Lesson plan for ecology "The study of individual components of the natural complex. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, reservoirs."

"Natural zones of the cold belt" - Natural zones of the earth. Natural zones of the temperate zone. Natural zones of the cold zone. Taiga. Tundra zone. tundra ecosystem. Deserts. Taiga mixed broad-leaved forest forests. "Ecological Systems". In the direction from the pole to the equator, natural zones replace each other in a certain order. cold moderate hot moderate cold.

"Natural zoning" - Make a description of the natural zone. Agro-climatic resources of the natural zone Problems of protection of the natural zone. What is indirect and direct impact on natural areas? Learning new material. Human economic activity in natural areas. Name and geographic location. The doctrine of natural zones.

"Natural complexes and zones" - Equator. Water. Precipitation. Relief. Man has created new natural complexes. Heat. Sea. equatorial forest. Variety of natural complexes. Components of the natural complex. Climate is the leading component of the natural complex. Give examples of natural complexes. Change of natural zones. Plants. Desert.

"Geography of natural complexes" - The entire hydrosphere. The relationship of organisms Natural complex Geographical shell and biosphere. Atmosphere. Lithosphere. the entire biosphere. "Component" - translated from Latin means "an integral part of the whole." Hydrosphere. The mountains. Large natural complexes - continents and oceans. “Complex” means “combination” in Latin.

"Savannas and woodlands" - In Africa, the most diverse fauna of the savannas. Dry. Soils. Australia. South America. Climatic features. Savannahs and woodlands. Humus accumulates in the soil. Each continent has its own plant world of savannahs and light forests. Animal world. Definition of a natural area. Climatic features, soils, flora and fauna.

"Natural areas of the world" - Tapir. Define the natural area according to the description. Steppes (pampas). Savannah-. The reason for the change of natural zones? Throughout the year. Lives near the water, swims and dives, feeds on the stems of aquatic plants. Natural areas of South America. Vnazhlye villages (selva). You need to warn the geography teacher about your delay in the semi-deserts of Patagonia.

It is obvious that the structure of the geographic envelope depends on the specific region, so it consists of separate natural complexes.

Natural complexes of the Earth

The geographic envelope has a mosaic structure, this is due to the different natural complexes that it includes. The part of the earth's surface, which has the same natural conditions, is commonly called a natural complex.

Homogeneous natural conditions are relief, water, climate, soil, flora and fauna. Separately, natural complexes consist of components that are interconnected by historically established relationships.

That is why, if there is a change in one of the components of nature, then all components of the natural complex also change.

The geographic envelope is a planetary natural complex and the largest. The shell is divided into smaller natural complexes.

Types of natural complexes

The division of the shell into separate natural complexes is due to the heterogeneity of the earth's surface and the structure of the earth's crust, as well as the uneven amount of heat.

In view of these differences, natural complexes are classified into zonal and azonal.

Azonal natural complexes

The main azonal natural complexes are oceans and continents. They are the largest in size. It is customary to consider the flat and mountainous territories that are located on the continents to be smaller.

For example, the Caucasus, the West Siberian Plain, the Andes. And these natural complexes can be divided even into smaller ones - the Southern and Central Andes.

Even smaller natural complexes will be considered river valleys, hills, various slopes that are located on their territory.

Interrelation of components of natural complexes

The relationship between the components of natural complexes is a unique phenomenon.

This can be seen in a simple example: if the amount of solar radiation and its impact on the earth's surface change, then the nature of the vegetation in the given territory will also change. This transformation will change the soil and landforms.

Human impact on natural complexes

Human activity has a significant impact on natural complexes since ancient times. After all, man not only adapts to the nature of the Earth, but also exerts a constant and extensive influence on it.

Over the centuries, man has improved his skills and created different ways of using nature to his advantage. This had an extremely negative impact on the development of most natural complexes.

It is for this reason that more and more people talk about such a phenomenon as rational environmental management. Under this concept, it is customary to understand human activity aimed at the careful development of natural complexes and the preservation of natural resources in any circumstances.

A forest is a natural complex, which includes, as its main part, woody plants growing close to each other (forming a more or less dense forest stand). The forest is characterized by stability, the interaction of all plant, animal, soil and other components, a certain impact on the surrounding area.

The microclimate of the forest differs from the microclimate of open spaces by increased air humidity, lower daytime temperatures, different wind strength, retention of precipitation, uniform and slow snow melting, etc.

Every year and for a long period, forests accumulate a large plant mass (phytomass). Leaves, twigs and branches, falling to the ground, rot, forming forest litter, the decomposition of which proceeds at different rates (depending on the climate) and ends with the transformation of organic substances into minerals.

In each forest, certain types of trees, shrubs, and herbs grow. The natural combination of plants in the forest is forest phytocenosis, or a plant community of a given forest (spruce, pine, oak forest, birch grove, etc.). Crowns of trees, shoots, leaves of forest plants are located at different vertical levels - the forest has tiered structure vertically. The first, main, tier includes tall trees of forest-forming species; the second tier is made up of less tall (not higher than 10 m) tree species; the third tier - tall shrubs, crowns of low trees, undergrowth of the main tree species. Next come tiers of low shrubs (up to 1 m) and shrubs, tiers of tall and low grasses; the last layer consists of ground mosses, fungi and lichens. Along with the aboveground, there is also an underground layering. In most forests, the total mass of underground plant organs naturally decreases from top to bottom (Fig. 47).

Plants of different aboveground tiers live in different lighting conditions, gas composition of air, humidity, temperature, etc.

Of great importance in the life of the forest are the species composition, the age of the main forest-forming species, the height of the trees, and the density of the crowns.

Plants living together in a forest phytocenosis are not similar to each other not only in appearance and structure, but also in habitat requirements, and this latter contributes to their living together. For example, the vast majority of our tall trees are wind-pollinated plants: their crowns are well blown by the wind. Low trees and shrubs, covered with crowns of tall trees, are mostly insect-pollinated plants, and those that are pollinated by wind bloom before the leaves on tall trees unfold, when the wind still freely penetrates into the forest community (for example, hazel in broad-leaved forest).

The complex tiered structure leaves its mark on the location of light-loving and shade-tolerant plants in the forest. This environmental factor (light) is more important for the combination of forest plants than for plants in open spaces.

The largest group in the forests - autotrophic plants- active producers of organic matter. Smaller in volume, but significant in terms of the degree of participation in the cycle of substances, the group heterotrophic plants(mushrooms, soil algae, bacteria) incorporates higher plants - saprophytes, which are much less common in other phytocenoses (see p. 89).

The long-term existence of the forest on the territory depends on the renewal of tree species. With natural renewal, young trees grow to replace the older generation of trees under the forest canopy from seeds or from stumps (“stub shoots”). In a dense forest, such undergrowth often looks oppressed (for example, spruce undergrowth in a spruce forest), but as soon as the tree of the upper tier dies, a new one takes its place, which has grown in the vacant space from among the undergrowth trees. Often, undergrowth of one tree species appears in mass under the canopy of another. Over time, this leads to a change in species in the forest, as a result of which one type of forest is replaced by another (for example, changing from birch to spruce).

With artificial reforestation, a person plants seedlings or seeds of tree species in new places or clearings and grows forest crops.

For each region in our country, types of forest crops have been developed and published in the form of instructions (located in the regional forestry), which indicate the selection of species, the scheme for mixing plants in rows and between rows, planting density, soil preparation, plant care, etc.

Many forest grasses and shrubs are currently protected plants, the lists of which should be known to the inhabitants of the forest belt.

The abundance of plant food and shelters in the forest creates conditions for a large number and diversity of species composition of animals, and also provides a close connection between the flora and fauna.

Birds living in the forest are characterized by adaptations for flight that requires active maneuvering: shortened wings with blunt tops, a well-developed wing, and a large tail.

In some species of birds, moving along branches and trunks is characterized by a special arrangement of fingers (three forward, one back), rough, soft thickenings on the lower surface of the fingers, and a special arrangement of plantar tendons.

In order to hang from the ends of branches, many small passerines use prehensile flexible fingers, strong leg flexors, and a special position of the hip joint (near the center of gravity).

In birds that lead a predominantly terrestrial lifestyle (a detachment of chickens), thanks to the powerful pectoral muscles, it is possible to quickly take off, escaping from a predator.

For many mammals, life in forest conditions has made it necessary to climb trees. Movable limbs ending in crooked tenacious claws, special pads on the feet and extensions at the ends of the fingers provide climbing animals with a strong grip on tree branches. A long fluffy tail, which acts as a rudder, helps them when jumping from tree to tree. For quick orientation when jumping, well-developed vibrissae serve.

The forest is rich in various shelters for animals. They find them in the crowns and roots of trees, hollows, rotten stumps, under windbreak. Many birds build their nests on the branches of trees and shrubs, on the ground. Hollow-nesting birds arrange their nests in hollows.

Some animals have also adapted to making nests in trees. Widely used by animals are natural or woodpecker hollows.

The presence in the forests of a large number of various conditions for hiding and camouflage contributed to the development of adaptations in the behavior of animals. Thus, forest birds lack coloniality. Forest ungulates (red, spotted and reindeer, elk, roe deer, wild boar) prefer to stay alone or in pairs. Only in winter they sometimes gather in large herds.

A large number of shelters in the forest led to a relatively small number of digging animals compared to open spaces. Rich and varied plant and animal food provides a large number and diverse species composition of animals living in the forest.

The nature of food and the way it is obtained has left its mark on the structure of the beak and tongue in birds, which are very diverse. Some birds have special adaptations for transporting food: a crop, a stretchable esophagus, sublingual throat and neck pouches. So, the nutcracker in the sublingual sac carries nuts with a total weight of up to 35 g. The jay in the mouth and esophagus, which is highly stretched, carries 8-10 medium-sized acorns. However, in general, the storage of food for forest birds is not typical.

The nature of food and the way it was obtained caused a number of adaptations in birds of prey and owls. Predators that beat birds on the fly (peregrine falcon) have a shortened paw with powerful claws, especially the hind ones. On the contrary, predators that forage in dense thickets or grass have long legs, long fingers and sharp saber-shaped claws.

Forests are rich in a large amount of food in the form of bark, branches, leaves, seeds, fruits, which are high in calories. It is difficult to overestimate their environmental significance. They are the main supplier of atmospheric oxygen: more than half of the oxygen produced as a result of photosynthesis enters the atmosphere from forests. At the same time, they absorb carbon dioxide on a global scale. Forests are natural filters of the atmosphere, purifying the air from microorganisms and dust, act as a regulator of the hydrological regime of rivers and the water balance in general.

Forests protect the soil, preventing blowing, erosion, and are used to fix moving sands. They prevent siltation of rivers, reservoirs and ponds. The role of forests in the protection of agricultural land is great: they create a more favorable microclimate, reduce evaporation, and retain moisture.

In general, forests play an important role in the conservation of natural territorial complexes. They are one of the most important components of landscapes.

Forest protection is carried out on the basis of forest legislation, which includes a number of laws. Legislation provides for the rational use of forests, measures for the protection of forests and wildlife, rules for the use of forests for hunting, picking mushrooms, berries and other fruits by citizens, administrative, criminal and material liability for forest violations, including for damage caused forest fauna. Special measures are provided for the protection of rare animals and plants that are threatened with extinction. They are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

A significant contribution to the common cause of saving forest resources is made by such forms of work as school forestries and green patrols. Environmental education is equally important.

On the territory of Russia, forests are very diverse in terms of conditions of existence (soil, climate, relief, etc.) and tree species. Therefore, forest plants and animals can be characterized with sufficient completeness only on the example of any particular type of forest.

land cover- forests, shrubs, gardens, meadows, gardens, swamps, sands, etc. The main characteristics of the forest are determined by the type of trees, their age, thickness, height and density of planting According to the age of the forest, the height and thickness of trees, the forest is usually divided into: young forest - tree height 4-6 m, thickness 5-15 cm - middle-aged forest - tree height 6-10 m, thickness about 20 cm; - on a mature forest - the height of the trees is more than 10 m, the thickness is more than 20-25 cm. According to the density, the forest is divided into dense forest - the distance between the trees is less than 10 m, the forest of medium density is 10-15 m, the sparse forest is 15-30 m.

1. Name several natural complexes in your area. Briefly describe one of them and indicate the relationships between the components.
2. From natural history and biology courses, remember how soils are formed and what soils you know.

Natural sushi complexes. The geographical envelope, being integral, is heterogeneous at different latitudes, on land and in the ocean.

Due to the uneven supply of solar heat to the earth's surface, the geographic envelope is very diverse. Near the equator, for example, where there is a lot of heat and moisture, nature is distinguished by the richness of living organisms, faster natural processes, in the polar regions, on the contrary, slower processes and poverty of life. At the same latitudes, nature can also be different. It depends on the terrain, on the distance from the ocean. Therefore, the geographic envelope can be divided into sections, territories, or natural-territorial complexes of different sizes (abbreviated as natural complexes, or PCs).

The formation of any natural complex took a long time. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of the components of nature: rocks, climate, air masses, water, plants, animals, soils (Fig. 32). All components in the natural complex, as well as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form a holistic natural complex, it also exchanges substances and energy. A natural complex is a section of the earth's surface, which is distinguished by the features of natural components that are in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less clearly defined boundaries, has a natural unity, manifested in its external appearance (for example, a forest, a swamp, a mountain range, a lake, etc.).

Rice. 32. Relationships between the components of the natural complex

The natural complexes of the ocean, unlike land, consist of the following components: water with gases dissolved in it, plants and animals, rocks, and bottom topography. Large natural complexes are distinguished in the World Ocean - separate oceans, smaller ones - seas, bays, straits, etc. In addition, natural complexes of surface water layers, various water layers and the ocean floor are distinguished in the ocean.

Variety of natural complexes. Natural complexes come in different sizes. They also differ in education. Very large natural complexes are continents and oceans. Their formation is due to the structure of the earth's crust. On the continents and oceans, smaller complexes are distinguished - parts of the continents and oceans. Depending on the amount of solar heat, that is, on the geographic latitude, there are natural complexes of equatorial forests, tropical deserts, taiga, etc. Examples of small ones are, for example, a ravine, a lake, a river valley, a sea bay. And the largest natural complex of the Earth is the geographical envelope.

All natural complexes experience a huge influence of man. Many of them have already been greatly changed by centuries of human activity. Man has created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc. Such natural complexes are called anthropogenic (from the Greek "anthropos" - man).

1. Using the text of the textbook, write down the components of the geographic shell in the left column of the notebook, the components of the natural complexes of the land in the middle column, and the components of the natural complexes of the ocean in the right column. What is common between the components of each natural complex?
2. What is a natural complex?
3. How are natural complexes different?

Occupation ______________________ date ________________

Topic: The study of individual components of the natural complex. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, reservoirs.

Target : continue to acquaint forests, meadows, fields and reservoirs with PTK

Lesson progress:

1.org moment

2. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, reservoirs.

3. Fixing

2. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, reservoirs

The geographic envelope can be divided into sections of different sizes - territories or natural-territorial complexes. The formation of each of them took billions of years. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of the components of nature: rocks, climate, air masses, water, plants, animals, soils. All components in the natural complex, as well as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form a holistic natural complex, it also exchanges substances and energy.natural complex - called a section of the earth's surface, which is distinguished by the features of natural components that are in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less clearly defined boundaries, has a natural unity, manifested in its external appearance (for example, a lake, a swamp, a forest, a meadow). The natural complexes of the ocean, in contrast to the land, consist of the following components: water with gases dissolved in it, plants and animals, rocks, bottom topography. Large natural complexes are distinguished in the World Ocean - separate oceans, smaller ones - seas, bays, straits, etc. In addition, natural complexes of surface water layers, various water layers and the ocean floor are distinguished in the ocean. Natural complexes come in different sizes. They also differ in education. Very large natural complexes are continents and oceans. Their formation is due to the structure of the earth's crust. On the continents and oceans, smaller complexes are distinguished - parts of the continents and oceans. Depending on the amount of solar heat, that is, on geographic latitude, there are natural complexes of equatorial forests, tropical deserts, taiga, etc. Examples of small ones are, for example, a ravine, a lake, a river valley, a sea bay. And the largest natural complex of the Earth is the geographic envelope. All natural complexes experience a huge influence of man. Many of them have been heavily modified by human activity. Man created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc.

Let's take a closer look at some of them.

Forest: meetboreal coniferous forests and temperate deciduous forests

The first are located in the northern part of the temperate climate zone with severe winter temperatures. Taiga is represented by dark coniferous species - spruce, fir, pine and light coniferous - larch. The largest animals are bear, wolf, elk. Birds, squirrels, chipmunks and other small rodents feed on seeds. and needles - insects. The forest is of great importance. Coniferous forests - lumber. The forest is rich in mushrooms and berries. There is also moss and grass in the forest.

The second broad-leaved forests are south of the taiga. Of the trees, oak and beech dominate. Birds build nests. There are wild boars, foxes, hares. Rage is more difficult than in the taiga. There are shrubs. In our region, forests are represented by Tukays - floodplain forests along the river. Ural. Where poplar prevails. Also from shrubs - thorns, wild rose. Of the small shrubs - blackberries.

meadows - vast areas with grassy vegetation, which are located along the low banks of rivers and lakes. Meadow and forest live side by side. Both communities have enough heat and light. Soils are similar in composition. But the forest cannot grow right on the river bank. Since in the spring the territory is flooded with water when the river overflows. Trees cannot grow in such moisture. Grasses, after the descent of water, grow rapidly, since melt water brings a lot of silt, which is a good fertilizer. Such meadows are called flooded. People never settle in the meadows. Since in the flood housing will be flooded.

In nature, there is another type of meadows - in the mountains. These are alpine meadows, which are located high on the slopes of the mountains. The higher we climb the mountains, the colder it gets. Forests give way to shrubs and then grasses. In a short summer in mountain meadows, grasses have time to grow, bloom and give seeds.Meadow plants also have their own tiers - floors, but they are not as pronounced as in the forest. Above all, light-loving grasses grow in the meadow, below - shade-loving ones.Mouse peas grow by clinging to other plants with their tendrils. It matures in pods and scatters around with force when the pod bursts. Dandelions have light seeds and are dispersed by the wind. Bluegrass. Its seeds do not get wet. They are light and float like boats on water after rain. Burdock. Its seeds have hooks that attach to the fur of animals and "move" to new places. Among meadow insects one can meet predators - dragonflies that eat mosquitoes and midges; omnivorous ants that feed on other insects, as well as the juice and nectar of plants. Beetles live in the meadow - the orderlies of the meadow. These are the gravedigger beetle and the dung beetle. From birds -quail, corncrake, wagtail. There are a lot of small animals, especially rodents, mice and moles.

Fields. view presentation .

The FIELD is also a natural community, but it has developed under the influence of man. Under the field occupied different plots of land. In the steppe it is easier - they plowed areas closer to housing. It's harder in the forest. First you need to chop off the bark at the base of the tree so that the tree dries. The dried trees were then burned. Then the hardest work began - it is necessary to uproot the stumps. After that it was possible to plow.

What crops are grown in the field? Potatoes, corn, sunflowers, oats, buckwheat, beets, gourds: watermelons, melons, etc.

What pests are in the fields? -Mice, hamsters, moles, insects, slugs, Colorado beetles, sparrows peck at sunflower seeds.

What else needs to be done in the fields? It is necessary to destroy weeds, weed, treat with chemicals. But chemicals must be used carefully, along with weeds and pests, you can poison the earth. Irrigate the fields, there are irrigation installations.

Check your knowledge, guess the crossword puzzle . 1. The best variety of this crop grows in the Saratov region, they make kalachi, cookies, wheat bread from it. (Wheat) 5 2. Rye bread is baked from these grains. (Rye) 3. A house grew in the field, The house is full of grain. The arrows are gilded, The shutters are boarded up, The house is shaking, On a golden stem. (Ear) 4. I am a cheerful fellow, I am green - (Cucumber)

Water: Look here. There is a toothless, pond snail, The water is quietly splashing, The water strider is running. Duckweed, lilies, cattail, Life is in full swing everywhere. And the egg-pod, and the reed. This is fresh .... (reservoir).

When in the warm season you come to a reservoir, for examplesteps to a small lake, you see only some of its obitalers. It is impossible to see everyone. But there are a lot of them!A reservoir is a place where a wide variety of living things live.creatures.

Here are the plants. Some of them(cattail, reed, reed, arrowhead) their roots are attached to the bottom, and the stemsand the leaves of these plants rise above the water. Rootsku yellow bulls and white water lilies also at the bottom, and their wideLeaves float on the surface of a pond. But there are also plants that do not attach to the bottom at all. This, for example,duckweed, that floats on the surface of the water. And the smallest green algae float in the water column. see themonly possible under a microscope. But sometimes it happens like thismuch that the water appears green.

The role of plants in the reservoir is great. They serve as foodwater, they release oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the respiration of organisms. Underwater thickets of plants serve as shelterscabbage soup for animals.Animals are everywhere in the reservoir: on the surface and in the thicknesswater, at the bottom and on aquatic plants.Here they run swiftly on the surface of the waterbugs- water striders. Their long legs are covered with fat from below, andthis water striders do not sink. They are predators, prey on comaditch and other small animals.Carnivores swim in the waterswimming beetles, growcarnivoresfrog tadpoles, different types of fish. To the 'peacenym" fish include, for example,crucian. He feeds on disguisesinsects, plants. Predatory fish areperch, pike. Live at the bottomshellfish, which guys usually callwaving "shells".

Their soft body is protected by a shell, which consists offrom two halves - shutters. These mollusks eat very interestingly. They suck in and pass water through their body,in which algae and other small living sucreatures. They live at the bottom of clean reservoirs and crayfish. They feedwith the remains of dead animals.Other mollusks live on aquatic plants - growcarnivorous snails pond and coil. They have twistednye, without shell valves.

Mammals also live in the reservoir - muskrat, beaver, vydra. The life of many birds - ducks, herons, storks - is also sacred.area with water bodies.

When the plants and animals of the pond die, their remainsfall to the bottom. Here, under the action of microbes, the deadthe remains rot, are destroyed. They form salts.These salts dissolve in water and can then be usedto feed new plants.

Fixing: I divide into groups and give the task to characterize the community; location, animals, plants, etc. Give examples.