Calendar of preventive vaccinations for children: timing and features of vaccination. Update of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations of the Russian Federation Calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 252n

“On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications «

“National calendar of preventive vaccinations”

Age

Name of vaccination

Vaccines

Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life)

First vaccination against viral hepatitis B¹

Euvax B 0.5

Newborns (3-7 days)

Vaccination against tuberculosis 2

BCG-M

Children 1 month

Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1

Engerix B 0.5

Euvax B 0.5

Children 2 months

Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) 1

First vaccination against pneumococcal infection

Euvax B 0.5

Children 3 months

First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus

First vaccination against polio 4

Infanrix
Poliorix

Pentaxim

First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) 5

Act-HIB
Hiberix

Pentaxim

4.5 months

Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus

Second vaccination against polio 4

Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection

Infanrix
Poliorix

Pentaxim

Prevenar 13

Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) 5

Act-HIB
Hiberix

Pentaxim

6 months

Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1

Euvax B 0.5
Infanrix Hexa

Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus

Third vaccination against polio 6

Infanrix
Poliorix

Pentaxim

Infanrix Hexa

Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk group) 5

Act-HIB
Hiberix

Pentaxim

Infanrix Hexa

12 months

Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) 1

Measles

Rubella

15 months

Revaccination against pneumococcal infection

Prevenar 13

18 months

First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus

First revaccination against polio 6

Infanrix
Poliorix

Pentaxim

Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) 5

Act-HIB
Hiberix

20 months

Second revaccination against polio 6

OPV

6 years

Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps

Priorix

Measles

Rubella

6-7 years

Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7

ADS-M

Revaccination against tuberculosis 8

BCG-M

14 years

Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7

Third revaccination against polio 6

Poliorix

Adults over 18 years old

Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination

ADS-M

Children from 1 year to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated

Vaccination against viral hepatitis B 9

Engerix B 0.5

Euvax B 0.5

Engerix V 1,0

Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive), women from 18 to 25 years (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, who do not have information about vaccinations against rubella

Vaccination against rubella, revaccination against rubella

Rubella

Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive) and adults up to 35 years (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, and have no information about vaccinations against measles; adults from 36 to 55 years (inclusive) belonging to risk groups (employees of medical and educational organizations, trade, transport, public utilities and social spheres; persons working on a rotational basis, and employees of state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation ), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, with no information about measles vaccinations

Vaccination against measles, revaccination against measles

Measles

Children from 6 months; students in grades 1-11; students studying in professional educational organizations and educational organizations of higher education; adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities); pregnant women; adults over 60 years of age; persons subject to conscription for military service; people with chronic diseases, including lung disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and obesity

Flu vaccination

Vaxigrip

Influvac

Grippol+

Grippol quadrivalent

Ultrix

Pneumococcal

Pneumo 23

Prevenar 13

Children and adults according to epidemiological indications

Meningococcal

Calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications

Name of vaccination	Categories of citizens subject to preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications and the procedure for their implementation
Against tularemia	Persons living in territories enzootic for tularemia, as well as those arriving in these territories - agricultural, drainage, construction, other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; * Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of tularemia.
Against the plague	Persons living in areas enzootic for plague. Persons working with live cultures of the plague pathogen.
Against brucellosis	In foci of goat-sheep type brucellosis, persons performing the following work: — on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where livestock diseases with brucellosis are registered; — for the slaughter of livestock suffering from brucellosis, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it. Livestock breeders, veterinarians, livestock specialists in farms enzootic for brucellosis. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of brucellosis.
Against anthrax	Persons performing the following work: — livestock workers and other persons professionally engaged in pre-slaughter livestock maintenance, as well as slaughter, skinning and cutting of carcasses; — collection, storage, transportation and primary processing of raw materials of animal origin; - agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition in anthrax-enzootic territories. Persons working with material suspected of being infected with anthrax.
Against rabies	For preventive purposes, people at high risk of contracting rabies are vaccinated: — persons working with the “street” rabies virus; — veterinary workers; huntsmen, hunters, foresters; persons performing work on catching and keeping animals.
Against leptospirosis	Persons performing the following work: — on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms located in areas enzootic for leptospirosis; — for the slaughter of livestock with leptospirosis, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from animals with leptospirosis; - on catching and keeping stray animals. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of leptospirosis.
Against tick-borne viral encephalitis	Persons living in areas endemic for tick-borne viral encephalitis, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: — agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; — logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population. Persons working with live cultures of tick-borne encephalitis.
Against Q fever	Persons performing work on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where diseases of cattle Q fever are registered; Persons performing work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in enzootic areas with Q fever. Persons working with live cultures of Q fever pathogens.
Against yellow fever	Persons traveling outside the Russian Federation to countries (regions) enzootic for yellow fever. Persons working with live cultures of the yellow fever pathogen.
Against cholera	Persons traveling to cholera-prone countries (regions). The population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the event of complications of the sanitary and epidemiological situation regarding cholera in neighboring countries, as well as on the territory of the Russian Federation.
Against typhoid fever	Persons engaged in the field of municipal improvement (workers servicing sewer networks, structures and equipment, as well as organizations carrying out sanitary cleaning of populated areas, collection, transportation and disposal of household waste. Persons working with live cultures of typhoid pathogens. Population living in areas with chronic water epidemics of typhoid fever. Persons traveling to countries (regions) that are hyperendemic for typhoid fever. Contact persons in areas of typhoid fever according to epidemiological indications. According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened area.
Against viral hepatitis A	Persons living in regions disadvantaged by the incidence of hepatitis A, as well as persons at occupational risk of infection (medical workers, public service workers employed in food industry enterprises, as well as those servicing water supply and sewerage facilities, equipment and networks). Persons traveling to disadvantaged countries (regions) where outbreaks of hepatitis A are registered. Contacts in foci of hepatitis A.
Against shigellosis	Employees of medical organizations (their structural divisions) with an infectious disease profile. Persons engaged in the field of public catering and municipal improvement. Children attending preschool educational institutions and going to organizations providing treatment, rehabilitation and (or) recreation (as indicated). According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened area. Preventive vaccinations are preferably carried out before the seasonal increase in the incidence of shigellosis.
Against meningococcal infection	Children and adults in areas of meningococcal infection caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C. Vaccination is carried out in endemic regions, as well as in the event of an epidemic caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C. Persons subject to conscription for military service.
Against measles	Contact persons without age restrictions from the outbreaks of the disease, who have not previously been ill, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against measles, or have been vaccinated once.
Against hepatitis B	Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against hepatitis B.
Against diphtheria	Contact persons from the outbreaks of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against diphtheria.
Against mumps	Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against mumps.
Against polio	Contact persons in foci of polio, including those caused by wild poliovirus (or if the disease is suspected): - children from 3 months to 18 years - once; - medical workers - once; - children arriving from endemic areas (disadvantaged) for polio in countries (regions), from 3 months to 15 years - once (if there is reliable data on previous vaccinations) or three times (if there are none); - persons without a fixed place of residence (if identified) from 3 months to 15 years - once (if there is reliable data on previous vaccinations) or three times (if they are absent); — persons who had contact with those arriving from endemic areas (disadvantaged) for polio of countries (regions), from 3 months of life without age limit - once; - persons working with live poliovirus, with materials infected (potentially infected) with wild poliovirus without age restrictions - once upon hiring
Against pneumococcal infection	Children aged 2 to 5 years, adults from risk groups, including persons subject to conscription for military service.
Against rotavirus infection	Children for active vaccination to prevent diseases caused by rotaviruses.
Against chicken pox	Children and adults from risk groups, including those subject to conscription for military service, who have not previously been vaccinated and have not had chickenpox.
Against hemophilus influenzae	Children who were not vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae in the first year of life

The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens within the framework of the preventive vaccination calendar for epidemic indications

1. Preventive vaccinations within the framework of the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications are carried out to citizens in medical organizations if such organizations have a license providing for the performance of work (services) on vaccination (carrying out preventive vaccinations).

2. Vaccination is carried out by medical workers who have been trained in the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the rules of organization and technique of vaccination, as well as in the provision of emergency or emergency medical care.

3. Vaccination and revaccination within the framework of the preventive vaccination calendar for epidemic indications is carried out with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the instructions for their use.

4. Before carrying out a preventive vaccination, the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusing immunization is explained to the person to be vaccinated or his legal representative (guardians), and informed voluntary consent to medical intervention is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 of the Federal Law dated November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation.” eleven

11 Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 26, Art. 3442; No. 26, art. 3446; 2013, No. 27, art. 3459; No. 27, art. 3477; No. 30, art. 4038; No. 48, art. 6165; No. 52, art. 6951.

5. All persons who should receive preventive vaccinations are first examined by a doctor (paramedic). 12

12 Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2012 No. 252n “On approval of the Procedure for assigning to a paramedic and midwife the head of a medical organization when organizing the provision of primary health care and emergency medical care of certain functions of the attending physician for the direct provision of medical care to the patient during the period of observation and treatment, including the prescription and use of medications, including narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs." (registered Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation April 28, 2012, registration number No. 23971).

6. It is allowed to administer vaccines on the same day with different syringes to different parts of the body. The interval between vaccinations against different infections when administered separately (not on the same day) should be at least 1 month.

7. Vaccination against polio according to epidemic indications is carried out with oral polio vaccine. Indications for vaccinating children with oral polio vaccine for epidemic indications are registration of a case of polio caused by wild poliovirus, isolation of wild poliovirus in human biosamples or from environmental objects. In these cases, vaccination is carried out in accordance with the decree of the chief state sanitary doctor of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which determines the age of children to be vaccinated, the timing, procedure and frequency of its implementation.

I perfectly understand young mothers who are simply dizzy from the number of vaccinations and the names of vaccines. Nevertheless, the topic of vaccination is extremely important, and therefore parents should understand it themselves, without shifting responsibility to doctors.

Fortunately, this is easy to do if you have at hand an article about the national vaccination calendar 2019.

I collected all the information from official websites, processed it and presented it in simple and accessible language that young parents will understand.

After reading the article, you will be able to freely navigate the topic of vaccinations, control the entire process of the entire vaccination process, learn how the national and regional vaccination calendars differ, which vaccines are not in the calendars, how to get vaccinations for free and for a fee, who are children at risk, what should you know every mother about the correct vaccination technique and many other interesting and important points.

Each country in the world has its own vaccination calendar, which is developed taking into account the characteristics of the epidemic situation in a particular state.

These calendars may differ and this is normal. For example, in the US national calendar there is no vaccination against tuberculosis (because the standard of living is very high, and this disease practically does not occur there).

In Russia, the situation with tuberculosis is sad, so we are forced to vaccinate the population in order to contain the epidemic.

The US schedule includes vaccination against varicella (chickenpox). Russia cannot yet afford this, since the vaccine is very expensive, and there are other higher priority areas for spending budget funds.

The Japanese calendar includes vaccination against Japanese encephalitis. In Russia, no, because for us this infection is very rare.

In general, you understand: the vaccination calendar includes a list of vaccinations against infections, the risk of contracting which is high in this particular country, as well as the schedule, timing and procedure for vaccination.

National vaccination calendar in Russia

In Russia, the vaccination calendar is contained in Order of the Ministry of Health 125n dated March 21, 2014 “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications” with changes to the current date.

This document can be found on the official website of the Russian Ministry of Health, on the websites of the legal systems Consultant Plus, Garant and other legal portals. However, to save your time, I suggest you familiarize yourself with it in a convenient table.

At what age is it placed?	What disease is the vaccine for and what vaccine?	Additional Information
Babies of newborn age, within 24 hours of birth	For hepatitis B. The maternity hospital will most likely have a domestically produced vaccine.	The vaccination is tolerated very easily and, for the most part, without any consequences for the condition of the baby. This early date for introducing the vaccine is explained by the fact that infection with hepatitis B in early childhood is extremely dangerous and can lead to disability and even death. But there is always a risk, especially since sad statistics show that more than 32% of the world’s population is infected with this disease.
Babies aged 3 to 7 days of life	For tuberculosis. Only domestic live vaccine is available in maternity hospitals and clinics.	The vaccination is done intradermally; after about 3 weeks, an ulcer forms at the injection site, which cannot be treated with anything, picked or touched. After healing, a scar remains. The early date of vaccination is explained by the high risk of contracting tuberculosis immediately after leaving the walls of the maternity hospital, since the number of patients with an active form of the disease walking freely around the city is truly shocking.
Babies at 1 month	Secondary from hepatitis B. Now not only domestic, but also imported vaccines will be available: Euvax (France), Engerix B (Great Britain), Biovac B (India).	No tests are required before the injection; it is enough that the child is healthy. The vaccine is lightweight and well tolerated.
Babies at 2 months	The third vaccination against hepatitis B is not given to everyone, but only to children from risk groups.	We are talking, for example, about children born to mothers who are carriers of hepatitis B.
	First vaccination against pneumococcal infection. As a rule, it is done with the imported Prevenar vaccine made in the USA.	Its purpose: protection against the microbe pneumococcus, which causes severe otitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia.
Babies at 3 months	The first serious comprehensive vaccination against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria (DTP). You can supply a domestic vaccine or a foreign one. Infanrix Hexa (Belgium), Pentaxim (France) are available for a fee.	The vaccination itself is extremely important and will provide the baby with protection from severe and dangerous infections. Imported vaccines are highly purified and rarely cause unwanted reactions.
	A domestic vaccine can be supplied against polio. However, the above-mentioned Pentaxim and Infanrix Hexa are convenient because they also contain an anti-poliomyelitis component, which means no unnecessary injections!	The vaccine is administered inactivated (with killed virus cells) and is usually easily tolerated. Protects against a terrible infection found in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, etc.

	From hemophilus influenzae infection for children at risk.
	From hemophilus influenzae infection for children at risk.
Children aged 4.5 months	From whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria (second DTP).	It is convenient to combine three injections into one by purchasing the paid vaccine Pentaxim or Infanrix Hexa.
	Against hemophilus influenzae infection.
	Against polio.
	Against pneumococcal infection.	Now the baby is protected from the microbe pneumococcus.
Babies aged 6 months	From diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough for the third time.	If it is possible not to torment your baby with several injections, it is wise to purchase a paid vaccine and combine everything into one injection.
	From hepatitis B for the third time.
	From polio for the third time.
	From hemophilus influenzae infection for the third time, not for everyone, but only for children at risk.
Children aged 12 months	For measles, rubella and mumps (MMR). Vaccination with both domestic vaccines and imported Priorix (Belgium) is possible.	Mandatory protection against severe bacterial complications of measles (for example, blindness, deafness, pneumonia), rubella. Protection against mumps is extremely important for boys, since a quarter of all cases of male infertility are caused by mumps (mumps) suffered in childhood.
Children aged 12 months	For hepatitis B for the fourth time for children at risk.	It is not given to everyone, but as prescribed by a pediatrician.
Children aged 15 months	For pneumococcal infection - revaccination.	To maintain reliable immunity to the pathogen - pneumococcus.
One and a half year old toddlers	For polio – the first revaccination.	Revaccination against polio is recommended not with an inactivated vaccine, as before, but with a live oral one. This will provide higher and more reliable immunity from various forms of pathogens of this dangerous disease.
	For whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria - the first revaccination.	Mandatory vaccination is almost complete, just a little more!
	From hemophilus influenzae infection for children at risk.
Babies at 20 months	For polio – second revaccination.
Guys at 6 years old	For measles, rubella and mumps (mumps) – revaccination.	To maintain immunity.
Guys aged 6-7 years	For diphtheria and tetanus - revaccination. As a rule, a domestic vaccine is given.	A local reaction is possible - compaction at the injection site.
Guys aged 6-7 years	For tuberculosis - revaccination	It is prescribed by a doctor, not to everyone, but only to those who have a negative Mantoux test.
Teenagers at 14 years old	For diphtheria and tetanus - revaccination for the third time.	The injection is given in the upper third of the shoulder.
Teenagers at 14 years old	For polio – revaccination for the third time.	Do it as prescribed by the doctor.
Adults 18 and older	For diphtheria and tetanus - this and subsequent revaccinations every 10 years until the end of life.	Immunity to dangerous diseases is not infinite, and it must be maintained.
All children and adults under 55 years of age, if they have not been vaccinated before or there is no information about this	From hepatitis B.	In the future, it is necessary to maintain immunity by repeating the vaccination every 10 years.
All children and adults aged 1 to 18 years	For rubella	It is important to get vaccinated against rubella to maintain herd immunity and prevent the virus from circulating. Rubella infection in a pregnant woman is guaranteed to cause miscarriage and severe developmental defects of the child.
Children and adults up to 35 years old	For measles	Revaccination against measles is carried out every 10 years
Children over 6 months and adults	For influenza. There are domestic vaccines: “Sovigripp”, “Grippol”, as well as foreign ones “Influvac” (Netherlands), “Vaxigripp” (France).	At risk for influenza are small children (over 6 months, because the mother’s antibodies are still active), schoolchildren and students, pensioners, pregnant women, housing and communal services workers, transport, medical workers, and people with chronic diseases. That is, all those who are at risk of suffering from severe flu and complications.

Regional vaccination calendar

In addition to the national vaccination calendar, which contains a list of diseases for which vaccination is guaranteed by the state for every resident of the country, there are regional vaccination calendars of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Depending on the presence of special conditions or risk of diseases in any region, the region allocates money in the local budget for additional vaccination.

In the Sverdlovsk region, for example, all children are vaccinated free of charge against tick-borne encephalitis (due to the high risk of contracting this disease from a tick carrier during the warm season) and hepatitis A (since the situation with the quality of tap water in the region is not very good).

Therefore, depending on what region, territory or republic you live in, you have the right to learn about additional free vaccinations that are guaranteed to you by the regional vaccination calendar.

About children at risk

In the vaccination calendar, for each disease, the concept of children and adults from risk groups is highlighted. These are the people who are most at risk of contracting a particular disease.

For them, the calendar provides for a special vaccination procedure, which implies additional doses of vaccines, as well as shorter periods between them, to ensure the rapid production of antiviral antibodies to the infectious agent, that is, in simple terms, to obtain high protection in the shortest possible time.

For example, a baby born to a woman infected with hepatitis B is at risk for this disease.

A child born in a family where one of the relatives has tuberculosis is at risk for tuberculosis.

Elderly people, children attending kindergartens, schoolchildren, pregnant women are at risk for influenza, because the disease can be especially severe in them.

Children and adults who travel frequently are at risk for hepatitis A.

Boys are at risk for mumps (mumps), as a quarter of those who contract the disease become infertile in the future.

Are vaccinations required?

If after reading it you still doubt the need for vaccination, then, of course, you should know the following.

According to clause 4 of the Order of the Ministry of Health, which we talked about at the beginning of the article, you have the right to refuse vaccinations by formalizing your refusal in writing.

However, if you exercise this right, you and the child will have to regularly face the consequences of such a refusal throughout childhood.

Practice shows that unvaccinated children and their parents have problems with enrolling in kindergartens, schools, and sections at every step.

During periods of high incidence, unvaccinated children are the first to be removed from educational institutions in order to prevent the growth of epidemics.

In addition, an increasing number of conscious parents are against the presence of unvaccinated children in the children's group, who can act as hidden carriers of a number of dangerous infections, from which vaccination protects other children. We are talking, first of all, about tuberculosis, hepatitis B, polio, measles, mumps, etc.

Latest changes in the vaccination calendar

The most significant and tangible changes in the vaccination calendar occurred in 2016, when free vaccination against pneumococcal infection for all children under 5 years of age was added to the list of vaccinations.

This vaccination protects babies from the pneumococcus microbe, which is to blame for severe bacterial sinusitis, otitis media and pneumonia.

The last changes to the order were made on April 13, 2017 and they are not so significant. Some wording was adjusted, the procedure for vaccinating children with immunodeficiency and other serious diseases was clarified, the concept of immunobiological drugs was introduced, and the procedure for vaccination against polio for epidemic indications was clarified (probably due to an increase in focal outbreaks of this infection in Russia and Ukraine).

How and where to vaccinate your child

If you and your baby are citizens of the Russian Federation, you have the right to contact any insurance company that provides compulsory health insurance services with a passport and birth certificate of the child in order to apply for a compulsory medical insurance policy.

Immediately after submitting your application, you will be issued a temporary policy (for the time being until a permanent one is issued).

With this document, you already have the right to contact any children's clinic to register and get all vaccinations according to the national and regional calendars for free, or find out from your local pediatrician how you can pay for an imported vaccine and get vaccinated with it.

If you are not citizens of the Russian Federation, or prefer paid medicine, you can contact a commercial medical center that provides childhood vaccination services (accordingly, there is a license for this activity).

As a rule, such medical centers offer imported vaccines instead of free domestic ones, although the former may cost an order of magnitude more - this should also be taken into account.

Vaccination technique: what mom should know

Most mothers do not have medical education and blindly trust doctors. However, when it comes to injections and any manipulations associated with damage to the skin, blood, etc., every parent should know the basic safety principles of such manipulations.

Simply because your child’s health is most valuable to you. So study and remember!

Before vaccination, the child must be examined by a doctor to make sure that the baby is healthy and there are no contraindications to vaccination. Usually the doctor examines the throat, listens to the chest and back, and measures the temperature. If everything is fine and you have no other complaints, then vaccination is allowed.
By law, you must sign a consent to perform any medical procedures on your child, and also have the right to be present during these manipulations.
Carefully ensure that the vaccine is removed from its original packaging, ask to see the name of the drug to ensure that you are receiving exactly the vaccine that you agree to.
Make sure the nurse uses disposable syringes, needles, and other instruments.
For children under one year of age, the injection is given exclusively in the thigh. Under no circumstances in the butt, because there is a high probability of damage to the sciatic nerve.
For children after one year of age, the vaccine is given in the upper third of the shoulder or thigh, unless otherwise indicated by the vaccine manufacturer.
If there is a need to give several vaccinations at once, they are given to different parts of the body. For example, in the right thigh, left thigh, right shoulder, left shoulder. Purely theoretically, it is possible to simultaneously administer 4 different vaccines.

What to do if you missed a vaccination?

The vaccination calendar was developed by scientists as an ideal vaccination plan, in which the child receives maximum protection from the virus as soon as possible (when protective maternal antibodies for each individual virus disappear in the body), but with minimal risk of side effects and unwanted reactions. This is an ideal plan that you should try to follow.

However, life makes its own adjustments. There are long-term illnesses, trips and other circumstances in which the vaccination plan is violated. What to do in this case? Start over? It turns out not.

You just need to administer all the missing, missed doses of vaccines according to the schedule, while observing the minimum possible time intervals between them.

In most cases, it turns out that even with interruptions due to life circumstances, the child usually completes the main vaccination by the age of three years, that is, by the age of going to kindergarten and active socialization in children's groups.

What vaccinations are not on the calendar?

There are vaccinations that are not included in the national and regional calendars, however, vaccines against these diseases exist, and parents can protect their child from infection for an additional fee.

We are talking, for example, about chickenpox, rotavirus infection, meningococcal infection, and a vaccine against cervical cancer (for girls).

Often these drugs are not cheap. However, is there anything more valuable than children's health?

Well, just think, an injection, they gave an injection, and off they went - poems about vaccination are familiar to almost every parent from childhood. If at a young age they cause a slight shiver, then in an adult they make you think - is it worth doing the same injection for your beloved child, what consequences will it lead to, will it harm the baby?

In Russia, as in other countries, there is a special document adopted by the Ministry of Health (dated March 21, 2014).

National vaccination schedule for children(NCP) establishes which vaccinations should be given to children of what age in order to create immunity against the most dangerous infections in the shortest possible time. The NCP in our country is periodically adjusted; in 2015, it was supplemented with vaccination against pneumococcus.

The question of why preventive vaccinations are needed contains the answer - for prevention.

There are thousands of infections in the world that can cause epidemics and claim many lives.

Experts learned to neutralize three dozen of them. It is to neutralize, not to defeat.

The virus remains to exist in nature, but when it encounters an immune barrier formed as a result of vaccination, it retreats. The body becomes immune to it.

Vaccination was discovered for the world community at the end of the 18th century by an Englishman, doctor Jenner, who found out that a healthy body can overcome even a dangerous disease, if you introduce into it a small dose of weakened pathogenic bacteria or their metabolic product.

Since then, the principle of vaccine production has remained the same, but the process has been improved. Vaccines contain calibrated doses of pathogens that will not cause harm to health and will help the body form antibodies designed to protect itself from infection.

With a single injection of the vaccine, the body's cells temporarily remember the danger.

Phased vaccination contributes to the emergence of a sustainable mechanism of protection. So, what vaccinations do children get?

What diseases are vaccinated against in Russia?

Initially, children were vaccinated against such dangerous diseases as:

tuberculosis;
mumps;
tetanus;
whooping cough;
measles;
polio;
diphtheria.

In 1997 the list was supplemented two more vaccinations against rubella and hepatitis B(infectious liver disease).

By 2016, three more positions appeared in it: CHIB - infection (according to indications), pneumococcus, influenza.

Compared to other countries, the Russian national vaccination calendar remains less intense: in Germany and the United States, vaccines against chickenpox and meningococcal infection are administered; in America, the list also includes vaccination against rotavirus infection.

Vaccination table

Basic children's vaccination schedule designed for the first two years of life, immunization begins immediately after the baby is born. The child is discharged from the maternity hospital with a record of two vaccinations. It is advisable to follow the vaccination schedule for children, then there will be fewer health problems.

Important! If you feel the slightest discomfort, you should postpone vaccination; before going to the treatment room, an examination by a pediatrician is required.

Vaccination names	Age	Where do they put it?	Name of vaccines
For hepatitis B	1 vaccination– 12 hours after birth 2 vaccination- 1 month 3 vaccination-6 months	in the right thigh	Combiotech (Russia) EngerixV Shenvak-B (India) Euvax B (Korea) – all vaccines are interchangeable
For tuberculosis	3-7 days after birth	left forearm	BCG-M
Against whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria (maybe with a component of hemophilus influenzae infection) - four doses	1 vaccination – 3 months 2 vaccination– 4-5 months (30-45 days after the first vaccination) 3 vaccination-6 months Revaccination- one and half year	Intramuscularly (preferably in the thigh)	Domestic DTP vaccination Infanrix - they are considered reactogenic Pentaxim - includes polio vaccine, gives almost no reaction
From polio	1 vaccination– 3 months 2 vaccination– 4-5 months 3 vaccination-6 months 1 revaccination-1.5 years 2 revaccination– 20 months	through the mouth	inactivated polio vaccine, imovax polio (1,2) 3 + revaccination – live polio vaccine polio sebin verot (France)
For measles, rubella, mumps	12 months	hip	Domestic vaccine Priorix

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection is given at two and 4.5 months, revaccination at 15 months.

Children of school age are vaccinated less frequently:

at 6 years old revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps;
at 7, 14 years old revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, revaccination against tuberculosis, polio.

Flu vaccinations are offered annually on a voluntary basis.

It is important to know! In order to achieve stable immunity against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria, it is necessary to administer 4 doses of the vaccine, with a break of one and a half months the first three times. It is better to use the same vaccine.

Rules for preparing for vaccination

Some mothers divide vaccinations into more and less easy ones, this judgment is partly true. Some vaccines, such as DTP, actually give more severe stress on the body, causing a general reaction after vaccination in the form of moodiness, fever, diarrhea, local, when the injection site becomes inflamed. But this does not mean that other injections should be taken lightly.

Two days before the expected vaccination day, citrus fruits and chocolate should be excluded from the baby’s diet and served allergy medications(the medicine and dosage are prescribed by the doctor, most often it is fenistil, after a year it is suprastin).

Before vaccination, an examination by a pediatrician is required.

A medical exemption may be given if the baby has a fever, runny nose, or other painful conditions.

Find out what vaccinations children are given, what vaccines are used, imported or domestic. According to observations, foreign ones are better tolerated, but they are paid.

Rules of conduct after vaccination

Walking and swimming on the day of vaccination and the next day are usually canceled, since the reaction to vaccinations is different for all children - a lump may form at the vaccination site, the temperature may rise, and the child may even get sick.

Within 8 hours after vaccination, the child may have a fever, especially after DTP. In this case you need to have at home antipyretic medicine: Tsefekon suppositories, paracetamol for children (suspension), Nurofen. A foreign vaccine, for example Pentaxim, usually does not cause any special complications or fever. The day after vaccination, be prepared for a visit from a nurse, she will check the injection site.

To avoid complications after vaccination, experts recommend:

Choose the right time so that the child is absolutely healthy; you should wait in case of elevated body temperature, malaise, bad tests, if less than a week has passed since the illness.
Tell your pediatrician if your child has any allergic reactions or complications after the first vaccination.
Give antihistamines two days before the procedure.

Vaccinations for children: pros and cons

The question of the benefits and harms of vaccinations is always relevant. Arguments of opposing mothers childhood vaccinations usually boil down to the fact that vaccinations weaken the health of the baby. However, unvaccinated children pose a potential risk of spreading infection.

Those who approve of NCP appeal to the fact that we do not live in an isolated world, a child is susceptible to infections, and it is easier to prevent them than to treat them.

Statistics speak in favor of the latter; vaccination does not guarantee 100 percent protection, but it significantly weakens the virus, even if it manages to get past the body’s immune defense.

In any case, parents themselves decide whether to vaccinate their child. The pediatrician must receive written permission from the child's legal representative before sending the baby to the treatment room. When deciding whether to vaccinate or not, it is important to use common sense and not your own fears.

Watch the video to find out why Don't be afraid of vaccinations:

In families with children, parents want to protect them from all sorts of dangers, such as viral diseases. To prevent diseases, modern medicine suggests vaccinating children. A large number of disputes often arise around this issue. We suggest you study the pros and cons of vaccination and familiarize yourself with the vaccination calendar.

The main thing in the article

Vaccination of children in Russia: pros and cons

"Behind"

Immunity against diseases is developed. Vaccination is considered the surest way to protect against infectious diseases. Vaccination does not guarantee that a child will not get an infectious disease. But after vaccination, the disease will be mild. There is a high probability that there will be no death or complications.
The composition is not so scary. Yes, harmful compounds are present in vaccines, but this dose is not enough to specifically harm the child.

"Against"

Complications after vaccinations. They appear mainly in children with recent illnesses, or in the presence of chronic ones, for example, blood diseases, neoplasms. The most severe complications: anaphylactic shock, convulsions, serous meningitis, paralysis.
General decrease in immunity. When a foreign protein is introduced into the body, its protection is reduced. While the body fights a small dose of the introduced disease, the immune system becomes very weak, which is fraught with new diseases.
Composition of vaccines. The vaccine contains substances that act as an antiseptic or preservative. Often there are not very useful compounds present: phenol, thiomersal (mercury compound), formaldehyde. Some of the substances are toxic, cause allergies, oncology, genetic abnormalities, and lead to nervous system failure.

National vaccination calendar for children from birth to 1 year for 2018: schedule in table

Each country has its own vaccination calendar. It is compiled on the basis of diseases from which it is necessary to protect the population; the calendar includes the age of the population, vaccination and the name of the vaccines.

Official vaccination calendar for children in Russia under 3 years of age: schedule in table 2018

Unlike the vaccination calendars of America and Europe, the official vaccination calendar of Russia does not contain mandatory vaccinations against:

rotavirus (quite common in kindergarten),
chicken pox,
there is no revaccination against whooping cough,
there is no vaccination against hepatitis A,
For Hib infections, vaccination is required in risk groups.

Russian vaccination calendar for children under 14 years of age: schedule in table 2018

Most vaccinations occur between birth and one and a half years. Vaccination is less often required for school-age children and adolescents.

List of mandatory vaccinations for kindergarten in 2018 in the Russian Federation

Vaccinations without which they may not be accepted into kindergarten in 2018:

BCG (against tuberculosis)
to hepatitis B
You need to have 3 DPT vaccinations
There must be protection against polio
Vaccination against MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)

List of mandatory vaccinations for schools in 2018 in the Russian Federation

The child must be vaccinated against tuberculosis, have a vaccination from hepatitis B.
Also, the medical card must contain a record of vaccination against polio and rubella, mumps, measles.
Schools are required to be vaccinated against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus.
If desired, you can get vaccinated against hemophilia and chickenpox, but vaccination against these viral diseases is not mandatory for admission to school.

Calendar of preventive vaccinations for children

The calendar is approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. You can get information about the dates and ages of your child suitable for vaccination from your pediatrician or immunologist. There are legal regulations regarding vaccination defined by the Ministry of Health:

Vaccination should be carried out in those medical organizations that have permission for the relevant types of procedures. These can be either public hospitals or private clinics.
The medical worker must also have permission to administer vaccinations.
The drug used for vaccination must be officially registered in the country.
Parents can refuse vaccination, but all responsibility for possible complications after a disease that a child may one day contract falls on them.
The doctor must tell you about the possible side effects of vaccination and the consequences of refusing vaccination.
Before vaccination, the pediatrician is required to examine the child.
The period between the administration of vaccines should be at least a month.
It happens that people are vaccinated with two different vaccines on the same day. In this case, the vaccine is placed in different parts of the body, and a new syringe is used for each.

Vaccination calendar for children in Kazakhstan in 2018

In Kazakhstan, all mandatory vaccinations approved by the calendar are given free of charge. For vaccination, it is allowed to use domestic and foreign drugs. The main condition is that the drug must be registered and have a certificate.

Vaccination calendar for children in Ukraine in 2018

Compared to the previous vaccination calendar, the new one includes vaccination against hemophilus influenzae. This vaccine is included in the vaccination schedules of most European countries. Revaccination of rubella for girls and mumps for boys at the age of fifteen has been cancelled. According to the vaccination calendar, it is recommended to use the acellular DTP vaccine (Infanrix, Pentaxim). It is well tolerated and has a lower percentage of side effects and post-vaccination consequences.

Video: Vaccinations for children

To protect a child from diseases and develop immunity, vaccinations alone are not enough. A healthy lifestyle, high-quality food, physical exercise, the absence of accumulations of harmful substances in the apartment and house, clean fresh air will strengthen your child’s immune system. Whether to vaccinate or not is up to you. Approach this issue with all responsibility, because the baby’s life is in your hands.

In any country, the Ministry of Health has approved its own vaccination schedule for the population. The national vaccination calendar in Russia was finalized in 2014 and includes mandatory vaccinations for the population of any age. Minor changes have been made to the document. The regional Ministry of Health is developing the approved calendar to suit its own needs. This is due to the epidemiological characteristics of each region and material capabilities. Let's look at what vaccines our vaccination schedule includes.

Changes and innovations

At the end of 2014, Russia adopted the newest national calendar of preventive vaccinations. Changes have been made to it:

Babies from 2 months of age will receive a preventive vaccination against pneumococcal infection. The injection will be given twice.
Flu vaccinations are required for pregnant women. Previously, pregnant women were not vaccinated against seasonal viruses.
Before a preventive vaccination, the doctor must conduct an informational conversation and explain to the patient why this or that vaccination is needed. If the patient writes a refusal, he must be informed what consequences await him after infection. Previously, the doctor did not concentrate his attention and did not explain to the patient what complications may arise after vaccination and what the contraindications are.
According to the principles of the Public Health Law, consent and refusal of preventive vaccination must be documented. Consent or refusal for minors is signed by their parents or guardians.
Before any vaccination, the patient should receive a full medical examination. Previously, they simply asked the patient if there were any complaints; today the doctor is obliged to listen to the patient, examine the skin, nasopharyngeal mucosa, and listen to breathing.
Medical workers in educational institutions are required to warn parents 6–7 days before vaccinating their children. Parents now have time to prepare their baby.

If one of the conditions before the preventive vaccination was not met, the doctor’s actions are considered illegal.

In small provinces, the transition to new rules is difficult. Doctors are used to working differently and do not always talk to the patient. On the other hand, a doctor can spend no more than 7 minutes examining 1 patient on a first-come, first-served basis. What can you tell us during this time? And there is no need to talk about quality inspection once again.

What vaccinations are included in the calendar

The new vaccination schedule includes vaccinations against diseases: Hepatitis B, Pneumococcal infection, Measles, Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae, Rubella.

Vaccinations are the infection of the body in a weak form, artificially obtained, dead or living bacteria or viruses. It takes place once or in several injections, at a certain interval.

So, Hepatitis B is vaccinated according to two schemes. The first is prescribed to children from the normal group (0/1/6), the second with a high risk of infection (0/1/2/12).

Revaccination is the support of the immunity that developed after the first vaccination.

Let's consider the stages of vaccination and revaccination according to the national calendar in the form of a table:

Age group	Name of disease for vaccination	Stage	Features of injection
Children the first day after birth	Hepatitis B	first vaccination	The vaccine for injection can be used from any manufacturer, without preservatives, and is given to all children, including those at risk.
Children aged 3–7 days	Tuberculosis	vaccination	carried out in regions where the epidemic threshold is above 80 thousand, is mandatory for children at risk (when there are infected people in the family or the mother has not been vaccinated).
1 month	Hepatitis B	second vaccination	everyone, including risk groups;
			The vaccine is the same as for the first injection.
2 months	Hepatitis B	third vaccination	for children at risk.
3 months	Pneumococcal infection	first	any kids
Complex (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus)	first	_
Polio	first	any kids;
		using non-living bacteria.
Haemophilus influenzae infection	first	children at risk: those infected with HIV, those with weakened immune systems, cancer patients. Everyone from the baby home, without exception.
4.5 months	Whooping cough, Diphtheria, Tetanus	second	any kids
Polio	second	all children;
		only dead bacteria.
Pneumococcus	second	to all children
Haemophilus influenzae infection	second	children at risk
Six months	Whooping cough, Tetanus, Diphtheria	third	_
Polio	third	a child with a weakened immune system, from parents with HIV, living in infant homes;
		carried out by living bacteria.
Hepatitis B	third	_
Haemophilus influenzae infection	third	for babies at risk
Year	Mumps, Measles, Rubella	vaccination	_
Hepatitis B	fourth	babies from families at high risk of getting sick
Year and 3 months	Measles, Mumps, Rubella	revaccination	any children
One and half year	Whooping cough, Tetanus, Diphtheria	revaccination	_
Polio	revaccination first	everyone, with the help of living bacteria
Haemophilus influenzae infection	revaccination	children at risk
Year and 8 months	Polio	revaccination second	everyone;
			using live bacteria
6 years	Rubella, Measles, Mumps	revaccination	_
6–7 years	Tetanus, Diphtheria	revaccination second	a vaccine with fewer antigens.
	Tuberculosis (BCG)	revaccination	everyone;
			a drug for prevention
14 years	Tetanus, Diphtheria	revaccination third	a vaccine with less antigen.
	Polio	revaccination third	any teenager;
			live bacterium
Over 18 years old	Tetanus, Diphtheria	revaccination	repeat every 10 years.
From 18 to 25	Rubella	vaccination	to the population who were not vaccinated or were, but once.
From 18 to 55	Hepatitis B	vaccination	once every 10 years.

The population from 18 to 35 years old is also vaccinated against Measles. The interval between injections is maximum 2 months. The group includes those who have not been previously vaccinated or have not been vaccinated again. This also includes people at risk.

The vaccination schedule includes a flu vaccine. It is mandatory for pregnant women, school students, children in kindergartens, and the working part of the population in the public service. Private entrepreneurs can purchase the vaccine separately for their employees.

The calendar includes additional vaccinations, which are prescribed in regions with low epidemic rates, for people with professional activities at risk. These include: herpes zoster, tick-borne encephalitis. But anyone who wants can get these vaccinations at a clinic at their place of residence. But, it is worth understanding that in order to develop immunity to tick-borne encephalitis, you need to be vaccinated with three injections. The disease becomes active from April to July. All three injections must be given before the beginning of summer. The interval between them is no more than 1 month. More details in the video:

The national vaccination calendar has been approved by our Ministry of Health and includes only proven injections. In the regions they are purchased and administered to the population free of charge. Without vaccinations, the population on the planet would be 2 times smaller. Therefore, before you write a refusal, think about what part you and your family members fall into!

Vaccination schedule for adults - vaccination schedule Vaccination table by age from birth to 14 years Vaccination calendar for adults and children from different countries Vaccination calendar: polio.