many parents refuse even the mantoux reaction, because it contains toxic substance- phenol. But in order for it to become dangerous dose should be three to four times higher. And, in addition, phenol is independently formed in our body, safely excreted with waste products.
As for the reaction to vaccinations, many of them are absolutely normal. These include itching, swelling, pain at the injection site, are quite acceptable headache and temperature rise. It should be noted that this does not apply to people with severe immune disorders and allergies. Their vaccination should be consulted separately with an immunologist.
As for serious complications after vaccinations - convulsions, anaphylaxis, then it is necessary to take into account the statistical data of the studies. For example, the risk of serious complications after infection with measles, mumps or rubella is 1:300, and the chances of complications in the form of seizures are 1:3,000, in the form of anaphylaxis 1:1,000,000.
Hepatitis can lead to complications such as liver cancer or cirrhosis in one out of four cases, in babies it turns into chronic form nine times out of ten. And the chances of complications after vaccination are 1:600,000. Vaccination prevents such a development of the situation - the advantages of vaccination are obvious!
The DTP vaccine, about which how many disputes has the following statistics:
Chances of death after infection: Whooping cough 1:800, diphtheria 1:20, tetanus 1:5; possibility of anaphylaxis after vaccination 1:50,000; fever and/or convulsions 1:5,000; loss of consciousness and hypotension 1:350.
There are similar statistics for all other vaccines.
If you are wondering whether to vaccinate a baby, whether to vaccinate a child, consider the severity of this disease, and what chances you have of contracting it. It depends on the epidemiological situation in your area, and the number of unvaccinated children, and on the environment of the baby in kindergarten, school and home. So, for example, a neighbor in the stairwell may well be a carrier active form tuberculosis. Compare all the risks, and only then make your informed choice. At the same time, be aware that the number of people on the globe and the age of life have always grown in proportion to the successes of medicine, and not in spite of them - this is the advantage of its achievements, and relying on natural selection that your child's immunity will stand by itself is risky.
