Syndromes of the hematopoietic system. Diseases of the blood and hematopoietic system

Blood diseases are dangerous, widespread, the most severe of them are generally incurable and lead to death. Why is such an important system of the body as the circulatory system exposed to pathologies? The reasons are very different, sometimes not even dependent on the person, but accompanying him from birth.

Blood diseases

Blood diseases are numerous and varied in origin. They are associated with the pathology of the structure of blood cells or a violation of their functions. Also, some diseases affect plasma - the liquid component in which cells are located. Blood diseases, the list, the causes of their occurrence are carefully studied by doctors and scientists, some have not been able to determine so far.

Blood cells - erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Erythrocytes - red blood cells - carry oxygen to tissues internal organs. Leukocytes - white blood cells - fight infections and foreign bodies that enter the body. Platelets are colorless cells responsible for clotting. Plasma is a proteinaceous viscous fluid that contains blood cells. Due to the serious functionality circulatory system, blood diseases are mostly dangerous and even intractable.

Classification of diseases of the circulatory system

Blood diseases, the list of which is quite large, can be divided into groups according to their area of ​​distribution:

• Anemia. The condition of a pathologically low level of hemoglobin (this is the oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells).
• Hemorrhagic diathesis - clotting disorder.
• Hemoblastosis (oncology associated with damage to blood cells, lymph nodes or bone marrow).
• Other diseases that do not belong to the three above.

Such a classification is general, it divides diseases according to the principle of which cells are affected by pathological processes. Each group contains numerous blood diseases, a list of which is included in the International Classification of Diseases.

List of diseases affecting the blood

If you list all the diseases of the blood, the list of them will be huge. They differ in the reasons for their appearance in the body, the specifics of cell damage, symptoms, and many other factors. Anemia is the most common pathology that affects red blood cells. Signs of anemia are a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. The reason for this may be their reduced production or large blood loss. Hemoblastosis - most of this group of diseases is occupied by leukemia, or leukemia - blood cancer. During the course of the disease, blood cells are converted into malignant formations. The cause of the disease has not yet been elucidated. Lymphoma is also an oncological disease, pathological processes take place in the lymphatic system, leukocytes become malignant.

Myeloma is a blood cancer in which plasma is affected. The hemorrhagic syndromes of this disease are associated with a clotting problem. They are mostly congenital, such as hemophilia. It is manifested by hemorrhages in the joints, muscles and internal organs. Agammaglobulinemia is a hereditary deficiency of serum plasma proteins. Allocate the so-called systemic diseases blood, their list includes pathologies affecting individual body systems (immune, lymphatic) or the entire body as a whole.

Anemia

Consider the blood diseases associated with the pathology of erythrocytes (list). The most common types:

• Thalassemia is a violation of the rate of formation of hemoglobin.
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - develops as a result of a viral infection, syphilis. Drug-induced non-autoimmune hemolytic anemia - due to poisoning with alcohol, snake venom, toxic substances.
• Iron deficiency anemia - occurs when there is a lack of iron in the body or with chronic blood loss.
• B12 deficiency anemia. The reason is a lack of vitamin B12 due to insufficient intake from food or a violation of its absorption. The result is a violation in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.
• Folic deficiency anemia - occurs due to a lack of folic acid.
• Sickle cell anemia - red blood cells are sickle-shaped, which is serious hereditary pathology. The result is a slowdown in blood flow, jaundice.
• Idiopathic aplastic anemia is the absence of tissue that reproduces blood cells. Possible with exposure.
• Familial erythrocytosis is a hereditary disease characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells.

Diseases of the group of hemoblastoses

These are mainly oncological diseases of the blood, the list of the most common includes varieties of leukemia. The latter, in turn, are divided into two types - acute ( a large number of cancer cells, do not perform functions) and chronic (it proceeds slowly, the functions of blood cells are performed).

Acute myeloid leukemia - violations in the division of bone marrow cells, their maturation. Depending on the nature of the course of the disease, there are the following types acute leukemia:

• without maturation;
• with maturation;
• promyelocytic;
• myelomonoblastic;
• monoblast;
• erythroblastic;
• megakaryoblastic;
• lymphoblastic T-cell;
• lymphoblastic B-cell;
• panmyeloid leukemia.

Chronic forms of leukemia:

• myeloid leukemia;
• erythromyelosis;
• monocytic leukemia;
• megakaryocytic leukemia.

The above diseases of the chronic form are taken into account.

Letterer-Siwe disease - the germination of cells of the immune system in different organs, the origin of the disease is unknown.

Myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of diseases that affect the bone marrow, which include, for example,

Hemorrhagic syndromes

• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired disease characterized by the formation of blood clots.
• Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is a congenital deficiency of a blood clotting factor due to vitamin K deficiency.
• Deficiency - substances that are in the blood plasma, mainly these include proteins that ensure blood clotting. There are 13 types.
• Idiopathic Characterized by staining skin due to internal bleeding. Associated with low platelets in the blood.

Damage to all blood cells

• Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. A rare genetic disorder. It is caused by the destruction of blood cells by lymphocytes and macrophages. The pathological process occurs in different organs and tissues, as a result, the skin, lungs, liver, spleen, and brain are affected.
• caused by infection.
• cytostatic disease. It is manifested by the death of cells that are in the process of dividing.
• Hypoplastic anemia is a decrease in the number of all blood cells. Associated with cell death bone marrow.

Infectious diseases

The cause of blood diseases can be infections that enter the body. What are infectious diseases of the blood? List of the most common:

• Malaria. Infection occurs during a mosquito bite. Microorganisms penetrating the body infect red blood cells, which are destroyed as a result, thereby causing damage to internal organs, fever, chills. Usually found in the tropics.
• Sepsis - this term is used to refer to pathological processes in the blood, the cause of which is the penetration of bacteria into the blood in large numbers. Sepsis occurs as a result of many diseases - these are diabetes mellitus, chronic diseases, diseases of the internal organs, injuries and wounds. The best defense against sepsis is a good immune system.

Symptoms

Typical symptoms of blood diseases are fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, loss of appetite, tachycardia. With anemia due to bleeding, dizziness, severe weakness, nausea, fainting occur. If we talk about infectious diseases of the blood, the list of their symptoms is as follows: fever, chills, itching of the skin, loss of appetite. With a long course of the disease, weight loss is observed. Sometimes there are cases of perverted taste and smell, as in B12 deficiency anemia, for example. There are pains in the bones when pressed (with leukemia), swollen lymph nodes, pain in the right or left hypochondrium (liver or spleen). In some cases, there is a rash on the skin, bleeding from the nose. In the early stages of a blood disorder, there may be no symptoms.

Treatment

Blood diseases develop very quickly, so treatment should begin immediately after diagnosis. Each disease has its own specific features, therefore, the treatment is prescribed in each case. The treatment of oncological diseases, such as leukemia, is based on chemotherapy. Other methods of treatment are blood transfusion, reducing the effect of intoxication. In the treatment of oncological diseases of the blood, a transplantation of stem cells obtained from bone marrow or blood is used. This newest way to fight the disease helps restore the immune system and, if not overcome the disease, then at least prolong the life of the patient. If the tests allow you to determine which infectious blood diseases the patient has, the list of procedures is aimed primarily at eliminating the pathogen. This is where antibiotics come in.

The reasons

There are numerous diseases of the blood, the list of them is long. The reasons for their occurrence are different. For example, diseases associated with the problem of blood clotting are usually hereditary. They are diagnosed in young children. All infectious diseases of the blood, the list of which includes malaria, syphilis and other diseases, are transmitted through the carrier of the infection. It can be an insect or another person, a sexual partner. such as leukemia, have unexplained etiology. Blood diseases can also be caused by radiation, radioactive or toxic poisoning. Anemia may be due to malnutrition which does not provide necessary elements and vitamins the body.

Fanconi anemia (Pancytopenia Fanconi)

Panmyelophthis Fanconi is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

The main features of the syndrome are pancytopenia, short stature, skeletal anomalies, skin hyperpigmentation, hematopoietic neoplasms, and chromosomal instability.

Gross hematological disorders, as a rule, appear in the first years of life and are present in all patients.

All sprouts of the bone marrow are affected up to its complete aplasia. Pancytopenia leads to frequent bleeding, anemia, fatigue, weakness, susceptibility to infectious diseases. Most patients have skeletal anomalies.

The most common anomalies upper limbs: absence or hypoplasia of the radius, syndactyly, stick-like hand, clinodactyly, etc. Anomalies of the hip and tibia as well as the spine (scoliosis) and ribs.

Growth retardation begins in utero and continues in subsequent years. If the Solos do not die from bleeding or neoplasms at an early age, then they have a delay in puberty. In patients, heart and kidney defects, cryptorchidism, microcephaly, retinal detachment, strabismus, infection of the external auditory canal, deafness, infection of the vagina, bicornuate uterus, etc. are also described.

Dark skin coloration may be diffuse or patchy. Mental retardation is secondary to intracranial hemorrhage. Patients often develop leukemia. Adenomas and carcinomas of the liver are considered secondary, caused by long-term treatment with hormonal drugs and chemotherapy. There is also squamous cell carcinoma of the border areas between the skin and the mucous membrane (near the lips, anus).

As a preventive measure, it is recommended genetic counseling families. The syndrome can be detected prenatally by ultrasound at 12 weeks of gestation for characteristic fetal skeletal abnormalities. Patients (sometimes from the very first months of life) need a blood or platelet transfusion.

Hormonal (androgens, steroids) and chemotherapy are carried out. Sometimes a splenectomy is suggested. Congenital skeletal anomalies require orthopedic care. Patients suffering from Fanconi anemia constitute a group of increased oncological risk and should be under the supervision of an oncologist.
Bloom Syndrome. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

The syndrome is characterized by the following features. Growth retardation begins even in the prenatal state, and the average height of adult men is about 150 cm, women - about 145 cm. All affected have a dolichocephalic shape of the skull and a pronounced similarity of facial features: the face is small, narrow, with a strongly protruding nose and slightly receding back chin; often marked arched solid sky, big ears, sometimes chin hypoplasia.

Telangiectasias, on the face are located in the form of a butterfly, erythema occupies the cheekbones, cheeks, nose and is aggravated by exposure to sunlight. Some patients have "coffee spots", as well as ichthyosis, hypertrichosis. Due to immunosuppression, patients are predisposed to infectious diseases, which sometimes leads them to early death.

Characterized by cytogenetic abnormalities in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts, as well as in bone marrow cells, which are considered decisive in the diagnosis of the syndrome. In addition to these features, some patients have malformations (poly-, clino-, syndactyly, shortening of the lower extremities), as well as moderate sexual underdevelopment and associated infertility. Intelligence is not impaired. In patients, lymphomas and leukemias are most common, less often - solid tumors. Average age the onset of neoplasms 19 years.

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Immunodeficiency state patients associated with low education polynuclear cells. For clinical picture partial albinism is characteristic: general hypopigmentation and pigmentary dystrophy in the form of light, transparent skin, light, sparse and dry hair, light iris, photophobia, sometimes hyperpigmentation of skin areas exposed to light; horizontal nystagmus; intermittent fever, tendency to recurrent purulent infections(otitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, skin pustular lesions); general hyperhidrosis; hepatosplenomegaly; anomalies of hematopoiesis (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia).

Histological examination reveals infiltration of various tissues by immature lymphocytes and histiocytes. Carriers of the syndrome may have malignant lymphomas, acute leukemias. Genetic counseling of the family, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, periodic examination by a hematologist-oncologist are recommended. For patients, the prognosis of life is unfavorable: most die before the age of 10 years.

Bruton's agammaglobulinemia (Jenway's syndrome)

It is inherited in a recessive X-linked pattern. Autosomal recessive variants have been described. The disease is rare. As a rule, it manifests itself at an early age, however, according to some reports, it can manifest itself at any age. Patients are hypersensitive to bacterial, but not to viral infections.

At an early age, children suffer from recurring pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis is possible. Later, a picture of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, or other collagenosis develops. The blood picture is characterized by anemia and leukopenia. The main manifestation of the syndrome is hypogammaglobulinemia, and more often agammaglobulinemia.

The synthesis of almost all immunoglobulins is impaired. These patients may develop acute lymphocytic leukemia, malignant lymphomas. For the purpose of prevention, genetic counseling (sometimes prenatal diagnosis is possible), prevention and treatment of infections, dispensary observation at the hematologist.

Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome

It is inherited as a recessive, X-linked type. The disease manifests itself in early childhood and leads to the death of patients under the age of 10 years. The main one is the defeat of humoral and cellular immunity. Decreased function of the thymus gland is noted.

Even with a normal number of B-lymphocytes, antibody production is greatly reduced; low levels of immunoglobulins, especially IgM. In the future, violations of cellular immunity increase, the number of lymphocytes and platelets decreases.

Clinical symptoms are frequent infections, bleeding (including gastrointestinal bleeding), chronic eczema.

Tumors are observed in 10% of patients. The most common are reticuloendothelial neoplasms, malignant lymphomas (often in the brain), acute myeloid leukemias, and cancers of the skin and mucous membranes. For family members, observation and genetic counseling are recommended. Prenatal diagnosis is possible. The prognosis for life is unfavorable

Myeloma (Rustitzky-Kahler disease, multiple myeloma)

The nature of its inheritance is not well understood. Apparently, in most cases, the disease is the result of a somatic mutation in B-lymphocytes. In some cases, autosomal recessive inheritance is possible. The risk of disease for direct relatives is increased by 5 times. Men and women are equally affected.

Multiple myeloma is a generalized malignant tumor of the plasma cells of the bone marrow. There are myelomas that secrete immunoglobulins (paraproteins) of classes G (the most common form), A, D and E (the rarest), as well as Bence-Jones myeloma (“light chain disease”). As a result of the proliferation of transformed plasma cells, normal immunocompetent clones are suppressed.

Plaemocytic infiltrates and myelomas destroy bones; in different organs develop into non-bone marrow myelomas. Severe amyloidosis of internal organs is characteristic. Multiple myeloma usually develops after the age of 40. At the beginning of the disease, pain occurs in the bones containing the bone marrow - the spine, ribs, sternum, skull, tubular bones.

typical pathological fractures affected bones. The growth of tumors outside the bone is accompanied by corresponding local symptoms: radiculitis, paralysis, pleurisy, ascites, enlargement of the affected organ.

A picture of plasma cell leukemia develops in the blood, increases sharply sedimentation rate of erythrocytes(SOE), the ratio of immunoglobulins is disturbed, later - non-hemolytic anemia and other disorders; often elevated levels of calcium in the blood. Immune deficiency is manifested by repeated infections.

Renal amyloidosis leads to uremia, myocardial - to heart failure. Patients rarely live more than 5-6 years from the onset of the disease. Treatment can sometimes extend life to 10 years or more. The overall prognosis, however, is poor.

Di George Syndrome

It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The disease is based on aplasia of the thymus and parathyroid glands as a result of underdevelopment of III and IV pairs of gill pockets in embryogenesis with a deficiency of T-immunity while maintaining humoral immunity.

Accompanied by underdevelopment of the aortic arch, sternum, auricle, sometimes - heart defects. Characteristic features diseases are an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and susceptibility from childhood to attacks of tetanic convulsions.

The level of immunoglobulins in the blood is normal, and the production of specific antibodies is reduced or absent. The development of malignant tumors is typical: lymphomas (including in the brain), squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and mucous membrane of the lips. Transplantation of the thymus, accompanied by the introduction of parathyroid hormone, gives positive results.

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Represents chronic myeloid leukemia with an increase in the blood level of high-molecular gamma globulins. The pathogenesis is unclear. The disease develops over the age of 40, manifested by general weakness, exhaustion, which are later joined by normochromic anemia, increased bleeding, and heart failure.

In the blood, a lot of altered lymphocytes are detected, a significant increase in the level of immunoglobulin, there is also an increase in lymph nodes, spleen and liver.

There are benign (asymptomatic), slowly progressive and progressive forms of the disease. Deficiency of normal immunoglobulins and infiltration of organs by lymphoid cells gradually increase. Pulmonary, renal and hepatic insufficiency develops. The disease may be complicated by malignant

Blood diseases represent an extensive collection of pathologies that are very heterogeneous in terms of causes, clinical manifestations and course, combined into one common group the presence of violations of the number, structure or functions cellular elements(erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes) or blood plasma. Chapter medical science dealing with diseases of the blood system is called hematology.

Blood diseases and diseases of the blood system

The essence of blood diseases is to change the number, structure or functions of erythrocytes, platelets or leukocytes, as well as violations of plasma properties in gammopathy. That is, a blood disease may consist in an increase or decrease in the number of red blood cells, platelets or white blood cells, as well as in a change in their properties or structure. In addition, pathology may consist in changing the properties of plasma due to the appearance of pathological proteins in it or a decrease / increase normal amount components of the liquid part of the blood.

Typical examples of blood diseases caused by a change in the number of cellular elements are, for example, anemia or erythremia (increased number of red blood cells in the blood). And an example of a blood disease caused by a change in the structure and functions of cellular elements is sickle cell anemia, lazy leukocyte syndrome, etc. Pathologies in which the quantity, structure, and functions of cellular elements change are hemoblastoses, which are commonly called blood cancer. A characteristic blood disease caused by a change in the properties of plasma is myeloma.

Diseases of the blood system and diseases of the blood are different variants names of the same set of pathologies. However, the term "diseases of the blood system" is more accurate and correct, since the entire set of pathologies included in this group concerns not only the blood itself, but also hematopoietic organs such as bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. After all, a blood disease is not just a change in the quality, quantity, structure and functions of cellular elements or plasma, but also certain disorders in the organs responsible for the production of cells or proteins, as well as for their destruction. Therefore, in fact, in any blood disease, a change in its parameters is caused by a malfunction of any organ directly involved in the synthesis, maintenance and destruction of blood elements and proteins.

Blood is a very labile tissue of the body in terms of its parameters, since it reacts to various factors environment, and also because it is in it that wide range biochemical, immunological and metabolic processes. Due to such a relatively "wide" spectrum of sensitivity, blood parameters can change under various conditions and diseases, which does not indicate the pathology of the blood itself, but only reflects the reaction taking place in it. After recovery from the disease, blood parameters return to normal.

But blood diseases are a pathology of its immediate components, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets or plasma. This means that in order to bring blood parameters back to normal, it is necessary to cure or neutralize the existing pathology, bringing the properties and number of cells (erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes) as close as possible to normal values. However, since the change in blood parameters can be the same both in somatic, neurological and mental diseases, and in blood pathologies, it takes some time and additional examinations to identify the latter.

Blood diseases - list

Currently, doctors and scientists distinguish the following blood diseases that are included in the list of the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision (ICD-10):
1. Iron-deficiency anemia;
2. B12 deficiency anemia;
3. folate deficiency anemia;
4. Anemia due to protein deficiency;
5. Anemia from scurvy;
6. Unspecified anemia due to malnutrition;
7. Anemia due to enzyme deficiency;
8. Thalassemia (alpha thalassemia, beta thalassemia, delta beta thalassemia);
9. Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin;
10. sickle cell anemia;
11. Hereditary spherocytosis (Minkowski-Choffard anemia);
12. Hereditary elliptocytosis;
13. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia;
14. Drug-induced non-autoimmune hemolytic anemia;
15. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
16. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (Marchiafava-Micheli disease);
17. Acquired pure red cell aplasia (erythroblastopenia);
18. Constitutional or drug-induced aplastic anemia;
19. Idiopathic aplastic anemia;
20. Acute posthemorrhagic anemia(after acute blood loss);
21. Anemia in neoplasms;
22. Anemia in chronic somatic diseases;
23. Sideroblastic anemia (hereditary or secondary);
24. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia;
25. Acute myeloblastic undifferentiated leukemia;
26. Acute myeloid leukemia without maturation;
27. Acute myeloid leukemia with maturation;
28. Acute promyelocytic leukemia;
29. Acute myelomonoblastic leukemia;
30. Acute monoblastic leukemia;
31. Acute erythroblastic leukemia;
32. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia;
33. Acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia;
34. Acute lymphoblastic B-cell leukemia;
35. Acute panmyeloid leukemia;
36. Letterer-Siwe disease;
37. myelodysplastic syndrome;
38. Chronic myeloid leukemia;
39. Chronic erythromyelosis;
40. Chronic monocytic leukemia;
41. Chronic megakaryocytic leukemia;
42. Subleukemic myelosis;
43. mast cell leukemia;
44. macrophage leukemia;
45. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia;
46. hairy cell leukemia;
47. Polycythemia vera (erythremia, Wakez's disease);
48. Cesari's disease (lymphocytoma of the skin);
49. Fungal mycosis;
50. Burkitt's lymphosarcoma;
51. Lennert's lymphoma;
52. Histiocytosis is malignant;
53. Malignant mast cell tumor;
54. True histiocytic lymphoma;
55. MALT-lymphoma;
56. Hodgkin's disease (lymphogranulomatosis);
57. non-Hodgkin's lymphomas;
58. Myeloma (generalized plasmacytoma);
59. Macroglobulinemia Waldenström;
60. Heavy alpha chain disease;
61. gamma heavy chain disease;
62. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC);
63.
64. Deficiency of K-vitamin-dependent blood clotting factors;
65. Coagulation factor I deficiency and dysfibrinogenemia;
66. Coagulation factor II deficiency;
67. Coagulation factor V deficiency;
68. deficit VII factor blood clotting (hereditary hypoproconvertinemia);
69. Hereditary deficiency of factor VIII of blood coagulation (von Willebrand's disease);
70. Hereditary deficiency of IX blood coagulation factor (Christamas disease, hemophilia B);
71. Hereditary deficiency of X factor of blood clotting (Stuart-Prauer disease);
72. Hereditary deficiency of XI blood coagulation factor (hemophilia C);
73. Coagulation factor XII deficiency (Hageman defect);
74. Coagulation factor XIII deficiency;
75. Deficiency of plasma components of the kallikrein-kinin system;
76. Antithrombin III deficiency;
77. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler disease);
78. Thrombasthenia Glanzmann;
79. Bernard-Soulier syndrome;
80. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome;
81. Chediak-Higashi syndrome;
82. TAR syndrome;
83. Hegglin's syndrome;
84. Kazabakh-Merritt syndrome;
85.
86. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome;
87. Gasser's syndrome;
88. allergic purpura;
89.
90. Simulated bleeding (Munchausen's syndrome);
91. Agranulocytosis;
92. Functional disorders polymorphonuclear neutrophils;

93. eosinophilia;
94. Methemoglobinemia;
95. Familial erythrocytosis;
96. Essential thrombocytosis;
97. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis;
98. Hemophagocytic syndrome due to infection;
99. cytostatic disease.

The above list of diseases includes most of the currently known blood pathologies. However, some rare diseases or forms of the same pathology are not included in the list.

Blood disease - types

The whole set of blood diseases can be conditionally divided into the following large groups, depending on which type of cellular elements or plasma proteins turned out to be pathologically altered:
1. Anemia (conditions in which hemoglobin levels are below normal);
2. Hemorrhagic diathesis or pathology of the hemostasis system (blood clotting disorders);
3. Hemoblastoses (various neoplastic diseases their blood cells, bone marrow or lymph nodes);
4. Other blood diseases (diseases that do not belong to either hemorrhagic diathesis, or anemia, or hemoblastoses).

This classification is very general, dividing all blood diseases into groups based on which general pathological process is the leading one and which cells have been affected by the changes. Of course, in each group there is a very wide range of specific diseases, which, in turn, are also divided into species and types. Consider the classification of each specified group of blood diseases separately, so as not to create confusion due to the large amount of information.

Anemia

So, anemia is a combination of all conditions in which there is a decrease in hemoglobin levels below normal. Currently, anemias are classified into the following types, depending on the leading general pathological cause of their occurrence:
1. Anemia due to impaired synthesis of hemoglobin or red blood cells;
2. Hemolytic anemia associated with increased breakdown of hemoglobin or red blood cells;
3. Hemorrhagic anemia associated with blood loss.
Anemia due to blood loss are divided into two types:

• Acute posthemorrhagic anemia - occurs after a rapid simultaneous loss of more than 400 ml of blood;
• Chronic posthemorrhagic anemia - occurs as a result of prolonged, constant blood loss due to small but constant bleeding (for example, with heavy menstruation, with bleeding from a stomach ulcer, etc.).

Anemia due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis or red blood cell formation are divided into the following types:
1. Aplastic anemias:

• Red cell aplasia (constitutional, medical, etc.);
• Partial red cell aplasia;
• Anemia Blackfan-Diamond;
• Anemia Fanconi.

2. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia.
3. myelodysplastic syndrome.
4. Deficiency anemia:

• Iron-deficiency anemia;
• folate deficiency anemia;
• B12 deficiency anemia;
• Anemia on the background of scurvy;
• Anemia due to lack of protein in the diet (kwashiorkor);
• Anemia with a lack of amino acids (orotaciduric anemia);
• Anemia with a lack of copper, zinc and molybdenum.

5. Anemia in violation of hemoglobin synthesis:

• Porphyria - sideroachristic anemia (Kelly-Paterson syndrome, Plummer-Vinson syndrome).

6. Anemia chronic diseases(with renal failure, cancerous tumors, etc.).
7. Anemia with increased consumption of hemoglobin and other substances:

• Anemia of pregnancy;
• Anemia of breastfeeding;
• Anemia of athletes, etc.

As can be seen, the spectrum of anemia caused by impaired hemoglobin synthesis and the formation of red blood cells is very wide. However, in practice, most of these anemias are rare or very rare. And in everyday life, people most often encounter various options deficiency anemias, such as iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, etc. Anemia data, as the name implies, is formed due to an insufficient amount of substances necessary for the formation of hemoglobin and red blood cells. The second most common anemia associated with a violation of the synthesis of hemoglobin and erythrocytes is a form that develops in severe chronic diseases.

Hemolytic anemia due to increased breakdown of red blood cells are divided into hereditary and acquired. Accordingly, hereditary hemolytic anemias are caused by any genetic defects transmitted by parents to offspring, and therefore are incurable. And acquired hemolytic anemias are associated with the influence of environmental factors, and therefore are completely curable.

Lymphomas are currently divided into two main varieties - Hodgkin's (lymphogranulomatosis) and non-Hodgkin's. Lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's disease, Hodgkin's lymphoma) is not divided into types, but can occur in various clinical forms, each of which has its own clinical features and related nuances of therapy.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are divided into the following types:
1. Follicular lymphoma:

• Mixed large and small cell with split nuclei;
• Large cell.

2. Diffuse lymphoma:

• Small cell;
• Small cell with split nuclei;
• Mixed small cell and large cell;
• reticulosarcoma;
• immunoblastic;
• Lymphoblastic;
• Burkitt's tumor.

3. Peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas:

• Cesari disease;
• Mycosis fungoides;
• Lennert's lymphoma;
• Peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

4. Other lymphomas:

• Lymphosarcoma;
• B-cell lymphoma;
• MALT-lymphoma.

Hemorrhagic diathesis (diseases of blood clotting)

Hemorrhagic diathesis (blood clotting diseases) is a very extensive and variable group of diseases, which are characterized by one or another violation of blood clotting, and, accordingly, a tendency to bleeding. Depending on which cells or processes of the blood coagulation system are disturbed, all hemorrhagic diatheses are divided into the following types:
1. Syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
2. Thrombocytopenia (the number of platelets in the blood is below normal):

• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (Werlhof's disease);
• Alloimmune purpura of newborns;
• Transimmune purpura of newborns;
• Heteroimmune thrombocytopenia;
• allergic vasculitis;
• Evans syndrome;
• Vascular pseudohemophilia.

3. Thrombocytopathies (platelets have a defective structure and inferior functional activity):

• Hermansky-Pudlak disease;
• TAR syndrome;
• May-Hegglin syndrome;
• Wiskott-Aldrich disease;
• Thrombasthenia Glanzmann;
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome;
• Chediak-Higashi syndrome;
• Willebrand disease.

4. Blood clotting disorders against the background of vascular pathology and insufficiency of the coagulation link in the coagulation process:

• Rendu-Osler-Weber disease;
• Louis-Bar syndrome (ataxia-telangiectasia);
• Kazabah-Merritt syndrome;
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome;
• Gasser's syndrome;
• Hemorrhagic vasculitis (Scheinlein-Genoch disease);
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

5. Blood clotting disorders caused by disorders of the kinin-kallikrein system:

• Fletcher defect;
• Williams defect;
• Fitzgerald defect;
• Flajac defect.

6. Acquired coagulopathy (pathology of blood clotting against the background of violations of the coagulation link of coagulation):

• Afibrinogenemia;
• Consumption coagulopathy;
• fibrinolytic bleeding;
• fibrinolytic purpura;
• Lightning purpura;
• Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn;
• Deficiency of K-vitamin-dependent factors;
• Coagulation disorders after taking anticoagulants and fibrinolytics.

7. Hereditary coagulopathy (blood clotting disorders due to a deficiency of coagulation factors):

• fibrinogen deficiency;
• Deficiency of coagulation factor II (prothrombin);
• Coagulation factor V deficiency (labile);
• Coagulation factor VII deficiency;
• Coagulation factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia A);
• Coagulation factor IX deficiency (Christmas disease, hemophilia B);
• Coagulation factor X deficiency (Stuart-Prower);
• Factor XI deficiency (hemophilia C);
• Coagulation factor XII deficiency (Hageman's disease);
• Deficiency of coagulation factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing);
• Thromboplastin precursor deficiency;
• Deficiency of AS-globulin;
• Proaccelerin deficiency;
• Vascular hemophilia;
• Dysfibrinogenemia (congenital);
• Hypoproconvertinemia;
• Ovren's disease;
• Increased content of antithrombin;
• Increased content of anti-VIIIa, anti-IXa, anti-Xa, anti-XIa (anti-clotting factors).

Other blood diseases

This group includes diseases that for some reason cannot be attributed to hemorrhagic diathesis, hemoblastosis and anemia. Today, this group of blood diseases includes the following pathologies:
1. Agranulocytosis (absence of neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils in the blood);
2. Functional disturbances in the activity of stab neutrophils;
3. Eosinophilia (an increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood);
4. Methemoglobinemia;
5. Familial erythrocytosis (an increase in the number of red blood cells);
6. Essential thrombocytosis (an increase in the number of blood platelets);
7. Secondary polycythemia (an increase in the number of all blood cells);
8. Leukopenia (decreased number of white blood cells in the blood);
9. Cytostatic disease (a disease associated with the use of cytotoxic drugs).

Blood diseases - symptoms

Symptoms of blood diseases are very variable, because they depend on which cells are involved in the pathological process. So, with anemia, the symptoms of a lack of oxygen in the tissues come to the fore, with hemorrhagic vasculitis - increased bleeding, etc. Thus, there are no single and common symptoms for all blood diseases, since each specific pathology is characterized by a certain unique combination of clinical signs inherent only to it.

However, it is possible to conditionally distinguish the symptoms of blood diseases inherent in all pathologies and caused by impaired blood functions. So, common to various diseases blood can be considered the following symptoms:

• Weakness;
• Dyspnea;
• palpitations;
• Decreased appetite;
• Elevated body temperature, which keeps almost constantly;
• Frequent and long-term infectious and inflammatory processes;
• itchy skin;
• Perversion of taste and smell (a person begins to like specific smells and tastes);
• Pain in the bones (with leukemia);
• Bleeding by the type of petechiae, bruising, etc.;
• Constant bleeding from the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and organs of the gastrointestinal tract;
• Pain in the left or right hypochondrium;
• Low performance.

This list of symptoms of blood diseases is very short, but it allows you to orient yourself regarding the most typical clinical manifestations of the pathology of the blood system. If a person has any of the above symptoms, then you should consult a doctor for a detailed examination.

Blood disease syndromes

A syndrome is a stable set of symptoms characteristic of a disease or group of pathologies that have a similar pathogenesis. Thus, blood disease syndromes are groups of clinical symptoms united by a common mechanism of their development. Moreover, each syndrome is characterized by a stable combination of symptoms that must be present in a person in order to identify any syndrome. With blood diseases, several syndromes are distinguished that develop with various pathologies.

So, at present, doctors distinguish the following syndromes of blood diseases:

• anemic syndrome;
• hemorrhagic syndrome;
• Ulcerative necrotic syndrome;
• intoxication syndrome;
• ossalgic syndrome;
• Protein pathology syndrome;
• sideropenic syndrome;
• Plethoric syndrome;
• icteric syndrome;
• Lymphadenopathy syndrome;
• Hepato-splenomegaly syndrome;
• Blood loss syndrome;
• feverish syndrome;
• Hematological syndrome;
• Bone marrow syndrome;
• enteropathy syndrome;
• Arthropathy Syndrome.

The listed syndromes develop against the background of various blood diseases, and some of them are characteristic only for a narrow range of pathologies with a similar mechanism of development, while others, on the contrary, occur in almost any blood disease.

Anemia syndrome

Anemia syndrome is characterized by a set of symptoms provoked by anemia, that is, a low content of hemoglobin in the blood, due to which the tissues experience oxygen starvation. Anemia syndrome develops in all blood diseases, however, in some pathologies, it appears on initial stages, and for others - at later times.

So, the manifestations of an anemic syndrome are the following symptoms:

• Paleness of the skin and mucous membranes;
• Dry and flaky or moist skin;
• Dry, brittle hair and nails;
• Bleeding from mucous membranes - gums, stomach, intestines, etc .;
• Dizziness;
• Shaky gait;
• Darkening in the eyes;
• Noise in ears;
• Fatigue;
• Drowsiness;
• Shortness of breath when walking;
• Palpitation.

In severe anemia, a person may develop pasty legs, taste perversion (like inedible things, such as chalk), burning in the tongue or its bright crimson color, as well as choking when swallowing pieces of food.

Hemorrhagic syndrome

Hemorrhagic syndrome is manifested by the following symptoms:

• bleeding gums and prolonged bleeding when removing a tooth and injuring the oral mucosa;
• Feeling of discomfort in the stomach;
• red blood cells or blood in the urine;
• Bleeding from punctures from injections;
• Bruises and petechial hemorrhages on the skin;
• Headache;
• Soreness and swelling of the joints;
• The impossibility of active movements due to pain caused by hemorrhages in the muscles and joints.

Hemorrhagic syndrome develops with the following blood diseases:
1. thrombocytopenic purpura;
2. von Willebrand disease;
3. Rendu-Osler disease;
4. Glanzmann's disease;
5. Hemophilia A, B and C;
6. Hemorrhagic vasculitis;
7. DIC;
8. Hemoblastoses;
9. aplastic anemia;
10. Taking large doses of anticoagulants.

Ulcerative necrotic syndrome

Ulcerative necrotic syndrome is characterized by the following set of symptoms:

• Pain in the oral mucosa;
• Bleeding from the gums;
• Inability to eat due to pain in the oral cavity;
• Increase in body temperature;
• chills;
• Bad breath ;
• Discharge and discomfort in the vagina;
• Difficulty defecation.

Ulcerative necrotic syndrome develops with hemoblastosis, aplastic anemia, as well as radiation and cytostatic diseases.

Intoxication syndrome

Intoxication syndrome is manifested by the following symptoms:

• General weakness;
• Fever with chills;
• Prolonged persistent increase in body temperature;
• Malaise;
• Reduced work capacity;
• Pain in the oral mucosa;
• Commonplace symptoms respiratory disease upper respiratory tract.

Intoxication syndrome develops with hemoblastoses, hematosarcomas (Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcomas) and cytostatic disease.

Ossalgic syndrome

Ossalgic syndrome is characterized by pain in various bones, which at the first stages are stopped by painkillers. As the disease progresses, the pain becomes more intense and is no longer stopped by analgesics, creating difficulty in movement. In the later stages of the disease, the pain is so severe that the person cannot move.

Ossalgic syndrome develops when multiple myeloma, as well as bone metastases in lymphogranulomatosis and hemangiomas.

protein pathology syndrome

Protein pathology syndrome is caused by the presence in the blood of a large amount of pathological proteins (paraproteins) and is characterized by the following symptoms:

• Deterioration of memory and attention;
• Pain and numbness in the legs and arms;
• Bleeding of the mucous membranes of the nose, gums and tongue;
• Retinopathy (impaired functioning of the eyes);
• Renal failure (in the later stages of the disease);
• Violation of the functions of the heart, tongue, joints, salivary glands and skin.

Protein pathology syndrome develops with myeloma and Waldenström's disease.

sideropenic syndrome

Sideropenic syndrome is caused by iron deficiency in the human body and is characterized by the following symptoms:

• Perversion of the sense of smell (a person likes the smells of exhaust gases, washed concrete floors, etc.);
• Perversion of taste (a person likes the taste of chalk, lime, charcoal, dry cereals, etc.);
• Difficulty swallowing food;
• muscle weakness;
• Paleness and dryness of the skin;
• Seizures in the corners of the mouth;
• Thin, brittle, concave nails with transverse striation;
• Thin, brittle and dry hair.

Sideropenic syndrome develops with Werlhof and Randu-Osler diseases.

Plethoric syndrome

Plethoric syndrome is manifested by the following symptoms:

• Headache;
• Feeling of heat in the body;
• Congestion of blood to the head;
• Red face;
• Burning in fingers;
• Paresthesia (feeling of goosebumps, etc.);
• Itching of the skin, worse after a bath or shower;
• heat intolerance;

The syndrome develops with erythremia and Wakez's disease.

icteric syndrome

Icteric syndrome is manifested by a characteristic yellow color of the skin and mucous membranes. Develops with hemolytic anemia.

Lymphadenopathy syndrome

Lymphadenopathy syndrome is manifested by the following symptoms:

• Enlargement and soreness of various lymph nodes;
• symptoms of intoxication (fever, headache, drowsiness, etc.);
• sweating;
• Weakness;
• Strong weight loss;
• Pain in the area of ​​​​an enlarged lymph node due to compression of nearby organs;
• Fistulas with purulent discharge.

The syndrome develops in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, lymphosarcomas, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and infectious mononucleosis.

Hepato-splenomegaly syndrome

Hepato-splenomegaly syndrome is caused by an increase in the size of the liver and spleen, and is manifested by the following symptoms:

• Feeling of heaviness in the upper abdomen;
• Pain in the upper abdomen;
• Increase in the volume of the abdomen;
• Weakness;
• Reduced performance;
• Jaundice (on late stage diseases).

The syndrome develops with infectious mononucleosis, hereditary microspherocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, sickle cell and B12 deficiency anemia, thalassemia, thrombocytopenia, acute leukemia, chronic lymphocytic and myeloid leukemia, subleukemic myelosis, as well as erythremia and Waldenström's disease.

Blood loss syndrome

Hemorrhage syndrome is characterized by profuse or frequent bleeding in the past from various bodies and manifests itself with the following symptoms:

• bruises on the skin;
• Hematomas in the muscles;
• Swelling and soreness in the joints due to hemorrhages;
• Spider veins on the skin;

The syndrome develops with hemoblastosis, hemorrhagic diathesis and aplastic anemia.

Fever Syndrome

Feverish syndrome is manifested by a prolonged and persistent fever with chills. In some cases, against the background of a fever, a person is worried about constant itching of the skin and heavy sweats. The syndrome accompanies hemoblastosis and anemia.

Hematological and bone marrow syndromes

Hematologic and bone marrow syndromes are non-clinical because they do not take into account symptoms and are detected only on the basis of changes in blood tests and bone marrow smears. The hematological syndrome is characterized by a change in the normal number of erythrocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, leukocytes and blood ESR. Also characterized by a change percentage various types of leukocytes in the leukoformula (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, etc.). Bone marrow syndrome is characterized by a change in the normal ratio of cellular elements of various hematopoietic germs. Hematological and bone marrow syndromes develop in all blood diseases.

Enteropathy syndrome

Enteropathy syndrome develops with cytostatic disease and is manifested by various disorders of the intestine due to ulcerative-necrotic lesions of its mucous membrane.

Arthropathy Syndrome

Arthropathy syndrome develops in blood diseases, which are characterized by a deterioration in blood clotting and, accordingly, a tendency to bleeding (hemophilia, leukemia, vasculitis). The syndrome develops due to blood entering the joints, which provokes the following characteristic symptoms:

• Swelling and thickening of the affected joint;
• Pain in the affected joint;

Blood tests (blood counts)

To detect blood diseases, quite simple tests with the definition of certain indicators in each of them. So, today, the following tests are used to detect various blood diseases:
1. General blood analysis

• The total number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets;
• Calculation of the leukoformula (percentage of basophils, eosinophils, stab and segmented neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in 100 counted cells);
• The concentration of hemoglobin in the blood;
• The study of shape, size, color and other quality characteristics erythrocytes.

2. Counting the number of reticulocytes.
3. Platelet count.
4. Pinch test.
5. Duke bleeding time.
6. Coagulogram with the definition of parameters such as:

• The amount of fibrinogen;
• Prothrombin index (PTI);
• International Normalized Ratio (INR);
• Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT);
• Kaolin time;
• Thrombin time (TV).

7. Determination of the concentration of coagulation factors.
8. Myelogram - taking the bone marrow with the help of a puncture, followed by the preparation of a smear and counting the number of various cellular elements, as well as their percentage per 300 cells.

In principle, the listed simple tests allow you to diagnose any blood disease.

Definition of some common blood disorders

Very often, in everyday speech, people call certain conditions and reactions of the blood diseases, which is not true. However, not knowing the subtleties medical terminology and features of precisely blood diseases, people use their own terms, denoting the condition they have or those close to them. Consider the most common such terms, as well as what they mean, what kind of condition it is in reality and how it is correctly called by practitioners.

Infectious blood diseases

Strictly speaking, only mononucleosis, which is relatively rare, is classified as infectious blood diseases. By the term "infectious diseases of the blood" people mean the reactions of the blood system in various infectious diseases of any organs and systems. That is, an infectious disease occurs in any organ (for example, tonsillitis, bronchitis, urethritis, hepatitis, etc.), and certain changes appear in the blood, reflecting the reaction of the immune system.

Viral blood disease

Viral blood disease is a variation of what people refer to as "infectious blood disease". In this case infectious process in any organ, which is reflected in the parameters of the blood, was caused by a virus.

Chronic blood pathology

By this term, people usually mean any changes in blood parameters that have existed for a long time. For example, a person may have a long-term elevated ESR, but there are no clinical symptoms and obvious diseases. In this case, people believe that we are talking about a chronic blood disease. However, this is a misinterpretation of the available data. In such situations, there is a reaction of the blood system to any pathological process occurring in other organs and simply not yet identified due to the lack of clinical symptoms, which would allow the doctor and the patient to navigate the direction of the diagnostic search.

Hereditary (genetic) blood disorders

Hereditary (genetic) blood disorders in everyday life are quite rare, but their range is quite wide. So, hereditary blood diseases include the well-known hemophilia, as well as Marchiafava-Mikeli disease, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, etc. These blood diseases, as a rule, are manifested from birth.

Systemic blood diseases

"Systemic blood diseases" - doctors usually write a similar wording when they have detected changes in a person's tests and mean exactly the pathology of the blood, and not any other organ. Most often, this wording hides the suspicion of leukemia. However, as such, there is no systemic blood disease, since almost all blood pathologies are systemic. Therefore, this wording is used to denote a doctor's suspicion of a blood disease.

Autoimmune blood diseases

Autoimmune blood diseases are pathologies in which the immune system destroys its own blood cells. This group of pathologies includes the following:

• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia;
• drug hemolysis;
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn;
• Hemolysis after blood transfusion;
• Idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura;
• Autoimmune neutropenia.

Blood disease - causes

The causes of blood disorders are varied and in many cases are not exactly known. For example, with deficiency anemia, the cause of the disease is associated with a lack of any substances necessary for the formation of hemoglobin. In autoimmune blood diseases, the cause is associated with a malfunction of the immune system. With hemoblastoses, the exact causes, as with any other tumors, are unknown. In the pathology of blood coagulation, the causes are a deficiency of coagulation factors, platelet defects, etc. Thus, it is simply impossible to talk about some common causes for all blood diseases.

Treatment of blood diseases

Treatment of blood diseases is aimed at correcting violations and the most complete restoration of all its functions. At the same time, there is no general treatment for all blood diseases, and the tactics of therapy for each specific pathology is developed individually.

Prevention of blood diseases

Prevention of blood diseases consists in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and limiting the influence of negative environmental factors, namely:

• Identification and treatment of diseases accompanied by bleeding;
• Timely treatment of helminthic invasions;
• Timely treatment of infectious diseases;
• Complete nutrition and intake of vitamins;
• Avoidance of ionizing radiation;
• Avoid contact with harmful chemicals(paints, heavy metals, benzene, etc.);
• Avoidance of stress;
• Prevention of hypothermia and overheating.

Common blood diseases, their treatment and prevention - video

Blood diseases: description, signs and symptoms, course and consequences, diagnosis and treatment - video

Blood diseases (anemia, hemorrhagic syndrome, hemoblastosis): causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment - video

Polycythemia (polycythemia), elevated hemoglobin in the blood: causes and symptoms of the disease, diagnosis and treatment - video

Before use, you should consult with a specialist.

AT clinical practice distinguish the following syndromes, reflecting changes in the blood system. Anemic. Hemorrhagic. Hemolytic. ICE syndrome. ANEMIC SYNDROME Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin content per unit volume of blood (often with a simultaneous decrease in the number of red blood cells), which accompanies both hematological diseases and many other diseases. When studying the anamnesis, attention is paid to the patient's contact with toxic substances, the use of drugs, symptoms of other diseases that can lead to anemia. In addition, it is necessary to assess the patient's dietary habits, the amount of alcohol consumed. A family history of anemia should also be clarified.

The reasons. Anemia can accompany various diseases of an infectious and inflammatory nature, diseases of the liver, kidneys, connective tissue, tumors, endocrine diseases. Anemia can occur acutely as a result of blood loss and hemolysis or develop gradually. The causes of microcytic anemia can be iron deficiency in the body, impaired inclusion of iron in erythrocytes due to changes in the synthesis of porphins (sideroblastic anemia), a defect in the synthesis of globin in thalassemia, chronic diseases, lead intoxication. Macrocytic anemia occurs with a deficiency of vitamin B 12 or folic acid, as well as due to toxic effects medicines.

Manifestations Anemic syndrome is accompanied primarily by clinical signs due to oxygen "starvation" of many organs. Insufficient supply of oxygen to peripheral tissues - pallor of the skin and mucous membranes; symptoms of hypoxia brain - dizziness, fainting. Deterioration of exercise tolerance, weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath. Compensatory changes on the part of the CCC (increased work to improve the supply of oxygen to peripheral tissues). Lab changes(first of all, a decrease in hemoglobin content). At a hemoglobin concentration below 50 hl, the development of heart failure is possible. It should be remembered that in the case of a gradual increase in anemia up to a decrease in hemoglobin content of less than 70-80 hl, the inclusion of compensatory mechanisms will burn to delay the appearance of clinical signs in the patient. In addition to the above manifestations, it is possible to detect lymphadenopathy, enlargement of the spleen and liver.

compensatory changes. For anemia, manifestations from the CCC are very characteristic, associated with a compensatory reaction to an insufficient supply of oxygen to peripheral tissues (usually with a hemoglobin content of less than 100 hl), - heart rate and minute volume increase; often these changes are accompanied by the appearance of a systolic murmur at the apex of the heart. Also characteristic is a decrease in OPSS due to tissue hypoxia and a decrease in blood viscosity. One of these most important compensatory mechanisms is a shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, which facilitates the process of oxygen transport into tissues. laboratory changes. In case of anemia, in addition to hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells, it is necessary to have data on hematocrit, the number of reticulocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in peripheral blood. Anemia is classified according to laboratory signs microcytic, macrocytic and monocytic. Determination of the color index of blood and MSI (this criterion is more objective) makes it possible to classify anemia into hyper-, hypo- and normochromic. By content. Reticulocytes in the blood of anemia are divided into hyporegenerative and hyperregenerative.

Anemia classification. There are several approaches to the division of anemia. From a practical standpoint, it is convenient to distinguish anemia resulting from: Blood loss (acute and chronic); Insufficient formation of red blood cells; Enhanced their destruction (hemolysis); Combinations of the above factors. Insufficiency of erythropoiesis can lead to the appearance of the following types of anemia. Hypochromic-microcytic anemia: with iron deficiency, violations of its transport and utilization. Normochromic-normocytic anemia: in hypoproliferative conditions (for example, in diseases of the kidneys, endocrine pathology), hypoplasia and aplasia of the bone marrow, myelophthisis (selective violation of myelopoiesis, the process of formation of granulocytes, platelets and erythrocytes in the bone marrow). Hyperchromic macrocytic anemia: with a deficiency of vitamin B 12, folic acid. Hemolysis of erythrocytes is possible with immunological disorders, intrinsic defects of erythrocytes (membranopathy, congenital enzymopathies, hemoglobinopathies).

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA Iron deficiency anemia is hypochromic (microcytic) anemia that occurs as a result of an absolute decrease in iron resources in the body. Iron deficiency in the body (with a decrease in its content in the blood plasma - sideropenia) remains a common phenomenon, often leading to anemia. The reasons. Iron deficiency occurs as a result of three groups of causes. Insufficient intake of iron in the body. - its low content in food. - malabsorption iron - chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as resection of the stomach, malabsorption syndrome, celiac disease. 2. Chronic blood loss. - bleeding from the digestive tract (varicose veins of the esophagus, peptic ulcer and duodenum, hemorrhoids, nonspecific ulcerative colitis, polyposis, cancer, etc.) - lung diseases (for example, a malignant lung tumor with decay). - pathology of the gynecological sphere (for example, dysfunctional uterine bleeding). 3. Increased iron consumption: during pregnancy and lactation, during growth and puberty, with chronic infections, oncological diseases during treatment with erythropoietin.

Clinical manifestations. Manifestations of the disease may be associated with the disease that caused the occurrence of anemic syndrome. Iron deficiency is manifested by neurological disorders in the form of paresthesia - primarily a burning sensation of the tongue. Possible atrophy of the mucous membrane of the tongue, esophagus, stomach, intestines. Atrophy of the mucous membrane of the larynx and pharynx can lead to dysphagia; it is considered a precancerous condition. With the gradual development of anemia, as happens in the case of prolonged blood loss, as a result of the inclusion of a number of compensatory mechanisms, complaints may be absent for a long time even with severe anemia, but tolerance to physical activity in such individuals it is usually reduced and returns to normal after treatment. Complaints. characteristic complaints - increased fatigue and irritability, headaches associated not so much with a decrease in hemoglobin content, but with a deficiency of iron-containing enzymes. This factor is also associated with a perversion of taste in the form of a desire to eat clay, chalk, glue. Physical examination. Pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, atrophic glossitis, stomatitis are detected. Deformation of the nails recent times rarely observed. Typical changes in CCC are also revealed.

Laboratory data found in the blood the following signs iron deficiency anemia. Reducing the number of red blood cells with hypochromia and more often microcytosis. Anisocytosis is possible. Decreased iron content in blood serum (less than 10 µmol). An increase in the content of free transferrin in the blood and a decrease in the saturation of transferrin with iron. Low content of ferritin in blood plasma. With a slight iron deficiency, anemia can be minor, and often normochromic. Notes anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, later appear microcytosis and hypochromia. In some patients, leukopenia occurs, thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis are possible. The number of reticulocytes is within the normal range and reduced. In the bone marrow, erythroid hyperplasia is possible, the severity of which does not correspond to the severity of anemia. The content of iron in the blood serum is also usually reduced in acute and chronic inflammation, tumor process. In the study of blood after the start of treatment with iron preparations, an increase in its content in the blood serum can be detected. Oral iron supplements should be discontinued at least one day before blood tests.

Diagnostics. In doubtful cases diagnostic value have the results of trial treatment with oral iron preparations. Adequate therapy leads to an increase in the number of reticulocytes in the blood with a peak on the 7-10th day of treatment. A significant increase in hemoglobin levels is observed after 3-4 weeks, its normalization occurs within 2 months. Treatment. Prescribe iron supplements. Exists significant amount preparations of iron salts, allowing to quickly eliminate its deficiency. Iron preparations should be prescribed parenterally only in case of violation of its absorption in the intestine, as well as during exacerbations peptic ulcer. The patient recommends a varied diet containing primarily meat products.

MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA This is a group of diseases characterized by a megaloblastic type of hematopoiesis, when peculiar large cells, megaloblasts, appear in the bone marrow. Megaloblastic anemias are caused by impaired DNA synthesis. The main cause of megaloblastic hematopoiesis is a deficiency of vitamin B 12 and folic acid. In each case, it is necessary to clarify the etiology of the deficiency that has arisen.

Normal metabolism of vitamin B 12 and folic acid Vitamin B 12 is present in food products animal origin - eggs, milk, liver, kidneys. Its absorption in the stomach requires the participation of the so-called Castle factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach. The minimum daily requirement for vitamin B 12 is 2.5 micrograms. Since its reserves in the body are usually quite large, a deficiency occurs years after the start of a violation of its intake into the body. Lack of B 12 creates a state of folate deficiency in the cell. At the same time, large doses of folic acid can temporarily partially correct megaloblastosis caused by B 12 deficiency. Folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin found in green parts of plants, some fruits, vegetables, cereals, animal products (liver, kidneys) and involved in the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases. Its absorption occurs in the proximal small intestine. daily requirement is 50 mg. Folic acid acts as a coenzyme in carbon transfer reactions.

Causes of vitamin B 12 and folic acid deficiency Vitamin B 12 deficiency may occur in the following cases. Limiting the consumption of animal products. Violation of the absorption of vitamin B 12 in the so-called pernicious anemia. With intestinal invasion with a wide tapeworm that absorbs a large amount of vitamin B 12. After operations on the small intestine with the development of blind loop syndrome, in areas of the intestine through which food does not pass, intestinal microflora absorbs a large amount of vitamin B 12. Gastrectomy. Resection of the small intestine, ileitis, sprue, diseases of the pancreas. The action of certain drugs (for example, anticonvulsants). Causes of folic acid deficiency. Diet errors. Inadequate consumption of plant foods, especially with alcohol abuse and in children. Folic acid malabsorption in small bowel disease (eg, tropical sprue). An increase in the need for vitamin B 12 and folic acid occurs during pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, and tumor diseases.

Clinical manifestations. In the clinical picture of the disease, manifestations of both vitamin B12 deficiency itself and megaloblastic anemia are observed. Manifestations of vitamin B 12 deficiency. With a deficiency of vitamin B 12, a characteristic hunter's glossitis, weight loss, neurological disorders, a positive reaction to the administration of vitamin B 12 with an initially low content in blood serum are noted. Neurological disorders caused by demyelination are very characteristic - the so-called funicular myelosis, manifested primarily by symmetrical paresthesias in the legs and fingers, impaired vibrational sensitivity and proprioception, and progressive spastic ataxia. Also observes increased irritability, drowsiness, changes in taste, smell, vision.

Manifestations of megaloblastic anemia. Main clinical manifestations megaloblastic anemia of any origin are of the same type and depend on the degree of its severity. The development of anemia usually occurs rather slowly, therefore, an asymptomatic course is possible until the hematocrit decreases significantly. At this stage, the clinical symptoms of anemia are nonspecific - weakness, fatigue, palpitations, shortness of breath during exercise, then there is an increase in damage to the heart muscle with the appearance of various changes on the ECG, expansion of the heart chambers up to the development of congestive heart failure. Patients are pale, subicteric, puffy face. Sometimes there is an increase in body temperature to subfebrile values. Gastric secretion in most patients with vitamin B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anemia is sharply reduced. Gastroscopy reveals atrophy of the mucous membrane, confirmed histologically.

Laboratory and instrumental research methods. The most common changes in megaloblastic anemia in peripheral blood include the following: Macrocytosis - the main sign of megaloblastic anemia - may precede the development of anemia itself and other symptoms vitamin deficiency. Peripheral blood macrocytosis is assessed by color score or, more reliably, by MCV. Poikilocytosis and anisocytosis are also detected. In a blood smear, Jolly bodies are found - the remains of normoblast nuclei detected in erythrocytes (erythrocytes normally do not contain nuclei). Cabot rings are morphological formations in erythrocytes in the form of a ring, figure eight or treble clef, which are probably the remains of the nuclear membrane. Decreased hemoglobin content. Of particular importance is the increase in reticulocytes, which occurs on the 3-5th day of treatment and reaches a maximum on the 10th day.

Bone marrow research. Megaloblasts are found in the bone marrow. Myeloid cells are usually enlarged: giant metamyelocytes, erythroid hyperplasia are detected. An important diagnostic test is the reaction to the administration of vitamin B 12; with repeated sternal puncture after 8-12 hours, a transition from megaloblastic to erythroblastic hematopoiesis is noted. Determination of vitamin B 12 in the blood. In addition to the study of bone marrow hematopoiesis, for the diagnosis of B 12 and folic deficiency conditions, the determination of the blood concentration of these substances is currently used. Low blood levels of the vitamin are observed with dietary vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, very large doses of vitamin C, transcobalamin deficiency, multiple myeloma. The causes of a false increase in vitamin B 12 in the blood are myeloproliferative diseases, hepatocarcinoma and other liver diseases, autoimmune diseases, and lymphomas.

Pernicious anemia (pernicious anemia) is the classic and most striking example of B12 megaloblastic deficiency anemia. This is a disease that develops as a result of insufficient absorption of vitamin B 12, caused by a violation of the secretion of the internal factor of Castle and manifested by hyperchromic anemia, signs of damage to the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system. Violations of the Castle factor synthesis are associated with autoimmune lesions of the gastric mucosa against the background of hereditary predisposition, atrophy of the gastric mucosa with achlorhydria. The following factors indicate the autoimmune nature of the disease: Detection of antibodies to parietal cells of the gastric mucosa in the blood serum of 90% of patients and only 10% of the control group suffering from atrophic gastritis without anemia. Identification of antibodies that bind to internal factor or complex "intrinsic factor-vitamin B 12". The combination of pernicious anemia with thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism and Hoshimoto's goiter, in the pathogenesis of which the autoimmune mechanism takes part, and autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and rheumatoid factor are often detected simultaneously. The reverse development of the signs of the disease under the influence of glucocorticoids.

Enzymopathy of erythrocytes Hereditary deficiency of erythrocyte enzymes manifests itself most often when the body is exposed to certain toxins and medicinal substances in the form of acute hemolysis, less often chronic. Among them, the most common deficiency is the G-6-PD-enzyme, which is involved in maintaining the normal intracellular content of reduced nucleotides. The severity of the disease depends on the severity of the deficiency. A slight deficiency is manifested by acute hemolysis with drugs that exhibit oxidative properties, which was first described in the treatment with prihamin. Later, the effects of other antimalarial drugs, sulfa drugs, and nitrofuran derivatives became known. Liver and kidney failure favors acute hemolysis due to G-6-PD deficiency. Severe enzyme deficiency is characterized by the development of neonatal jaundice, as well as spontaneous chronic hemolysis. A simple indicative diagnostic test is the detection of Heinz-Ehrlich bodies in erythrocytes. Spontaneously or after incubation in the presence of phenylhydrazine, a significant proportion of G-6-PD-deficient erythrocytes show inclusions, which are precipitates of hemoglobin derivatives.

Hematology (from the Greek. blood and doctrine) is a section of internal diseases that studies the etiology, pathomorphology, pathogenesis, clinic and treatment of diseases of the blood system. Hematology studies embryogenesis, morphogenesis, morphology and physiology of cellular elements of blood and hematopoietic organs, properties of blood plasma and serum, symptomatic changes in hematopoiesis in non-hematological diseases and exposure to ionizing radiation. In 1939, G. F. Lang included in the concept of the blood system: blood, hematopoietic organs, blood destruction and the neurohumoral apparatus for regulating hematopoiesis and blood destruction.

Often the main complaints of patients are general weakness, fatigue, drowsiness, headaches, dizziness. An increase in temperature can be with hemolytic anemia due to pyrogenic effects of the breakdown products of erythrocyte products, as well as with leukemia, especially with leukemic forms. Septic complications often join in the form of necrotic tonsillitis, gingivitis, stomatitis. Hodgkin's disease is characterized by undulating undulating fever, with gradual rises over 8-15 days, and then drops in temperature. Typical for blood diseases is hemorrhagic syndrome, which is characterized by a tendency to nasal, gastrointestinal, renal, uterine bleeding, as well as the appearance of hemorrhagic rashes on the skin in the form of punctate elements - petechiae and bruises (ecchymosis). Skin itching may precede the appearance of detailed clinical symptoms, which is especially characteristic of Hodgkin's disease, hematosarcoma, erythremia. Bone pain, mainly flat, is typical of acute leukemia in children. Bone pain and pathological fractures are characteristic of multiple myeloma.

A number of symptoms are associated with an enlarged liver and spleen. Disturbed by pain in the right or left hypochondrium. Pain may be dull or severe sharp pains occur with a heart attack of the spleen, with its rupture, with perisplenitis. With anemia, in particular iron deficiency and chlorosis, taste perversions occur: patients eat chalk, clay, earth (geophagia). There may be olfactory disturbances: patients like to inhale vapors of gasoline, ether and other odorous substances. The patient may notice an increase in lymph nodes and consult a doctor with this complaint. A burning sensation in the tip of the tongue and along its edges occurs periodically and often reaches such a degree that it is difficult to take spicy and hot food. These sensations are associated with inflammatory changes in the mucous membrane of the tongue (Gunter's glossitis), which is typical sign B-12 - folic deficiency anemia. It should be clarified from the anamnesis of the patient's life whether the patient has met with occupational hazards: work with benzene, mercury salts, lead, phosphorus, which can cause agranulocytosis; Find out the presence of radiation effects (acute leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia). Some blood diseases such as hemophilia and hemolytic anemia can be inherited. Bleeding and chronic diseases of internal organs play a role in the development of anemia. Taking medications, in particular chloramphenicol, pyryramidone and butadione, can contribute to the development of agranulocytosis.

Thrombocytopenia (thrombopenia) - a decrease in the number of platelets - is characteristic of thrombopenic purpura, often occurs in severe forms of anemia and in leukemia. It would be wrong to think that on the basis of morphological features blood, you can always make the correct diagnosis and prognosis of the disease; this is possible only in isolated cases. In most cases, the hemogram acquires diagnostic and prognostic value only if all clinical signs are simultaneously assessed; Of particular value is taking into account the dynamics of changes in the blood during the course of the disease. For a correct assessment of the state of hematopoiesis, the study of intravital punctures of the bone marrow (myelogram), lymph nodes and spleen is of particular importance.

Neutropenia (a decrease in the number of neutrophils) is noted in children with lymphatics, with tuberculosis, anaphylactic shock, severe forms of influenza and typhoid fever; neutropenia with leukopenia - in severe forms various infections and sepsis, as well as with long-term administration of sulfanilamide drugs, embikhin, etc. Neutropenia reaches sharp degrees with agranulocytosis and aleukia. Eosinophilia is pronounced (although not always) with exudative diathesis, bronchial asthma, after injections of foreign sera, with scarlet fever, trichinosis, echinococcus and some other forms of helminthiases, with lymphogranulomatosis and with the so-called "eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates» . An increase in the number of eosinophils in acute infections is a sign in most cases prognostically favorable. Eosinopenia (a decrease in the number of eosinophils) is observed in acute infectious diseases (with the exception of scarlet fever), especially in typhoid fever, measles, sepsis, pneumonia, etc. The complete disappearance of eosinophils (aneosinophilia) is often observed in malaria, leishmaniasis; in other infections, this is an unfavorable prognostic sign.

Lymphocytosis is observed with lymphatic and exudative diathesis, with rickets (often with monocytosis), rubella and some other infections. Lymphopenia occurs with most febrile infectious diseases, with lymphogranulomatosis, miliary tuberculosis and some myelosis. Monocytosis is most pronounced with monocytic angina, often with measles, scarlet fever, malaria and other infections. Monocytopenia occurs in severe septic and infectious diseases, malignant forms of anemia and leukemia. Thrombocytosis often occurs with pneumonia, rheumatism and other infectious diseases.

Hematologist

Higher education:

Hematologist

Samara State Medical University (SamSMU, KMI)

Level of education - Specialist
1993-1999

Additional education:

"Hematology"

Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education

Blood diseases are a set of diseases that are caused by various causes, have a different clinical picture and course. They are united by disturbances in the number, structure and activity of blood cells and plasma. The science of hematology deals with the study of blood diseases.

Varieties of pathologies

Anemia and erythremia are classic blood diseases characterized by a change in the number of blood elements. Diseases associated with malfunctions in the structure and functioning of blood cells include sickle cell anemia and lazy leukocyte syndrome. Pathologies that simultaneously change the number, structure and functions of cellular elements (hemoblastoses) are called blood cancer. A common disease with altered plasma function is myeloma.

Diseases of the blood system and blood diseases are medical synonyms. The first term is more voluminous, since it includes not only diseases of blood cells and plasma, but also of hematopoietic organs. At the origins of any hematological disease is a failure in the work of one of these organs. Blood in human body very labile, she reacts to everything external factors. It carries out a variety of biochemical, immune and metabolic processes.

When the disease is cured, blood parameters quickly return to normal. If there is a blood disorder, special treatment, the purpose of which will be to bring all indicators closer to the norm. To distinguish hematological diseases from other ailments, it is necessary to conduct additional examinations.

The main pathologies of the blood are included in the ICD-10. It contains various types of anemia (iron deficiency, folate deficiency) and leukemia (myeloblastic, promyelocytic). Blood diseases are lymphosarcomas, histocytosis, lymphogranulomatosis, hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, coagulation factor deficiencies, plasma component deficiencies, thrombasthenia.

This list consists of 100 different items and allows you to understand what blood diseases are. Some blood pathologies are not included in this list, as they are extremely rare diseases or various forms specific ailment.

Principles of classification

All blood diseases in outpatient practice are conditionally divided into several broad groups (on the basis of blood elements that have undergone changes):

1. Anemia.
2. Hemorrhagic diathesis or pathology of the homeostasis system.
3. Hemoblastoses: tumors of blood cells, bone marrow and lymph nodes.
4. Other ailments.

Diseases of the blood system, which are included in these groups, are divided into subgroups. Types of anemia (by causes):

• associated with a violation of the release of hemoglobin or the production of red blood cells (aplastic, congenital);
• caused by accelerated breakdown of hemoglobin and red blood cells (defective hemoglobin structure);
• provoked by blood loss (posthemorrhagic anemia).

The most common anemia is deficiency, which is caused by a lack of substances that are indispensable for the release of hemoglobin and erythrocytes by the hematopoietic organs. The 2nd position in terms of prevalence is occupied by severe chronic diseases of the circulatory system.

What is hemoblastosis?

Hemoblastosis is cancerous growths blood originating in the hematopoietic organs and lymph nodes. They are divided into 2 broad groups:

1. Lymphomas.

Leukemia cause primary lesions hematopoietic organs (bone marrow) and the appearance in the blood of a significant number of pathogenic cells (blasts). Lymphomas lead to lesions of lymphoid tissues, disruption of the structure and activity of lymphocytes. In this case, the formation of malignant nodes and damage to the bone marrow occurs. Leukemias are divided into acute (lymphoblastic T- or B-cell) and chronic (lymphoproliferative, monocytoproliferative).

All types of acute and chronic leukemia occur due to pathological development cells. It takes place in the bone marrow different stages. acute form leukemia is malignant, so it is less responsive to therapy and often has a poor prognosis.

Lymphomas are Hodgkin's (lymphogranulomatosis) and non-Hodgkin's. The first can proceed in different ways, having their own manifestations and indications for treatment. Varieties of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas:

• follicular;
• diffuse;
• peripheral.

Hemorrhagic diathesis leads to violations of blood clotting. These blood diseases, the list of which is very long, often provoke bleeding. These pathologies include:

• thrombocytopenia;
• thrombocytopathy;
• failures of the kinin-kallikrein system (Fletcher and Williams defects);
• acquired and hereditary coagulopathy.

Symptoms of pathologies

Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs have very different symptoms. It depends on the involvement of cells in pathological changes. Anemia is manifested by symptoms of oxygen deficiency in the body, and hemorrhagic vasculitis cause bleeding. In this regard, there is no general clinical picture for all blood diseases.

Conditionally distinguish manifestations of diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, which to some extent are inherent in all of them. Most of these diseases cause general weakness, fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, tachycardia, problems with appetite. There is a stable increase in body temperature, prolonged inflammation, itching, failures in the sense of taste and smell, bone pain, subcutaneous hemorrhages, bleeding of the mucous membranes of various organs, pain in the liver, decreased performance. When these signs of a blood disease appear, a person should consult a specialist as soon as possible.

A stable set of symptoms is associated with the occurrence of various syndromes (anemic, hemorrhagic). These symptoms in adults and children occur when various diseases blood. In anemic blood diseases, the symptoms are as follows:

• blanching of the skin and mucous membranes;
• drying or waterlogging of the skin;
• bleeding;
• dizziness;
• gait problems;
• prostration;
• tachycardia.

Laboratory diagnostics

To determine diseases of the blood and hematopoietic system, special laboratory tests are carried out. General analysis blood allows you to determine the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. The parameters of ESR, the formula of leukocytes, the amount of hemoglobin are calculated. The parameters of erythrocytes are being studied. For diagnostics similar diseases count the number of reticulocytes, platelets.

Among other studies, a pinch test is done, the duration of bleeding according to Duke is calculated. In this case, a coagulogram will be informative with the determination of the parameters of fibrinogen, prothrombin index, etc. In the laboratory, the concentration of coagulation factors is determined. Often it is necessary to resort to a puncture of the bone marrow.

Diseases of the hematopoietic system include pathologies of an infectious nature (mononucleosis). Sometimes infectious diseases of the blood are mistakenly attributed to its reaction to the appearance of an infection in other organs and systems of the body.

With simple angina, certain changes begin in the blood, as an adequate response to inflammatory process. This state of affairs is absolutely normal and does not indicate a pathology of the blood. Sometimes people rank as infectious diseases of the blood changes in its composition, which are caused by the entry of a virus into the body.

Identification of chronic processes

Entitled chronic pathology blood, it is erroneous to imply long-term changes in its parameters that are caused by other factors. Such a phenomenon can be triggered by the onset of a disease not associated with blood. hereditary diseases blood in outpatient practice are less widely distributed. They begin at birth and represent a large group of diseases.

Behind the name systemic blood diseases often lies the likelihood of leukemia. Doctors make such a diagnosis when blood tests show significant deviations from the norm. This diagnosis is not entirely correct, since any blood pathologies are systemic. A specialist can only formulate a suspicion of a certain pathology. In the course of autoimmune disorders, a person's immunity eliminates its blood cells: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug-induced hemolysis, autoimmune neutropenia.

Sources of problems and their treatment

The causes of blood diseases are very different, sometimes they cannot be determined. Often the onset of the disease can be caused by a deficiency of certain substances, immune disorders. It is impossible to identify generalized causes of occurrence blood pathologies. There are no universal methods for the treatment of blood diseases either. They are selected individually for each type of disease.