I want to be a surgeon. Kuban State Medical University

The demand for the profession of a surgeon today is only increasing. These doctors diagnose, identify the cause of the disease, perform operations and guide patients throughout the recovery period. In addition, they correct dislocations, treat fractures and deal with bruises. The peculiarity of the profession of a surgeon is that given genus activity is very serious, responsible and even extreme, since not only people's health, but also their lives depend on the professionalism of such specialists.

A surgeon has many responsibilities. This may include:

keeping a patient's medical history, filling out medical records;
finding out the causes of the disease;
holding all necessary activities to establish and confirm the diagnosis;
preparing the patient for surgery;
carrying out the operation itself (scheduled or unscheduled);
management of the patient after surgery and further monitoring of him;

Surgeons also develop new methods of diagnosis and treatment and implement them in life. Many functions of these doctors depend not only on the place of work, but also on their specialization.

Pediatric surgeon. This physician is responsible for treating internal organs child from birth to 14 years of age. During development and growth, some children develop all sorts of health problems. And if they cannot be solved in a conservative way, then a pediatric surgeon comes to the rescue. Using modern methods diagnostics (ultrasound, tomography, endoscopic examinations, X-ray, FCS, FGDS) the specialist identifies the pathology and the causes of its occurrence, and only after that sets the date of the operation and performs it. Children's doctors also conduct routine examinations of babies for timely detection such possible deviations like hernia, dysplasia, orchitis, phimosis, hydrocele, etc.

Orthopedic surgeon. Can be childish or adult. He deals with the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The function of an orthopedic surgeon is to identify diseases of the joints, foot, hip, spine or musculoskeletal system and timely treatment.

Vascular Surgeons. Doctors of this specialization are engaged in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases that affect blood vessels(veins and arteries). Most frequent patients such specialists are people suffering from atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke, heart attack and gangrene.

Oral and maxillofacial surgeon surgical treatment diseases oral cavity, neck and face. These can be congenital problems, fractures of the bones of the face, tumors, inflammatory processes etc. Such a surgeon is able not only to save a person from an illness, but also to restore his former beauty.

A plastic surgeon is directly involved in the beauty of the face and other parts of the body. It is this specialization in surgery that is considered the most sought after, prestigious and popular. Unlike the facial, the plastic surgeon "treats" healthy people and works most of the time soft tissues, embodying all the dreams of his patients about perfect figure and appearance to life.

A doctor, regardless of his specialization, is called upon to help people and bring great benefit to the whole society. This can be attributed to the advantages of the profession of a surgeon. The disadvantages are night shifts, stress, irregular working hours.

Personal qualities of a surgeon

The surgeon must be healthy both physically and psychologically. Responsibility, stress resistance, organization, discipline, endurance, attentiveness - this is far from full list all the qualities that a good surgeon should have.

Education (What do you need to know?)

In order to become an excellent surgeon, you must not only have a higher medical education, but also constantly work on yourself, improving your skills. To do this, one must be interested in new developments and discoveries in the field of surgery, attend seminars and trainings, exchange experience with colleagues from near and far abroad.

Place of work and career

Surgeons work both in state medical institutions and in private clinics. If desired, a doctor can make a career on the administrative ladder and become, for example, the head of the department or the head physician.

Instruction

Before you start learning, evaluate your capabilities. Work surgeon associated with constant nervous and physical stress. Hour-long operations will require you to good health and great endurance. The surgeon must have such qualities as willpower, determination, the ability to quickly navigate the situation and make a decision on which the life of the patient depends. Not all people are capable of this. If you have decided to become, start preparing in advance - increase your stamina and improve your health. To do this, practice daily physical activity.

Go into general medicine or pediatrics if you want to specialize in pediatrics. For five years you will study medicine together with future internists and obstetricians under a single program. In the sixth year, there will be distribution in three areas and the passage of subordination in a specific specialty. Many students want to become surgeons, but not all of them pass the competition. To do this, you must have excellent and good grades in most subjects.

In subordination, you will study various areas surgery at departments located directly in clinical departments hospitals. Consider what area you would like to work in. There are several directions in surgery, all of them have their own specifics. Surgeons-oncologists treat various neoplasms, neurosurgeons operate on the brain and spinal cord, vascular surgeons perform operations on vessels, etc. Each specialty has its own characteristics. Not everyone will be able to work with oncological patients on a daily basis, someone will find it more pleasant to work plastic surgeon. Determine the area of future work immediately, then you have to specialize in the chosen direction.

After graduation, you will receive a diploma without specifying a specialty. It's not to become a surgeon you will specialize in surgical department. When enrolling in an internship, choose from the options provided the one that matches or is close to your preference. During the year you will work as a doctor under the supervision of the head of the internship, most often the head of the department. Upon completion of the internship, you will receive a certificate surgeon and you can start practicing on your own.

If you want to specialize in a particular area of surgery, such as becoming a cardiac or plastic surgeon, you will need to complete a residency. This is a two-year cycle of training on the basis of an institute or an advanced training academy. You will complete a course of theoretical training in the chosen field of surgery and master the practical skills of operations. If you have a desire to do scientific work, you can continue your studies in full-time or part-time (on-the-job) graduate school.

The help of a surgeon is required in cases where drug therapy did not bring the expected results or in urgent situations.

In general, surgery as a field of medicine has a large number of various directions. This provides a wide range of options for specialization.

The surgeon performs surgical interventions. Therefore, it is extremely important to have applied skills. In addition, the functions of the doctor also include examinations during the diagnosis of the disease, observation - both preoperative and postoperative.

Does it make sense to become a surgeon

Many students and graduates of specialized universities dream of becoming specialists in surgery. At the same time, many of them already at the beginning of their studies decide to connect their lives with this particular branch of medicine.

At the same time, doctors themselves believe that one can become such a doctor if one has a certain vocation for this kind of activity. A real surgeon must have whole line qualities.

The advantages of this profession are considered to be the following:

the result of the work is noticeable almost instantly;
prestige of the specialty;
high demand for the services of a surgeon;
the ability to quickly gain recognition;
high earnings.

As a rule, surgery as a method of treatment is chosen in cases where, without radical intervention help the patient is impossible. With a successful outcome, recovery occurs very quickly. That is, the effectiveness of treatment is more pronounced than when using conservative methods.

In this case, it is often the surgeon who is the doctor who can become the savior of the patient. Because of this, the profession in the medical community is considered prestigious and responsible.

Currently, the shortage of surgeons in Russia is quite large. This means that a graduate who has chosen this profession for himself will not find it difficult to find a job. Without problems, you can get a job in the state medical institution. At the same time, specialists with a narrow focus are in great demand in commercial medicine.

In reality, the earnings of surgeons, for the most part, are quite modest. However, some specialties remain very profitable. For example, plastic surgery- a very profitable industry, as well as gynecology.

Disadvantages of the surgeon

Those who decide to become a surgeon will have to put up with an extremely difficult work schedule. It will be necessary to be on duty both at night and on weekends. You also need to be prepared for emergency calls, overtime work. This will have to be faced by specialists working both in hospitals and in clinics.

Working conditions are also quite difficult. Many surgeries take hours. The surgeon must be standing. Artificial lighting in the operating room also contributes to rapid fatigue. During the operation, the surgeon is forced to be in direct contact with the internal organs of the patient - this carries certain risks for his health. In addition, he must also constantly use various antiseptics, which are often quite aggressive on the skin.

Most surgeons suffer from heart and vascular problems, reduced visual acuity, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, allergies and infections.

Also, at work, you have to constantly deal with psychological stress. This is not surprising, because the surgeon has a great responsibility. The slightest mistake on his part can lead to the death of the patient. At the same time, even in the case when the operation is completed successfully, the overall outcome of the treatment may be unfavorable.

In those situations where you have to perform an operation in urgent order, the surgeon is forced to work with full dedication, regardless of his own condition. In addition, work in night shift in itself is a great stress for the physician's body. Eventually, the so-called emotional burnout may occur.

There is also a high chance of being prosecuted. Often, a doctor is brought to court because the results of a surgical intervention did not bear the expected results, or if the patient died right on the table. AT recent times very often began to sue plastic surgeons.

How long is study

It takes a long time to become a surgeon. In Russia, to obtain a certificate, you must study:

6 years at the university;
1 year internship;
or 2 years in residency.

In addition, in some cases, it may be necessary to complete 4-month courses before certification.

Also, every surgeon must improve his qualifications every 5 years in order to confirm his certificate. At the same time, Russia intends to change the standards of medical education in the future. As a result, it will take even more time to become a specialist. It is assumed that the internship will be abolished, and the residency will be accepted only after a few years practical work district physician. The residency itself should last from 2 to 5 years.

Cost of education

You can also study for free, provided that anyone who wants to work as a surgeon in the future will pass the exam perfectly. In any medical school There are places for which they pay from the state budget.

In other cases, you will have to pay. The minimum cost of a year of study is 60 thousand. Therefore, a total of 360 thousand rubles will be needed.

And after graduation, you can continue your studies for free. Such a chance is for those who have a high GPA or was sent to a university from the regions. In the event that there are unfilled budgetary positions in the internship, students with lower academic performance may also be accepted.

Approximately 60 thousand rubles will have to be paid for studying in an internship. Pass if necessary full course, you will have to pay 120 thousand.

Salary of a surgeon in Russia

The main part of the surgeon's salary consists of allowances for night duty, additional shifts and supplements for the level of qualification. The amount of these payments is determined by the head physician medical institution in which the specialist works, and are drawn up by the relevant internal regulatory act.

Currently, the minimum salary received by a surgeon, mentioned in job advertisements, is 30 thousand rubles. The average salary in Russia is 40 thousand.

Surgery is one of the most time-consuming, complex and responsible branches of medicine. This specialty involves surgical interventions of varying complexity. How is this area structured? What are the features of building a career.

Medium wage: 40000 rubles per month

Demand

Payability

Competition

entry barrier

prospects

A surgeon is a specialist with a higher medical education, which, by performing an operation, relieves the patient of the consequences of trauma and eliminates many pathologies if they cannot be cured with the help of conservative therapy. Let us analyze in more detail the features of the profession, who it suits, and how much you need to study in order to get a job as a surgeon. Let's also touch on the remuneration of a doctor with golden hands.

Story

The founder of surgery is Hippocrates, who wrote a treatise, for the first time touching on the topic septic complications, spoke about the treatment of abscesses and fractures. It should be noted that many modern doctors do not agree with such a prioritization, since the earlier origin of this profession is evidenced by references in ancient written sources to trepanation of the skull in Ancient Egypt, information about the invention of the first tools in India and the works of Avicenna on anatomical structure person.

In the Middle Ages, despite the prohibitions of the church, the following achievements were noted in the field of the radical method of healing:

the Italian Lucca used the first anesthesia, in which the patient inhaled the vapors and lost consciousness without feeling pain;
Bruno de Langoburgo described the difference between primary and secondary healing wounds.

During the Renaissance heyday medical science took surgery to the next level.

the Swiss physician Paracelsus introduced the use of wound care products;
Ambroise Paré invented a clamp to stop bleeding and confirmed the methods of ligation of blood vessels, which were mentioned in the 1st century by the scientist Celsus;
W. Harvey described the principles of blood circulation in the small and large circles.

Later, surgery developed rapidly. The basis of progress was the topographic knowledge obtained as a result of the study and description of corpses. The first operations were performed to remove the mammary gland, open Bladder, osteoplasty of the foot (N. I. Pirogov). But the most important breakthrough in science and practice began later, when the concepts of asepsis and antisepsis were introduced. Blood began to be transfused, based on knowledge about its group, and most importantly, anesthesia and the science of anesthesiology appeared.

Famous Russian doctors made an invaluable contribution to the world achievements of surgery:

F. I. Inozemtsev (19th century). He worked together with N. I. Pirogov, held the position of professor at the University of Moscow, taught anatomy and surgery.
N. V. Sklifosofsky (19–20 century). He taught students in Kyiv, St. Petersburg and Moscow, dealt with the treatment of wounds, incisions and medical instruments during operations.
A. A. Bobrov. He founded the Moscow school of surgeons, developed a system of techniques for excision of the gallbladder and hernia.
N. A. Velyaminov, Academician. Has many publications on various types pathologies and their treatment. Considered the founder of first aid.
P. I. Tikhonov, professor. He developed surgery in Siberia, invented a method of transplanting the ureter into the lumen of the large intestine.

Description and characteristics of the profession

The profession of a surgeon is very respected and significant in modern world. She is highly responsible for later life person. The development of science has made it possible to carry out the most complex interventions that require knowledge and the ability to handle high-precision equipment.

A surgeon can work in such medical institutions:

polyclinic;
hospital;
sanatorium;
dispensary;
emergency room;
private office or clinic;
medical school;
scientific organization;
Emergency;
Ministry of Emergency Situations;
military unit;
sports organizations.

At his workplace, the specialist conducts radical, palliative and diagnostic operations. They are also emergency (when the patient's condition is critical and requires immediate intervention) and planned (carried out after pre-training). Surgeons are in close contact with anesthesiologists, assistants (junior colleagues) and supervise the work of nursing staff.

Specialties, universities and USE subjects

To obtain a specialty, you must:

Enter a university, study there for 6 years, then successfully pass an exam, testing and an interview with a commission of professors and associate professors in the specialty "General Medicine" or "Pediatrics".
Work one year in a clinic or outpatient appointment.
Enroll in residency for two years in the specialty "Surgery" and complete it.

A surgeon may specialize in one of the following areas:

Neurosurgery(treatment of all diseases of the brain and spinal cord).
Plastic. Elimination of aesthetic problems.
cardiac surgery. Operations on the heart muscle for congenital and acquired defects; recovery coronary circulation stenting, shunting; invasive species diagnostics.
Vascular. The surgeon's job is to operate on the veins and arteries.
Abdominal. The specialist usually encounters pathologies such as appendicitis, peritonitis, perforated ulcer, bleeding of internal organs, neoplasms, intestinal necrosis, stones from the bile ducts.
maxillofacial. Helps with anomalies in the development of the bones of the skull and jaw, eliminates the consequences of injuries, removes purulent foci.
Thoracic. The surgeon solves lung problems (tumors, calcification, foreign body respiratory tract, and also excised purulent and necrotic areas).
Oncology. Deals with the removal of neoplasms of any etiology.

For admission to medical institute or a university in grade 11 must pass the exam in chemistry, biology and the Russian language. If the doctor studied as a pediatrician, but wants to perform operations on adults, then he needs to take additional retraining courses.

The specialty of a surgeon can be obtained in dozens of universities in the country, for example:

Russian medical University them. N. I. Pirogov;
North-Western State Medical University named after N.N. I. I. Mechnikov;
Voronezh State medical Academy them. N. N. Burdenko;
Saratov State Medical University. V. I. Razumovsky;
Omsk State Medical Academy.

Responsibilities

Regardless of the place of work and specialization, the duties of the surgeon include:

reception and examination of patients;
talking about the need radical treatment and possible risks associated with its implementation;
collecting an anamnesis of the disease and making a preliminary diagnosis;
direction (if necessary) for research;
establishing final diagnosis and determining the timing of the operation;
recommendations and control over training;
carrying out the intervention;
supervising the patient until his full rehabilitation;
prevention of complications;
extract and recommendations;
maintaining medical records.

Who suits the profession

They don't become surgeons. random people. To master this specialty, you need good memory and constant knowledge enhancement. You should always be aware of all the techniques developed by previous generations, and try to improve them or invent your own. In addition, you need:

be self-confident and make quick decisions, since the life of the patient depends on it;
prevent undesirable scenarios during the operation;
endure stress and failures, because it is not always possible to save a person's life;
have endurance, patience and health, since you have to stand on your feet for many hours and be completely focused at the same time;
be able to communicate with people mutual language with work colleagues and patients.

Wage

The salary of a surgeon depends on such factors:

experience;
region of work;
the presence of a category;
specialization;
scientific title.

The spread of wages across the country is from 13 thousand to 250 thousand rubles. Very needed good specialists in Moscow and St. Petersburg, a large shortage of surgeons in the Krasnodar Territory. The lowest salaries are for doctors in small hospitals and outpatient clinics in the regions, and the highest are in clinics specializing in dentistry, where surgeons deal simultaneously with maxillofacial problems, treatment and prosthetics of teeth and implantology.

How to build a career

To get a decent salary, it is not enough just to become a surgeon. This requires experience and career growth. In the course of work, many specialists for accreditation constantly study and carry out the most complex manipulations, take Active participation at conferences, defend dissertations, publish their papers in journals or publish books. Every five years, a special commission evaluates the number of points and the doctor's ability to continue to practice.

3 or more years - the second category;
from 7 - the first;
by the 10th year of practice - the highest.

In the absence of desire, you can not engage in confirmation of qualifications, but for a surgeon this will have an extremely negative impact on a possible career.

Prospects for the profession

Good surgeons will always be in demand. Promotion by career ladder and increase income scientific activity, defense of candidate and doctoral dissertations, publications in reputable medical journals, presentations of innovative methods of treatment at conferences.

If you still have even the slightest doubt that the profession "Surgeon" is your calling - do not rush. After all, then all your life you can regret the lost years for training and work in a specialty that simply does not suit you. To find a profession in which you can maximize your talents, go through online career guidance test or order consultation "Career vector" .

You need to get ready to plunge into an interesting, but demanding specialty. The article describes specific tips on how to become a surgeon. Do whatever is asked to help the surgical team. In a good surgical service, all employees work as a unit, this approach is aimed at achieving best results both for patients and for the team.

It is necessary to show your respect for the knowledge and experience of residents and other employees, avoid public disagreements, help your resident to be on top and then he will tell you how to become a surgeon.

What not to do. Criticize people's decisions great experience. It goes against surgical culture. Discussing or exposing in an unfavorable light other team members, including your fellow students, then on the contrary, no one will tell you how to become a surgeon.

Daily work of a surgeon

Surgeons work very hard as their schedule includes working in the operating room, performing nursing duties and treating patients in the hospital. In some areas of surgery, there are many emergencies that require night work. The key to the successful fulfillment of all duties is harmonious work in a team.

Work in the surgical hospital for the entire team begins with a morning round at 6:00 or 6:30. Before the start of the round, students and residents make a preliminary round, they visit patients in the wards, register the indicators of the main physiological functions, as well as data on fluid intake and physiological functions per night. They find out the presence of significant changes in the condition of patients. The general walk evaluates this information and makes appointments for the upcoming day for each patient. At 7:30 or 8:00 the round ends and the residents go to the operating room to assist on . Residents who were on night duty are sent home after the round. Some may stay in the hospital to write diaries, appointment sheets, others are sent to the appointment. After finishing work in the operating rooms, the entire surgical team gathers again for the evening round. The indicators and changes in the condition of all patients are assessed, after which doctors examine either all patients or only seriously ill patients. At the end of the round, the duty officers remain in the department, and the rest leave the hospital.

Students who want to become surgeons, under the guidance of a senior resident, treat some patients, record their physiological parameters, write diaries and help residents. Students must go to the operating room with their patients, where they "wash" for surgery, where they can hold hooks or retractors. Every day, the senior resident explains to the students their duties. If something remains unclear, they can get clarification from the junior resident.

What do we have to do. If you are not assigned to certain patients, then voluntarily observe two or three. This approach will help to gain experience and knowledge. During observation, the patient should be asked to write diaries and prescription sheets. You can examine the patient before the round, register his physiological parameters and well-being, try to get laboratory tests and the results of imaging methods before the round. You need to let the team know that you can be relied upon.

When observing a patient, be sure to make notes about the history and physical examination data in your notebook. These records should be kept daily, recording vital signs important functions, fluid and food intake, physiological functions, results laboratory tests and other important information.

What not to do. Missing or being late for rounds without good reason So you don't become a surgeon.

How to become a member of the surgical team

The surgical team evaluates students for interest, enthusiasm, and help with treatment. Students who want to be surgeons can win the trust of team members by showing up to work regularly and on time, showing enthusiasm and willingness to help, and conscientiously fulfilling their responsibilities. Most surgeons and residents love their job and are happy to volunteer to do whatever it takes to help a patient. The same zeal and interest on the part of the students is highly appreciated by the members of the surgical team. Volunteer to observe patients and assist residents. As you get closer to the team, you will be assigned more responsibilities for writing observation diaries and prescription sheets, reviewing test results, working with patients, and performing various procedures (for example, setting intravenous catheter and Foley catheter).

What do we have to do. Show interest and volunteer to help. If the resident calls to see the patient, ask if you can go first and what you can do.

What not to do. If you want to make a good impression, try not to complain to your resident about being tired, hungry, and long work without rest. The surgeons will decide to give you some of the work, and they will think that you can handle it.

Getting to know the operating block

Surgeons get satisfaction from working in the operating room, and perhaps you will feel the same. A well-organized team works in, each member of which has a specific role. The role of the student is at most to hold the hooks and retractors and thereby assist the surgeon's work. Most operating teams consist of:

and nurses - an anesthetist or a resident;
surgeon and his assistant;
a nurse or technologist who is responsible for processing the instrumentation;
a nurse who is responsible for providing the operating team with everything necessary and maintains documentation.

Before entering the operating block, you should put on special clothes, a hat, a mask and shoe covers. Entering the operating unit for the first time, you need to introduce yourself to the nurse, you can ask her if you are dressed correctly. You should also introduce yourself to the surgeon if he does not know you. "Washing" for the operation, it is worth telling the nurse your glove size.

If you come to the operating room to look, before you become a surgeon, keep your hands close to your body and move very carefully, being careful not to touch the sterile sheets and equipment. The nurse will tell you where you can stand to see the operating field. If you go to "wash" for surgery, then do it with someone who will tell you the sequence of actions: lathering the hands, lathering the forearms, carefully processing the hands and nails, washing off the foam from top to bottom. After processing the hands, keep them at chest level. The nurse will give you a towel and help you put on a special gown and gloves. Before wrapping operating field hands should also be kept at chest level. Then the hands can be put on sterile diapers. It is very easy to sterilize yourself by touching a non-sterile object.

During the operation, the surgeon will tell you what he is doing. The normal duty of the student is to hold the retractors and cut the threads.

What do we have to do.

Always introduce yourself, be friendly and courteous to the operating room staff.
Act like a guest in their operating room and they will make you feel welcome.
If you do not know the patient, take a look at the medical history to find out for what reason the operation will be performed. If possible, try to read about the upcoming operation in a textbook or atlas.
Try to examine the patient before the operating room and conduct a brief physical examination. These preparations will help you answer any questions the surgeon may have during the operation.
If the surgeon touches the retractor you are holding, release it immediately. Don't get into a "fight" with the surgeon.
If the surgeon has given you scissors to cut the threads, keep them large and ring finger, and cut with the tips of the work surfaces.
Ask a resident to show you how to tie knots properly and practice doing it at home. Then, when the opportunity arises, you can sew and knit knots.

What not to do.

Argue with the nurse if she tells you to change your hat, gown, or gloves.
Touch the table with tools. This is unacceptable even for surgeons.

Before surgical intervention patients undergo a preoperative examination aimed at identifying any medical problems which may increase the risk of surgery. Preoperative preparation begin with full collection history and physical examination. This can be done on admission to a hospital or during an outpatient appointment, which is much more common. Then standard laboratory tests are prescribed: general analysis, coagulogram, blood test for electrolytes, urea, creatinine, liver tests, urinalysis. Patients over 40 years of age without fail perform an ECG. In some hospitals, all patients in preoperative period perform x-rays of organs chest. If it is expected that blood transfusion may be required during the operation, then blood is taken, which is sent to the blood bank for typing. All patients who are to undergo anesthesia must be examined by an anesthesiologist in the preoperative period. Patients with multiple concomitant diseases examine more carefully with the involvement of, and other specialists.

Prior to surgery, the medical history should contain consent to the operation, anamnesis and physical examination data, test results and a preoperative epicrisis. Immediately after the intervention, the surgeon writes the protocol of the operation. The surgeon's assistant records a detailed report on a voice recorder.

In the evening after the operation, the patient is examined again, a postoperative diary is entered into the medical history, which includes vital signs, level of consciousness, degree of pain, complications, diuresis. During this short examination, it is necessary to assess the breathing and the condition of the dressing on the wound. It is necessary to check the results of all postoperative analyzes and data x-ray examination and enter them into the medical history. After the operation, diaries are written daily, in which the dynamics of the state, the restoration of the function of the gastrointestinal tract and other data are noted.

What do we have to do. If you schedule a patient for laboratory research, make sure that someone is sure to know the result of this analysis. Unnoticed pathological abnormalities lead to insufficient quality treatment and have serious legal implications.

Diuresis must be controlled. Hypovolemia is the main cause of complications ( kidney failure, myocardial infarction, intestinal ischemia) in postoperative period. In the postoperative period, the patient should excrete at least 40 ml of urine per hour, this rate indicates a normal volemic status. If the urine output is less than 40 ml/h or the patient has not urinated long enough after the operation, this must be reported to your supervisor!

The article was prepared and edited by: surgeon