What kind of porridge is useful rice or semolina. The most useful and most harmful cereals in our diet

By about six months of age, babies have an increased need for more energy and nutrients. The mother is faced with the question of how to properly introduce complementary foods. The development of the digestive organs in the future depends on it. The first food becomes the basis for the development of chewing technique and the proper production of enzymes.

The World Health System (WHO) has developed a system for introducing complementary foods and has determined the approximate time frame for when it can be given. The goal is not only to enrich the body of children with nutrients, but also to introduce them to solid, adult food.

According to general accepted norms WHO, the timing of the introduction of complementary foods depends on the type of feeding.

Complementary feeding during breastfeeding should begin no earlier than 6 months. By the age of six months, there are not enough vitamins and minerals in breast milk for the full growth and development of the child.

Formula-fed babies can try new foods a little earlier, at 4-5 months. Their need for trace elements is much greater than that of children on breastfeeding. By this time, the immune digestive system mature enough to assimilate the new food.

The start of complementary feeding can also be determined by the behavior and development of the child himself. Signs defined by WHO:

the usual portion of breast milk or formula is not enough for the child;
the baby can sit without support;
the first teeth appeared, the baby does not push food out of his mouth, he tries to chew it;
interested in what is in the adult's plate.

It is important to remember that throughout the entire period of introducing new products, a nursing mother should not be relegated to the background breastfeeding.

The table will help you figure out where to start, when and how much to give complementary foods while breastfeeding. Data are in accordance with accepted WHO standards.

Age, months	6	7	8	9	10	11
Products and dishes	6	7	8	9	10	11
Porridge	40	70	90	150	170	190
vegetable puree	130	160	170	190	200	200
fruit puree	50	70	80	90	100	100
Butter and sunflower oil	1 g	3 g	3-4 g	4 g	5 g	5-6 g
Yolk chicken egg		¼ pc.	½ piece	½ piece	½ piece	½ piece
Meat puree		30	50	60	70	80
Rusks, cookies		5 g	5 y.	8 g	10 g	15
Fish			30	40	50	60
Cottage cheese		30	40	50	50	50
Kefir			100	150	170	200
Bread			5 g	10 g	10 g	10 g

Rules for entering products and dishes

To New Product brought only benefits to children and did not cause adverse reactions, you need to follow a few rules.

At the time of the introduction of a new product, the baby must be healthy. You can’t do this during the period of scheduled vaccinations, at the time of separation from your mother or moving to a new place.
Give complementary foods in the morning, a few grams, before the main feeding breast milk or a mixture.

The dishes must be thoroughly washed, the products are properly cooked.
It is undesirable to store the cooked dish, even in the refrigerator.
Complementary foods should be given with a spoon (only not a metal one).
Switching to the next new product is not earlier than a week.

If a new product has caused vomiting, diarrhea, rash and other unpleasant symptoms, then you need to exclude it from the diet for a month. After that, repeat the introduction again.

The scheme will clearly help to understand how the sequence of introducing new products to a child is carried out, according to WHO recommendations.

Input time	Type of dish serving	Frequency of introduction into the diet	Servings
6-8 months	The consistency of food should resemble breast milk or be brought to a puree state.	Up to 3 times a day, 2 snacks are allowed.	Gradual transition from 5 ml to 120 ml.
9-11 months	Food mashed with a fork or finely chopped. Products that can be held in the hands are offered to the baby.	Up to 4 feedings per day and 2 snacks.	One feeding is equal to 120 ml.
12 months and older	Porridge is not ground solid food cut into pieces of medium size.	Complementary foods will replace 4 breastfeeds or formula and 2 snacks.	A serving is approximately 230 ml.

If the child is only breastfed, then with the first complementary foods he should be offered water.
With a lack of weight, complementary foods begin with cereals.
If there are problems with the stool, it is recommended to introduce prunes into the diet earlier.
When the baby does not have time to absorb the product in a week, the time can be increased. Portions depend on the weight of the baby.

The table of introducing new products for children of 6 months using the example of vegetables will help you figure out how much complementary foods are allowed in the first days.

New Product	Week, No.	Diet of the day (complementary foods during lunch)
vegetable marrow	1	1st day. Puree, 1 tsp 2nd day. Zucchini puree, 2 tsp Add 5 g each day. Increase to 60 g.
Cauliflower	2	1st day. Cauliflower puree, 1 tsp, and 60 g squash puree. 2nd day. Puree from a new product, 2 tsp, and 55 g of mashed zucchini (gradually reducing the already digested product by 5 grams). 6th day. Cauliflower, 60 g, and 25 g zucchini. 7th day. Only cauliflower, 70
Broccoli	3	1. Broccoli puree, 1 tsp, and 70 g zucchini. 2. Broccoli, 2 tsp, and 60 g of cauliflower. 6. Cauliflower puree, 80 g, and zucchini, 20 g. 7. Cauliflower puree, 100 g
	4	1. Broccoli and zucchini - 50 g each. 2. Cauliflower and zucchini - 50 g each, etc. 7. Broccoli and cauliflower - 50 g each.

The table will help you figure out how many grams of the dish and on what day you can offer the baby during the period when new products are introduced.

Getting to know new

How to start breastfeeding? The first complementary foods during breastfeeding depend on the health of the baby. If he lacks valuable kilograms, then it is better to start with cereals from gluten-free cereals. In other cases, the introduction begins with vegetable dishes, but not with fruit.

Vegetable dishes are useful for constipation. Fruits themselves are sweet, and after them it is more difficult to accustom the baby to other dishes.

The first cereals should be given one-component, gluten-free. These include corn, rice, buckwheat and oatmeal. If the baby is prone to constipation, then rice porridge should not be given first, and it can be cooked no more than once a week. The most useful is buckwheat. It prevents the development of anemia, gives energy, is easily absorbed by the body. On the contrary, it should be included in the diet at least twice a week.

The first cereals for children should be dairy-free. They should not contain sugar or salt. The same rule must be followed when cooking dishes at home. Closer to the year, porridge can be boiled in pasteurized milk with the addition of water. When one year old, it is allowed to give completely milk porridge.

Vegetable dishes form the correct intestinal microflora, stimulate intestinal motility. Feeding is better to start with zucchini, broccoli, cauliflower. Closer to 8 months, carrots and pumpkin can be introduced into the diet. You need to start with one component. Once the child gets used to several vegetables, they can be mixed in one dish.

The first fruit puree should be given from a green apple or pear. Just enter them with caution. They can increase the formation of gases and cause flatulence.

Meat dishes should be introduced after 7 months. Need to start with low-fat varieties meat: turkey, veal, chicken. If the child is breastfed and does not want to take meat dishes in the diet, then you can not insist. If the child is on artificial feeding and has low hemoglobin, then it is necessary to introduce meat into his diet.

At 9 months, you can start giving fish (hake, pollock) - up to 2 times a week. In the same period, fermented milk products such as kefir and cottage cheese are introduced.

Scheme of the sequence of introduction of complementary foods for breastfed children, according to accepted WHO standards:

6 months - vegetable dishes;
6.5–7 months - fruits;
7-9 months - cereals;
8–9 - yolk;
9–11 - fish, meat;
11–12 - kefir;
12 - cottage cheese.

Innovations

Relatively recently, the term " pedagogical complementary foods" appeared. It differs slightly from the standard adopted by WHO, includes the experience and advice of parents, and is not supported by any other scientific data.

Pedagogical complementary foods do not aim to feed the child. A nursing mother just needs to teach her baby the culture of behavior at the table and instill an interest in food.

Pedagogical complementary foods include the following tips:

Feeding is not according to certain boundaries in the calendar adopted by WHO, but at the request of the child. At the same time, it is still taken into account that the first complementary foods of the baby should not be introduced before 6 months.
Non-compliance with the norms of the consistency of dishes proposed by WHO for the first complementary foods. The child takes everything that adults eat from the table. Mom needs to make sure that the food is properly cooked (there should be no smoked meats, fried, spicy, canned foods). The pieces are not crushed.
Separate children's meals are not prepared. The child eats what adults do.
Up to 9 months, a child can freely eat from an adult's plate. And only after the specified period, he is given a separate spoon and plate.
Pedagogical complementary foods are not used for artificial feeding. Supporters this direction for nursing mothers to keep their milk as long as possible.

Pedagogical feeding has a lot positive aspects. Among them, the main one is the acquaintance of children from the very first day of complementary feeding with the traditions of eating within their family. A nursing mother does not need to spend time and effort to prepare a separate dish. In addition, pedagogical complementary foods contribute to good lactation, so milk is stored for a long time.

A mother's guide to introducing new dishes using this method:

For breakfast, mom should put only fresh and quality products e.g. cottage cheese, biscuits, cheese.
The child is seated on his knees and given a spoon in his hands. As the mother begins to eat, he also becomes interested in the process.
If the baby reaches for food, it is worth giving him a small piece (equal to a match head).
The baby either chews the product or spits it out.
If the baby liked it, and he asks for more, it is allowed to give two more such portions. Gradually, in 3-5 days, the amount of the product you like is adjusted to 5 g.
If a child is fed with the same product, then he quickly loses interest in him. Therefore, it is worth drawing his attention to other foods.

At the same time, the mother needs to instill in the baby the rules of behavior at the table. There is no need to allow the child to be outrageous, to be allowed to try everything that is on the plate.

These tips will help you adapt to new foods faster. But it should be borne in mind that most children under one year old suffer from food allergies. In this case, it is more difficult to use this technique.

When the period of the first complementary foods comes, you need to take into account the state of health and taste preferences baby. Advice from others may not be appropriate, as each child develops differently. The best option is to consult a specialist.

by the most the best nutrition for a newborn, mother's breast milk is considered, however, as the baby's body grows, it requires more nutrients, so he no longer has enough of such food. The first feeding of the child should consist of vegetables and dairy products for children, and new elements should be introduced gradually to prevent allergies.

When can I introduce complementary foods to a newborn?

According to the norms of world pediatrics, the first complementary foods should be offered to a child at the age of no earlier than six months, since until that time breast milk or a properly selected mixture completely satisfies all the needs of a growing organism. However, some babies develop faster than their peers, so for a certain group of babies, the introduction of complementary foods may be shown a little earlier, starting from 4-5 months.

You can determine the readiness of your crumbs to receive adult products by the following signs:

the baby has learned to sit and can hold in the arms small items. These skills are necessary for confident sitting at the Danish highchair, and developed hand motor skills will allow the child to independently hold a spoon or fork;
the baby knows how to refuse inappropriate objects and toys, which means that he will be able to protest if he does not like the food;
the child independently shows interest in adult plates and tries to try food from your dishes;
the newborn has at least doubled its weight and needs to eat much more often than before;
the baby literally hangs on the mother's breast, and the intervals between feedings have been reduced to 30-40 minutes.

All these indicators mean that your child can and should be introduced complementary foods. But what products, and in what volumes the baby needs, should be calculated by months, of course, you can deviate somewhat from established norm, however, in in general terms recommended values should be adhered to.

How much should a newborn baby eat?

The amount of food eaten at a time depends on several indicators:

firstly, from the mass of the baby than bigger baby, the more food he needs, and vice versa;
secondly, from the state of health of the crumbs, the sick baby is not in the mood to eat a lot, so you should not captivate him;
thirdly, from the volume of breast milk, the more often you breastfeed the baby, the less he requires complementary foods, respectively, starting the introduction of regular food into the baby’s diet, you have the opportunity to gradually stop breastfeeding, removing one feeding after another over and over again.

On average, a baby from six months to a year should eat 1/10 of its own weight per day. For example, if a baby weighs 7 kg, its daily share of products is about 700 grams. Considering that meals are usually 4-5, then feeding a child at a time should be about 150 grams of food. However, this is only general recommendations if your child is not full, the amount of complementary foods should be slightly increased, and vice versa, when the baby refuses additional products, you shouldn’t force him, maybe he just doesn’t like the food you offer - try replacing the composition and increase the one-time share gradually.

Products for complementary foods for newborns

As the child grows, his diet also expands, and therefore, a special feeding schedule has been developed for months:

5-6 months - vegetables, cereals, a little oil (for porridge - butter, for vegetables - vegetable, olive or sunflower);
6-7 months - cottage cheese, lean meat, chicken yolk, dry biscuits, fruit juice;
7-8 months - low-fat fish, dairy products: kefir, cottage cheese, cheese mass;
8-12 months - bread, pasta.

According to the traditional monthly feeding scheme, the introduction of adult foods into the baby's diet begins with vegetables. As a first introductory dish, you can offer your baby the following purees:

squash;
carrot;
cauliflower puree;
potato - introduced along with cereals.

It is best to cook vegetable purees for a child on your own, resorting to store-bought ready meals in last resort, for example, on the road or on a long walk. Vegetables should be boiled boiled water, then rub through a fine sieve or beat with a mixer, it is not recommended to salt and sugar the products, which will allow the baby to be accustomed to the natural taste of vegetables. It is allowed to add a small piece of butter if the baby is not allergic to milk.

The next step will be the introduction of complementary foods in the form of cereals. The fragile body of a newborn will perfectly perceive such cereals as:

buckwheat;
corn.

Choose sifted and unprocessed cereals, they have more useful minerals and vitamins. Kashi fast food very simple and convenient, but most of them contain gluten, not recommended for babies under 10 months. Can be used ready-made formulations from the “Baby Nutrition” series, but it is better to accustom the baby to natural ordinary cereals from the very beginning.

The first complementary foods should be prepared without milk, let the porridge be on the water. The cereal should be washed, poured boiled water and simmer until the liquid has evaporated. Then chop with a blender and season a little with vegetable oil, if necessary, put on water bath and steam for another 4-5 minutes. The second option for preparing baby porridge - prepared cereals should first be ground in a coffee grinder, after which required amount product to cook in the usual way, this method does not require final grinding of porridge.
A month after the successful introduction, it is time for dairy products. You can offer a little gourmet:

cottage cheese and thick cheese mass;

kefir;

fresh cow's milk (can be used to make milk porridges).

Today, there are a lot of manufacturers of baby products, you can use the products of any of them as complementary foods, just carefully study the expiration date. And if you wish, you can cook cottage cheese for a child at home. To do this, you need to add a tablespoon of fat sour cream to ½ liter of boiled milk and leave the resulting composition in a warm place for souring. The sour mass should be put on a slow fire and brought to a boil, immediately removed and cooled. If desired, you can supplement the resulting curd mass with grated fruits or a small amount of honey.

The introduction of meat and fish is allowed from the 7-8th month, at first these products should be offered to the child in the form of mashed potatoes. Be sure to carefully cook the pieces of meat, and steam the fish in a water bath or in a double boiler. Gradually, the baby's complementary foods should change somewhat, with the advent of the first teeth, it is already possible to give the baby pieces of vegetables in the form of straws or cubes, and tear the meat and fish into thin fibers. At 9 months, try to introduce your baby to pasta, it is better to choose horns and noodles from durum wheat, but cook them for a long time. At this age, the baby is already able to chew on its own, so there is no need to grind food. And in general, the faster you switch from pureed food to regular food, the better for the baby, besides, chewing will help not only develop basic reflexes, but also eliminate pain during teething.

The topic of the introduction of complementary foods is a field for different kind conjectures and myths. What are they trying to feed the little ones! For example, it is argued that fruits in the form of purees and juices are not the first complementary foods at all, but only its predecessor, and that they are quite suitable for babies at 3 months old. There is an opinion that at 4 months the baby should already eat vegetable puree in the amount of 100 grams, and by 5 months - master porridge in milk.

Some people, from a lack of awareness, try to offer vegetable puree to children as early as 1-3 months.

Such a feeding technique existed before, it was approved by the Ministry of Health and the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences back in 1999, but a lot of time has passed since then and science has refuted all these provisions. Today, the introduction of complementary foods is carried out according to the recommendations of the WHO and the International Dairy League.

The question of the first complementary foods is very burning, so today we will dwell on all the exciting moments in detail. We will tell you about the timing of the start of complementary foods, signs of readiness of the body and other important facts.

Early feeding

A breastfed baby does not need any additional nutrients until the age of 6 months. This has been proven by the example of the series scientific research European pediatricians. Scientists at the American Academy of Pediatrics are convinced that the presence of breastfeeding does not require early introduction of complementary foods. Babies get everything they need from their mother's milk. The meaning of introducing early complementary foods to newborns is determined only by a number of weighty indications. Until the age of 4 months, the child’s gastrointestinal tract does not yet have the necessary enzymes that could digest food (for more details, see the article:). Sometimes these enzymes appear only by 6 months, and sometimes only by one and a half years.

What is the danger of feeding too early? It is important for all caring parents to know that the earlier the first complementary foods are introduced, the greater the likelihood of digestive difficulties in the future and the higher the risk of allergic reactions.

Early feeding can cause severe allergies The child has

This is due to the fact that the intestines of babies are in an immature state, in the process of development. The food introduced as complementary foods cannot be normally absorbed by the newborn due to a lack of enzymes, which means that the baby is not saturated. The World Health Organization has conducted a number of studies, during which it was found that early and premature start of complementary foods increases the risk of getting pneumonia and multiple otitis by several times. This is due to the fact that the overall resistance of the body is lower.

Children who received only mother's milk up to six months, compared with peers who had already received their first complementary foods by this age, they mastered crawling and walking much earlier. When should you start introducing complementary foods to your baby? Based on all the data obtained, pediatricians in most countries, including Russia, came to the conclusion that the most appropriate time for the introduction of complementary foods is from 6 months.

Basic principles

This article talks about typical ways to solve your questions, but each case is unique! If you want to know from me how to solve exactly your problem - ask your question. It's fast and free!

How to introduce complementary foods correctly? At what age can a child be fed? The main condition for the start of complementary foods is that the child is six months old, regardless of the type of feeding. Breastfed, formula-fed or formula-fed infants should receive complementary foods based on the following important factors:

The main food is milk or a mixture. Be sure to keep breastfeeding or formula feeding as a priority for up to a year. WHO experts are convinced that breast-feeding justified up to two years of age and older. Such conclusions are based on studies of the composition of breast milk, which, with the growth of the crumbs, adapts to the changing needs of the child's body. It contains useful material For correct formation brain, nervous and immune systems.

If possible, breastfeeding should be continued for at least a year.

Complementary foods are introduced for familiarization. In no case should the volumes indicated in the norms be exceeded, otherwise there is a danger of overfeeding the child. The first feeding of the baby does not aim to saturate; for this, breast milk or an adapted mixture is stored, which have a large nutritional value. Adult food allows you to introduce the baby to a variety of tastes, helps to teach correct work jaws, ensures the socialization of the baby and teaches correct reception food.
No violence when introducing new products. The introduction of complementary foods should be based on the desire and interest of the child in food.
Do not use recreational methods when feeding. Fairy tales, jokes, and even more so cartoons are absolutely inappropriate at the table. The child should be interested in the new process, and this can be achieved by regularly placing the baby at the common parental table.
Pay attention not to the deadlines, but to the child. Starting from six months, you can start the first initial feeding, but if the child is not yet ready, there is no need to rush and artificially adjust it to the indicated norms. Focus on the level of his health and development.

Signs of readiness to introduce complementary foods

External indicators of the baby's readiness for new food:

ability to sit independently;
the appearance of several teeth;

The appearance of the first teeth - a signal of readiness to chew food

the food ejection reflex disappears: the food that enters the baby's mouth is no longer pushed back by the tongue;
weight gain two times relative to data at birth (for premature babies, this figure should triple);
the baby may turn away if he does not like the food;
the number of attachments to the breast increases, and when fed with a mixture, the baby is still hungry;
the time of interest in the contents of mom and dad's plates begins.

Types of complementary foods

Pedagogical. When a baby begins to show interest in adult food, this does not mean that he is not saturated with what is available. He is attracted to the pleasure that parents experience while eating, and he wants to experience something similar. The principle of pedagogical complementary foods is to feed the baby with microdoses of all the dishes that adults eat. The dose is equal to the volume of a match head.
Pediatric. Traditional type of complementary foods according to WHO recommendations. New food is offered in small doses of ½ teaspoon.

With pediatric complementary foods, the child is gradually offered different types food

Feeding technique

How to introduce complementary foods to a baby? Feeding rules are as follows:

The child must be healthy. teething, colds, viral infections, the presence of temperature, the time of preparation for vaccinations or immediately after vaccinations - all of these factors indicate the impossibility of starting trials of food novelties.
Initial doses are minimal - from ½ teaspoon. "Adult" food is offered before formula or breast milk. The portion size is gradually increased.
Attention to the well-being of the child. Possible allergy- it's not a matter of two hours, it can manifest itself much later. Follow the child for two days after the introduction of a new product. Most often, after the first feeding, a negative reaction of the baby’s body is a rare event. The most likely occurrence of a rash or peeling after repeated use. As a rule, it is possible to notice something wrong only by the third attempt to try the introduced product. Reactions such as constipation or diarrhea can manifest themselves within the first day. Any ailments in the baby require the immediate cancellation of the novelty.
The volume increases gradually. Do not set yourself the goal of feeding the baby with the amount indicated in the norms - this is the upper limit. It is impossible to give more than this, but less - please.
No more than one new product per week. In the first week, the child has an increase in the volume of new food, in the second - getting used to it, and only from the third week is it allowed to introduce another new food.
It is strictly forbidden to offer two new products at once.
Lack of interest in the product or unwillingness to eat it requires some pause. Try again after a few days.

Only mono-component purees can be used to test new products.

Product sequence

In what order should new foods be included in a child's diet? For many years optimal products there were fruits in the form of purees and juices. Experts in the field of pediatrics in European countries consider this approach to be extremely wrong. The acids contained in fruits have an extremely negative effect on the baby's digestive system. In addition, there is a lot of sugar in fruits, so they are generally not recommended for introduction into children's diets under the age of one.

Starting from the age of six months, the child begins to experience a lack of a number of minerals including zinc and iron. To make up for this deficiency in a baby, complementary foods are recommended to start either with cereal cereals or with vegetables that contain easily digestible forms of these microelements.

In the presence of poor digestion, combined with liquid stool, it is better to start with cereals, and with a fixed chair - with vegetable purees.

The second part of feeding will be either vegetables or porridge, and the third part will be meat puree, after which we will introduce everything else into complementary foods. The second complementary foods are offered to the baby at the same time as the previous one. Below we will talk about the timing of the introduction of complementary foods.

Meat puree is introduced into the diet only after vegetables and cereals

Vegetables - from 6 months

Children on any type of feeding in healthy condition the first product is a vegetable puree. We first introduce vegetables that grow in the region of residence into complementary foods: zucchini, potatoes, cabbage. Next, babies are fed with carrots and legumes (we recommend reading:). Closer to the year, introduce your baby to tomatoes and onions.

All vegetables are pre-washed in running water without the use of soap, then peeled and seeds are removed. Prepared vegetables for the first feeding of the baby are cut into small pieces. Before cooking, potatoes are recommended to be soaked in cold water so that it loses all the starch. You can cook your own meals in several ways:

For a couple. This method of cooking is considered the most useful.
In the oven. Chopped vegetables are laid out in the form, almost half filled with boiling water. Cover the top with foil and let cook until done.
In a saucepan. Pour water into the container, wait for it to boil, put the vegetables and cook until cooked under the lid.

All vegetables are prepared in different ways: zucchini - 5 minutes, pumpkin and cauliflower - 10 minutes, carrots and potatoes - 25 minutes. According to the recipe, boiled vegetables should be ground with a blender or rubbed through a sieve, then adding a little broth to make the consistency uniform. Having crushed everything with a crush, it will not be possible to get rid of hard-to-chew fibers, so it will be difficult for a child to eat such mashed potatoes. You can add milk or a mixture to the puree for flavor. Avoid sugar and salt. Add vegetable oil in the baby's dishes, start 1.5 months after the start of the introduction of complementary foods. remember, that this product is also new, so be careful when entering it.

Kashi - from 7 months

When the baby is gaining weight poorly, porridge can be offered first. For children whose indicators correspond to the norms, cereal cereals should be given after the development of vegetables and fruits by the crumbs.

First, gluten-free cereals are introduced: rice, buckwheat, corn, because the risk of allergies when eating them is minimal. For children older than 8 months, it is allowed to cook millet, oatmeal, semolina. The cereal is pre-ground in a coffee grinder, and then boiled in water without adding milk. At first, the consistency of porridge is more liquid, corresponding to the proportion of 4 servings of water per 1 serving of cereals, and closer to the year, the porridge is made thicker, reducing the amount of water to 2 parts.

First of all, gluten-free cereals are introduced into the diet.

When purchasing ready-made cereals for children, make a choice in favor of dairy-free products. Such cereals are very convenient for cooking: the contents are poured with a small amount of water and mixed for uniformity. One year old baby treat with milk-based cereals prepared in a 1:1 ratio with water.

Is it possible to cook porridge for the introduction of complementary foods on my own? You are able to do everything yourself, only before cooking the cereal should be processed:

cereals are washed in water;
dried in the air or in the oven;
grind dried beans in a coffee grinder.

Ground flour should be stored in a jar with a closed lid. The recipe for this is:

Pour 100 ml of water into a saucepan and bring to a boil.
Put a teaspoon of porridge in a small container, pour 2-3 tablespoons of cool water, mix thoroughly.
Pour diluted porridge into boiled water, mix and cook over low heat for about 20 minutes. When cooking, porridge should be constantly stirred. By pouring ground porridge into boiling water, you can end up with lumpy porridge.
After this time, the fire must be turned off and let it brew for about 15 minutes. During this time, the grains will swell, and after cooling, the porridge should be served at the table. You can dilute the porridge with breast milk or a mixture. Do not add salt, sugar or sugar to the first cereals. butter, nor cow's milk.

The first cereals should not contain salt or sugar

Fruit - from 7 months

The introduction of complementary foods on the menu continues with fruit. Usually fruit purees are tried by children in the following sequence: apple, prunes, apricot, banana, pear (we recommend reading:). You can supplement them with any fruit that grows in your area. Crumbs with great appetite eat canned purees. They help to improve the functioning of the intestines, so the problems with digestion that existed before immediately disappear. When preparing fruit puree at home, remember that it is better to pre-peel all products from the skin and seeds.

Meat - 8-9 months

Meat purees are offered from low-allergenic meats: turkey, lamb, pork of lean parts. Those varieties that have now most common, have a higher allergic index: chicken, veal. You can still eat them, but keep in mind that children whose mothers regularly ate this meat are at risk negative consequences will be significantly lower.

Fresh meat should be passed through a meat grinder twice, and then boiled. Meat, like any new product, is introduced in small doses. Carefully observe the reaction of the child's body to the novelty. Meat broths children under one year old are not prepared.

Yolk - from 8 months

relation to this useful product complex and ambiguous. IN Soviet times it was recommended for introduction at 4 months, but now the timing of the introduction of complementary foods from the yolk has moved closer to 9 months. When testing, be sure to monitor how the child's body reacts to a new product. You can enter it by adding it to cereals or vegetables. It is undesirable to make meat purees with yolk.

Cottage cheese, kefir - from 9-10 months

How many months should a baby be to be ready for cottage cheese and kefir (more in the article:)? Approaching the age of 1 year, mothers begin the introduction of dairy products. The protein of cow's milk is foreign to the child's body and the enzyme required for its breakdown appears in the intestine only after 10 months of age. Babies who receive either mother's milk or an adapted formula do not have much need for dairy products. For children on an artificial type of feeding, the introduction of cottage cheese into the diet even before the year is more justified, because their body must have time to readjust to the processing of this food before the mother removes the usual mixture from the diet.

It is better to introduce dairy products on the menu by the year

Fish - from 10-11 months

A couple of months after the development of meat dishes, fish should be introduced into the menu. Ideal for proper nutrition sea fish lean breeds. Red varieties of fish are considered more allergenic, so pollock, hake, horse mackerel and the like should be preferred, which have a slight specific smell and a drier structure.

Boiled fish should be cleaned of bones. It is usually served with vegetables. As a rule, a grown-up baby has already acquired a part of teeth and chews small pieces quite well on his own. It is in this form that it is recommended to serve fish.

What can not be given up to a year?

Juices. Often compassionate grandmothers recommend giving them to their granddaughters and grandchildren, but do not rush to do this. When can I introduce complementary foods to a child in the form of juices? It is advisable to either not give juice at all, or give it after a year. They do not carry any benefit, but they can seriously irritate the mucous surface of the stomach and intestines.
Vegetables in fresh. They contribute to the appearance of bloating and are more difficult to digest compared to boiled options.
Cookies and any sweets.
Overseas fruits from tropical countries.
Cow and goat milk.

According to the recommendations World Organization health care, it is optimal to give the first complementary foods to the baby at 6 months. It is at this age that the supply of iron in the child’s body is depleted, and this element also becomes insufficient in the mother’s milk. In addition, the baby's digestive system is already ripe for the digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in non-dairy foods, as their own digestive enzymes. The first chewing movements appear in the child, the gag reflex moves from the middle to the posterior third of the tongue, and the baby stops reflexively spitting out thick food from the mouth.

Rule 2. It is better to start feeding your baby with vegetables.

With what product should you start the first complementary foods? The advice of pediatricians and nutritionists boils down to starting complementary foods with vegetable puree. This recommendation is explained simply: cereals are the closest in terms of taste sensations to breast milk, so they are more like babies. Having become accustomed to such complementary foods, babies may subsequently refuse less tasty (or simply unfamiliar) vegetable puree. Especially green vegetable puree is recommended for children prone to constipation and overweight body.

Attention! If a child has loose stools, lack of weight, he suffers from colic, then the introduction of vegetables can aggravate the situation. In this case, choose porridge as the first complementary food.

What vegetables to choose?

Low-allergenic fruits, such as zucchini, cauliflower, squash, broccoli and light varieties of pumpkin, are suitable for the first feeding with vegetables. A little later (from about 7–8 months), you can add potatoes, carrots, white cabbage, beets. A little later (from about 7–8 months), you can add potatoes, carrots, white cabbage, and beets to the diet of crumbs. The introduction of complementary foods begins with a one-component puree, which does not include salt, sugar, thickeners, from 1–2 teaspoons (10–20 g). Gradually, within 7-10 days, increase the portion to age norm- 100-150 g.

Rule 3

The next product that can be introduced into the baby's complementary foods will be cereals. According to modern recommendations, porridge is introduced after the child adapts to his first complementary food - vegetable puree. This occurs no earlier than 3 weeks after the start of introducing vegetables into complementary foods.

The first to be introduced into the baby's menu are low-allergenic cereals that do not contain gluten (rice, buckwheat, corn). Gluten (gluten)- vegetable protein, which is part of the shell of the grain of wheat, oats, rye and barley. It is difficult to digest in the immature intestines of babies. As a result, with the early introduction of gluten-containing foods into complementary foods (especially before 6 months), the child may experience abdominal pain, bloating, impaired stool, skin rashes, and other negative reactions. IN rare cases, in the presence of hereditary predisposition the baby may develop serious disease celiac disease, requiring a gluten-free diet (elimination of all foods containing gluten) for the rest of your life.

Buckwheat does not contain gluten and is excellent source easily digestible vegetable protein, so it is great for starting weaning. Thanks to high content fiber and a small amount of starch, this porridge perfectly stimulates the intestines, so it is especially useful for babies who have constipation.
Rice counts hypoallergenic product, so it is better to start introducing complementary foods to children prone to food allergies. Due to the high content of starch rice porrige well absorbed and non-irritating gastrointestinal tract, so it is useful to give it to babies with unstable chair, but for children suffering from constipation and having excess weight, do not offer it too often.
Corn porridge hypoallergenic and high-calorie. Cooked on its own, it turns out to be too heavy to digest, but porridge industrial production it is easier to digest (since corn grains have been specially processed), besides, it is enriched with vitamins and, due to the absence of gluten, is suitable for the first complementary foods.

How to introduce porridge into complementary foods?

The principles of introducing cereals into complementary foods are the same as for other types of complementary foods - start with one type of cereal (from 1 teaspoon), gradually increasing its amount to 120–150 g. A week after the introduction of the first cereal, try another type, even later - you can switch to porridge from a mixture of cereals. Porridge for the first feeding should be dairy-free. They are bred with breast milk or formula fed to the baby. Milk porridge for complementary foods is introduced into the child's diet at 8–9 months, and salt and sugar should not be added until at least 1 year old.

Rule 5. Not all meat is suitable for complementary foods

At 8-9 months, you can introduce meat into complementary foods. What is the most valuable meat for a baby? First of all, it is lean beef, pork, poultry, rabbit. But when introducing meat complementary foods, some features must be taken into account. Yes, by nutritional properties beef is a very valuable product, but if the baby is allergic to cow's milk protein, then the same reaction may be to beef. Veal and chicken meat for meat complementary foods, despite their tenderness, ease of digestion, can cause the same problem. Pork is more fatty meat, but if the baby is allergic to beef and chicken, it can be offered as a replacement for these products. Turkey and rabbit meat are hypoallergenic, they are quite suitable to start feeding meat with them. To the full meat puree the baby is taught gradually, starting, as usual, with an incomplete teaspoon and slowly adjusting the volume meat dish up to 30–50–70 ml, depending on the age of the crumbs (70 ml by 1 year).

Rule 6. Fruits in complementary foods: not all at once

At 7.5 months, you can offer your baby the first spoonful of fruit puree. Domestic pediatricians recommend starting complementary foods with fruits from a green apple or pear - they rarely cause allergic reactions. If the baby has had manifestations of allergies or his stool is unstable, then it is better to introduce him first to less allergenic apples, pears or bananas. And if the baby has constipation, you can first offer prunes or apricots.

How much fruit puree can you give your baby per day?

The daily norm is equal to the child's age in months, multiplied by 10 (for example, the volume of fruit puree per day for a child of 10 months is 100 g).

Based on the same principles, they introduce and fruit juices . The first to give one-component clarified juices without pulp (usually green apple juice), starting with a few milliliters and gradually bringing the volume to the age norm - babies 10-12 months old can be given 80-100 ml per day.

Rule 7. Only special cottage cheese is suitable for feeding a child

Curd is one of the first fermented milk products which can be offered to the baby. Offer the first spoonful of cottage cheese to a child when he is 8-9 months old. Unlike kefir, this product has low acidity and does not irritate the delicate intestinal mucosa of the crumbs. Remember that in the diet of children under 1 year old, you can use only special types of cottage cheese that are intended for this age. Children's cottage cheese is produced using a special technology, thanks to which all beneficial features and it has a more delicate texture compared to the usual "adult" product.

With absence negative reactions for cottage cheese, its amount is brought up to 40 g within 5–7 days, and up to 50 g by 9 months. This amount should not be exceeded, since with an excess of protein, the load on the kidneys of the crumbs increases, which can lead to disturbances in their work.

Rule 8. Fish menu for kids

Every mother thinks about what kind of fish to start complementary foods with. Despite the beneficial properties, fish appears on the baby’s menu only by 9–10 months, and if the baby suffers from allergies, then acquaintance with this product should be postponed until 1.5 years. The fact is that fish protein is a strong allergen, and this type of complementary food should be treated with extreme caution. In the first year of life, you can only give fish healthy babies who are not allergic to other products.

What fish to start with?

Hake, cod, haddock, pollock, flounder are considered suitable for a first acquaintance. They are dietary and less allergenic, in addition, they have very few small bones. A baby up to a year old can be given about 30-60 g of fish puree per day and no more than 1-2 times a week.

Attention!

Complementary feeding means feeding babies foods in addition to breast milk. But during the entire period of introduction of complementary foods, breast milk should remain the main food of the child.

The most best food for a child - mother's milk. Not all kids can enjoy this wholesome food, but even those who receive it in sufficient quantities should gradually switch to food familiar to an adult.

Complementary feeding rules

First, formula-fed babies may experience "adult" foods earlier than formula-fed babies. They start giving artificial foods from 4-5 months, children who are breastfed from 5-6 months (this applies to full-term babies). Before the age of 4 months, it makes no sense to feed the baby with anything other than milk or formula. His intestines are not yet ready for such a test, and the early introduction of roughage will not bring benefits. Secondly, you need to enter the products correctly:

one product at a time (for example, squash puree 5-7 days then mashed potatoes 5-7 days, and only then zucchini with potatoes);

the first time the product should be given little by little (from 1/4 of a spoonful of fruit, up to 1 teaspoon of hypoallergenic vegetables or a few drops of juice), then every day you need to add 1 teaspoon of the product, bringing it to the prescribed volume (the volume depends on the type of product);

you need to give unfamiliar food in the morning (but not at the first feeding);

Feeding should be given before feeding with milk, the baby is hungry.

Do not introduce the baby to new food if the weather is very hot. Do not start complementary foods when the baby is sick. And don't introduce new food on vaccination days.

You need to feed the crumbs with "adult" food exclusively from a spoon. You can start complementary foods when the baby loses the pushing reflex of the tongue. This means that he does not choke on the water that his mother gives him from a spoon.

What foods to start complementary foods with?

The choice of the first product is justified by the state of the body and the weight of the baby, as well as the work of his intestines:

if the child "goes through" the weight, it is worth starting with vegetable dishes;

if the baby is gaining weight normally and there are no problems with digestion, it is worth giving preference to vegetables that can be alternated with fruits.

IN general case it is better to start complementary foods with vegetables and cereals, and then introduce fruits. In vegetables enough nutrients that children's body able to assimilate. The most suitable for the first sample of "adult" food are zucchini, pumpkin, potatoes or cauliflower. By 4.5 months, vegetable puree can already replace one feeding if you started feeding crumbs from 4 months.

When introducing cereals, you need to give preference to gluten-free cereal crops. Since the intestines of the child do not produce in the right amount peptides that can digest gluten (gluten). It can stick together the villi of the baby's intestines and lead to colitis. Useful for the baby buckwheat and corn. You can also give him rice, but less often than the first two cereals. Since the rice, excellent natural sorbent, but, unfortunately, it does not differentiate substances into useful and harmful. And removes from the body, including the necessary trace elements.

Meat can be introduced into the baby's diet from six months. You also need to start with half a teaspoon, then bringing up to 30 grams of pure meat per day. It can be crushed and mixed with breast milk to make it easier to give.

Meat broths are not used in feeding children of the 1st year of life.

Complementary feeding norms

Fruits, vegetables, cottage cheese, meat are rationed differently. In addition, the norms depend on the age of the baby:

vegetables can be given at 4-5 months of 120 g per day, at six months - 150 g, by the year a child can eat up to 200 g of vegetables per day;
porridge for a child by 5 months can be given in the amount of 150 g, by 7 months the amount can be increased to 170 g, by a year old the amount of porridge that your child is quite capable of overpowering is 200 g;
fruit puree and juices can be given 30-50 g at 5-6 months, 50-60 g at 8 months and 100-110 g at one year old;
meat can be given to a baby at 30 g per day for six months, 50 g for 8 months and 60-70 g for a year old;
according to various sources, it is suggested to give egg yolk from 6-8 months in the amount of 1/4 part, by the year you can give 1/2 part;
it is also not worth rushing to introduce cottage cheese, it is advised to introduce it no earlier than six months, but it is better from 8 months in the amount of 10 g, by 9-10 months - 30 g, by the year - 50 g.

Can be offered to a child baby yogurt, starting from 7-8 months - 100 g, increasing the volume by the year to 600 g per day. Butter and vegetable oil 5 g each. Croutons and cookies are allowed from 7 months to 1-3 g, a baby can be given 10-15 g per year.

Check with your pediatrician before giving to your child. He will offer the best option just for your baby. If the child's body has not responded adequately to any product (a rash, bloating or diarrhea has appeared), postpone its introduction to a later time.

Complying with the terms of complementary feeding and the described complicated rules you can avoid not only the lack of nutrients, but diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of the child.