Pirogov year of life and birth. Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich - biography, photo, medicine, personal life of a surgeon

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was born on November 13, 1810 in Moscow, in the family of a treasury official. Nikolai was the thirteenth child in the family. As a child, little Kolya was impressed by the famous Moscow doctor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin (1766-1850). He was the dean of the department of medical sciences, and by 1832 he had written 17 treatises on medicine. Dr. Mukhin treated brother Nikolai for a cold. Mukhin often visited their house. Nikolai liked the enchanting manners of the aesculapian so much that he began to play Doctor Mukhin with his family. Many times he listened to everyone at home with his pipe, coughed and, imitating Mukha’s voice, prescribed medications. Nikolai played so hard that he actually became a doctor - a famous Russian surgeon, teacher and public figure, the creator of the Russian school of surgery.

Nikolai received his initial education at home and later studied at a private boarding school. At the age of 14, Pirogov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1828.

Pirogov’s student years passed during the period of reaction, when the preparation of anatomical preparations was prohibited as a “blasphemous” act, and anatomical museums were destroyed. After graduating from the university, he went to the city of Dorpat (Yuryev) to prepare for the professorship, where he studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of Professor Ivan Filippovich Moyer.

On August 31, 1832, Nikolai Ivanovich defended his dissertation: “Is dressing abdominal aorta with an aneurysm groin area easily feasible and safe intervention?" In this work, he posed and resolved a number of fundamental important issues, concerning not so much the technique of aortic ligation, but rather the clarification of reactions to this intervention as vascular system, and the body as a whole. With his data, he refuted the ideas of the then famous English surgeon Cooper about the causes of death during this operation.

In 1833-1835, Pirogov was in Germany, where he continued to study anatomy and surgery. In 1836, he was elected professor of the department of surgery at Dorpat (now Tartu) University. In 1849, his monograph “On cutting the Achilles tendon as an operative orthopedic procedure” was published. remedy".

Pirogov conducted more than eighty experiments, studied in detail the anatomical structure of the tendon and the process of its fusion after cutting. He used this operation to treat clubfoot. At the end of the winter of 1841, at the invitation of the Medical-Surgical Academy (in St. Petersburg), he took the chair of surgery and was appointed head of the hospital surgery clinic, organized on his initiative from the 2nd Military Land Hospital.

In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the active army, where, during the siege of the village of Salta, he used ether for anesthesia in the field for the first time in the history of surgery. In 1854, he took part in the defense of Sevastopol, where he proved himself not only as a surgeon-clinician, but primarily as an organizer of medical care for the wounded; at this time they used help for the first time in the field sisters of mercy . To care for the wounded, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of mercy of the Holy Cross community, which became an innovation. Pirogov proposed dividing the nurses into dressing nurses, attendants, pharmacists and housewife sisters, having developed special instructions for each of these groups, which significantly increased the quality of the nurses’ work and their responsibility.

Upon returning from Sevastopol (1856), he left the Medical-Surgical Academy and was appointed trustee of the Odessa, and later (1858) Kyiv educational districts. In 1861, he was dismissed from this post for his then progressive ideas in the field of education. In 1862-1866 he was sent abroad as a leader of young scientists sent to prepare for the professorship. Upon returning to his homeland, he settled on his estate, the village of Vishnya (now the village of Pirogovo, near the city of Vinnitsa), where he lived almost constantly.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov revolutionized surgery. His research laid the foundation for the scientific anatomical and experimental direction in surgery; Pirogov laid the foundations of military field surgery and surgical anatomy. Pirogov's services to the world and domestic surgery huge. In 1847 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Pirogov's works brought Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world. Already in the first years of scientific, pedagogical and practical activity, he harmoniously combined theory and practice, widely using the experimental method to clarify a number of clinically important issues. Practical work Pirogov built on the basis of careful anatomical and physiological research. In 1837-1838 he published the work “Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia”; This study laid the foundations of surgical anatomy and determined the paths for its further development.

Paying great attention clinic, he reorganized the teaching of surgery in order to ensure that every student had the opportunity practical learning subject. Special attention Pirogov paid attention to the analysis of mistakes made in the treatment of patients, considering practice the main method of improving scientific and pedagogical work (in 1837-1839), he published two volumes of “Clinical Annals”, in which he criticized his own mistakes in treating patients).

In 1846, according to Pirogov’s project, the first anatomical institute in Russia was created at the Medical-Surgical Academy, which allowed students and doctors to study applied anatomy, practice operations, and also conduct experimental observations. The creation of a hospital surgical clinic and an anatomical institute allowed Pirogov to carry out a number of important studies that determined the further development of surgery. Giving special meaning knowledge of anatomy by doctors, Pirogov in 1846 published “Anatomical images human body, prescribed primarily for forensic doctors", and in 1850 - "Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body."

As a result of scientific research, Pirogov created an atlas " Topographic anatomy, illustrated with cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", equipped with explanatory text. This work brought Pirogov world fame. Pirogov's works on surgical anatomy and operative surgery laid the scientific foundations for the development of surgery. Pirogov created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name. The osteoplastic amputation of the foot he proposed for the first time in world practice laid the foundation for the development of osteoplastic surgery. Pathological anatomy did not go unnoticed by Pirogov. His famous work " Pathological anatomy Asiatic cholera" (atlas 1849, text 1850), awarded the Demidov Prize, and is now an unsurpassed study.

Rich personal experience surgeon, received by Pirogov during the wars in the Caucasus and Crimea, allowed him for the first time to develop a clear system of organization surgical care wounded in the war. The operation of resection of the elbow joint developed by Pirogov helped to a certain extent limit amputations. Pirogov outlined and fundamentally resolved the main issues of military field surgery (issues of organization, the doctrine of shock, wounds, pyemia, etc.) As a clinician, Pirogov was distinguished by exceptional observation; his statements regarding wound infection, the meaning of miasma, the use of various antiseptic substances in the treatment of wounds (tincture of iodine, bleach solution, silver nitrate) are essentially an anticipation of the works of the English surgeon J. Lister.

Pirogov’s great merit is in the development of pain management issues. In 1847, less than a year after the discovery of ether anesthesia by the American physician W. Morton, Pirogov published an exceptionally important experimental study, dedicated to the study of the influence of ether on the animal organism (“Anatomical and physiological studies on etherization”). He proposed a number of new methods of ether anesthesia (intravenous, intratracheal, rectal), and created devices for “etherization.” Along with the Russian physiologist Alexei Matveevich Filomafitsky (1807-1849), a professor at Moscow University, he made the first attempts to explain the essence of anesthesia; he indicated that narcotic substance has an effect on the central nervous system and this effect is carried out through the blood, regardless of the route of its introduction into the body.

At the age of 70, Pirogov began to have difficulty seeing due to cataracts. Swiftness and will still lived in his face. There were almost no teeth. This made it difficult to speak. In addition, I suffered from a painful ulcer on the hard palate. The ulcer appeared in the winter of 1881. Pirogov mistook it for a burn. He had a habit of rinsing his mouth with hot water to prevent the smell of tobacco. A few weeks later he said to his wife: “It’s like cancer.” In Moscow, Pirogov was examined by Sklifosovsky, then by Val, Grube, and Bogdanovsky. They suggested surgery. His wife took Pirogov to Vienna, to the famous Billroth. Billroth tried to persuade him not to undergo surgery, and swore that the ulcer was benign. Pirogov was difficult to deceive. Even the almighty Pirogov was powerless against cancer.

In Moscow in 1881, the 50th anniversary of Pirogov’s scientific, pedagogical and social activities was celebrated; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. On November 23 of the same year, Pirogov died on his estate Vishnya, near the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, his body was embalmed and placed in a crypt.

In 1897, a monument to Pirogov was erected in Moscow using funds raised by subscription.

On the estate where Pirogov lived, a memorial museum named after him was organized in 1947; Pirogov’s body was restored and placed for viewing in a specially rebuilt crypt.

A.Soroka N.I.Pirogov with nanny Ekaterina Mikhailovna

He was helped to get an education by a family acquaintance - a famous Moscow doctor, professor at Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy’s abilities and began to work with him individually.
At the age of eleven, Nikolai entered Kryazhev’s private boarding school. The course of study there was paid and lasted for six years. Boarding school students were trained for official service. Ivan Ivanovich hoped that his son would receive a good education and will be able to achieve a “noble”, noble title. He did not think about his son’s medical career, since at that time medicine was the occupation of commoners. Nikolai studied at the boarding school for two years, then the family ran out of money for education.

When Nikolai was fourteen years old, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. To do this, he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades.
Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly work part-time to help his family. The father died, the house and almost all the property went to pay debts - the family was immediately left without a breadwinner and without shelter. Nikolai sometimes had nothing to wear to lectures: his boots were thin, and his jacket was such that he was ashamed to take off his overcoat.
Finally, Nikolai managed to get a position as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This work gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

Having received his diploma, Pirogov went to prepare for professorship at the University of Dorpat (now Tartu). At that time, Yuryev University was considered the best in Russia. In Dorpat, Pirogov rolled up his sleeves and got into practice. He listened to lectures by Professor of Surgery Moyer, was present at operations, assisted, sat until dark in the anatomy department, dissected, and carried out experiments. In his room the candle did not go out even after midnight - he read, took notes, extracts, tried his literary powers. At the university, Nikolai met Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. He was older than Pirogov and had already retired (they said that his caustic satire on the admiral helped prompt his resignation). They worked a lot together at the clinic and became great friends.
Pirogov worked at the surgical clinic for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six he was elected professor of surgery at the University of Dorpat.

V. Pirogov Defense of doctoral dissertation by Pirogov

After defending his doctoral dissertation in 1832, Pirogov was sent to Berlin. The young professor came abroad, able to take what he needed, discard what he needed, and confident in his abilities. He found a teacher not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. He hated slowness and demanded fast, precise and rhythmic work.

A.Sidorov N.I.Pirogov and K.D.Ushinsky in Heidelberg

Returning home, Pirogov became seriously ill and was left for treatment in Riga. Riga was lucky: if Pirogov had not gotten sick, it would not have become the platform for his rapid recognition. As soon as Pirogov got out of his hospital bed, he began to operate. The city had previously heard rumors about a young surgeon showing great promise. Now it was necessary to confirm the good glory that ran far ahead. He started with rhinoplasty: he cut out a new nose for the noseless barber. Then he remembered that it was best nose of all the ones he made in his life. Behind plastic surgery Inevitable lithotomy, amputation, and tumor removal followed.

From Riga he headed to Dorpat, where he learned that the Moscow department promised to him had been given to another candidate. But he was lucky - Ivan Filippovich Moyer handed over his clinic in Dorpat to the student. Pirogov met the winter of 1836 in St. Petersburg. He waited until the minister deigned to approve him for the department in Dorpat.
In 1838, Pirogov went to study in France for six months, where five years earlier, after the professorial institute, his superiors did not want to let him go. In Parisian clinics, he grasps some interesting details and does not find anything unknown.

On January 18, 1841, Nicholas I approved the transfer of Pirogov from Dorpat to St. Petersburg to fulfill the duties of a professor at the Medical-Surgical Academy.
The scientist worked here for more than ten years. The auditorium where he gives a course in surgery is filled with at least three hundred people: not only doctors are crowded on the benches; students of other educational institutions, writers, officials, military men, artists, engineers, even ladies come to listen to Pirogov. Newspapers and magazines write about him, comparing his lectures with the concerts of the famous Italian Angelica Catalani.
Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Plant, and he agrees. Now he is coming up with tools that any surgeon can use to perform an operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a position as a consultant in one hospital, in another, in a third, and he again agrees.

K. Kuznetsov and V. Sidoruk Wonderful doctor

At the same time, Pirogov headed the hospital surgery clinic he organized. Since Pirogov’s responsibilities included training military surgeons, he began to study the common in those days surgical methods. Many of them were radically reworked by him; in addition, Pirogov developed a number of completely new techniques, thanks to which he was able to avoid amputation of limbs more often than other surgeons. One of these techniques is still called the “Pirogov operation.”

But it was not only well-wishers who surrounded the scientist. He had many envious people and enemies who were disgusted by the doctor’s zeal and fanaticism. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov became seriously ill, poisoned by the hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn’t get up for a month and a half.
Then he met Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hasty, modest wedding took place.
Having recovered, Pirogov again plunged into work; great things awaited him. He “locked” his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of friends, furnished apartment. He didn’t take her to the theater because he spent late hours in the anatomical theater, he didn’t go to balls with her because balls were idleness, he took away her novels and gave her scientific journals in return. Pirogov jealously kept his wife away from his friends, because she should have belonged entirely to him, just as he belonged entirely to science. And the woman probably had too much and too little of the great Pirogov. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in the fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov with two sons: the second cost her her life.
But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project for the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest authorities.

L. Koshtelyanchuk After surgery

In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the active army, as he wanted to test the operational methods he had developed in the field. In the Caucasus, he was the first to use bandages soaked in starch. The starch dressing turned out to be more convenient and durable than the previously used splints. Here, in the village of Salta, Pirogov, for the first time in the history of medicine, began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.

After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna, Pirogov was left alone. “I have no friends,” he admitted with his usual frankness. And boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him at home. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider necessary to hide from himself, from his acquaintances, and, it seems, from the girls planned as brides. In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, enthusiastically reading and re-reading his article on the ideal of a woman. The girl feels like a lonely soul, thinks a lot and seriously about life, loves children. In conversation they called her “a girl with convictions.”

Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed. Going to the estate of the bride's parents, where they were supposed to have an inconspicuous wedding. Pirogov, confident in advance that the honeymoon, disrupting his usual activities, would make him hot-tempered and intolerant, asked Alexandra Antonovna to select crippled poor people in need of surgery for his arrival: work would sweeten the first time of love!

In 1855, during the Crimean War, Pirogov was the chief surgeon of Sevastopol, besieged by Anglo-French troops. While operating on the wounded, Pirogov, for the first time in the history of world medicine, used plaster cast, giving rise to cost-saving tactics for treating limb wounds and saving many soldiers and officers from amputation. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of the Holy Cross community of sisters of mercy.

L. Koshtelyanchuk N.I. Pirogov and sailor Pyotr Koshka.

Pirogov’s most important merit is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of caring for the wounded. The wounded were subject to careful selection already at the first dressing station: depending on the severity of the wounds, some of them were subject to immediate surgery in the field, while others, with milder wounds, were evacuated inland for treatment in stationary military hospitals. Therefore, Pirogov is rightly considered the founder of a special direction in surgery, known as military field surgery.

In October 1855, a meeting of two great scientists took place in Simferopol - N.I. Pirogov and D.I. Mendeleev. Famous chemist, author of the periodic law chemical elements, and then a modest teacher at the Simferopol gymnasium, turned to Nikolai Ivanovich for advice on the recommendation of the St. Petersburg physician N.F. Zdekauer, who found Mendeleev to have tuberculosis and that, in his opinion, the patient had several months left to live. It was obvious: the enormous overloads that the 19-year-old boy shouldered, and the damp climate of St. Petersburg, where he studied, had a negative impact on his health. N.I. Pirogov did not confirm the diagnosis of his colleague, he prescribed necessary treatment and this brought the patient back to life. Subsequently, D.I. Mendeleev spoke with delight about Nikolai Ivanovich: “What a doctor he was! He saw right through the person and immediately understood my nature.”

I.Tikhiy N.I. Pirogov examines the patient D.I. Mendeleev

For his services to helping the wounded and sick, N.I. Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 1st degree.

Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception with Alexander II, told the emperor about the problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian army and its weapons. The Tsar did not want to listen to Pirogov. From that moment on, Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor and in July 1858 he was “exiled” to Odessa to the post of trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts. Sunday schools are opening in the district in the fall. Pirogov tried to reform the existing system school education, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post in March 1861.
But society did not want to do without Pirogov. He is sent abroad as a leader of young Russian scientists. Behind short term Pirogov examined 25 foreign universities and compiled a detailed report on the studies of each of the professorial candidates. He compiled characteristics of the professors for whom they worked. Studied the state of higher education in different countries Ah, I outlined my observations and conclusions.
In October 1862, Pirogov advised Garibaldi. None of the most famous doctors in Europe could find the bullet lodged in his body. Only a Russian surgeon managed to remove the bullet and cure the famous Italian.

K. Kuznetsov N.I. Pirogov with Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Sergey Prisekin Pirogov and Garibaldi 1998

After the assassination attempt on Alexander II, the reaction in Russia intensified, Pirogov was generally dismissed from civil service even without the right to a pension.
In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate “Vishnya” not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures.

A. Sidorov Arrival of N.V. Sklifasovsky to the Vishnya estate

By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov left the estate only twice: the first time in 1870 during the Prussian-French War, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in 1877-1878. - already at a very old age - he worked at the front for several months during the Russian-Turkish war.

When Emperor Alexander II visited Bulgaria in August 1877, during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, he remembered Pirogov as an incomparable surgeon and the best organizer of medical services at the front.
Despite his old age (Pirogov was already 67 years old at the time), Nikolai Ivanovich agreed to go to Bulgaria on the condition that he would be given complete freedom of action. His wish was granted, and on October 10, 1877, Pirogov arrived in Bulgaria, in the village of Gorna Studena, not far from Plevna, where the main headquarters of the Russian command was located.

Pirogov organized the treatment of soldiers, care for the wounded and sick in military hospitals in Svishtov, Zgalevo, Bolgaren, Gorna Studena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bohot, Byala, Plevna.
From October 10 to December 17, 1877, Pirogov traveled over 700 km on a chaise and sleigh, over an area of ​​12,000 square meters. km., occupied by the Russians between the Vit and Yantra rivers. Nikolai Ivanovich visited 11 Russian military temporary hospitals, 10 divisional hospitals and 3 pharmacy warehouses located in 22 different localities. During this time, he treated and operated on both Russian soldiers and many Bulgarians.

In 1881, N. I. Pirogov became the 5th honorary citizen of Moscow “in connection with the fiftieth anniversary labor activity in the field of education, science and citizenship."

Ilya Repin The arrival of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov to Moscow for his 50th anniversary scientific activity. Sketch. 1883-88

Until the end of his life, he saw patients at home for free at least one day a week - in private practice his surgical art reached its peak. He looked for benefactors for students and opened Sunday schools.

A. Sidorov Tchaikovsky with Pirogov

Paradox, but worldwide famous surgeon died of complications caused by tooth extraction at the age of 71.
Nikolai Pirogov was laid in the coffin in the black uniform of the Privy Councilor of the Pedagogical Department.
Shortly before his death, Pirogov received a book by his student D. Vyvodtsev, who described how he embalmed the suddenly deceased Chinese ambassador. Pirogov spoke with approval of the book. When he died, the widow Alexandra Antonovna turned to Vyvodtsev with a request to repeat this experiment.

His body, with the permission of the church, was embalmed and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vishnya near Vinnitsa. During World War II, during the retreat Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with Pirogov’s body was hidden in the ground, and was damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently subjected to restoration and re-embalming. Officially, Pirogov’s tomb is called a “necropolis church,” consecrated in honor of St. Nicholas of Myra. The body is located below ground level in the funeral hall - the ground floor of the Orthodox church, in a glassed sarcophagus, to which those who wish to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist can access.

I. Krestovsky Monument to Pirogov 1947

The main significance of all Pirogov’s activities is that with his selfless and often selfless work, he turned surgery into a science, equipping doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.

Materials from WIKIPEDIA, the site, as well as from these sources, , and.

Some of the paintings were taken from the Pirogov museum-estate in Vinnitsa.

The great surgeon and scientist Nikolai Pirogov was once nicknamed the “wonderful doctor.” There were real legends about cases of amazing healing and his unprecedented skill. The doctor did not see the difference between the rootless and the noble, the poor and the rich. He operated on absolutely everyone, and dedicated his entire life to this calling. The activities and biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov will be presented to your attention below.

First idol

The biography of Nikolai Pirogov began in November 1810 in Moscow in a large family. Among the brothers and sisters, the future surgeon was the youngest.

My father worked as a treasurer. Therefore, the Pirogov family always lived in abundance. They were more than thorough in their education of their offspring. The head of the family always hired the best teachers. Nikolai first studied at home, and then began to receive education in one of the private boarding schools.

It is not surprising that, as an eight-year-old boy, the future surgeon was already reading. He was impressed by Karamzin's works as well. In addition, he was fond of poetry and also composed poems himself.

The Pirogovs' house was often visited by the famous doctor and family friend Efim Mukhin. He began to heal under G. Potemkin. Once he cured his brother Nikolai of pneumonia. The future surgeon watched his actions and began to play the good doctor Mukhin, imitating him in everything. And when young Nikolai was given a toy stethoscope, Mukhin himself drew attention to the child and began to work with him.

To be honest, my parents believed that this childhood hobby would pass over time. They hoped that their son would choose a different path, a more noble one. But it so happened that it was medical practice that turned out to be the only way to survive not only for the impoverished family, but also for Nikolai himself. The fact is that a colleague of Pirogov Sr. stole a huge amount of money and disappeared. The father of the future surgeon, as treasurer, had to compensate for the shortfall. I had to sell most of my property, move from a big house to a small apartment, and limit myself in everything. A little later, my father could not stand such tests. He was gone.

Students

Despite the deplorable situation of the once wealthy family, Nikolai’s mother decided to give him an excellent education. All the family’s remaining money, in fact, went towards training the future surgeon.

Fourteen-year-old Nikolai became a student at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow State University, adding 2 years to himself upon admission.

At the university, Pirogov succeeded in literally everything - he absorbed knowledge with enviable ease and managed to earn extra money in order to help his family. He got a job as a dissector in one of the anatomical theaters. While working there, I finally realized that I wanted to become a surgeon.

When the young doctor was already graduating from university, he came to the understanding that the authorities did not need domestic medicine. He was disappointed. During all the years of studying at Moscow State University, I did not perform a single operation. And so I hoped that I would be closely involved in surgery and science.

Dorpat-Berlin-Dorpt-Paris

Having brilliantly graduated from the university, Pirogov went to Dorpat. He began working in a surgical clinic at the university. Note that this university was then considered one of the best in the country.

The young specialist worked in this city for five years. He finally picked up a scalpel and practically lived in the laboratory.

Over the years, Pirogov wrote his doctoral dissertation and defended it superbly. He was then only twenty-two.

After Dorpat, the scientist arrived in the capital of Germany. Until 1835 he again studied surgery and anatomy. Thus, Professor Langenbeck taught him the purity of surgical methods. By this time his dissertation had been translated into German. Rumors about the talented surgeon began to spread throughout all cities and countries. His fame grew.

From Berlin, Pirogov again went to Dorpat, where he headed the department of surgery at the university. He was already operating on his own back then. To a young man managed to demonstrate his excellent skill as a surgeon. In addition, he published a number of his scientific works and monographs. These works strengthened his great authority as a scientist.

During this period, Pirogov also visited Paris and examined the best clinics in the capital. Note that he was disappointed with working in such institutions. Moreover, the mortality rate in France was very high.

In Petersburg

As evidenced by the brief biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, in 1841 he began working at the University of St. Petersburg in the department of surgery. In total, I worked there for ten years.

Not only students, but also students from other universities came to his lectures. Newspapers and magazines constantly published articles about the talented surgeon.

After some time, Pirogov also headed the Tool Plant. From now on, he himself could invent and design medical instruments.

He also began working as a consultant in one of the St. Petersburg hospitals. The number of clinics to which he was invited grew rapidly.

In 1846, Pirogov completed the project for an anatomical institute. Now students could study anatomy, learn to operate and conduct observations.

Anesthesia test

In the same year, a test of anesthesia was successfully completed, which began to conquer all countries with enviable speed. In just one year, 690 operations were performed under ether anesthesia in 13 Russian cities. Note that 300 of them were made by Pirogov!

After some time, Nikolai Ivanovich arrived in the Caucasus, where he participated in military clashes. Once, during the siege of an aul called Salty, Pirogov had to perform operations on the wounded under anesthesia in the field. This was the first time in the entire history of medicine.

War in Crimea

In 1853, the Crimean War began. A short biography of the doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov contains information that he was sent to the active army in Sevastopol. The doctor had to work in terrible conditions, in huts and tents. But nevertheless he spent great amount operations. In this case, surgical interventions were carried out only under ether anesthesia.

It was also during this war that a medic used a plaster cast for the first time. In addition, thanks to him, the institute of “sisters of mercy” appeared.

The popularity of the surgeon grew steadily, especially among ordinary soldiers.

Opal

Meanwhile, Pirogov returned to the capital. He reported to the sovereign about the illiterate leadership of the Russian army. However, the autocrat did not listen at all to the advice of the famous doctor. And he fell out of favor. Pirogov left the St. Petersburg Academy and became a trustee of the Kyiv and Odessa educational districts.

Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich (a short biography confirms this) tried to change the entire education system in schools. But in 1861, such actions led to a serious conflict with local authorities. As a result, the scientist was forced to resign.

Over the next four years, Pirogov lived abroad. He led a group of young specialists who went there for academic qualifications. As a teacher, Pirogov helped many young people. Thus, it was he who was the first to recognize his talent in the famous scientist I. Mechnikov.

In 1866, Pirogov returned to his homeland. He came to his estate near Vinnitsa and organized a hospital there. And it’s free.

Last years

A short biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov for children contains information that he lived on the estate almost constantly. Only occasionally did he travel to the capital and other countries. The famous surgeon was invited there to give his lectures.

In 1877, the Russian-Turkish War began. And Pirogov again found himself in the thick of terrible events. He arrived in Bulgaria and, as always, began operating on the soldiers. By the way, based on the results of the military campaign, the famous surgeon published his next work on “military medicine” in Bulgaria in the late 70s of the nineteenth century.

In the spring of 1881, the public celebrated the half-century anniversary of Pirogov’s scientific work. Honor the scientist's profit famous people from different countries. It was then, during the ceremonial events, that he was given terrible diagnosis- oncology.

After this, Nikolai Ivanovich went to Vienna to undergo surgery. But it was already too late. At the very beginning of December 1881, the unique scientist passed away.

By the way, shortly before his death, Pirogov discovered new way embalming the deceased. Using this method, the body of the surgeon himself was also embalmed. It is buried in a tomb on his estate.

Surprisingly, one of the Fuhrer’s headquarters was located on this territory during the Great Patriotic War. The invaders did not disturb the ashes of the great doctor.

Nikolai Pirogov: biography, personal life

Nikolai Pirogov was married twice. The surgeon’s first wife was Ekaterina Berezina. She was born into a well-born but greatly impoverished family. She lived in marriage for only four years. During this time, she managed to give Pirogov two sons. Wife died during childbirth youngest son. For Pirogov, the death of his wife was a terrible and heavy blow. By and large, he blamed himself for a long time and believed that he could have saved his wife.

After the death of his wife, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, whose brief biography is presented to your attention in the article, tried to get married two more times. All of these cases were unsuccessful. And then they told him about a certain 22-year-old girl. She was nicknamed "the lady with convictions." It's about about Baroness Alexandra Bistrom. She admired the scientist’s articles and was generally very interested in science. Thus, Pirogov found a woman close in spirit.

The scientist proposed to Bistrom, and she, of course, agreed. After the marriage, the couple began operating on patients together. Pirogov supervised the process of the operation itself, and the Baroness assisted him. The great surgeon was then forty years old.

Biography
Brilliant mind and incomprehensible scientific intuition Pirogov was so ahead of his time that his daring ideas, such as an artificial joint, seemed fantastic even to the world's luminaries of surgery. They simply shrugged their shoulders and laughed at his thoughts, which led so far into the 21st century.
Nikolai Pirogov was born on November 13, 1810 in Moscow, in the family of a treasury official. The Pirogov family was patriarchal, established, strong. Nikolai was the thirteenth child in her. As a child, little Kolya was impressed by Dr. Efrem Osipovich Mukhin (1766-1850), famous in Moscow to the same extent as Mudrov. Mukhin began as a military doctor under Potemkin. He was the dean of the department of medical sciences, and by 1832 he had written 17 treatises on medicine. Dr. Mukhin treated brother Nikolai for a cold. He often visited their house, and always, on the occasion of his arrival, a special atmosphere arose in the house. Nikolai liked the enchanting manners of the aesculapian so much that he began to play Doctor Mukhin with his family. Many times he listened to everyone at home with his pipe, coughed and, imitating Mukha’s voice, prescribed medications. Nikolai played so hard that he actually became a doctor. Yes, what! Famous Russian surgeon, teacher and public figure, founder of the Russian school of surgery.
Nikolai received his initial education at home and later studied at a private boarding school. He loved poetry and wrote poems himself. Nikolai spent only two years in the boarding school instead of the required four years. His father went bankrupt and had nothing to pay for his studies. On the advice of professor of anatomy E.O. Mukhina’s father, with great difficulty, “corrected” Nikolai’s age in the document (someone had to be “greased up”) from fourteen to sixteen years. People were admitted to Moscow University from the age of sixteen. Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov made it on time. A year later he died, and the family began to beg.
On September 22, 1824, Nikolai Pirogov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1828. Pirogov’s student years passed during the period of reaction, when the preparation of anatomical preparations was prohibited as a “blasphemous” act, and anatomical museums were destroyed. After graduating from the university, he went to the city of Dorpat (Yuryev) to prepare for the professorship, where he studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of Professor Ivan Filippovich Moyer.
On August 31, 1832, Nikolai Ivanovich defended his dissertation “Is ligation of the abdominal aorta for an aneurysm of the groin area an easily feasible and safe intervention?” In this work, he posed and resolved a number of fundamentally important questions relating not so much to the technique of ligation of the aorta, but to the clarification of reactions to this intervention as the vascular system and the body as a whole. With his data, he refuted the ideas of the then famous English surgeon A. Cooper about the causes of death during this operation.
In 1833-1835, Pirogov was in Germany, where he continued to study anatomy and surgery. In 1836, he was elected professor of the department of surgery at Dorpat (now Tartu) University. In 1849, his monograph “On cutting the Achilles tendon as an operative and orthopedic treatment” was published. Pirogov conducted more than eighty experiments, studied in detail the anatomical structure of the tendon and the process of its fusion after cutting. He used this operation to treat clubfoot.
At the end of the winter of 1841, at the invitation of the Medical-Surgical Academy (in St. Petersburg), Pirogov took the chair of surgery and was appointed head of the hospital surgery clinic, organized on his initiative from the 2nd Military Land Hospital. At this time, Nikolai Ivanovich lived on the left side of Liteyny Prospekt, in a small house, on the second floor. In the same building, in the same entrance, on the second floor, opposite his apartment, the magazine “Sovremennik” was located, in the editorial office of which N.G. worked. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Nekrasov.
In 1847, Doctor Pirogov went to the Caucasus to serve in the army, where, during the siege of the village of Salta, he used ether for anesthesia in the field for the first time in the history of surgery. In 1854, he took part in the defense of Sevastopol, where he proved himself not only as a surgeon-clinician, but primarily as an organizer of medical care for the wounded; at this time, for the first time in the field, he used the help of sisters of mercy.
Upon returning from Sevastopol in 1856, Pirogov left the Medical-Surgical Academy and was appointed trustee of the Odessa, and later (in 1858) Kyiv educational districts. However, in 1861, he was dismissed from this post for his progressive ideas in the field of education at that time.
In 1862-1866, Pirogov was sent abroad as a leader of young scientists sent to prepare for a professorship. Upon his return, he settled on his estate, the village of Vishnya (now the village of Pirogovo, near the city of Vinnitsa), where he lived almost constantly.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov also saw performances that reduced all the variety of surgical techniques to three basic rules: “cut the soft parts, cut the hard parts, bandage where there is a leak.” He revolutionized surgery. His research laid the foundation for the scientific anatomical and experimental direction in surgery; Pirogov laid the foundations of military field surgery and surgical anatomy.
Nikolai Ivanovich’s services to world and domestic surgery are enormous. In 1847 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His works brought Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world. Already in the first years of scientific, pedagogical and practical activity, he harmoniously combined theory and practice, widely using the experimental method to clarify a number of clinically important issues. He built his practical work on the basis of thorough anatomical and physiological research. In 1837-1838, Pirogov published the work “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia”; This study laid the foundations of surgical anatomy and determined the paths for its further development.
Paying great attention to the clinic, Pirogov reorganized the teaching of surgery in order to provide every student with the opportunity to practically study the subject. Pirogov paid special attention to the analysis of mistakes made in the treatment of patients, considering practice the main method of improving scientific and pedagogical work (in 1837-1839), he published two volumes of “Clinical Annals”, in which he criticized his own mistakes in treating patients).
In 1846, according to Pirogov’s project, the first anatomical institute in Russia was created at the Medical-Surgical Academy, which allowed students and doctors to study applied anatomy, practice operations, and also conduct experimental observations. The creation of a hospital surgical clinic and an anatomical institute allowed Pirogov to carry out a number of important studies that determined the further development of surgery. Attaching particular importance to doctors' knowledge of anatomy, Pirogov in 1846 published “Anatomical images of the human body, intended primarily for forensic doctors,” and in 1850, “Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body.”
After the death of his wife, Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, Pirogov wanted to get married twice. By calculation. I didn’t believe that I could still fall in love. The wife, leaving Pirogov two sons, Nikolai and Vladimir, died in January 1846, at the age of twenty-four, from postpartum illness. In 1850, Nikolai Ivanovich finally fell in love and got married. Four months before the marriage, he bombarded the bride with letters. He sent them several times a day - three, ten, twenty, forty pages of small, neat handwriting! He revealed his soul, his thoughts, views, feelings to the bride. Without forgetting your “bad sides”, “imperfections of character”, “weaknesses”. He didn't want her to love him only for "great things." He wanted her to love him for who he was. But while he was preparing for the wedding with nineteen-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, the niece of General Kozen, his mother died...
The Pirogovsky method of “ice sculpture” is well known. Having set myself the task of figuring out the forms various organs, their relative position, as well as their displacement and deformation under the influence of physiological and pathological processes, Pirogov developed special methods for anatomical research on a frozen human corpse. Consistently removing tissue with a chisel and hammer, he left behind the organ or system that interested him. In other cases, Pirogov used a specially designed saw to make serial cuts in the transverse, longitudinal and anterior-posterior directions. As a result of his research, he created the atlas “Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections drawn through the frozen human body in three directions,” equipped with explanatory text.
This work brought Pirogov world fame. The atlas provided not only a description of the topographic relationship individual organs and tissues in various planes, but also showed for the first time the importance of experimental studies on a corpse.
Pirogov's works on surgical anatomy and operative surgery laid the scientific foundations for the development of surgery. An outstanding surgeon with a brilliant surgical technique, Pirogov did not limit himself to the use of surgical approaches and techniques known at that time; he created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name. The osteoplastic amputation of the foot he proposed for the first time in world practice laid the foundation for the development of osteoplastic surgery. Pathological anatomy did not go unnoticed by Pirogov. His famous work “Pathological Anatomy of Asian Cholera” (atlas of 1849, text of 1850), awarded the Demidov Prize, is still an unsurpassed study.
The rich personal experience as a surgeon, gained by Pirogov during the wars in the Caucasus and Crimea, allowed him for the first time to develop a clear system for organizing surgical care for the wounded in war.
The operation of resection of the elbow joint developed by Pirogov helped to a certain extent limit amputations. In “The Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery...”, which are a generalization of Pirogov’s military surgical practice, he outlined and fundamentally resolved the main issues of military field surgery (issues of organization, the doctrine of shock, wounds, pyemia, etc.). As a clinician, Pirogov was distinguished by exceptional observation; his statements regarding wound infection, the meaning of miasma, the use of various antiseptic substances in the treatment of wounds (tincture of iodine, bleach solution, silver nitrate) are essentially an anticipation of the works of the English surgeon J. Lister.
Pirogov’s great merit is in the development of pain management issues. In 1847, less than a year after the discovery of ether anesthesia by the American physician W. Morton, Pirogov published an exceptionally important experimental study devoted to the study of the effect of ether on the animal organism (“Anatomical and physiological studies on etherization”). He proposed a number of new methods of ether anesthesia (intravenous, intratracheal, rectal), and created devices for “etheration.” Along with the Russian physiologist Alexei Matveevich Filomafitsky (1807-1849), a professor at Moscow University, he made the first attempts to explain the essence of anesthesia; he pointed out that the narcotic substance has an effect on the central nervous system and this effect is carried out through the blood, regardless of the route of its introduction into the body.
At seventy years old, Pirogov became quite an old man. Cataracts robbed him of the joy of seeing the colors of the world clearly. Swiftness and will still lived in his face. There were almost no teeth. This made it difficult to speak. In addition, he was tormented by a painful ulcer on the hard palate, which appeared in the winter of 1881. Pirogov mistook it for a burn. He had a habit of rinsing his mouth with hot water to prevent the smell of tobacco. A few weeks later he said to his wife, “It’s like cancer.” In Moscow, Pirogov was examined by Sklifosovsky, then by Val, Grube, and Bogdanovsky. They suggested surgery. His wife took Pirogov to Vienna, to the famous Billroth. Billroth tried to persuade him not to undergo surgery, and swore that the ulcer was benign. Pirogov was difficult to deceive. Even the almighty Pirogov was powerless against cancer.
In Moscow in 1881, the 50th anniversary of Pirogov’s scientific, pedagogical and social activities was celebrated; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. On November 23 of the same year, Pirogov died on his estate Vishnya, near the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa. His body was embalmed and placed in a crypt. In 1897, a monument to Pirogov was erected in Moscow using funds raised by subscription. On the estate where Pirogov lived, a memorial museum named after him was organized in 1947; Pirogov’s body was restored and placed for viewing in a specially rebuilt crypt.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov(November 13, 1810, Moscow, Russian Empire - November 23, 1881, the village of Vishnya (now within Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire) - Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, professor, creator of the first atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of Russian military field surgery, founder of the Russian school of anesthesia. Privy Councilor.

Nikolai Ivanovich was born in 1810 in Moscow, in the family of a military treasurer, Major Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov (1772-1826). He was the thirteenth child in the family (according to three different documents stored in the former Imperial University of Dorpat, N.I. Pirogov was born two years earlier - on November 13, 1808). Mother - Elizaveta Ivanovna Novikova, belonged to an old Moscow merchant family.

Nikolai received his primary education at home. In 1822-1824 he studied at a private boarding school, which he had to leave due to his father’s worsening financial situation.

In 1823, he entered the medical faculty of the Imperial Moscow University as a self-employed student (in his petition he indicated that he was sixteen years old; despite the need for a family, Pirogov’s mother refused to enroll him as a state-funded student, “it was considered something humiliating”). He listened to lectures by H. I. Loder, M. Ya. Mudrov, E. O. Mukhin, who had a significant influence on the development of Pirogov’s scientific views. In 1828, he graduated from the department of medical (medical) sciences of the university with a doctor's degree and was enrolled in the students of the Professorial Institute, opened at the Imperial University of Dorpat to train future professors of Russian universities. He studied under the guidance of Professor I. F. Moyer, in whose house he met V. A. Zhukovsky, and at the University of Dorpat he became friends with V. I. Dahl.

In 1833, after defending his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, he was sent to study at the University of Berlin along with a group of eleven of his comrades at the Professorial Institute (among whom were F. I. Inozemtsev, P. D. Kalmykov, D. L. Kryukov , M. S. Kutorga, V. S. Pecherin, A. M. Filomafitsky, A. I. Chivilev).

After returning to Russia (1836) at the age of twenty-six, he was appointed professor of theoretical and practical surgery at the Imperial University of Dorpat.

In 1841, Pirogov was invited to St. Petersburg, where he headed the department of surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy. At the same time, Pirogov headed the Hospital Surgery Clinic he organized. Since Pirogov’s duties included training military surgeons, he began studying the surgical methods common at that time. Many of them were radically redesigned by him. In addition, Pirogov developed a number of completely new techniques, thanks to which he managed to avoid amputation of limbs more often than other surgeons. One of these techniques is still called the “Pirogov Operation”.

In search of an effective teaching method, Pirogov decided to apply anatomical research on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called it “ice anatomy.” Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy. After several years of such study of anatomy, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled “Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections drawn through the frozen human body in three directions", which has become an indispensable guide for surgeons. From this moment on, surgeons were able to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for all subsequent development of operative surgery.

Since 1846 - corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (IAN).

In 1847, Pirogov left for the active army in the Caucasus, as he wanted to test the operational methods he had developed in the field. In the Caucasus, he first used bandages soaked in starch; The starch dressing turned out to be more convenient and durable than the splints used previously. At the same time, Pirogov, the first in the history of medicine, began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field, performing about ten thousand operations under ether anesthesia. In October 1847, he received the rank of full state councilor.

Crimean War (1853-1856)

At the beginning of the Crimean War, on November 6, 1854, Nikolai Pirogov, together with a group of doctors and nurses he led, left St. Petersburg for the theater of military operations. Among the doctors were E.V. Kade, P.A. Khlebnikov, A.L. Obermiller, L.A. Bekkers and Doctor of Medicine V.I. Tarasov. The nurses, in whose training Pirogov took part, represented the Holy Cross community of sisters of mercy, which had just been established on the initiative of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna. Pirogov was the chief surgeon of the city of Sevastopol, besieged by Anglo-French troops.

While operating on the wounded, Pirogov used a plaster cast for the first time in the history of Russian medicine, giving rise to cost-saving tactics for treating limb wounds and saving many soldiers and officers from amputation. During the siege of Sevastopol, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of the Holy Cross community of sisters of mercy. This was also an innovation at the time.

Pirogov’s most important merit is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of caring for the wounded. The method is that the wounded were subject to careful selection already at the first dressing station; depending on the severity of the wounds, some of them were subject to immediate surgery in the field, while others, with milder wounds, were evacuated inland for treatment in stationary military hospitals. Therefore, Pirogov is rightly considered the founder of a special direction in surgery, known as military field surgery.

For his services to helping the wounded and sick, Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 1st degree.

In 1855, Pirogov was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Moscow University. In the same year, at the request of the St. Petersburg doctor N. F. Zdekauer, D. I. Mendeleev, who was at that time the senior teacher of the Simferopol gymnasium, was admitted and examined by N. I. Pirogov, who had experienced health problems since his youth (they even suspected that he had consumption ). Stating the satisfactory condition of the patient, Pirogov said: “You will outlive both of us” - this destiny not only instilled in the future great scientist confidence in fate’s favor towards him, but also came true.

After the Crimean War

Despite the heroic defense, Sevastopol was taken by the besiegers, and the Crimean War was lost by the Russian Empire.

Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception with Alexander II, told the emperor about the problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian Imperial Army and its weapons. The Emperor did not want to listen to Pirogov. After this meeting, the subject of Pirogov’s activity changed - he was sent to Odessa to the position of trustee of the Odessa educational district. This decision of the emperor can be considered as a manifestation of his disfavor, but at the same time, Pirogov had previously been assigned a lifelong pension of 1,849 rubles and 32 kopecks per year.

On January 1, 1858, Pirogov was promoted to the rank of Privy Councilor, and then transferred to the position of trustee of the Kyiv educational district, and in 1860 he was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree. He tried to reform the existing education system, but his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and he had to leave his position as trustee of the Kyiv educational district. At the same time, on March 13, 1861, he was appointed a member of the Main Board of Schools, after the liquidation of which in 1863, he served for life with the Ministry of Public Education Russian Empire.

Pirogov was sent to supervise Russian professor candidates studying abroad. “For his work while a member of the Main Board of Schools,” Pirogov was retained a salary of 5 thousand rubles a year.

He chose Heidelberg as his residence, where he arrived in May 1862. The candidates were very grateful to him; Nobel laureate I.I. Mechnikov, for example, warmly recalled this. There he not only fulfilled his duties, often traveling to other cities where candidates studied, but also provided them and their family members and friends with any assistance, including medical assistance, and one of the candidates, the head of the Russian community of Heidelberg, held a fundraiser for the treatment of Giuseppe Garibaldi and persuaded Pirogov to examine the wounded Garibaldi himself. Pirogov refused the money, but went to Garibaldi and discovered a bullet that had not been noticed by other world-famous doctors and insisted that Garibaldi leave the climate harmful to his wound, as a result of which the Italian government released Garibaldi from captivity. According to everyone, it was N.I. Pirogov who then saved the leg, and, most likely, the life of Garibaldi, “convicted” by other doctors. In his Memoirs, Garibaldi recalls: “The outstanding professors Petridge, Nelaton and Pirogov, who showed generous attention to me when I was in a dangerous state, proved that there are no boundaries for good deeds, for true science in the family of humanity...” After this incident, which caused a furor in St. Petersburg, there was an attempt on the life of Alexander II by nihilists who admired Garibaldi, and, most importantly, Garibaldi’s participation in the war of Prussia and Italy against Austria, which caused the displeasure of the Austrian government, and the “red” Pirogov was relieved of his official duties , but at the same time retained the status of an official and the previously assigned pension.

In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate “Vishnya” not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of the Imperial St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov left the estate only twice: the first time in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time in 1877-1878 - already at a very old age - he worked at the front for several months during the Russian-Turkish war. In 1873, Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree.

Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)

When Emperor Alexander II visited Bulgaria in August 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, he remembered Pirogov as an incomparable surgeon and the best organizer of medical services at the front. Despite his old age (Pirogov was already 67 years old at the time), Nikolai Ivanovich agreed to go to Bulgaria on the condition that he would be given complete freedom of action. His wish was granted, and on October 10, 1877, Pirogov arrived in Bulgaria, in the village of Gorna Studena, not far from Plevna, where the main headquarters of the Russian command was located.

Pirogov organized the treatment of soldiers, care for the wounded and sick in military hospitals in Svishtov, Zgalevo, Bolgaren, Gorna Studena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bohot, Byala, Plevna. From October 10 to December 17, 1877, Pirogov traveled over 700 km on a chaise and sleigh, over an area of ​​12,000 square meters. km occupied by the Russians between the Vit and Yantra rivers. Nikolai Ivanovich visited 11 Russian military temporary hospitals, 10 divisional hospitals and 3 pharmacy warehouses located in 22 different localities. During this time, he treated and operated on both Russian soldiers and many Bulgarians. In 1877, Pirogov was awarded the Order of the White Eagle and a gold snuffbox decorated with diamonds with a portrait of Alexander II.

In 1881, N. I. Pirogov became the fifth honorary citizen of Moscow “in connection with fifty years of work in the field of education, science and citizenship.” He was also elected a corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (IAN) (1846), the Medical-Surgical Academy (1847, honorary member since 1857) and the German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina" (1856).

Last days

At the beginning of 1881, Pirogov drew attention to pain and irritation on the mucous membrane of the hard palate. On May 24, 1881, N.V. Sklifosovsky established that Pirogov had cancer upper jaw. N.I. Pirogov died at 20:25 on November 23, 1881 in the village of Vishnya (now part of the city of Vinnitsa).

Pirogov's body

On November 27 (December 9), 1881, D. I. Vyvodtsev was embalmed for four hours in the presence of two doctors and two paramedics (permission was previously obtained from the church authorities, who “taking into account the merits of N. I. Pirogov as an exemplary Christian and world famous scientist, they were allowed not to bury the body, but to leave it incorruptible “so that the disciples and successors of the noble and godly deeds of N.I. Pirogov could contemplate his bright appearance.”) and was buried in a tomb in his estate Vyshnya (now part of Vinnitsa). Three years later, a church was built over the tomb, the design of which was developed by V.I. Sychugov.

At the end of the 1920s, robbers visited the crypt, damaged the lid of the sarcophagus, stole Pirogov’s sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and pectoral cross. In 1927, a special commission stated in its report: “The precious remains of the unforgettable N.I. Pirogov, thanks to the all-destroying effect of time and complete homelessness, are in danger of undoubted destruction if existing conditions will continue."

In 1940, the coffin with the body of N.I. Pirogov was opened, as a result of which it was discovered that the visible parts of the scientist’s body and his clothes were covered with mold in many places; the remains of the body were mummified. The body was not removed from the coffin. The main measures to preserve and restore the body were planned for the summer of 1941, but the Great War began Patriotic War and, during the retreat of the Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with Pirogov’s body was hidden in the ground, and was damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently subjected to restoration and repeated re-embalming. E.I. Smirnov played a major role in this.

Despite the fact that during the Second World War, one of Hitler’s Werewolf headquarters was located in the vicinity of Vinnitsa (Ukrainian SSR) from July 16, 1942 to March 15, 1944, the Nazis did not dare to disturb the ashes of the famous surgeon.

Officially, Pirogov’s tomb is called a “necropolis church”; the body is located slightly below ground level in the crypt - the ground floor of an Orthodox church, in a glassed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those wishing to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.

Family

• First wife (from December 11, 1842) - Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina(1822-1846), representative of an ancient noble family, granddaughter of the infantry general Count N. A. Tatishchev. She died at the age of 24 from complications after childbirth.
  • Son - Nikolay(1843-1891), physicist.
  • Son - Vladimir(1846 - after November 13, 1910), historian and archaeologist. He was a professor at the Imperial Novorossiysk University in the department of history. In 1910, he temporarily lived in Tiflis and was present on November 13-26, 1910 at an extraordinary meeting of the Imperial Caucasian Medical Society dedicated to the memory of N. I. Pirogov.
• Second wife (from June 7, 1850) - Alexandra von Bystrom(1824-1902), baroness, daughter of Lieutenant General A. A. Bistrom, great-niece of the navigator I. F. Krusenstern. The wedding took place at the Goncharov estate Polotnyany Zavod, and the sacrament of wedding was performed on June 7/20, 1850 in the local Transfiguration Church. For a long time Pirogov was credited with the authorship of the article “The Ideal of a Woman,” which is a selection from the correspondence of N. I. Pirogov with his second wife. In 1884, through the efforts of Alexandra Antonovna, a surgical hospital was opened in Kyiv.

The importance of scientific activity

Sketch by I. E. Repin for the painting “The Arrival of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov in Moscow for the Jubilee on the 50th Anniversary of His Scientific Activity” (1881). Military Medical Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The main significance of N. I. Pirogov’s work is that with his dedicated and often selfless work, he turned surgery into a science, equipping doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention. In terms of his contribution to the development of military field surgery, he can be placed next to Larrey.

A rich collection of documents related to the life and work of N. I. Pirogov, his personal belongings, medical instruments, lifetime editions of his works are kept in the collections of the Military Medical Museum in St. Petersburg. Of particular interest is the scientist’s two-volume manuscript “Questions of Life. Diary of an old doctor" and left by him suicide note indicating the diagnosis of your illness.

Contribution to the development of domestic pedagogy

In the classic article “Questions of Life,” Pirogov examined the fundamental problems of education. He showed the absurdity of class education, the discord between school and life, and put forward as main goal education, the formation of a highly moral personality, ready to renounce selfish aspirations for the good of society. Pirogov believed that for this it was necessary to rebuild the entire education system based on the principles of humanism and democracy. An education system that ensures personal development should be built on scientific basis, from primary to higher education, and ensure the continuity of all education systems.

Pedagogical views: Pirogov believed main idea universal human education, education of a citizen useful to the country; noted the need for social preparation for the life of a highly moral person with a broad moral outlook: “ Being human is what education should lead to"; education and training should be in the native language. " Contempt for the native language dishonors the national feeling" He pointed out that the basis for subsequent vocational education should be wide general education; proposed to involve in teaching in higher school prominent scientists, recommended strengthening conversations between professors and students; fought for general secular education; called for respect for the child’s personality; fought for the autonomy of higher education.

Criticism of class vocational education: Pirogov opposed the class school and early utilitarian-professional training, against the early premature specialization of children; believed that it inhibits the moral education of children and narrows their horizons; condemned arbitrariness, barracks regime in educational institutions, thoughtless attitude towards children.

Didactic ideas: teachers should discard old dogmatic ways of teaching and adopt new methods; it is necessary to awaken the thoughts of students, instill skills independent work; the teacher must attract the student’s attention and interest to the material being communicated; transfer from class to class should be carried out based on the results of annual performance; in transfer exams there is an element of chance and formalism.

Physical punishment. In this regard, he was a follower of J. Locke, considering corporal punishment as a means of humiliating a child, causing irreparable damage to his morality, teaching him to slavish obedience, based only on fear, and not on comprehension and evaluation of his actions. Slave obedience forms a vicious nature, seeking retribution for its humiliations. N.I. Pirogov believed that the result of training and moral education, the effectiveness of methods of maintaining discipline are determined by the teacher’s objective assessment, if possible, of all the circumstances that caused the offense, and the imposition of punishment that does not frighten and humiliate the child, but educates him. Condemning the use of the rod as a means of disciplinary action, he allowed in exceptional cases the use physical punishment, but only by resolution of the pedagogical council. Despite this duality of N. I. Pirogov’s position, it should be noted that the question he raised and the discussion that followed this on the pages of the press had positive consequences: By the “Charter of gymnasiums and pro-gymnasiums” of 1864, corporal punishment was abolished.

System public education according to N.I. Pirogov:

• Elementary (primary) school (2 years), arithmetic and grammar are studied;
• Incomplete high school two types: classical pro-gymnasium (4 years, general education); real pro-gymnasium (4 years);
• Secondary school of two types: classical gymnasium (5 years of general education: Latin, Greek, Russian languages, literature, mathematics); real gymnasium (3 years, applied nature: professional subjects);
• Higher education: universities and higher education institutions.

Memory

Within the boundaries of Vinnitsa in the village. Pirogovo is the museum-estate of N.I. Pirogov, a kilometer from which there is a church-tomb where the embalmed body of the outstanding surgeon rests. Pirogov readings are also held there regularly. The Pirogov Society, which existed in 1881-1922, was one of the most authoritative associations of Russian doctors of all specialties. Conferences of doctors of the Russian Empire were called Pirogov congresses. In Soviet times, monuments to Pirogov were erected in Moscow, Leningrad, Sevastopol, Vinnitsa, Dnepropetrovsk, Tartu. Many memorial signs are dedicated to Pirogov in Bulgaria; There is also a park-museum “N. I. Pirogov." The name of the outstanding surgeon was given to the Russian National Research Medical University. For more details, see the Memory of Pirogov page.

The image of Pirogov in art

N. I. Pirogov is the main character in several works of fiction.

• A. I. Kuprin's story “The Wonderful Doctor” (1897).
• Yu. P. German's stories "Bucephalus", "Drops of Inozemtsev" (published in 1941 under the title "Stories about Pirogov") and "The Beginning" (1968).
• Novel by B. Yu. Zolotarev and Yu. P. Tyurin “Privy Councilor” (1986).

In 1947, the feature film “Pirogov” was shot. The role of the great surgeon in it was played by K. V. Skorobogatov.

Bibliography

• A complete course of applied anatomy of the human body. - St. Petersburg, 1843-1845.
• Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs comprising three main cavities of the human body. - St. Petersburg, 1846. (2nd ed. - 1850)
• Report on a trip to the Caucasus 1847-1849 - St. Petersburg, 1849. (M.: State Publishing House medical literature, 1952)
• Pathological anatomy of Asian cholera. - St. Petersburg, 1849.
• Topographic anatomy from cuts through frozen corpses. Tt. 1-4. - St. Petersburg, 1851-1854.
• Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks, with a detailed description of their position and methods of ligation. - St. Petersburg, 1854
• The beginnings of general military field surgery, taken from observations of military hospital practice and memories of Crimean War and the Caucasian expedition. Part 1-2. - Dresden, 1865-1866. (M., 1941.)
• University question. - St. Petersburg, 1863.
• Grundzüge der allgemeinen Kriegschirurgie: nach Reminiscenzen aus den Kriegen in der Krim und im Kaukasus und aus der Hospitalpraxis (Leipzig: Vogel, 1864.- 1168 pp.) (German)
• Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia. Vol. 1-2. - St. Petersburg, 1881-1882.
• Essays. T. 1-2. - St. Petersburg, 1887. (3rd ed., Kyiv, 1910).
  • T. 1: Questions of life. Diary of an Old Doctor;
  • T. 2: Questions of life. Articles and notes.
• Sevastopol letters of N. I. Pirogov 1854-1855. - St. Petersburg, 1899.
• Unpublished pages from the memoirs of N. I. Pirogov. (Political confession of N. I. Pirogov) // About the past: historical collection. - St. Petersburg: Typo-lithography by B. M. Wolf, 1909.
• Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor. Publication of Pirogovskaya t-va. 1910
• Works on experimental, operational and military field surgery (1847-1859) T 3. M.; 1964
• Sevastopol letters and memories. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1950. - 652 p. [Contents: Sevastopol letters; memories of the Crimean War; From the diary of the “Old Doctor”; Letters and documents].
• Selected pedagogical works / Intro. Art. V. Z. Smirnova. - M.: Publishing house Acad. ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1952. - 702 s.
• Selected pedagogical works. - M.: Pedagogy, 1985. - 496 p.