The role of philosophy in the modern world essay. Philosophy in the modern world

(instead of conclusion)

As we already know, philosophy is a form of spiritual activity aimed at posing, analyzing and solving fundamental worldview issues related to the development of a holistic view of the world and of man. These include such problems as comprehending the originality of a person and his place in a universal holistic being, the meaning and purpose of human life, the relationship between being and consciousness, subject and object, freedom and determinism, and many others. Accordingly, the main content and structure of philosophy, its functions are determined. Moreover, the very internal structure of philosophical knowledge is very complexly organized, at the same time integral and internally differentiated. There is, on the one hand, a certain theoretical core, consisting of the doctrine of being (ontology), the theory of knowledge (epistemology), the doctrine of man (philosophical anthropology) and the doctrine of society (social philosophy). On the other hand, around this theoretically systematized foundation, a whole complex of specialized branches or branches of philosophical knowledge was formed quite a long time ago: ethics, aesthetics, logic, philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, philosophy of law, political philosophy, philosophy of ideology, etc. Taken in the interaction of all these structure-forming components, philosophy performs a variety of functions in human life and society. Among the most important of them are: worldview, methodological, value-regulatory and prognostic.

In the course of almost three thousand years of development of philosophical thought, the idea of the subject of philosophy, of its main content and internal structure, was constantly not only refined and concretized, but often and significantly changed. The latter occurred, as a rule, during periods of drastic social change. It is this period of radical qualitative transformations that modern humanity is experiencing. Therefore, the question naturally arises: how and in what direction will the idea of the subject, the main content and purpose of philosophy change in that new, as it is most often called, post-industrial, or information, society? The answer to this question remains open today. It can only be given in a general and preliminary form, which does not pretend to be categorical or unambiguous, but at the same time it is a fairly clear answer. We are talking about bringing to the fore the problems of man, language in its generalized modern understanding, the foundations and universals of culture. All these are different attempts to discover new aspects of human experience in philosophy, which make it possible to better understand both the own content of philosophy and its purpose in society. It seems that this trend has a stable, dominant character, determining the general perspective and specific directions for the development of philosophy for decades to come.

Apparently, philosophy, as before, will be understood as a specific form of human spiritual activity, focused on solving fundamental worldview problems. It will continue to be based on the study of the deep foundations of human activity, and above all - productive creative activity, taken in all its diversity of types and forms, as well as on the study of the nature and functions of language in its modern generalized understanding. In particular, it is necessary to understand much deeper and more thoroughly the features of that specific type of reality, which is the so-called virtual reality, which exists and is expressed by means of modern electronic technologies, including with the help of the World Wide Web (Internet and its analogues).

Finally, let's suggest that in the near future the tendency for philosophy to acquire its status as a kind of body of practical wisdom will intensify. During its formation and initial stages, European philosophy had this status, but then lost it, concentrating efforts on creating very complex, relatively complete systems, mainly by purely theoretical, logical means and methods. As a result, it largely abstracted from the real demands and needs of a particular living person. Philosophy, apparently, will try again to become - of course, taking into account all the realities of our time - necessary for a person in understanding and solving problems that arise in the course of his daily life.

Literature and sources

A.V. Appolonov, N.V. Vasiliev and others. Philosophy. Textbook. – M.: Prospekt, 2009 – 672 p.

Alekseev P.V., Panin A.V., Philosophy. Textbook. - M .: Prospect, 2008 - 592 p.

Spirkin A.G., Philosophy. Textbook. - M.: Gardarika, 2009 - 736 p.

Grishunin S.I. Philosophical sciences. Basic concepts and problems. Textbook.- M .: Book house "Librokom" 2009 -224 p.

As we already know, philosophy is a form of spiritual activity aimed at posing, analyzing and solving fundamental worldview issues related to the development of a holistic view of the world and of a person. These include such problems as comprehending the originality of a person and his place in a universal holistic being, the meaning and purpose of human life, the relationship between being and consciousness, subject and object, freedom and determinism, and many others. Accordingly, the main content and structure of philosophy, its functions are determined. Moreover, the very internal structure of philosophical knowledge is very complexly organized, at the same time integral and internally differentiated. There is, on the one hand, a certain theoretical core, consisting of the doctrine of being (ontology), the theory of knowledge (epistemology), the doctrine of man (philosophical anthropology) and the doctrine of society (social philosophy). On the other hand, around this theoretically systematized foundation, a whole complex of specialized branches or branches of philosophical knowledge was formed quite a long time ago: ethics, aesthetics, logic, philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, philosophy of law, political philosophy, philosophy of ideology, etc. Taken in the interaction of all these structure-forming components, philosophy performs a variety of functions in human life and society. Among the most important of them are: worldview, methodological, value-regulatory and prognostic.

Apparently, philosophy, as before, will be understood as a specific form of human spiritual activity, focused on solving fundamental worldview problems. It will continue to be based on the study of the deep foundations of human activity, and above all, productive creative activity, taken in all its diversity of types and forms, as well as on the study of the nature and functions of language in its modern generalized understanding. In particular, it is necessary to understand much deeper and more thoroughly the features of that specific type of reality, which is the so-called virtual reality, which exists and is expressed by means of modern electronic technologies, including with the help of the World Wide Web (Internet and its analogues).

Much still remains unclear in the understanding of those universals of culture that are now coming to the fore in philosophical research. It is necessary, for example, to deal with the composition, the set of cultural universals themselves, their relationships with each other and with philosophical universals (categories), to more deeply outline the relationship of the philosophical approach to understanding the nature, foundations and universals of culture with those studies of culture that are carried out in such specialized branches. modern scientific knowledge, such as cultural studies, cultural history, sociology and psychology of culture, textual criticism, etc.

Most likely, the differentiation of philosophical knowledge will continue. At the same time, it is important that in philosophy, as in other most advanced branches of specialized scientific knowledge, the process of differentiation is carried out simultaneously with the integration of philosophical knowledge around its own theoretical core - ontology, epistemology, anthropology and social philosophy. This will make it possible to avoid the currently observed dissolution of the content of philosophy in the problems of related disciplines - political science, philosophy and the history of science (science), sociology. Systematic and in-depth historical and philosophical research is called upon to play a particularly important role in the integration of philosophical knowledge. It is in the huge cognitive potential of the centuries-old history of philosophical thought that one of the most important internal sources of constant growth of that specific type of knowledge, which is philosophy, is contained.

And here the need to assimilate the experience and traditions of not only Western European, but also the entire world philosophical thought will come to the fore more and more. First of all, we are talking about the experience and traditions of the development of philosophy in the countries of the East - in China, India, the countries of the Middle East and the Mediterranean, with their emphasis on the spiritual, moral self-improvement of man, the establishment and maintenance of harmonious relationships with nature. The same can be said about the experience of the development of Russian philosophical thought, including its religious-philosophical direction. Starting with A. S. Khomyakov, through V. S. Solovyov, a galaxy of prominent representatives of the Silver Age and up to the middle of the 20th century. Russian philosophical thought has accumulated enormous spiritual wealth, containing the diversity of all human experience, the achievements of the spiritual forces and abilities of man, the ideas of Russian cosmism, the moral quest of many outstanding representatives of Russian literature, artistic culture in general.

Many of the fundamental ideas put forward in their time by philosophical thought are firmly entrenched in the language and arsenal of methods and tools used in modern scientific knowledge. This applies, for example, to philosophical interpretations of the relationship between the part and the whole, the features of the structure and structure of complexly organized developing systems, the dialectics of the random and the necessary, the possible and the real, the variety of types and forms of regularity and causality. It is especially important that the subject of special scientific research is increasingly becoming the person himself and the features of his consciousness, cognitive and mental activity in the form of a whole complex of so-called cognitive sciences, not to mention special scientific approaches and methods for studying human social life. In general, it can be argued with a high degree of probability that the time is not far off when studies of many problems that are an integral part of the worldview will be carried out by the joint efforts of philosophy and various branches of specialized scientific knowledge, which, in turn, will require certain adjustments to be made to the understanding of the subject. and the main content of philosophy.

Among the diverse functions of philosophy, its prognostic function, its active and active participation in the foresight and forecasting of the ideals of the future, a more perfect arrangement of human life, in search of new worldview orientations, is becoming increasingly important in modern conditions. The consciousness of modern people is becoming more and more planetary and, in this sense, global. But this tendency to deepen the internal integrity and interconnectedness of mankind has not yet been adequately reflected in politics, economics, culture, and ideology. On the contrary, as noted above, the uneven development of states, the far from always justified differentiation in the distribution of social wealth, material goods, and the social conditions of life of people and peoples, is increasing. To this day, the desire to solve international and domestic problems through the use of force has not been overcome, that is, using economic, financial, military-technical means, in particular its superiority in world information technologies and flows (television, all the diverse means of video and audio products, cinema, Internet, show business). Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop such models and scenarios for the development of mankind, when the tendency to increase the unity and integrity of the human community does not contradict the national interests of states, the historically formed spiritual and cultural traditions, the way of life of each people.

A serious threat is posed by the aggravated in the second half of the 20th century. crisis situations in the development of Western civilization: ecological, anthropological, spiritual and moral. According to many thinkers, politicians, scientists, the very existence of mankind is in question. There was a need for new strategies for relating to nature and man, in a more harmonious combination of all forms of realization of his creative, creative and transformative activity.

The elaboration of universal human values has acquired great urgency. Almost all the major thinkers of our time, in one way or another, pose and discuss this problem, though for the most part identifying and comprehending the difficulties that exist here, rather than offering specific ways and means of solving it. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that one of the most fundamental prerequisites for both posing and comprehending this problem, and searching for ways and means of solving it, lies in the development of a dialogue between the philosophical traditions of the West and the East and, in a more general form, intercultural dialogue, which is vital in a pluralistic civilization.

Finally, let us speculate that in the near future the tendency for philosophy to acquire its status as a kind of body of practical wisdom will intensify. During its formation and initial stages, European philosophy had this status, but then lost it, concentrating efforts on creating very complex, relatively complete systems, mainly by purely theoretical, logical means and methods. As a result, it largely abstracted from the real demands and needs of a particular living person. Philosophy, apparently, will try again to become - of course, taking into account all the realities of our time - necessary for a person in understanding and solving problems that arise in the course of his daily life.

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James W. The Universe from a Pluralistic Perspective. M., 1911. S. 185. Almost at the same time, the concept of “stream of consciousness” was used by A. Bergson.

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At one time, K. Marx, developing the European tradition in his views on society, expressed an important position that "the mode of production of material life determines the social, political and spiritual processes of life in general." In general, this classification has stood the test of time, although the very problem of identifying and understanding the general spheres of society is solved by many scientists in different ways.

In the historical excursus proposed above, we relied on the book of A. B. Zubov "History of Religions" (M., 1977).

Frank S. L. Reality and Man. M., 1997. S. 278–279.

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Losev A.F. Vladimir Solovyov and his time. M., 1990. S. 212.

Heisenberg V. Steps beyond the horizon. M., 1987. S. 329, 149.

And here the need to assimilate the experience and traditions of not only Western European, but also the entire world philosophical thought will come to the fore more and more. First of all, we are talking about the experience and traditions of the development of philosophy in the countries of the East - in China, India, the countries of the Middle East and the Mediterranean, with their emphasis on the spiritual, moral self-improvement of man, the establishment and maintenance of harmonious relationships with nature. The same can be said about the experience of the development of Russian philosophical thought, including its religious and philosophical direction. Starting with A. S. Khomyakov, through V. S. Solovyov, a galaxy of prominent representatives of the Silver Age and up to the middle of the 20th century. Russian philosophical thought has accumulated enormous spiritual wealth, containing the diversity of all human experience, the achievements of the spiritual forces and abilities of man, the ideas of Russian cosmism, the moral quest of many outstanding representatives of Russian literature, artistic culture in general.

Among the diverse functions of philosophy, its prognostic function, its active and active participation in the foresight and forecasting of the ideals of the future, a more perfect arrangement of human life, in search of new worldview orientations, is becoming increasingly important in modern conditions. The consciousness of modern people is becoming more and more planetary and, in this sense, global. But this tendency to deepen the internal integrity and interconnectedness of mankind has not yet been adequately reflected in politics, economics, culture, and ideology. On the contrary, as noted above, the uneven development of states, the far from always justified differentiation in the distribution of social wealth, material goods, and the social conditions of life of people and peoples, is increasing. To this day, the desire to solve international and domestic problems through the use of force has not been overcome, that is, using economic, financial, military-technical means, in particular its superiority in world information technologies and streams (television, all the diverse means of video and audio production, cinema, Internet, show business). Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop such models and scenarios for the development of mankind, when the tendency to increase the unity and integrity of the human community does not contradict the national interests of states, the historically formed spiritual and cultural traditions, the way of life of each people.

Finally, I would like to suggest that in the near future the tendency for philosophy to acquire its status as a kind of body of practical wisdom will intensify. During its formation and initial stages, European philosophy had this status, but then lost it, concentrating efforts on creating very complex, relatively complete systems, mainly by purely theoretical, logical means and methods. As a result, it largely abstracted from the real demands and needs of a particular living person. Philosophy, apparently, will try again to become - of course, taking into account all the realities of our time - necessary for a person in understanding and solving problems that arise in the course of his daily life.

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Philosophy, by its very purpose, tries to penetrate into the very essence of the universe and in its quest comes into contact with all areas of science and art, with religion, helps a person in knowing the world and himself. Modern philosophy has received a new form by expanding all its basic functions, giving them a relevant creative and practical content. The most important achievements of modern philosophy are a civilized approach to the analysis of social phenomena and a worldview principle, the content of which is the understanding of the world in connection with the inclusion of a person in it as a consciously active factor. In the development of philosophy, the problem of man in the surrounding world has always been the leading one, and at present it plays a decisive role in understanding the modern world.

The modern world is moving away from capitalism and socialism, but it is necessary to preserve everything positive that people created at the previous stages of the development of society, to enrich it with an analysis of the new realities of life.

Man, as a thinking matter, is increasingly aware of himself as an actively acting factor in the social and natural environment surrounding him, of all being on the scale of the universe. This defines the idea of a person as a conscious participant in world evolution, makes him responsible for the results of his activity, makes higher demands on the level of the subjective factor as a whole, and highlights the professional, moral and spiritual qualities of the individual. Self-knowledge and self-awareness, determination of the mechanisms of regulation and self-regulation of the spiritual sphere, mastery of knowledge of the functioning of the intellect, and the establishment of control over the results of one's activity are acquiring increasing importance.

The emerging modern scientific picture of the world also includes the achievements of technical sciences, which currently provide the greatest increase in new knowledge. Achievements of technical sciences in the field of information processes, microelectronics, cybernetics of artificial intelligence, biotechnology and other modern scientific areas reflect a deep structural revolution not only in engineering and technology, but also in the entire system of material and spiritual culture. Scientific and technological progress, defining a qualitatively new state of science as a whole, at the same time characterizes the formation of a new form of philosophical thinking - modern philosophy. Mastering modern philosophical culture raises the level of professional knowledge, provides a guideline in scientific activity, and allows developing mechanisms for the implementation of society's activities in accordance with the requirements of the time.

Conclusion: The transition of mankind to a qualitatively new round of development in social, spiritual, cultural relations is today only a real opportunity for it to get out of the global crisis, but it is far from being realized. Difficulties and dangers in the implementation of this task stem mainly from the person himself: a low level of consciousness, misunderstanding by society of the causes and mechanisms of the functioning of natural, anthropological and social phenomena in their interaction as specifically special elements of a single world being. Mankind must master in full the achievements of spiritual culture, the science of rational management and regulation of world processes. This task cannot be solved outside of modern philosophical knowledge about the world.

Philosophy / 3 . History of philosophy

Zhidiy M.V., Ph.D. Galkina L.I.

Lugansk National University named after Taras Shevchenko , Ukraine

The role of philosophy in the modern world

At the end of XX and beginning of XXI centuries Humanity is on the threshold of great change. Already today it is possible to trace some contours of the development of the world civilization in the future: unprecedented possibilities of information technologies, new ways of communication, accelerated integration of the world, its diversity and multipolarity. Each country faced the problem of choice: how to enter the future civilization and take a worthy place in it, ensure a high quality of life and personal development? The choice of the path of development always involves the determination of certain worldview guidelines, in the formation of which philosophical thinking plays an important role. Philosophy is directly and closely connected with social practice, is woven into it, responds to its requests and therefore plays a huge role in society, social clashes, and the formation of the human personality.

The higher the level of historical development and the more urgent the solution of social problems, the more responsible becomes the role of philosophy. It forms the ideological and methodological basis for the search for means and directions for moving towards the future, reveals the social features of major complications, and warns of the dangerous illusion of underestimating the complexities of social transformations.

In modern conditions, the tasks of philosophy are connected, first of all, with the development of consciousness, which assumes the responsibility of people in the face of global problems generated byhuman civilization in XX V. These include: firstly, the problem of preventing war and ensuring peace. It is due to the entry of mankind into the nuclear age. Today, the prevention of nuclear suicide has become a value setting against which any program of organization and restructuring of public life must be compared.

Secondly, global environmental problems and the resulting need for radical changes in people's attitudes towards the natural environment. Thirdly, due to the acceleration of social development in XX V. the problem of human communications, communication, overcoming the alienation of a person from the social conditions of life generated by him has become extremely acute. The complication of social processes and the expansion of the field of human communications often cause an increase in stress loads, dehumanization of social ties.

These and other vital problems of our time are ideological in nature, and therefore are transformed into the formulation of those philosophical questions that each era formulates and solves in its own way: questions of the meaning of human existence, human, problems of freedom, justice, morality. Never in the past has a person possessed such knowledge, as technically armed and powerful as now, but never has he been so vulnerable and confused in the face of global and local problems.

Such a contradiction and complexity of the existence of man and society in XX - early XXI V. led to a wide variety of philosophical directions, currents and schools. One of the most influential trends in Western philosophy is philosophical anthropology, in particularfunctionalist school of philosophical anthropology, one of the main representatives of which wasErnst Cassirer(1874-1945). He argued that the essence of a person can only be known through its functional manifestations, for example, through active labor,cultural And creative activity.

Existentialists proclaimed the most important problem of human existence, the meaning of his life. They were looking for an answer to the question: does life deserve to be lived? So, A. Camus emphasized that

people, like Sisyphus, are forced to engage in meaningless, monotonous work all their lives and therefore are not free.

The most important achievements of modern philosophy is a civilized approach to the analysis of social phenomena and the study of human problems from worldview positions. Scientific and philosophical analysis of the new realities of life, the role of a consciously active factor plays a decisive role in understanding the modern world. The crisis of modern society shows the urgency of the main problem of philosophy - the problem of man.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences S.P. Kapitsa, who also dealt with the problems of demography, rightly noted that at present the social sciences have a colossal backlog, and in world science, not physics, but human biology comes to the fore in importance. The most significant difference between people and animals lies in the ability to "think, think, transfer these thoughts from generation to generation ...".

In modern conditions, when the spiritual crisis of society is intensifying, there is a growing need to correlate the goals and results of various types of activity with humanistic ideals, with the tasks of mankind's survival. The problem of confrontation between one's own "I" and the outside world is a universal and deeply individual problem, in the 21st century it is especially acute.

Philosophical ideas do not age with time. Each new generation gives them a new interpretation.Philosophy contributes to the formation of a holistic worldview position in a person,the formation of the qualities of a cultural personality: orientation to truth, truth, kindness;expanding the horizons of a person, developing spiritual potentialities.

Literature:

1. Kapitsa S. From the society of knowledge to the society of understanding [Electronic resource] / Sergey Kapitsa. - Access mode: http://portal21.ru/1691/