What is the physiological basis of the psyche. Anatomical and physiological mechanism of mental activity

LECTURE 13

CNS: PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF PSYCHE.

MEMORY AND ITS TRAINING.

SLEEP AND DREAMS: THE NATURE OF DREAMS

Psyche - it is a property of the brain to perceive and evaluate the surrounding world, to recreate on the basis of this the internal subjective image of the world and the image of oneself in it (worldview), to determine, on the basis of this, the strategy and tactics of one’s behavior and activities.

The human psyche is arranged in such a way that the image of the world that forms in it differs from the true, objectively existing one, first of all, by the fact that it is necessarily emotionally, sensually colored. A person is always biased in building an internal picture of the world, therefore, in some cases, a significant distortion of perception is possible. In addition, perception is influenced by desires, needs, interests of a person and his past experience (memory).

Consciousness - the highest form of brain reflectivity. Thanks to him, a person can be aware of his thoughts, feelings, actions, etc. and, if necessary, control them.

Significant specific gravity in the human psyche is the formunconscious or unconscious. It presents habits, various automatisms (for example, walking), drives, intuition. As a rule, any mental act begins as an unconscious one and only then becomes conscious. In many cases, consciousness is not a necessity, and the corresponding images remain in the unconscious (for example, vague, "vague" sensations internal organs, skeletal muscles, etc.).

The psyche manifests itself in the formmental processes, or functions. These include sensations and perceptions, ideas, memory, attention, thinking and speech, emotions and feelings, will. These mental processes are often called components of the psyche.

Mental processes are manifested in different people in different ways, are characterized by a certain level of activity, which forms the background against which the practical and mental activity of the individual takes place. Such manifestations of activity that create a certain background are calledmental states. These are inspiration and passivity, self-confidence and doubt, anxiety, stress, fatigue, etc.

And finally, each individual is characterized by stable mental features which are manifested in behavior, activity, -mental properties (features): temperament (or type), character, abilities, etc.

Thus, the human psyche is a complex system of conscious and unconscious processes and states that are implemented differently in different people, creating certain individual personality traits.

The material basis of the psyche is the processes occurring in the structural and functional formations of the brain, which are formed in ontogenesis.

Brain - This great amount cells (neurons) that are connected to each other by numerous connections. functional unit activity of the brain is a group of cells that perform a specific function and is defined as nerve center.

Similar formations in the cortex hemispheres called nerve networks, columns. Among such centers there are congenital formations, which are relatively few, but they have essential in the control and regulation of vital functions, such as respiratory, lactation, thermoregulation, some motor and many others. The structural organization of such centers is specified in to a large extent genes. Some groups of cells acquire their functions already in ontogenesis due to the establishment of new connections between new cells and, therefore, have a functional nature.

Nerve centers are concentrated in different departments brain and spinal cord. Higher Functions, conscious behavior is more associated with the forebrain, nerve cells which are located in the form of a thin (about 3 mm) layer, forming the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres. Certain parts of the cortex receive and process information received from the sense organs, and each of the latter is associated with a specific (sensory) area of the cortex. In addition, there are zones that control traffic, including voice apparatus(motor zones). The most extensive areas of the brain are not associated with a specific function - these are associative zones that perform complex operations between different sections brain. It is these zones that are responsible for the higher mental human functions.

Special Role in the implementation of the psyche, it belongs to the frontal lobes of the forebrain, which is considered the first functional block of the brain. As a rule, their defeat affects intellectual activity and emotional sphere person. Wherein frontal lobes the cerebral cortex is considered a block of programming, regulation and control of activity. In turn, the regulation of human behavior is closely related to the function of speech, in the implementation of which the frontal lobes also participate (in most people, the left).

The second functional block of the brain is the block for receiving, processing and storing information (memory). It is located in back departments cerebral cortex and includes the occipital (visual), temporal (auditory) and parietal lobes.

The third functional block of the brain - the regulation of tone and wakefulness - provides a full-fledged active state

person. The block is formed by the so-called reticular formation (RF), structurally located in the central part of the brain stem, that is, it is a subcortical formation and provides changes in the tone of the cerebral cortex.

It is important to note that only teamwork of all three blocks of the brain ensures the implementation of any mental function of a person.

The formations that arose in evolution much earlier and are located below the cerebral cortex are called subcortical. These structures are more associated with innate functions, including congenital forms behavior and with the regulation of the activity of internal organs. The same important part of the subcortex as the diencephalon is associated with the regulation of gland activity. internal secretion and sensory functions of the brain.

The stem structures of the brain pass into the spinal cord, which directly controls the muscles of the body, controls the activity of internal organs, transmits all brain commands to the executive links and, in turn, transmits all information from the internal organs and skeletal muscle higher parts of the brain.

The main, basic mechanism of activity of the nervous system isreflex - body's response to stimulus. Reflexes can be congenital or acquired. There are relatively few firsts in a person, and, as a rule, they ensure the implementation of the most important vital functions. Congenital reflexes, inherited and genetically determined, are rather rigid systems of behavior that can change only within the narrow limits of the biological reaction norm.

More complex mechanism underlying the activity of the brain isfunctional system. It includes a mechanism for probabilistic forecasting of future action and uses not only past experience, but also takes into account the motivation of the corresponding activity.

Functional system includes mechanisms feedback, allowing you to compare what was planned with the real and make adjustments. Upon reaching (finally) as a result) of the desired positive result, positive emotions are included, which reinforce the entire neural structure that provides a solution to the problem. If the goal is not achieved, then negative emotions destroy the unsuccessful building in order to “clear” the place for a new one. If the acquired form of behavior has become unnecessary, then the corresponding reflex mechanisms extinguish, slow down. The information trace about this event remains in the brain due to memory and can restore the entire form of behavior years later, and its renewal is much easier than primary formation.

The reflex organization of the brain is subject to a hierarchical principle. Strategic tasks are determined by the cortex, it also controls conscious behavior. Subcortical structures are responsible for automatic forms of behavior, without the participation of consciousness. The spinal cord, together with the muscles, carries out incoming commands. The brain, as a rule, simultaneously has to solve several tasks. This possibility is created due, on the one hand, to the hierarchical principle of organization of centers “along the vertical”, and on the other hand, to the coordination (coordination) of the activity of closely related nerve ensembles “along the horizontal”. One of the functions in this case is the main, leading, associated with the basic need for this moment time. The center associated with this function becomes the main, dominant, predominant. Such a dominant center slows down, suppresses the activity of closely related, but impeding the fulfillment of the main task of the centers. Thanks to this, the dominant subjugates the activity of the whole organism and sets the vector of behavior and activity.

Usually the brain works as a whole, although its left and right hemispheres are functionally ambiguous and perform different integral functions. In most cases, the left hemisphere is responsible for abstract verbal (verbal) thinking, speech. What is usually associated with consciousness - the transfer of knowledge in verbal form, belongs to the left hemisphere. If this person is dominant left hemisphere, then the person is "right-handed" (the left hemisphere controls the right half of the body). The dominance of the left hemisphere can influence the formation of certain features of the control of mental functions.

So, "left hemispheric" man gravitates to theory, has a large vocabulary, it has a high physical activity, purposefulness, the ability to predict events. The right hemisphere plays a leading role in operating with images (figurative thinking), non-verbal signals and, unlike the left, perceives the whole world, phenomena, objects as a whole, without breaking it into parts. This makes it possible to better solve the problems of establishing differences, the physical identity of stimuli, and so on."Right hemispheric" a person gravitates towards specific types of activity, is slow and taciturn, endowed with the ability to feel and experience subtly.

Anatomically and functionally, the hemispheres of the brain are closely interconnected. The right hemisphere processes the incoming information faster, evaluates it and transfers its visual-spatial analysis to the left hemisphere, where the final higher semantic analysis and awareness of this information takes place. In a person, information in the brain, as a rule, has a certain emotional coloring in which the right hemisphere plays a major role.

Emotions - subjectively experienced attitude of a person to various stimuli, facts, events, manifested in the form of pleasure, joy, displeasure, grief, fear, horror, etc. The emotional state is often accompanied by changes in the somatic (facial expressions, gestures) and visceral (changes in heart rate, breathing, etc.) spheres. The structural and functional basis of emotions is the so-called limbic system, which includes a number of cortical, subcortical and stem structures.

The formation of emotions is subject to certain patterns. Thus, the strength of an emotion, its quality and sign (positive or negative) depend on the strength and quality of the need and the probability of satisfying this need. In addition, very important role the time factor plays in the emotional reaction, therefore short and, as a rule, intense reactions are called affects, and long-term and not very expressive ones are called moods. A low probability of satisfaction of a need usually leads to the emergence of negative emotions, an increase in the probability - positive ones. It follows from this that emotions perform very important function evaluation of an event, an object, irritation in general. In addition, emotions are behavior regulators, since their mechanisms are aimed at enhancing the active state of the brain (in the case of positive emotions) or its weakening (if negative).

And, finally, emotions play a reinforcing role in the formation of conditioned reflexes, and positive emotions play a leading role in this.A negative assessment of any impact on a person, his psyche can cause a general systemic reaction organism - emotional stress (voltage).

Emotional stress is triggered by stressors. These include influences, situations that the brain evaluates as negative, if there is no way to defend against them, get rid of them. Thus, the reason emotional stress is the relation to the corresponding impact. The nature of the reaction therefore depends on personal relationship person to the situation, impact and, consequently, from his typological, individual features, features of awareness of socially significant signals or complexes of signals (conflict situations, social or economic uncertainty, expectation of something unpleasant, etc.).

Due to the social motives of behavior in modern man widespread received the so-called emotional stress of tension caused by psychogenic factors, such as conflict relations between people (in a team, on the street, in the family). Suffice it to say that such a serious illness as myocardial infarction, in 7 cases out of 10, is caused by a conflict situation.

An increase in the number of stresses is humanity's retribution for technical progress. On the one hand, the share of physical labor in the production of material goods and in everyday life has decreased. And this, at first glance, is a plus, as it makes life easier for a person. But in other way,a sharp decline physical activity disrupted the natural physiological mechanisms of stress, the final link of which should be just movement.

Memory - the ability of the nervous system to perceive and store information and extract it to solve various problems and build its behavior. Thanks to this complex and important function of the brain, a person can accumulate experience and use it in the future.

Information signals first affect the analyzers, causing changes in them, which, as a rule, last no more than 0.5 seconds. These changes are calledsensory memory - it allows a person to maintain, for example, a visual image during blinking or to watch a movie, perceiving the unity of the image, despite the changing frames.

In the process of training, the duration of this type of memory can be extended to tens of minutes - in this case, they speak of eidetic memory, when its nature becomes controlled by consciousness (at least partially). Following the sensory memory in terms of the duration of information storage, they distinguishshort term memory which allows you to operate with information for tens of seconds. The most important, the most significant part information is storedin long-term memory which provides these functions for years and decades.

underlying memorymemorization may occur both unconsciously and consciously. In the first case, reproduce the information in the usual way difficult, the second is easier. The memorization mechanism can be imagined as a chain: need (or interest) - motivation - fulfillment - concentration of attention - organization of information - memorization. In this case, a violation of any part of the chain impairs memory. However, people often complain about bad memory, bearing in mind the difficulties of fixing the necessary information and, most importantly, extracting it from the pantries of long-term and sometimes short-term. In addition, due to the peculiarities of perception, figurative forms of memory (visual, auditory, etc.) may suffer. Although often people complain about a bad memory, as a rule, it is not a problem, but a low level of attention. Attention is difficult to concentrate if there are many extraneous irritants around, for example, noise, TV, radio, etc. are turned on. It is also difficult to concentrate attention if a person is tired, sick, in a state of increased neuropsychic stress, on the other hand, by purposefully training and managing attention, one can improve one's memory.

Remembered the best interesting information. If a person retains and cultivates curiosity (and this is an innate psychobiological feature of higher animals), then obtaining new information(remembering) is accompanied by positive emotions that fix, fix information in the brain. This process is the formation of the so-called conditioned reflex nerve connections. Positive emotions, as it were, reinforce the information signal, forming a connection (association) with it. Moreover, positive emotions stimulate the brain to search for new information, increase its performance. The presence of interest is associated with the existence of a dominant focus of excitation, and the dominant can be arbitrarily controlled. That is why, if the information that needs to be remembered is, for some reason, not interesting to a person, it is necessary to purposefully organize the creation of a certain dominant by forming the appropriate motivation.

Different people memorize information of different modalities differently: some fix visual information better, others - verbal, etc., so we can talk about the predominance of visual, auditory, motor and other types of memory in this person. In addition, due to the functional asymmetry of the brain, one can distinguishverbal form of memory and figurative, so in lower grades, for example, the illustrative and emotional presentation of information is more important, and in the older ones - logical. But this general position, and in each specific case, a person himself, through self-control, must highlight the type of memory that prevails in him, which will help, on the one hand, to focus on him, and on the other hand, to train the one that he has not developed enough.

plays an important role in memorymotivation. Human should be aware of why this information is needed - if the level of motivation is high, then memorization is successful. Based on this, memorization itself should not be a mechanical process, but a motivational-emotional one, or with a predetermined goal. The problem is simplified if self-hypnosis is used as a mechanism for generating motivation. The latter can be realized not only through auto-training, but also with the help of additional psycho-training techniques that develop a person’s capabilities in this direction. An important reserve for self-hypnosis training is the development of figurative-sensory thinking, which in itself expands the possibilities of memorization in the form of images. In this regard, the translation into sensory images of various verbal information (words, sentences, thoughts) in people of the right hemisphere type is effective.

In order to memorize information, first of all, it is necessary to concentrate attention on it, and then remove the extra stress that interferes with memorization. To this end, it is necessary to learn how to relax (with the help of auto-training, targeted voluntary relaxation of individual muscle groups, especially arms, etc.). Training of self-hypnosis, figurative-sensory thinking, attention simplifies the use of rational mnemonic techniques. The simplest of them is the method of associations: for example, if you need to remember some new words, they are associated with well-known words or with figurative associations. As practice shows, the more incredible or even more absurd the associations, the better they are remembered.

The information to be remembered is repeated after a while, and the interval between repetitions should be at least 1 minute. At the same time, the optimal repetition interval, depending on the complexity and volume of information, as well as the individual characteristics of a person, ranges from 10 minutes to 16 hours. For current work and study, it can be advised to repeat the material after 5-6 hours, but when preparing for exams, it is better to gradually increase the interval. Ideally, if the last repetition is carried out before going to bed - this improves the quality of memorization. Apparently, working through the material before going to bed generally contributes to its better memorization (this is due to the fact that the processing of information in a dream occurs in the reverse order, that is, the last, most recent is processed first).

When memorizing, it is necessary to use all the mechanisms of the brain as much as possible. For example, when studying oral material, it is desirable not only to pronounceIwords aloud, but also carefully read them, slander them on a tape recorder with subsequent listening, write down on paper the main provisions of the new material, words, dates, etc. Due to this, many analyzer systems associated with various areas of the cerebral cortex are activated. Since the process of memory is the work of the whole brain (more precisely, even the whole organism), such an activation of it has an extremely favorable effect on the quality of memorization.

Naturally, when choosing the optimal variantmnemonics (that is, the way of remembering) it is necessary to remember the individual characteristics of a person, the predominant type of memory, the features of memorization, the level of motivation, etc.

Regular memory training, including repetition of the desired material, increases the ability to memorize. The deterioration in the quality of memorization may indicate insufficient training, high level tension, anxiety, fatigue and requires analysis or introspection to correct the situation.

In the realization of memory, the role of the conscious and the unconscious is indisputable, although the degree of their relationship in this process is rather difficult to describe. It should be noted that the conscious memorization of information has a relatively small information capacity, and the area of the unconscious has a colossal, almost limitless. The possibilities of the unconscious manifest themselves, in particular, in human dreams, where it is found that the brain can remember everything, including seemingly completely unnecessary details. There are grounds for believing that these capabilities of the brain can be partially used for voluntary memorization with targeted training and special organization. Various psychotechniques can help this, oh which were mentioned above - they allow you to activate the subconscious, change the usual relationship between consciousness and the unconscious and reveal the possibilities of a person.

Rules of memorization (learning). For good results in the field of memory training, in addition to the conditions noted earlier, it is necessary to take into account a number of provisions. In fact, these are the psychophysiological foundations of successful learning, closely associated with the rules for the formation of conditioned reflexes.

For successful memory training and memorization, you must:

Possess the basic knowledge necessary to understand the information;

Be aware of your purpose;

Show maximum interest in information, the desire to remember it;

Create or choose favorable working conditions;

Be in a good psychophysiological state;

Concentrate on the necessary information, eliminate the causes of absent-mindedness;

Regularly train your memory and all its components, use all the mechanisms, the possibilities of the psyche to improve memory.

Central nervous system (highlighted in red) is completely enclosed within the skull and spine. peripheral nerves are sent from these bone receptacles to the muscles and skin. Other important parts of the peripheral nervous system - the autonomic system and the diffuse nervous system of the intestine - are not shown here.

On these individual sections of the brain, you can see the most important areas and details of the structure of the brain.

left and right cerebral hemispheres, and whole line structures lying in the median plane are divided in half. The internal parts of the left hemisphere are depicted as if they were completely dissected. The eye and optic nerve appear to be connected to the hypothalamus, from the lower part of which the pituitary gland arises. The pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord are extensions of the posterior side of the thalamus. The left side of the cerebellum is under the left cerebral hemisphere, but does not cover the olfactory bulb. Upper half left hemisphere is cut so that you can see some basal ganglia(shell) and part of the left lateral ventricle.

Subject: Physiological basis human psyche and health

INTRODUCTION

1. THE CONCEPT OF THE HUMAN PSYCHE

5. BASICS OF HEALTH OF THE PSYCHE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Human health is determined by several components. One of the most important are the state of the nervous system and the nature of the processes occurring in it. A particularly important role in this is played by that part of the nervous system, which is called the central, or brain. The processes that go on in the brain, interacting with the signals of the surrounding world, play crucial in the formation of the psyche.

The material basis of the psyche is the processes occurring in the functional formations of the brain. These processes are strongly influenced by various conditions, in which is human body. One of these conditions is stress factors.

An increase in the number of stresses is humanity's retribution for technical progress. On the one hand, the proportion physical labor in the production of material goods and in everyday life. And this, at first glance, is a plus, as it makes life easier for a person. But, on the other hand, a sharp decrease in motor activity disrupted the natural physiological mechanisms of stress, the final link of which should be movement. Naturally, this also distorted the nature of the flow of life processes in the human body, weakened its margin of safety.

Target of this work: the study of the physiological foundations of the human psyche and the factors influencing it.

An object study: the processes that determine mental activity.

Item study: the mechanisms of the central nervous system, which determines mental condition and factors influencing its performance.

Tasks this work:

1) to study the basic mechanisms and features of the functioning of the brain,

2) consider some factors that affect health and psyche.

1. THE CONCEPT OF THE HUMAN PSYCHE

The psyche is the property of the brain to perceive and evaluate the world, to recreate on the basis of this the internal subjective image of the world and the image of oneself in it (worldview), to determine, on this basis, the strategy and tactics of one's behavior and activities.

The human psyche is arranged in such a way that the image of the world that is formed in it differs from the true, objectively existing, first of all, by the fact that it is necessarily emotionally, sensually colored. A person is always biased in building an internal picture of the world, therefore, in some cases, a significant distortion of perception is possible. In addition, perception is influenced by desires, needs, interests of a person and his past experience (memory).

According to the forms of reflection (interaction) with the outside world in the psyche, two components can be distinguished, to some extent independent and at the same time closely interconnected - consciousness and the unconscious (unconscious). Consciousness - highest form reflectivity of the brain. Thanks to him, a person can be aware of his thoughts, feelings, actions, etc. and, if necessary, control them.

A significant proportion in the human psyche is the form of the unconscious, or unconscious. It presents habits, various automatisms (for example, walking), drives, intuition. As a rule, any mental act begins as an unconscious one and only then becomes conscious. In many cases, consciousness is not a necessity, and the corresponding images remain in the unconscious (for example, vague, "vague" sensations of internal organs, skeletal muscles, etc.).

The psyche manifests itself in the form of mental processes or functions. These include sensations and perceptions, ideas, memory, attention, thinking and speech, emotions and feelings, will. These mental processes are often called components of the psyche.

Mental processes are manifested in different people in different ways, they are characterized by a certain level of activity that forms the background against which the practical and mental activity of the individual takes place. Such manifestations of activity that create a certain background are called mental states. These are inspiration and passivity, self-confidence and doubt, anxiety, stress, fatigue, etc. And, finally, each personality is characterized by stable mental characteristics that are manifested in behavior, activities - mental properties (features): temperament (or type), character, abilities, etc.

Thus, the human psyche is a complex system of conscious and unconscious processes and states that are implemented differently in different people, creating certain individual personality traits.

2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHE

The brain is a huge number of cells (neurons) that are connected to each other by numerous connections. The functional unit of brain activity is a group of cells that perform a specific function and is defined as a nerve center. Similar formations in the cerebral cortex are called nerve networks, columns. Among these centers there are congenital formations, which are relatively few, but they are of great importance in the control and regulation of vital functions, such as respiration, thermoregulation, some motor and many others. Structural organization such centers are largely determined by genes.

Nerve centers are concentrated in different parts of the brain and spinal cord. Higher functions, conscious behavior are more associated with the anterior part of the brain, the nerve cells of which are located in the form of a thin (about 3 mm) layer, forming the cerebral cortex. Certain parts of the cortex receive and process information received from the sense organs, and each of the latter is associated with a specific (sensory) area of the cortex. In addition, there are zones that control movement, including the vocal apparatus (motor zones).

The most extensive areas of the brain are not associated with a specific function - these are associative zones that perform complex operations on the connection between different parts of the brain. It is these zones that are responsible for the higher mental functions of the human being.

A special role in the implementation of the psyche belongs to the frontal lobes of the forebrain, which is considered the first functional block of the brain. As a rule, their defeat affects intellectual activity and emotional sphere of a person. At the same time, the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex are considered the block of programming, regulation and control of activity. In turn, the regulation of human behavior is closely related to the function of speech, in the implementation of which the frontal lobes also participate (in most people, the left).

The second functional block of the brain is the block for receiving, processing and storing information (memory). It is located in the posterior regions of the cerebral cortex and includes the occipital (visual), temporal (auditory) and parietal lobes.

The third functional block of the brain - the regulation of tone and wakefulness - provides a full-fledged active state of a person. The block is formed by the so-called reticular formation, structurally located in the central part of the brain stem, that is, it is a subcortical formation and provides changes in the tone of the cerebral cortex.

It is important to note that only the joint work of all three blocks of the brain ensures the implementation of any mental function of a person.

The formations located below the cerebral cortex are called subcortical. These structures are more associated with innate functions, including innate forms of behavior and with the regulation of the activity of internal organs. The same important part of the subcortex as the diencephalon is associated with the regulation of the activity of the endocrine glands and the sensory functions of the brain.

The stem structures of the brain pass into the spinal cord, which directly controls the muscles of the body, controls the activity of the internal organs, transmits all brain commands to the executive links and, in turn, transmits all information from the internal organs and skeletal muscles to the higher parts of the brain.

3. MAIN MECHANISMS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The main, basic mechanism of activity of the nervous system is reflex- the body's response to irritation. Reflexes can be congenital or acquired. There are relatively few of the first in humans, and, as a rule, they ensure the performance of the most important vital functions. inborn reflexes, inherited and genetically determined, are rather rigid systems of behavior that can change only within the narrow limits of the biological norm of the reaction. Acquired reflexes are formed in the process of life, the accumulation of life experience and purposeful learning. One of the forms of reflexes is known - conditional.

A more complex mechanism underlying the activity of the brain is functional system. It includes a mechanism for probabilistic forecasting of future action and uses not only past experience, but also takes into account the motivation of the corresponding activity. The functional system includes feedback mechanisms that allow you to compare what is planned with the real one and make adjustments. Upon reaching (ultimately) the desired positive result, positive emotions are turned on, which reinforce the neural structure that provides the solution to the problem. If the goal is not achieved, then negative emotions destroy the unsuccessful building in order to “clear” the place for a new one. If the acquired form of behavior has become unnecessary, then the corresponding reflex mechanisms go out and are inhibited. The information trace about this event remains in the brain due to memory and can restore the entire form of behavior years later, and its renewal is much easier than the initial formation.

The reflex organization of the brain is subject to a hierarchical principle.

Strategic tasks are determined by the cortex, it also controls conscious behavior.

Subcortical structures are responsible for automatic forms of behavior, without the participation of consciousness. The spinal cord, together with the muscles, carries out incoming commands.

The brain is usually having to deal with multiple tasks at the same time. This possibility is created due to the coordination (coordination) of the activity of closely related nerve ensembles. One of the functions in this case is the main, leading, associated with the basic need at a given time. The center associated with this function becomes the main, dominant, predominant. Such a dominant center slows down, suppresses the activity of closely related, but impeding the fulfillment of the main task of the centers. Thanks to this, the dominant subjugates the activity of the whole organism and sets the vector of behavior and activity.

4. FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN

Usually the brain works as a whole, although its left and right hemisphere functionally ambiguous and perform different integral functions. In most cases, the left hemisphere is responsible for abstract verbal (verbal) thinking, speech. What is usually associated with consciousness - the transfer of knowledge in verbal form, belongs to the left hemisphere. If the left hemisphere dominates in a given person, then the person is “right-handed” (the left hemisphere controls right half bodies). The dominance of the left hemisphere can influence the formation of certain control features mental functions. Thus, a “left-hemispheric” person gravitates toward theory, has a large vocabulary, and is characterized by high motor activity, purposefulness, and the ability to predict events.

The right hemisphere plays a leading role in operating with images (figurative thinking), non-verbal signals and, unlike the left, perceives the whole world, phenomena, objects as a whole, without breaking it into parts. This allows you to better solve the problem of establishing differences. A “right hemispheric” person gravitates toward specific types of activity, is slow and taciturn, endowed with the ability to feel and experience subtly.

Anatomically and functionally, the hemispheres of the brain are closely interconnected. The right hemisphere processes the incoming information faster, evaluates it and transfers its visual-spatial analysis to the left hemisphere, where the final higher analysis and understanding of this information. In a person, information in the brain, as a rule, has a certain emotional coloring, in which the right hemisphere plays the main role.

5. BASICS OF HEALTH OF THE PSYCHE

A low probability of satisfaction of a need usually leads to the emergence of negative emotions, an increase in the probability - positive ones. It follows from this that emotions perform a very important function of evaluating an event, an object, and annoyance in general. In addition, emotions are behavioral regulators, since their mechanisms are aimed at strengthening the active state of the brain (in the case of positive emotions) or weakening it (in the case of negative ones). And, finally, emotions play a reinforcing role in the formation of conditioned reflexes, and positive emotions play a leading role in this. A negative assessment of any impact on a person, his psyche can cause a general systemic reaction of the body - emotional stress (tension).

Emotional stress is triggered by stressors. These include influences, situations that the brain evaluates as negative, if there is no way to defend against them, get rid of them. Thus, the cause of emotional stress is the attitude to the corresponding impact. The nature of the reaction therefore depends on the person's personal attitude to the situation, impact and, consequently, on his typological, individual characteristics, features of awareness of socially significant signals or signal complexes ( conflict situations, social or economic uncertainty, expectation of something unpleasant, etc.).

Due to the social motives of behavior in modern man the so-called emotional stresses of tension caused by psychogenic factors, such as conflict relations between people (in a team, on the street, in the family), have become widespread. Suffice it to say what serious disease, like myocardial infarction, in 7 cases out of 10 is caused by a conflict situation.

However, if the stressful situation lasts for a very long time or the stress factor turned out to be very powerful, then the adaptive mechanisms of the body are exhausted. This is the stage - "exhaustion", when efficiency decreases, immunity falls, ulcers of the stomach and intestines form. Therefore, this stage of stress is pathological and is referred to as distress.

For a modern person, the most important stress factors are emotional. Modern life in all its manifestations very often causes negative emotions in a person. The brain is constantly overexcited and tension builds up. If a person performs fine work or engaged mental labor, emotional stress, especially prolonged, can disorganize his activity. Therefore, emotions become very an important factor healthy conditions human life.

Reduce stress or undesirable consequences could motor activity, which optimizes the relationship between different vegetative systems, is an adequate "application" of stress mechanisms.

Movement is the final stage of any brain activity. By virtue of systemic organization The movement of the human body is closely related to the activity of internal organs. This pairing is largely mediated through the brain. Therefore, the exclusion of such a natural biological component as movement significantly affects the state of the nervous system - it is disturbed normal flow processes of excitation and inhibition, and excitation begins to predominate. Because during emotional stress excitation in the central nervous system great strength and does not find a "way out" in the movement, it disorganizes the normal functioning of the brain and the course of mental processes. In addition, an excess amount of hormones appears, which cause metabolic shifts, which are expedient only with a high level of physical activity.

As already noted, the motor activity of a modern person is insufficient to relieve tension (stress) or its consequences. As a result, the voltage accumulates, and a small negative impact for a mental breakdown. At the same time, a large amount of adrenal hormones are released into the blood, which increase metabolism and activate the work of organs and systems. Since the functional strength of the body, and especially the heart and blood vessels, is reduced (they are little trained), some people develop severe disorders of the cardiovascular and other systems.

Another way to protect yourself from the negative effects of stress is to change your attitude towards the situation. The main thing here is to reduce the significance of a stressful event in the eyes of a person (“it could have been worse”, “it's not the end of the world”, etc.). In fact, this method allows you to create a new dominant focus of excitation in the brain, which will slow down the stressful one.

A special kind of emotional stress is informational. The scientific and technological progress in which we live causes a lot of changes around a person, has a powerful effect on him, which surpasses any other influence. environment. Progress has changed the information environment, has created an information boom. As already noted, the amount of information accumulated by mankind is approximately doubling every decade, which means that each next generation needs to assimilate a much larger amount of information than the previous one. However, the brain does not change, nor does the number of cells it consists of increase. That is why, in order to assimilate the increased volume of information, in particular in the field of education, it is necessary either to increase the duration of training or to intensify this process. Since it is quite difficult to increase the duration of training, including economic reasons, it remains to increase its intensity. However, in this case, there is a natural fear of information overload. By themselves, they do not pose a threat to the psyche, since the brain has enormous capabilities for processing large amounts of information and protecting it from its excess. But if the time required for its processing is limited, this causes a strong mental stress- informational stress. In other words, undesirable stress arises when the speed of information entering the brain does not correspond to the biological and social capabilities of a person.

The most unpleasant thing is that a third factor joins the factors of the volume of information and lack of time - motivational: if the requirements for the child from parents, society, teachers are high, then the mechanisms of self-defense of the brain do not work (for example, avoidance of studies) and as a result, information overload occurs. At the same time, diligent children experience special difficulties (for example, for a first-grader, when performing control work the mental state corresponds to the state of the astronaut during takeoff of the spacecraft).

No less information overloads create and different kinds professional activity(for example, an air traffic controller sometimes has to control up to 17 aircraft at the same time, a teacher - up to 40 individually different students, etc.).

CONCLUSION

The processes on the basis of which the central nervous system functions, which determines the human psyche, are quite complex. Her study continues to this day. In this work, only the basic mechanisms on which the work of the brain is based, and, therefore, the psyche, were described.

Individual characteristics of the psyche are determined by the characteristics of internal mechanisms that determine the factors that explain the behavioral characteristics of a person, his endurance, performance, perception, thinking, etc. One of these factors is the dominance of one of the hemispheres of the brain - the left or right.

Usually, emotion is defined as a special kind of mental processes that express a person's experience of his relationship to the world around him and himself. The peculiarity of emotions is that, depending on the needs of the subject, they directly assess the significance of objects and situations acting on the individual. Emotions serve as a link between reality and needs.

Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that general health a person also depends to a large extent on mental health, that is, on how well the brain functions.

It should be noted that many circumstances modern life lead to excessive psycho-emotional stress person, causing negative reactions and conditions leading to disruptions of normal mental activity.

One of the factors that help fight stressful situations is sufficient exercise stress, which reduces the level of negative effects of stress that affect the psyche. However, the most important solution to this problem is to change the "attitude" of the person himself to the negative situation.

Bibliography

1. Martsinkovskaya T.D. History of psychology: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2001

2. Watson J. B. Psychology as a science of behavior. - M., 2000

3. Pidkasisty P.I., Potnov M.L. The art of teaching. Second edition. The first book of a teacher. - M .: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 2001. - 212 p.

4. Abramova G.S. Practical psychology: Textbook for university students. - Ed. 6th, revised. and additional - M.: Academic project, 2001. - 480 p.

5. Elizarov A.N. Peculiarities psychological counseling How independent method psychological help//Bulletin of psychosocial and correctional and rehabilitation work. Magazine. - 2000. - No. 3. - S. 11 - 17

6. Nemov R.S. Psychology: Textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions: In 3 books. 3rd edition. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2000. - 632 p.

7. Aleinikova T.V. Possible model representations of the psychophysiological construction of personality (conceptual model) // Valeology, 2000, no. 4, p. 14-15

1. Abdurakhmanov R. A. Introduction to general psychology and psychotherapy. M., 2002.
2. Godefroy J. What is psychology. M., 1992.
3. Zhdan A. History of psychology. From antiquity to the present day. M., 1990.
4. Psychology: Dictionary / Under the general. ed. A. V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. Rostov n / a, 1998.
5. Petrovsky A.V. Introduction to psychology. M., 1995.
6. Rubinstein S. L. Basics general psychology. St. Petersburg: Peter, 1999.
7. Slobodchikov V.I., Isaev E.I. Human psychology. M., 1995.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHE

The concept of the psyche and its physiological foundations

In the 19th century, the experiments of E.F. Pfluger and other physiologists discovered a special causality - mental. Having beheaded the frog, Pfluger placed it in various conditions. It turned out that her reflexes were not at all limited to an automatic reaction to irritation. They changed according to the external environment. She crawled on the table, swam in the water, etc. Pfluger concluded that even a headless frog does not have “pure” reflexes. The reason for its adaptive actions is not the "connection of nerves" in itself, but the sensory function. It is she who allows you to distinguish between environmental conditions and, accordingly, change behavior.

Unlike other phenomena of the surrounding world, the psyche does not have physical and chemical characteristics: weight, shape, color, size, chemical composition, etc. Therefore, its study is possible only indirectly. The question of whether the soul (psyche) dies with the death of the body is also mysterious. In other words: is it possible for a soul to exist independently without a body? In science, this question remains open. At the same time, as is known, all world religions give an affirmative answer to it and even determine the conditions on which the future fate and well-being of the soul depends. For example, in Christianity this observance God's commandments which a person must follow unswervingly during his lifetime. scientific proof This statement is of great ideological significance, since it can make a real revolution in the minds and way of life of people.

In terms of content, the psyche is a kind of image (model of the world), recreating in a subjective form its objective properties and patterns. An example of such a model is any subjective image of an object, in which its specific properties are fixed: hardness, chemical composition, shape, weight, temperature and others, but in it these properties take on a different form of existence. This information model of reality is used not only by humans, but also by higher animals to regulate their life.

Psyche - general concept, which unites subjective phenomena studied by psychology as a science. The essence of the methodological approach determines the understanding of the nature of the psyche:

idealistic - the spiritual principle (god, spirit, idea) exists forever, independently of matter and is primary in relation to it;
materialistic - matter is primary, and the psyche - its product, is secondary. According to this approach, the following definition of the psyche is given.

The psyche is a property of highly organized matter, which consists in an active reflection of the objective world.

The main functions of the psyche are the reflection of the influences of the surrounding world, the regulation of behavior and activities, the awareness of a person of his place in the surrounding world.

Psychology, as a science based on facts and scientific experiments, understands the psyche as the totality of all mental phenomena: sensations, perceptions, imagination, memory, thinking, speech.

Its physiological basis is the highest nervous activity processes that take place in the brain. The basis of the brain is a reflex mechanism. Even I. M. Sechenov wrote that all mental phenomena essentially reflex. Thus, he emphasized the specifics of their physiological mechanism. According to the ideas of domestic scientists (I.P. Pavlov, P.K. Anokhin, N.A. Bernshtein and others), any reflex is a chain consisting of four links.

The first link is external or internal irritation, processed by the senses into nervous process, which carries one or another signal (information) to the brain. The second is the central brain processes of excitation and inhibition and the mental processes arising on the basis of their interaction (sensation, perception, representation, thinking, emotions), culminating in the transmission of "commands" to the executive organs. The third link is the reaction of the organs of movement or internal organs to the "command" coming from the brain. The fourth link is feedback, or feedback. These are signals from the executive organs to the cerebral cortex, informing about the course and result of the execution of the action. If the result is achieved, the action is terminated, if not, it may continue with appropriate amendments or may be replaced by another action.

Thus, the reflex is a "ring" mechanism for the brain to receive information, process it, "order" to action, execute it and receive instant feedback about the results. For example, a basketball player, having received a ball under the opponent's shield, throws it into the basket. But the ball hits the ring and bounces off it. The player’s visual perception of the bouncing ball serves as a signal to which a new “team” follows: either finish the ball in the basket, or catch it and throw it again.

There are two types of reflexes - unconditioned (congenital) and conditioned (acquired during life). They are inherent in both animals and humans. They are caused by the direct effects of various stimuli on the sense organs. They were called by IP Pavlov the first signals of reality, and the totality of all cortical zones, where signals from the sense organs are transmitted, was called the first signal system of reality. In a person, under the influence of social and labor activity and communication, a verbal - the second signaling system, as I. P. Pavlov called it, arose and developed in the cerebral cortex. Therefore, the reflex work of the brain has become much more complicated and much more perfect. The central brain link of the reflex mechanism, which underlies it, functions when receiving not only direct signals, but also verbal ones, that is, during the interaction of the first and second signal systems of reality. With the emergence and development of the second signaling system, human thinking also developed.

The result of the body's adaptation to repeated monotonous influences external environment developed into a dynamic stereotype.

From a physiological point of view, different habits in the behavior of a child and an adult are a dynamic stereotype that ensures the stability of a person's behavior in repetitive conditions. Alteration of the dynamic stereotypes underlying negative behavioral habits requires a lot of work and perseverance of the educator.

Topic: Physiological foundations of the human psyche and health

INTRODUCTION

1. THE CONCEPT OF THE HUMAN PSYCHE

5. BASICS OF HEALTH OF THE PSYCHE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The material basis of the psyche is the processes occurring in the functional formations of the brain. These processes are very strongly influenced by the various conditions in which the human body is located. One of these conditions is stress factors.

An increase in the number of stresses is humanity's retribution for technical progress. On the one hand, the share of physical labor in the production of material goods and in everyday life has decreased. And this, at first glance, is a plus, as it makes life easier for a person. But, on the other hand, a sharp decrease in motor activity disrupted the natural physiological mechanisms of stress, the final link of which should be movement. Naturally, this also distorted the nature of the flow of life processes in the human body, weakened its margin of safety.

Target of this work: the study of the physiological foundations of the human psyche and the factors influencing it.

An object study: the processes that determine mental activity.

Item study: the mechanisms of the central nervous system, which determines the mental state and factors affecting its work.

Tasks this work:

1) to study the basic mechanisms and features of the functioning of the brain,

2) consider some factors that affect health and psyche.

1. THE CONCEPT OF THE HUMAN PSYCHE

The psyche is a property of the brain to perceive and evaluate the surrounding world, to recreate on the basis of this the internal subjective image of the world and the image of oneself in it (worldview), to determine, on the basis of this, the strategy and tactics of one's behavior and activities.

According to the forms of reflection (interaction) with the outside world in the psyche, two components can be distinguished, to some extent independent and at the same time closely interconnected - consciousness and the unconscious (unconscious). Consciousness is the highest form of brain reflectivity. Thanks to him, a person can be aware of his thoughts, feelings, actions, etc. and, if necessary, control them.

Thus, the human psyche is a complex system of conscious and unconscious processes and states that are implemented differently in different people, creating certain individual personality traits.

2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHE

The brain is a huge number of cells (neurons) that are connected to each other by numerous connections. The functional unit of brain activity is a group of cells that perform a specific function and is defined as a nerve center. Similar formations in the cerebral cortex are called nerve networks, columns. Among these centers there are congenital formations, which are relatively few, but they are of great importance in the control and regulation of vital functions, such as respiration, thermoregulation, some motor and many others. The structural organization of such centers is largely determined by genes.

A special role in the implementation of the psyche belongs to the frontal lobes of the forebrain, which is considered the first functional block of the brain. As a rule, their defeat affects the intellectual activity and emotional sphere of a person. At the same time, the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex are considered the block of programming, regulation and control of activity. In turn, the regulation of human behavior is closely related to the function of speech, in the implementation of which the frontal lobes also participate (in most people, the left).

It is important to note that only the joint work of all three blocks of the brain ensures the implementation of any mental function of a person.

3. MAIN MECHANISMS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The main, basic mechanism of activity of the nervous system is reflex- the body's response to irritation. Reflexes can be congenital or acquired. There are relatively few of the first in humans, and, as a rule, they ensure the performance of the most important vital functions. Congenital reflexes, inherited and genetically determined, are rather rigid systems of behavior that can change only within the narrow limits of the biological reaction norm. Acquired reflexes are formed in the process of life, the accumulation of life experience and purposeful learning. One of the forms of reflexes is known - conditional.

A more complex mechanism underlying the activity of the brain is functional system. It includes a mechanism for probabilistic forecasting of future action and uses not only past experience, but also takes into account the motivation of the corresponding activity. The functional system includes feedback mechanisms that allow you to compare what is planned with the real one and make adjustments. Upon reaching (ultimately) the desired positive result, positive emotions are turned on, which reinforce the neural structure that provides the solution to the problem. If the goal is not achieved, then negative emotions destroy the unsuccessful building in order to "clear" the place for a new one. If the acquired form of behavior has become unnecessary, then the corresponding reflex mechanisms go out and are inhibited. The information trace about this event remains in the brain due to memory and can restore the entire form of behavior years later, and its renewal is much easier than the initial formation.

The reflex organization of the brain is subject to a hierarchical principle.

Strategic tasks are determined by the cortex, it also controls conscious behavior.

Subcortical structures are responsible for automatic forms of behavior, without the participation of consciousness. The spinal cord, together with the muscles, carries out incoming commands.

4. FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN

Usually the brain works as a whole, although its left and right hemispheres are functionally ambiguous and perform different integral functions. In most cases, the left hemisphere is responsible for abstract verbal (verbal) thinking, speech. What is usually associated with consciousness - the transfer of knowledge in verbal form, belongs to the left hemisphere. If the left hemisphere dominates in a given person, then the person is "right-handed" (the left hemisphere controls the right half of the body). The dominance of the left hemisphere can influence the formation of certain features of the control of mental functions. Thus, a "left hemispheric" person gravitates towards theory, has a large vocabulary, he is characterized by high motor activity, purposefulness, and the ability to predict events.

The right hemisphere plays a leading role in operating with images (figurative thinking), non-verbal signals and, unlike the left, perceives the whole world, phenomena, objects as a whole, without breaking it into parts. This allows you to better solve the problem of establishing differences. A "right hemispheric" person gravitates towards specific types of activity, is slow and taciturn, endowed with the ability to feel and experience subtly.

Anatomically and functionally, the hemispheres of the brain are closely interconnected. The right hemisphere processes the incoming information faster, evaluates it and transfers its visual-spatial analysis to the left hemisphere, where the final higher analysis and awareness of this information takes place. In a person, information in the brain, as a rule, has a certain emotional coloring, in which the right hemisphere plays the main role.

5. BASICS OF HEALTH OF THE PSYCHE

Emotional stress is triggered by stressors. These include influences, situations that the brain evaluates as negative, if there is no way to defend against them, get rid of them. Thus, the cause of emotional stress is the attitude to the corresponding impact. The nature of the reaction therefore depends on a person’s personal attitude to the situation, impact and, consequently, on his typological, individual characteristics, features of awareness of socially significant signals or signal complexes (conflict situations, social or economic uncertainty, expectation of something unpleasant, etc. .).

Due to the social motives of behavior in a modern person, the so-called emotional stresses of tension caused by psychogenic factors, such as conflict relations between people (in a team, on the street, in the family), have become widespread. Suffice it to say that such a serious illness as myocardial infarction, in 7 cases out of 10, is caused by a conflict situation.

For a modern person, the most important stress factors are emotional. Modern life in all its manifestations very often causes negative emotions in a person. The brain is constantly overexcited and tension builds up. If a person performs delicate work or is engaged in mental work, emotional stress, especially prolonged, can disorganize his activity. Therefore, emotions become a very important factor in the healthy conditions of human life.

To reduce stress or its undesirable consequences could physical activity, which optimizes the relationship between different vegetative systems, is an adequate "application" of stress mechanisms.

Movement is the final stage of any brain activity. Due to the systemic organization of the human body, movement is closely associated with the activity of internal organs. This pairing is largely mediated through the brain. Therefore, the exclusion of such a natural biological component as movement noticeably affects the state of the nervous system - the normal course of the processes of excitation and inhibition is disturbed, and excitation begins to predominate. Since, during emotional stress, excitation in the central nervous system reaches great strength and does not find an "exit" in movement, it disorganizes the normal functioning of the brain and the course of mental processes. In addition, an excess amount of hormones appears, which cause metabolic shifts, which are expedient only with a high level of physical activity.

As already noted, the motor activity of a modern person is insufficient to relieve tension (stress) or its consequences. As a result, tension accumulates, and a small negative impact is enough for a mental breakdown to occur. At the same time, a large amount of adrenal hormones are released into the blood, which increase metabolism and activate the work of organs and systems. Since the functional strength of the body, and especially the heart and blood vessels, is reduced (they are little trained), some people develop severe disorders of the cardiovascular and other systems.

Another way to protect yourself from the negative effects of stress is to change your attitude towards the situation. The main thing here is to reduce the significance of the stressful event in the eyes of a person ("it could have been worse", "it's not the end of the world", etc.). In fact, this method allows you to create a new dominant focus of excitation in the brain, which will slow down the stressful one.

A special kind of emotional stress is informational. The scientific and technological progress in which we live causes a lot of changes around a person, has a powerful impact on him, which surpasses any other environmental influence. Progress has changed the information environment, has created an information boom. As already noted, the amount of information accumulated by mankind is approximately doubling every decade, which means that each next generation needs to assimilate a much larger amount of information than the previous one. However, the brain does not change, nor does the number of cells it consists of increase. That is why, in order to assimilate the increased volume of information, in particular in the field of education, it is necessary either to increase the duration of training or to intensify this process. Since it is quite difficult to increase the duration of training, including for economic reasons, it remains to increase its intensity. However, in this case, there is a natural fear of information overload. By themselves, they do not pose a threat to the psyche, since the brain has enormous capabilities for processing large amounts of information and protecting it from its excess. But if the time required for its processing is limited, this causes a strong neuropsychic tension - informational stress. In other words, undesirable stress arises when the speed of information entering the brain does not correspond to the biological and social capabilities of a person.

The most unpleasant thing is that a third factor joins the factors of the volume of information and lack of time - motivational: if the requirements for the child from parents, society, teachers are high, then the mechanisms of self-defense of the brain do not work (for example, avoidance of studies) and as a result, information overload occurs. At the same time, diligent children experience special difficulties (for example, in a first grader, when performing control work, the mental state corresponds to the state of an astronaut during spacecraft takeoff).

No less information overload is created by various types of professional activities (for example, an air traffic controller sometimes has to control up to 17 aircraft at the same time, a teacher - up to 40 individually different students, etc.).

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the general health of a person also largely depends on mental health, that is, on how well the brain functions.

It should be noted that numerous circumstances of modern life lead to an excessively strong psycho-emotional stress of a person, causing negative reactions and conditions leading to disruptions in normal mental activity.

One of the factors that help to deal with stressful situations is sufficient physical activity, which reduces the level of negative effects of stress that affect the psyche. However, the most important solution to this problem is to change the "attitude" of the person himself to the negative situation.

Bibliography

1. Martsinkovskaya T.D. History of psychology: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions.- M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2001

2. Watson J. B. Psychology as a science of behavior. - M., 2000

3. Pidkasisty P.I., Potnov M.L. The art of teaching. Second edition. The first book of a teacher. - M .: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 2001. - 212 p.

4. Abramova G.S. Practical psychology: A textbook for university students. - Ed. 6th, revised. and additional - M.: Academic project, 2001. - 480 p.

5. Elizarov A.N. Features of psychological counseling as an independent method of psychological assistance // Bulletin of psychosocial and correctional and rehabilitation work. Magazine. - 2000. - No. 3. - S. 11 - 17

6. Nemov R.S. Psychology: Textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions: In 3 books. 3rd edition. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2000. - 632 p.

7. Aleinikova T.V. Possible model representations of the psychophysiological construction of personality (conceptual model) // Valeology, 2000, no. 4, p. 14-15

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