How to write the author after a quote. Highlight different areas of text and quotes

Quotation rules

General requirements for cited material

The quoted text should be given in quotation marks, exactly according to the quoted text, in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source.

The omission of words, sentences, paragraphs when quoting is allowed without distortion and is indicated by ellipsis.

The citation must be complete, without distorting the author's thoughts.

The quotation should be inextricably linked with the text and serve as evidence and confirmation of the provisions put forward by the author.

When quoting, it is not allowed to combine several passages taken from different places in one quotation. Each passage should be presented as a separate quotation.

When citing, each quotation should be accompanied by an indication of the source (bibliographic reference).

Basic rules for quoting.

Quote as an independent sentence (after a period ending the preceding sentence) must start with a capital letter, even if the first word in the source starts with a lowercase letter.

For example:

The desire to understand the laws of existence does not lead to the consideration of chance as an objective reality, but to its interpretation as the initial stage of cognition of an object, due to the imperfection of our knowledge. “There is nothing more contrary to reason and nature than chance” (Cicero). (In the source: "... there is nothing ...".)

A quotation included in the text after a subordinating word ( that, because, or, because etc.), enclosed in quotation marks and capitalized, even if in the source it begins with a capital letter: M. Gorky wrote that "in the simplicity of the word ...".

For example:

M. Gorky wrote that "in the simplicity of the word - the greatest wisdom: proverbs and songs are always short, and the mind and feelings are invested in them for whole books." (In source: “In the simplicity of the word…”)

A quotation placed after a colon begins with a lowercase letter if the first word of the quotation in the source began with a lowercase letter (in this case, an ellipsis must be placed before the quoted text), and with an uppercase letter if the first word of the quotation in the source began with an uppercase letter (in this case case, the ellipsis is not placed before the quoted text).

For example:

From the point of view of historical gravity, cultural preferences, the system of value orientations, from the point of view of civilization, the Russian nation is a European nation: “... as Russian literature, for all its originality, is one of the European literatures, so Russia itself, with all its features, is one of the European nations” (Vl. Solovyov). (In the source: "... and how Russian ...".)

Quotations retain the same punctuation as in the cited source.

If the sentence is not fully quoted, then instead of the omitted text, an ellipsis is placed before the beginning of the quoted sentence, or inside it, or at the end. Punctuation marks that precede omitted text are not preserved.

For example:

Strength and beauty, turned into an end in itself, are destructive. Taken as an end in itself, they become hostile to morality. Vl. Solovyov draws attention to this side of the problem: “Strength and beauty are divine, only not in themselves ... but if they are inseparable from goodness ...” (Vl. Solovyov).

When a sentence ends with a quotation, and at the end of the quotation there is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then no sign is put after the quotation marks if the quotation is an independent sentence; or put a period (or other necessary sign) if the quotation is not an independent sentence (included in the text of the author's proposal).

For example:

One can talk about the freedom of the individual only by recognizing the right of the individual to identity. In this regard, the exclamation of N. Gumilyov is significant: “I do not want to be confused with others - and this requires that I myself should not mix myself with others!”

Do I need to write at all or can I write off?

You can't write off coursework. You can write off if you're lucky and you don't get caught. If the supervisor doesn't care if you cheat or not, your attitude to work can be seen by the reviewer of the thesis and give you a bad mark.

What is plagiarism?

It must be understood that quoting is of two types:

1) direct (reproduction of words),

2) indirect (reproduction of ideas).

Links to the source of information are always required. But if at direct citation needs quotation marks and a link to the source with a page number, then when indirect quoting only needs a link to the source (page numbers are indicated if the idea is localized on one or more pages).

Plagiarism the reproduction of both other people's words and other people's thoughts without corresponding references is considered. Another thing is that the theft of other people's words is much easier to detect. As a rule, you can do without systems like AntiPlagiat.ru.

The ability to refer to sources of information indicates that the student is able to distinguish own and others, and this is very important, and not only from an ethical point of view.

Remember: all other people's words and thoughts are accompanied by a mandatory link to the source! If there are unquoted quotations of any volume in the term paper or diploma, the work is not allowed to be defended.

You need to understand that the abundance of references in student work is not a disadvantage, but rather a virtue. If you refer to other researchers a lot, the teacher will not think that you are not smart enough to come up with something of your own. True, you need to understand that references to sources should be part of an analytical review of the ideas existing in science about your object of study, and not a random selection of smart thoughts and aphorisms.

A few links to think about plagiarism:

1. A note on attitudes towards plagiarism in Western universities and in our country
2. Cautionary story about the resignation of the Hungarian president due to the discovery of plagiarism in his dissertation

How to properly quote?

1. As a rule, a quote must be entered. For this, introductory constructions of the type “L.V. Shcherba noted”, “as shown by U. Weinreich”, “according to J. Lakoff”, etc. Specify the gender of the author. And pay attention to the word order: first the initials, then the surname. Quoting without initials in the Russian academic tradition is considered overly familiar.

Open any scientific article or monograph and see how the author enters citations. If you do not agree with the quote, do not forget to write about it, otherwise the reader will not know about it. Yes, you can disagree with the opinions of scientists (even the most famous ones), but in this case you need to think over your argument. Write "F. de Saussure was right” and even “As F. de Saussure rightly noted” is not worth it.

2. After the quote in square brackets, its source with the page is indicated - for example. 1 is the number of the article, book, etc. in the bibliography.

How to automatically arrange digital bibliographic references?

If you decide to use digital references, you do not need to place them manually in the early stages of working on the text: when adding new positions to the bibliography, you will have to redo all the references in the work. These boring mechanical manipulations will have to be done more than once during the work on the term paper and diploma. In MS Word, it is possible to do this automatically using a hyperlink, the number of which will change with the change in the serial number of the cited source in the bibliography. In version 2007, this tool is called "Cross-Reference". Let's see how to use it:

1. Do automatic numbering of positions in the list of references (I repeat: Cyrillic comes first, then Latin). Do not be lazy at the same time to use automatic sorting from A to Z.

2. In right place open the square brackets and find the "Cross-reference" item in the "Links" menu. Select the following options: link type - paragraph, insert link to - paragraph number, insert as hyperlink - checkmark, for which paragraph - the number of the desired source in the bibliography (click on the desired position) and click "insert".

3. Now you have a figure that will change with changes in your bibliography. To update reference numbers in an entire coursework, select the entire document, right-click, and select "refresh field".

You can also refer to the numbers of tables, chapters, sections, applications, etc.

If you have a different version of Word, see Help for cross-references.

What is the maximum length of a quote?

There are no single clear requirements in this regard. In my opinion, the optimal amount of citation in texts such as term papers is up to 7-8 lines. Quotations of a larger volume in term papers are rarely caused by a real need, usually this is a consequence of an unwillingness to formulate thoughts on one's own. A fragment of a quote can be omitted if this does not distort its content, in which case it is put in place of the gap.

The page should not consist of 90% of quotes - you need to supplement other people's words with your own links, generalizations, thoughts, etc. Half of the page can be quotations, and the other half - your words (including generalizations).

Is it possible to take a quote not in the original source?

Quote from someone else's hands using references like "cit. by…” is not recommended, except when you need to quote critically important words for your text from a very rare edition. In this case, after the quote in square brackets, the words “cit. by" + the corresponding item in your bibliography.

Social media is convincingly showing us that people love quotes. We often see them in pictures and we like some of them so much that we remember them. Quite another matter - articles on the Internet. Quotations in them - especially important, helping to reveal the essence of the article - are rare. Why is this happening?

My experience is that there are three reasons for this phenomenon:

• the authors write a lot and do not want to bother with the selection of quotes
• articles are often written to order and the author simply does not know the topic enough to pick up quotes
• quotes are avoided because they can reduce the level of uniqueness of the text

And this is a very sad phenomenon, because quotations help the author to support his arguments and thoughts with the opinion of more important and authoritative people. Quotations make the text more persuasive and striking, and very often become a strong point of the article.

Great tips about quoting I found in the book

"How to write persuasively"

Gerald Graff and Kathy Birkenstein. The book is good because it contains not only theory, but also ready-made templates (I am sharing with you a whole chapter from it:

Chapter 3 "According to him"

The Art of Quoting

Citing gives your review more credibility and helps reassure the reader that your generalizations are honest and accurate. Therefore, in a sense, the quotes serve as a kind of support for your arguments, telling the reader: “Look, I didn’t come up with this. She herself speaks about it - here are her words.

However, many authors make many citation errors, not the least of which is insufficient or even complete absence of citations. Some cite too little, perhaps because they don't want to bother going back to the original text again for the author's exact words, or because they think they can reconstruct his ideas from memory.

At the other extreme, the text is overloaded with citations to such an extent that there is practically no room for the author's own comments; the reason may be the author's uncertainty that he will be able to correctly comment on the quotes, or a misunderstanding of their meaning, which makes it difficult to give an adequate explanation of the quoted words of the opponent.

However, the main problem with quoting arises when the author of the text decides that the quotations can speak for themselves.

From the fact that the meaning of the quoted passage seems obvious to himself, he concludes that readers will understand the quotation with the same ease, although in practice this often turns out not to be the case.

Authors who make this mistake consider their work done when they select a suitable quotation and insert it into the text. They write their thoughts about the problem, intersperse a few quotes here and there, and - voila! - the article is ready. They fail to understand that quoting is not just quoting what "they say".

Quotes are somewhat like orphans: they are words torn out of their original context that need to be built into a new textual environment.

In this chapter, we propose two main ways to do this:

1) thoughtfully approach the choice of quotes, always paying attention to how well they emphasize certain thoughts in your text;

and 2) put each important quotation in the right frame, indicating who the words belong to, what their meaning is, and how they relate to your text.

We want to emphasize that quoting what "they say" should always be related to what you say.

Quote relevant passages

Before choosing the right quotes, understand what you are planning to achieve, that is, how they can help your text in the particular place where you are going to put them.

It is not necessary to insert quotations into the text just to demonstrate your familiarity with other people's work; they should reinforce your thoughts.

However, finding the right quotes is not always an easy task. It happens that quotes that at first seemed suitable to you gradually cease to be so as you complete and revise the text.

Because the writing process doesn't always go as planned, sometimes you find that a quote that initially served as the perfect support for your argument stops working.

Therefore, the formulation of abstracts and the selection of citations to them are not always separate sequential stages of work.

As you delve deeply into the work of a text, revisiting and editing it over and over again, the relationship between your arguments and selected quotations can change more than once.

Proper quotation framing

Finding suitable quotes is only part of your job; in addition, you need to present them in such a way that their meaning and relation to your words are obvious to the reader.

Because quotations don't speak for themselves, you must build an appropriate frame around them to accompany them with everything you need.

Quotations inserted into the text without a frame are sometimes called "hanging": they seem to hang in the air, devoid of any explanation.

Steve Benton, one of the graduate students who helped us on the book, called this quote “running the scene,” drawing an analogy to drivers who leave the scene of an accident, not wanting to take responsibility for your dented bumper or broken headlights.

Here is an example of such a quote.

It comes from a review of an article by feminist philosopher Susan Bordeaux, who worries about the way the media is forcing young women to go on a diet, even in previously isolated regions of the world like Fiji.

Susan Bordeaux writes about women and diets. “Fiji is just one example. Until television arrived in 1995, there were no reported cases of eating disorders on the islands. In 1998, three years after it began broadcasting programs from the US and the UK, 62% of the girls surveyed said they were on a diet.

I think Bordeaux is right. She also talks about... Since the author of this text has not been able to adequately introduce a quote or explain why these words are worth quoting, it is difficult for the reader to reconstruct the point of view advocated by Bordeaux.

The author of the review not only does not tell us who Bordeaux is and whether she is the author of the quote, but does not even explain how her words are related to what he says himself, and in what exactly, in his opinion, she is “right” . He simply "hangs" the quote, in a hurry to move on to some other thought.

A well-framed quotation sits inside what we call a "quote sandwich": the statement that precedes the quotation is the top slice of bread, the explanation that follows the quotation is the bottom slice, and the quotation itself is the stuffing.

In the part of the text that precedes the quotation, you must explain who the author is and prepare a semantic base for it; in the explanatory part following the quotation, you need to show the reader why it seems important to you and what, in your opinion, its meaning is.

Templates for entering quotes in text

 X argues that "not all steroids should be banned from athletes."
As the famous philosopher X says: "____".
According to X: "____".
X himself writes about this: “____”.
In his book, ____ X says that "____".
In the Commentary magazine, X expresses regret that "____".
From X's point of view, "____".
X agrees with this, stating: "____".
X does not agree with this, saying: "____".
X complicates the matter even more when he writes: "____".

Quote Clarification Templates

The most useful tip about quoting, from the point of view of our students, is to get into the habit of accompanying each quotation with an explanation of its meaning, using templates like the ones below.

Essentially, X is warning us that the proposed solution will only exacerbate the problem.
In other words, X believes that ____.
By making this comment, X encourages us to ____.
In this, X agrees with the old adage that says: ____.
The meaning of the statement X is that ____.
X's arguments boil down to ____.

In offering the reader such explanations, it is important to use language that accurately reflects the spirit of the quoted phrase.

It would be appropriate, when quoting about Fiji, to write: "Bordeaux asserts" or "Bordeaux speaks." However, given the fact that Bordeaux is clearly concerned about the spread of media influence to these remote islands, it is much more accurate to use language that reflects her anxiety: "Bordeaux is concerned about what" or "she cares" or "she warns" .

Consider, for example, how the earlier Bordeaux review passage could be edited using some of these techniques: Feminist philosopher Susan Bordeaux denounces the Western media's obsession with women's weight loss and dieting.

First of all, she is worried that more and more women around the world are beginning to consider themselves fat and in need of a diet under their influence.

Using the example of the Fiji Islands to support his views, Bordeaux notes that “until TV came here in 1995, there were no reported cases of eating disorders in the islands.

In 1998, three years after broadcasts from the United States and Great Britain began to be broadcast here, 62% of the girls surveyed said they were on a diet” (149–150).

Bordeaux notes that the Western cult of diets has spread across the globe to the most remote corners. She is concerned that diet culture finds us wherever we live. What Bordeaux is talking about excites me too. I agree with her because most of the women I know, no matter where they come from, are seriously worried about their weight.

In this setting, Bordeaux's words not only fit better into the author's text, but also help the author to interpret what Bordeaux is talking about. The phrases “feminist philosopher” and “Bordeaux notes” provide the reader with the necessary information, and the sentence following the quote bridges the gap between Bordeaux’s words and the author’s text.

The mention of 62% of girls in Fiji who are on a diet ceases to be a dry statistic (as it was in the incorrect passage quoted earlier) and becomes a quantitative example of how "Western cult diets have spread across the globe."

It is also important that these sentences explain Bordeaux's thought in the words of the author, making it clear that the quotation is used by the author intentionally to prepare the ground for his own arguments, and not to increase the length of the article or the list of references.

The fusion of strangers and your words

The quotation framing above also works well because it captures Bordeaux's words accurately and at the same time gives those words the sound the author of the text needs. Notice how in this passage the author returns to the basic idea of ​​diet several times, how he continues Bordeaux's theme of "television" and American and British "broadcasts" by introducing the term "cult" and further defining this cult as "Western".

Instead of simply repeating what Bordeaux said word for word, the sentences that follow the quotation adequately convey her speech, but at the same time turn the discussion in the direction the author needs. As a result, the framing of the quote creates a successful combination of the words of Bordeaux with the words of the author.

Is citation analysis excessive?

Is it possible to overdo it when explaining quotes? And how to understand that the explanations are already enough? After all, not all quotes require the same number of explanations, and there are no once and for all established rules for determining this.

In general, it can be said that most of all clarifications require such quotes that may be difficult to understand - long and complex, with numerous details or jargon, containing some imperceptible at first glance problems.

Although usually the place and extent of explanations are dictated by the specific situation, we can offer one general advice: if you are in doubt whether to explain, explain.

It is better to take the risk of being overly verbose in explaining the meaning of a quote than to "hang" it and leave readers bewildered.

Even if you know that your audience is familiar with the work of the person you are quoting and is able to interpret his words for themselves, it is still best to provide a full explanatory format for the quotation.

Even in such cases, readers need to know how you understand this quote, because words - especially if they belong to ambiguous figures - can be interpreted in different ways and used to support different, sometimes opposing, opinions.

Your readers need to see what you are doing with the material you are quoting, if only to make sure that you and they read the same thing.

How not to enter quotes

We want to end this chapter with an overview of some of the incorrect options for inserting quotes into text. Do not preface a quotation with phrases such as "Orwell suggests the idea that ..." or "A quote borrowed from Shakespeare says ...", although some authors do this.

Such introductory turns are redundant and confusing. In the first example, you could write "Orwell suggests..." or "Orwell's idea is..." rather than a combination of the two, which would be overkill.

The second example confuses the reader, because it is the author who is quoting, not Shakespeare (the phrase "quote borrowed from Shakespeare" is open to interpretation). The templates in this book will help you avoid such mistakes.

When you become proficient in using patterns such as "according to X" or "speaking in the words of X himself", you will probably not even think about it, calmly focusing on interesting ideas that can be framed using patterns.

Exercises

1. Find a published work that quotes what "they say". How does the author embed quotes in the text? How does he introduce these quotations and what does he say (if he says anything at all) in order to explain them and link them to his own text? Can you suggest any improvements based on what you have read in this chapter?
2. Review one of your written papers on a subject. Did you cite any sources in it? If so, how did you embed quotes in the text? How did you lead the reader to them? How were they explained? How did you indicate their attitude to your text? If you haven't done any of this, edit your text using templates for inserting citations into the text and explaining citations. If you have never used quotes in your texts, try editing some of your work to include quotes.

Hello!
I have combined several of my articles under one topic:

4 steps to essay writing. So I wanted to convey to my readers the idea that the preparatory work when writing an essay is much more important than writing the text itself.

Before you start creating your text ( essays) should be done 4 steps:

1 step.

2 step.

3 step.

4 step. .

Consistently overcoming each stage, you getting ready to write your text.
Then, when the essay (or any other text) has already been written into a draft, all that remains is to rewrite it cleanly into a clean copy, but do not forget to check the essay. Keep in mind when checking

writing requirements

And they are:

1. If a essay topic is not a quote, it is written without quotes! If the title of the essay is a quotation, then it must be written in quotation marks. The word "theme" is not written!
2. If you are using epigraph, write it without quotes on the right side of the sheet. On the next line, under the words of the epigraph, be sure to indicate the source: the last name of the author of the lines used in the epigraph, you can also indicate the title of the work. In this case, put a comma after the author's last name and write the title of the work in quotation marks on the same line. The surname and initials of the author, the title of the work are not enclosed in brackets, a dot is not put after them.
3. Middle of the next line after the epigraph(if any) or after topic(if you do not add an epigraph) write the word " Plan". How to draw up a plan, read.
4. Following the plan in the essay, be sure to highlight paragraphs.
5. Immediately after the plan, without skipping a line, start with a capital letter and a red line To write an essay.
6. If you use in your essay dates, write them in numbers: year and date - Arabic, century - Roman. If you record the century in Arabic numerals, this will not be considered a mistake and will not affect the estimate, but it is better not to do this. All other numerals should be written in cursive only.
7. Use quotes? Make out them correctly.

how quotes are formatted

Quotations are formatted in exactly the same way as sentences with direct or indirect speech.

The most common form of quotation is the direct one. This means that the cited statement from a literary source is formalized inside.
At the beginning it is written author's words”- this is the part of the sentence in which you say who and where, for what reason, wrote what you now intend to quote. This part of the sentence, when quoted, refers to your own text.
Then put colon, open quotes and capitalized entirely author's statement. After the quotation marks are closed, a period is put.

The great Russian critic V. G. Belinsky wrote: "For a true artist, where there is life, there is poetry."

If there is an author's question or exclamation in the statement that you are quoting, i.e. a question or exclamation mark put by the author of the statement, then you need to leave these marks inside the quotation marks. All punctuation marks inside quotes must be reproduced exactly author's punctuation.

M. A. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita” said: “Never ask for anything! Never and nothing, and especially for those who are stronger than you. They themselves will offer and give everything themselves!

“Language is inexhaustible in combinations of words,” A.S. Pushkin.

“Language,” A.P. Chekhov argued, “should be simple and elegant.”

You can start a quote not from the beginning of the author's sentence, but only from you need its parts. In this case, you can start the quote with a small letter, but first put ellipsis:

The Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz wrote: “... in Slavic literature and in Slavic languages, what is most striking is how widespread they are - their geographical extent, so to speak. From the point of view of the most significant and, by all accounts, the only significant one - in terms of population and the extent of the territory - the significance of the Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200bmay be immense ... "

You can embed the quote in your own reasoning:

S.I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary "... by all means to save mankind from reading bad, unnecessary books."

If you place a quote in the middle of your sentence then mark it like this:

Several editors have read the following text: “The young reader is especially concerned about books in which he seeks answers to vital questions,” and none of them noticed a gross logical error.

In the example you see that after quote put comma, as in a normal compound sentence. A full stop is assumed in the quotation itself, but it is not included. If the quote would end with an ellipsis, exclamation point or question mark, then after you need to put dash.

Without quotes and in the middle of the page are written poetic quotes, in which the poetic line is certainly preserved.

When you read, be attentive to the language, combinations of words. It enriches speech. The famous Russian poet Valery Bryusov spoke very expressively about this:

Perhaps everything in life is just a means

Until 2007, Russian students used any sources when completing their diploma papers and were not afraid that they would be accused of borrowing other people's texts. Now everything has changed, and absolutely all written works are checked for anti-plagiarism. If the percentage of uniqueness is below the norm, then the student is not allowed to defend.

This seems to be the right decision, if you do not face the verification process personally. An essential part of any work is citation. Some theses are even built to prove or disprove the work of some predecessor. What if it's a legal issue? How can it do without citations of laws? But any quote is on the Internet, and anti-plagiarism will underestimate the percentage, considering that you want to deceive the teacher. Let's explore and find solutions.

Does anti-plagiarism recognize quoting

There is an opinion that if a student issues a quote correctly, then he has nothing to be afraid of - anti-plagiarism will see this and will not take the fragment into account when determining the overall result. In fact, everything is different:

• Antiplagiat.ru recognizes quotes, but still reduces uniqueness because of them;
• ETXT, Advego DC Finder do not even react to quotes, equating them with the rest of the text; the most popular Antiplagiarism.VUZ service only plans to distinguish quotes, but so far considers them plagiarism.

What is the bottom line? Correctly formatting a quote is important, but only to pass the test of the teacher, and not the “machine”. But we will still open this issue in the hope that someday the anti-plagiarism will learn to distinguish between quotes and the student's text.

How to quote correctly

In this matter, we rely on the rules of the latest versions of training manuals, according to which the citation is issued according to a certain algorithm:

1. Mandatory introductory construction before the quote. For example, “According to the historian Ivanov I.I.” or "The famous scientist Petrov P.P. claimed."
2. The quote itself, enclosed in quotation marks.
3. Square brackets, which indicate the serial number of the source in the bibliographic list, as well as the page number. For example, .

Using this algorithm, you will not be able to make quotes a unique text, but at least avoid the comments of teachers on the design.

But how then to pass the check for uniqueness, if the correct quoting does not help? Take advantage of our site!

Increasing uniqueness in the Antiplagius service

We can help students in two ways: professional rewriting and coding.

Of course, our specialists will not rewrite quotes, but they can make the rest of the test absolutely unique, and you will not be afraid of checking. We have access to all verification services, even the “closed” Antiplagiarism.VUZ, so we will check the work and send you a report. The cost of the service is 100 rubles per page, the deadline is no more than 3 days.