NPK. "Prevention of infectious diseases among primary school students" (grade 2)

School is not only a “temple of knowledge”, but also a gathering place large number of people. In conditions of infection, the school can become one of the centers of the disease. This is due to the fact that children, not yet having strong and stable immunity, are not always able to sufficiently They also comply with personal hygiene requirements. Teachers and parents need to remember: their protection from the occurrence of infectious diseases depends on how well children are taught to take care of themselves.

Every student must observe the following rules of personal hygiene.

There are also a number of measures to prevent infectious and other types of diseases, the implementation of which must be monitored by the teacher and school administration. For these purposes:

Classrooms are regularly ventilated;

Wet cleaning of school classrooms and corridors is carried out daily;

The availability of replacement shoes for students is checked, especially in the autumn and spring periods;

Antibacterial treatment of toilets is carried out;

The hygienic cleanliness of catering units is maintained;

Food products are controlled.

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, viruses, fungi and are transmitted from an infected person or animal to a healthy one. For the occurrence of infectious diseases, the presence of a pathogen, an object of infection (human or animal) and factors of transmission of infection (various elements of the environment) are necessary. Causative agents of intestinal infections: dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, etc. - spread through water, food, dirty hands, dishes, etc.; pathogens of airborne infections: influenza, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, etc. - travel from sick to healthy through the air when talking, coughing, sneezing; fungal diseases skin are transmitted through direct contact of healthy people with a sick person or animal. Diseases such as relapsing fever, malaria, encephalitis, rabies, etc. are transmitted through blood-sucking insects(lice, mosquitoes, ticks, mosquitoes) or when bitten by sick animals. The sources of infectious diseases in organized children's groups are patients or carriers of infection (children or staff). To prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases among children and adolescents, it is necessary to: timely detection sick people and carriers of infection, isolating them from healthy people and then treating them; avoiding contact of healthy people with contaminated objects (dishes, toys and other household items); strict adherence to the sanitary-hygienic and sanitary-anti-epidemic regime in institutions and at home. When children enter a child care facility, they must have a pediatrician’s report on the child’s health status, laboratory test results, and an epidemiologist’s report on the absence of contact with infectious patients during the previous two weeks. Every day when children are admitted to the institution nurse or the teacher interviews parents about the health status of their children. If an illness is suspected, the child is isolated until the cause is determined. feeling unwell. If an infectious disease is detected, measures must be immediately taken to prevent the spread of infection. Every medical worker (doctor, paramedic, nurse) who discovers an infectious patient or one suspected of an infectious disease is required to fill out a card emergency notice and send it to the district or city SES; in an organized children's group - notify the management of the institution. Each case of an infectious disease is recorded in a special journal. Teachers note absent children in logs every day and report this to the institution’s medical worker to determine the reasons for the child’s absence. At the direction of the epidemiologist, sanitary and anti-epidemic measures are being carried out aimed at preventing the spread of infection among organized children's groups. Depending on the nature of the infection and the method of its transmission, quarantine, disinfection, vaccination, etc. or a set of preventive measures may be provided. In addition, all measures are taken to monitor all contact children and personnel, carrier detection surveys are carried out, etc. As a rule, medical staff institution takes part in an epidemiological survey conducted by an epidemiologist, sanitary doctor or their assistants. The medical staff of children's and adolescent institutions also maintains close contact with the epidemiologist and sanitary doctor of those areas in which children's institutions are located and where children are sent on vacation, in order to obtain from them information about the epidemiological situation in these areas. Among preventive measures An important place is occupied by the formation of immunity in children’s bodies and the creation of their immunity to various diseases by carrying out preventive vaccinations, hardening procedures and other health measures. The body's immunity to infectious diseases is achieved through the use of specific prevention drugs (vaccines, serums, Y-globulin), as well as the use of chemotherapy drugs (antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.). Currently, vaccines are widely used as the main means of specific prevention, upon the introduction of which the body forms specific immunity to the corresponding infection. The organization and implementation of preventive vaccinations is carried out by medical personnel of children's and adolescent institutions. Vaccination of children is carried out as planned ( mandatory vaccinations), and according to epidemiological indications. Routine vaccinations are provided for by orders and instructions of the USSR Ministry of Health. Vaccinations for epidemiological indications are carried out according to the decision of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, union republics, territorial authorities and health care institutions.

Prevention of dysentery.

Prevention of dysentery at school is one of the necessary measures to localize the disease. If a child with dysentery is identified, his immediate isolation and examination of persons who were in direct contact with him are necessary. School premises are being disinfected: classrooms, catering units, toilets, vestibules, gyms, etc. Catering employees are examined for bacilli carriage. Children who have had dysentery attend classes only after a doctor’s permission.

Measures to prevent the occurrence and spread of dysentery at school include:

Maintaining cleanliness of classrooms;

Compliance with the rules for storing and trading food products;

Destruction of flies;

Timely emptying of garbage bins;

Strict control over the personal hygiene of schoolchildren;

Proper organization of the drinking regime at school;

Familiarize students and their parents with the symptoms and dangers of dysentery.

Prevention of hepatitis.

Prevention of viral hepatitis at school includes the following activities.

1. B medical stations information about students' absence from classes is transmitted.

2. Educational institution All cases of illness among students and their families are notified.

3. Students who have missed school for more than three days are allowed to attend classes only with the permission of a doctor.

4. Explanatory work is carried out with students and their parents about the dangers, symptoms and preventive measures of viral hepatitis.

5. Strict control is exercised over school employees, especially catering workers.

6. Compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, rules for transportation and storage of food, etc. is strictly checked.

If sick people appear at school viral hepatitis additional measures are being taken.

1. Active work is being carried out to identify patients who do not have symptoms of the disease.

2. All cases of the disease are reported to sanitary and epidemiological services.

3. All school premises (especially toilets) are disinfected.

4. If necessary, quarantine is declared.

In preventing the incidence of hepatitis B, the main role is played by sanitary measures aimed at preventing injection infection, primarily during mass preventive vaccinations. The causative agent of hepatitis B is resistant to physical and chemical factors; it loses its activity only when sterilized with steam under pressure or by boiling. Constant monitoring by teachers and parents over the child’s compliance with the necessary standards and rules of personal hygiene is also necessary.

Prevention of influenza and ARVI.

Measures to prevent influenza in educational institutions are carried out in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in educational institutions"

Before the rise in incidence, it is necessary to ensure that key positions (for example, school nurses) in educational institutions are filled in case they become ill. Parents' contact information should be updated regularly in case they need to pick up a sick child. To temporarily accommodate sick children during the day, use an isolation ward, in which, depending on the condition, the child remains until the parents arrive or is hospitalized. The isolation ward should be located only in an isolated room and have a designated area for distributing food, washing and storing dishes. A limited number of staff should be allocated to care for patients until they can be sent home. To limit the spread of influenza, these employees should limit contact with other children and staff. These employees should not be exposed to increased risk complications of influenza (for example, pregnant women, patients with chronic diseases), they should be familiarized with recommendations for the prevention of influenza. Personnel caring for persons with known, probable or suspected influenza or influenza-like illness should use appropriate equipment personal protection. Particular attention should be paid to preventing influenza in children and staff at high risk of complications from influenza. Children and staff who show signs of influenza-like illness upon arriving at school or become ill during the day should be immediately isolated from other students and staff in a temporary isolation unit and then sent home. Isolation of persons with fever at home is due to the fact that at elevated temperatures the influenza virus is released more intensely. This period of isolation is recommended regardless of the use of antiviral drugs. medicines, because flu patients undergoing treatment antiviral drugs, also produce influenza viruses, including viruses that are resistant to antiviral drugs. Admission of children after illness, as well as absence for more than 3 days, to preschool and general education educational institution is permitted only if there is a certificate from a local pediatrician indicating the diagnosis, duration of the disease, treatment provided, information about the absence of contact with infectious patients, as well as recommendations for the child’s individual regimen for the first 10-14 days. When returning individuals with influenza-like illness to an educational setting, they should practice respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene, and avoid close contact with people known to be at high risk for influenza-related complications. Hand hygiene. Children and staff should be encouraged to wash their hands frequently with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing, as Viruses can spread through contaminated hands or objects contaminated with viruses. Soap, paper towels and sanitizers are essential for proper hand hygiene and should be available in preschools and schools. It is necessary to ensure supervision of children while washing hands and identify responsible persons. "Respiratory Etiquette". When coughing and sneezing, it is recommended to cover your nose and mouth with a disposable tissue and throw it in the trash after use, as well as wash your hands, because Influenza viruses spread primarily from person to person through the inhalation of tiny droplets produced by coughing and sneezing. To maintain respiratory etiquette, children and staff should be provided with disposable tissues and instructed in the importance of compliance. Wet cleaning. In educational institutions, it is necessary to regularly carry out daily wet cleaning using soda, soap or synthetic detergents and disinfectants, paying special attention to all surfaces and objects that have had the most frequent contact with hands (for example, keyboards or desks), places where dust accumulates (window sills, radiators), and also wash these surfaces immediately after detecting visible contamination. Cleaning of premises is carried out at open windows or transoms. Active screening for the presence of the disease. If influenza rates continue to rise, it is necessary to introduce a daily medical checkup children and staff with body temperature measurement and examination of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Throughout the day, it is necessary to identify and isolate children and workers with signs of illness. If the incidence of influenza increases, children and staff at high risk of complications from influenza should remain at home, a decision on this is made after consultation with the local doctor. Persons staying at home should avoid crowded areas.

At elevated level To increase the separation of children from influenza, it is recommended:

Abolish the classroom system of education, with students remaining in the same classroom;

Cancel lessons during which students from multiple classes must be together;

Cancel events where students from multiple classes or schools are together in large groups in close contact;

At each break, ventilate classrooms in the absence of children and finish airing 30 minutes before the children arrive;

Conduct lessons outdoors (outdoors).

If the incidence of acute respiratory infections viral infections(ARVI) continues to grow, by decision of the authorities carrying out state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, the educational process in the classroom or school is suspended. The resumption of education after the suspension of the educational process in a classroom or school must be accompanied by strengthened sanitary and anti-epidemic measures in a general education institution. Nonspecific and specific prevention of influenza The main methods of protecting the population from influenza include: vaccine prevention using various types of vaccines in the pre-epidemic period; nonspecific prevention of influenza using medical immunobiological and other drugs; emergency prevention diseases during influenza epidemics. For specific prevention of seasonal influenza, influenza vaccines of domestic and foreign production are used, prepared from epidemically relevant strains of viruses A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B, registered in the territory Russian Federation V in the prescribed manner in accordance with the instructions for their use. As part of the National Vaccination Calendar, immunization against seasonal influenza in the Russian Federation is carried out annually to the following categories of the population: children attending preschool institutions, students in grades 1-11, students of higher vocational and secondary vocational educational institutions; adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational institutions, transport, public utilities, etc.), adults over 60 years old.

In connection with the influenza type A(H1N1)09 pandemic, WHO recommends vaccination:

1. Persons at increased risk of infection: - children preschool age, visiting preschool educational institutions; - schoolchildren; - medical workers; - workers in the service sector, transport, educational institutions; - military contingents.

2. Persons predisposed to developing complications after influenza: - children under 5 years of age, but especially children under 2 years of age; - persons aged 65 years and older; - pregnant women; - persons who have the following diseases: cancer; heart and blood diseases; chronic lung diseases; diabetes; liver and kidney diseases; neurological and neuromuscular disorders; weakened the immune system(including AIDS patients).

Nonspecific prevention of influenza includes the use of medical immunobiological, antiviral chemotherapy drugs, interferons and other drugs approved for use and registered in the Russian Federation in the prescribed manner, in accordance with the instructions for their use.

Sanitary, hygienic and health measures include: formation of a healthy lifestyle among the population, compliance with daily routine, nutritious nutrition including fresh vegetables and fruits in the diet, vitamin preparations;

Carrying out hardening procedures, physical exercises, games, walks in the fresh air;

improvement of working and living conditions and others.

In any business, the beginning is important. It is very important with what attitude the child enters academic year. The job of parents is to help their children face change positively and in good health.

FOLLOW SIMPLE HYGIENE RULES! KNOW TO TAKE CARE OF YOUR HEALTH. REMEMBER! HEALTH IS A GREAT VALUE!

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1 Basics of the prevention of infectious diseases, the spread of which is associated with the formation of children's groups

2 Epidemic process transmission of a pathogen from person to person Source of infection Susceptible organism For each infectious disease there is its own route of transmission of microorganisms, which was formed in the process of evolution and is the main way to preserve the pathogen as a species. There are three phases of transition of a pathogen from one organism to another: 1) release of a microbial agent from the body into the environment; 2) presence of the pathogen in the environment;

4 All environmental elements involved in the transmission of pathogens from source to susceptible organism, are called transmission factors. These include water, air, soil, food products, household items and other objects that may contain pathogens released by the source. Arthropods, through which the pathogen is transferred (transmitted) from a source to a susceptible organism, are called pathogen vectors.

5 The route of transmission of the pathogen is the totality of factors involved in the transmission of the pathogen in certain conditions, place and time. Each transmission mechanism can be implemented through one or more transmission paths. The aspiration mechanism is the transmission of the pathogen by airborne droplets or airborne dust. The fecal-oral transmission mechanism can be realized by water, food (nutritional) and household routes (through hands and household items contaminated with the pathogen), etc.

7 Classification of infectious diseases By etiology of diseases By main host By location of the pathogen Viral anthroponoses Bacterial infections of the external integument Respiratory tract infections rickettsial infections zoonoses Intestinal infections mycoses Bloodstream infections Helminth infections Etc. sapronoses Infections with multiple localization

8 Modifications of the epidemic process

9 Disinfection measures include: preventive disinfection, disinsection, planned deratization (PP) in the absence of an identified source of the infectious agent, preventive disinfection, disinsection, deratization for epidemiological indications (PE), focal disinfection, disinsection, deratization (current and final), disinfection and sterilization medical devices (MPD), hand hygiene.

10 Taking into account the epidemiological features of infectious diseases, in the absence of an identified source of the infectious agent, it is necessary to carry out planned preventive (PP) disinfection; when identifying infectious patients, preventive disinfection according to epidemiological indicators (PE), ongoing disinfection in the patient’s environment, disinfection and sterilization of medical devices, hygienic treatment of personnel’s hands. Carrying out final disinfection, disinsection and deratization in outbreaks is determined epidemiological features specific infection.

11 The organization and implementation of disinfection measures are determined by the following epidemiological features of infectious diseases: the source (reservoir) of the infectious agent; pathogen transmission mechanism; biological features pathogen: - survival on environmental objects, - resistance to physical and chemical disinfectants, - pathogenicity (danger) for humans, the presence of specific prevention.

12 Main directions of disinfection measures during various groups infectious diseases Intestinal infections with fecal oral mechanism transmission Respiratory tract infections with an airborne transmission mechanism Blood infections with a transmissible transmission mechanism Infections with multiple localization Disinfection of numerous transmission factors (water, food, dishes, kitchen utensils, patient secretions In some outbreaks (tuberculosis) household items disinsection Taking into account the stage of the infectious process Infections outer covers with a contact transmission mechanism Household items (scabies), linen, upholstered furniture, baths (streptococci, athlete's foot

13 Disinfection methods Mechanical shaking out, beating out, vacuum cleaner, washing, washing, airing, ventilating, water filtration, sweeping reducing the concentration of microorganisms -> reducing the dose of the pathogen Physical destruction of the pathogen by exposure physical factors(temperature, pressure, ultraviolet radiation, radiation): combustion, calcination, scalding, boiling, insolation Chemical applications chemicals, having bactericidal, sporicidal, virucidal, fungicidal effects. These are oxidizing agents, halogen preparations, quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, etc. Combined - physical + chemical = gas chambers: steam, steam-formalin, hot air, gas (documents, artifacts)

14 Disinfection proper disinfection destruction of the pathogen in the external environment Current final Mechanical Physical Chemical Types of disinfection Preventive Focal Disinsection destruction of arthropods involved in the transmission of the pathogen Chemical insecticides, acaricides, rarvicides, ovicides. Dusts, emulsions, suspensions, blowholes, ointments, solutions, aerosols, poison baits, pencils, varnishes, paints Mechanical Physical Biological combined Deratization control of rodents, which are a source of infection Preventive Exterminator Systematic = preventive + exterminator Mechanical Chemical biological

15 Disinfection regimes Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations of SanPiN "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, content and organization of the operating mode of preschool educational organizations" XVII. Requirements for the sanitary maintenance of premises of preschool educational organizations

16 17.4. Carpets are vacuumed daily and cleaned with a damp brush or knocked out in specially designated areas in the utility area, then cleaned with a damp brush. It is recommended to dry-clean carpets once a year. Sanitary equipment is disinfected daily, regardless of the epidemiological situation. Toilet seats, flush tank handles and door handles are washed with warm water and soap or other detergent, harmless to human health, daily. Pots are washed after each use using ruffs or brushes and detergents. Baths, sinks, and toilets are cleaned twice a day with brushes or brushes using detergents and disinfectants. General cleaning of all premises and equipment is carried out once a month using detergents and disinfectants. Windows outside and inside are washed as they become dirty, but at least 2 times a year (spring and autumn). In the event of an unfavorable epidemiological situation in preschool educational organizations (groups), in order to prevent the spread of infection, additional measures are taken in accordance with the requirements of sanitary rules. When cases of infectious diseases are registered, anti-epidemic measures are carried out by the staff of the preschool educational organization.

17 17.9. In the warm season, windows and doors are screened. To control flies indoors, it is allowed to use mechanical methods (sticky tapes, fly traps). The louvers of exhaust ventilation systems must be open; They should be covered only when there is a sharp difference in indoor and outdoor air temperatures. As they become dirty, they are cleaned of dust. Exhaust ventilation shafts are cleaned as they become dirty All types repair work It is not allowed to be carried out during the functioning of preschool educational organizations in the presence of children. Before entering the group toys, purchased toys (with the exception of soft stuffed ones) are washed with running water (temperature 37 C) with soap or other detergent that is harmless to the health of children, and then dried in air. Foam latex tufted toys and soft stuffed toys are processed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Toys that are not subject to wet processing (washing, laundering) are used only as teaching material. Toys are washed daily at the end of the day, and in groups for infants and young children - 2 times a day. Doll clothes are washed when dirty using baby soap and ironed. Bed linen and towels are changed when dirty, but at least once a week. All linen is marked. Bed linen, except pillowcases, is marked at the foot edge. Each child must have three sets of linen, including face and foot towels, and two changes of mattress covers. Clean linen is delivered in bags and stored in closets.

18 After use, laundry is placed in a special tank, a bucket with a lid, an oilcloth, plastic or double cloth bag. Dirty laundry is delivered to the laundry room (or special room). Fabric bags are washed, oilcloth and plastic bags are treated with a hot soap-soda solution. Bedding: mattresses, pillows, sleeping bags are ventilated directly in the bedrooms with the windows open during each spring cleaning and periodically on specially designated areas of the economic zone. It is recommended that bedding be dry cleaned or treated in a disinfection chamber once a year. Washcloths for washing children (the number of washcloths corresponds to the number of children in the group) after use are soaked in a disinfectant solution, washed with running water, dried and stored in clean cloth bags. In a preschool educational organization Measures must be taken to prevent the entry of insects and rodents. If they are detected, disinsection and deratization measures must be organized and carried out within 24 hours in accordance with the requirements for disinfection and deratization measures.

19 Specific prevention of infectious diseases is the artificial creation of immunity in individuals and at the population level. Active with the help of vaccines Passive with the help of drugs containing antibodies against some pathogen Artificial reproduction natural processes, occurring in the body during its fight against the invading pathogen. It is not used for those diseases in which immunity, such as protective function the body is insignificant or not produced: fungal diseases, helminthiasis, syphilis

20 Contemporary issues vaccination prevention Mass vaccination remains one of the most effective and available funds combating and preventing infectious diseases. The main goal of mass vaccination prevention is to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases against which effective vaccine preparations have been created (viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, measles, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, tuberculosis, mumps, rubella, etc.).

21 The importance of vaccination prevention was confirmed at the G8 summit in St. Petersburg when discussing issues of combating infectious diseases: HIV infection, tuberculosis, influenza, polio, measles (in the speech of the chief state sanitary doctor G.G. Onishchenko). The need to strengthen international cooperation in the field of surveillance and monitoring of infections, as well as intensification of scientific research.

22 The founders of vaccine prevention are Jenner and Pasteur. In the 19th century, the first 5 vaccines were created: against smallpox, rabies, typhoid fever, cholera, and plague. In the 20th century, 32 vaccines (10 complex) were created against 22 infectious diseases. Thanks to the success of mass vaccination programs in the world, the global eradication of smallpox was achieved by 1980; in recent years, polio has been eradicated in most countries of the world, and measles is planned to be eliminated by 2010.

23 Main types of vaccines: Live (attenuated) vaccines (against rabies, tuberculosis, plague, anthrax, polio, measles, mumps, yellow fever, smallpox and other infections). Inactivated vaccines (against whooping cough, typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, etc.). Chemical and artificial vaccines are protective antigens of microorganisms purified from impurities that can induce immunity. Toxoids - obtained by neutralizing microbial toxins using formalin and heat (diphtheria, tetanus toxoids).

24 Associated (combined) vaccines that protect against several infections simultaneously (DTP; MMR, Bubo-M, etc.). Subunit or split vaccines (influenza vaccines created from separate antigenic determinants of hemagglutinins and neuraminidase). Genetically engineered vaccines (recombinant) (hepatitis B and new vaccines under development). Vaccines with artificial adjuvant to enhance the immune response.

25 Federal Law of September 17, 1998 N 157-FZ “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” Adopted by the State Duma on July 17, 1998. A legal and regulatory framework has been created in the field of vaccine prevention. Installed legal basis public policy in the field of vaccine prevention: availability of vaccinations, their free implementation, quality control, effectiveness and safety of medical immunobiological preparations, as well as the rights and responsibilities of citizens in the implementation of immunoprophylaxis social protection in the event of post-vaccination complications, it is determined that mandatory preventive vaccinations are carried out to all citizens against influenza, hepatitis B, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, polio, tetanus, tuberculosis, mumps within the time limits established by the national calendar of preventive vaccinations. Declares the principle of informed consent

26 National calendar of preventive vaccinations and calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications, approved. By order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development dated no. Preventive vaccination calendars have also been approved for epidemic indications. The calendar determines the categories and ages of citizens, the name of the vaccination and the order of administration. Immunization within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations is carried out with medical products registered in accordance with Russian legislation. Allows the administration of inactivated vaccines used within 2 calendars on the same day with different syringes to different parts of the body.

27 In the event of the threat of epidemics or the emergence of mass infectious diseases, refusal of vaccinations for a citizen entails adverse consequences in the form of: restrictions on the rights to freely travel outside of Russia (Part 2 of Article 27), to education (Article 43), health care (Article 41), free use of one’s ability to work (Article 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

28 List of works, the implementation of which is related to high risk diseases of infectious diseases and requires mandatory preventive vaccinations (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 15, 1999 N 825) 1. Agricultural, irrigation, construction and other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation work in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals. 2. Work on logging, clearing and improvement of forests, health and recreation areas for the population in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals. 3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms affected by infections common to humans and animals. 4. Work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals. 5. Work on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it. 6. Work related to the care of animals and maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are vulnerable to infections common to humans and animals. 7. Work on catching and keeping stray animals. 8. Maintenance work on sewerage structures, equipment and networks. 9. Work with patients with infectious diseases. 10. Work with live cultures of pathogens of infectious diseases. 11. Work with blood and biological fluids person. 12. Work in all types and types of educational institutions.

29 Characteristics of respiratory tract infections The airborne transmission mechanism is implemented because the pathogen is localized in the respiratory system. The space in which droplets expelled during conversation (sneezing, coughing) end up is projected onto the floor in the form of an ellipse; a dynamic projection where they settle

31 Characteristics of intestinal infections The main localization of the pathogen is in digestive tract host organism, Aquatic food is sold, contact path transmissions (examples of outbreaks)

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ema: Prevention of infectious diseases.

Target: familiarizing students with types of infectious diseases and methods of prevention.

Tasks:

1. To familiarize students with the types of infectious diseases, the causes of epidemics, the mechanism of transmission, and methods of protection against infectious diseases.

2. Improve the skills of safe behavior and actions in outbreaks of infectious diseases, developing the skill of working in groups.

3. Develop a sense of responsibility, cooperation skills, attentiveness, and forethought.

4. Foster a caring attitude towards your own health.

Equipment: presentation “Infectious diseases”, balls, poster “To be healthy”, pictures for riddles, mask, ball of thread.

Progress of the class hour:

1. Game “Wishes” Slide 1

Let's start today by giving each other wishes for the day, and let's do it like this. The first participant will stand up, go up to anyone else, greet him and express his wishes for today. The one who was approached by the first participant will, in turn, approach the next one, and so on until each of us receives a wish for the day.

2. Conversation on the topic.

Do you think you are in good health?

Look at each other and say what a healthy person looks like.

Game-competition “Who is bigger?”

Children name signs that characterize a healthy person (cheerful, cheerful, energetic, clean skin, shiny hair, good sleep, etc.)

Raise your hands, those who have never been sick in the last year?

Who has never had a body temperature above 36.6? (Usually there are no such students in the class)

So today we will talk about infectious diseases.Slide 2

Infectious diseases is a group of diseases that are caused by pathogenic pathogens, their characteristic feature is that they can be transmitted from an infected animal and person to a healthy one, as well as the possibility of their mass spread. The causative agents of infectious diseases are pathogenic microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, spirochetes, fungi, etc.

The environment is saturated with various microorganisms, many of which cause infectious diseases in humans. These carriers exist in the air, soil, and water.Slide 3

1.Soil

2.Water

3.Plants

4.Wild and domestic animals

5.Air

6.Insects (ticks, lice, fleas, mosquitoes)

There are about 1200 infectious diseases. Of course, we will not consider them all, but will recall only some of them.

Types of infectious diseases:

Intestinal infection - dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, etc.;

Infectious blood diseases - malaria, yellow fever (carried by mosquitoes); typhus (lice); tick-borne encephalitis (ticks); plague, flea typhus (fleas).

Scabies, fungal skin diseases;

Slide 4 – There are several mechanisms of transmission of infectious diseases:

Food

Water

Airborne

Contact and household

Via transmitters

Slide 5-6 – Signsinfectious diseases

External signs infectious diseases are individual for each of them, but most are accompanied

temperature,

chills,

headache,

Sometimes cough, diarrhea, and rash appear.

Slide 7 -8- Prevention of infectious diseases

PHYSMINUTE

Flu

Listen to the poem “Flu” by S. Mikhalkov.

I look sad, my head hurts in the morning,

I'm sneezing, I'm hoarse. What is it?...It's the flu!

Not a ruddy flu in the forest, But a nasty flu in the nose!..Slide 9

Flu (from fr.grippe) is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus. Currently, more than 2,000 variants of the influenza virus have been identified. Influenza is an extremely contagious infectious disease, dangerous for its complications: damage to the cardiovascular system, central nervous system and respiratory organs.

"Flu Symptoms" Slide 10

Heat;

Chills and weakness;

Pain and aches throughout the body;

Cough;

Headache;

Runny or stuffy nose.

The flu is characterized by a sharp onset: the body temperature rises to 39*C and above, weakness occurs, the person gets chills, suffers from headaches and muscle pain. For influenza, unlike other viral infections, symptoms such as cough and runny nose do not appear immediately, but several days after the onset of the disease.

"Ways of transmission of infection"

Flu is transmitted through the air. The source of infection is a sick person. We become infected by inhaling air containing tiny droplets of saliva and phlegm released by patients when they cough and sneeze. This method of transmission is called airborne transmission.

And also when in contact with patients by shaking hands, exchanging personal hygiene items (handkerchief, towel) and other household items (dishes, telephone, pencils, toys, etc.). This path is called the contact-domestic path.

- Guys,look, they hang in our classroomBalloons. Think of it like flu bacteria. Flu bacteria droplets also look like balls, but they are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope. They fly through the air where there are sick people and can get into the nose and mouth of healthy people. We need to defeat influenza bacteria, and they will disappear if you tell us what to do to avoid getting the flu.

(Children’s answers. After each child’s answer, the teacher pierces one flu bacteria ball.)

"Prevention"

Today it has already been proven that the main method of specific prevention of influenza is a vaccine or, as we call it, vaccination, which stimulates the body to produce protective antibodies that prevent the multiplication of viruses. Thanks to this, the disease is prevented even before it begins.

Personal preventive measures are of no small importance:

Cover your mouth and nose when sneezing and coughing with a handkerchief (napkin);

Avoid touching your mouth, nose, eyes;

Maintain a distance when communicating; the distance between people when talking should be at least 1 meter (arm's length distance).

Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, namely hand washing, is very important for prevention. Wash or dry your hands thoroughly and often with soap and water disinfectants.

During influenza epidemics and colds necessary:

Avoid close contact with sick people;

Limit attendance at cultural events, reduce time spent in crowded places.

Proper use of a medical mask will help protect yourself from contracting viral infections. A disposable mask can be purchased at pharmacies; a cotton-gauze mask can be easily made with your own hands. Unlike a disposable mask, which can be worn for no more than 2 hours, cotton gauze bandage Can be worn for up to 4 hours, washable and reusable. It is important that a sick person wears a mask, as well as a healthy person when communicating with (caring for) a sick person.

Prevention of influenza consists of general health improvement and strengthening protective forces body, for this you need to lead a healthy lifestyle: see poster "To be healthy"

Well done, but this is not enough. Vitamin C will also help us fight the disease.

It is found in fruits and vegetables, and you will find out which ones by guessingpuzzles:

1. Kids know this fruit

Monkeys love to eat it.

He comes from hot countries

It grows in the tropics... (Banana)

2. A sundress is not a sundress,

The dress is not a dress,

How are you going to undress?

You'll cry your fill. (Onion)

3. The head looks like a bow.

If you just chew

Even a small slice -

It will smell for a very long time. (Garlic)

4. With orange skin,

Looks like a ball

But the center is not empty,

And juicy and tasty. (Orange)

5. It’s not very easy to guess -

This is the kind of fruit I know -

It's about not about coconut

Not about the pear, not about the plum, -

There is also such a bird,

Also called -... (Kiwi)

6.Far in the south somewhere

It grows in winter and summer.

Will surprise us

Thick-skinned...(Pineapple)

7. I was born to glory,

The head is white and curly.

Who loves cabbage soup -

Look for me in them. (Cabbage)

8. Two sisters are green in summer,

By autumn one turns red, the other turns black. (Red and black currants)

8. Just a fist,

Red, yellow barrel.

You touch it with your finger - it’s smooth,

And if you take a bite, it’s sweet. (Apple)

9. It's almost like an orange

Thick skinned, juicy,

There is only one drawback -

Very, very sour. (Lemon)

- Well done! I hope that you will follow preventive measures and not get sick. You are already adults and must take care of your own health. Try not to let an uninvited guest through the door with foreign name FLU! I wish you good health!

Reflection. Exercise "Tangle" Slide 11

Classroom teacherproposes to form a circle. Each student names what he liked today, gives a brief review, says that he learned something new in class, after which he passes the ball to his neighbor, and so on until the circle is closed.

The last participant to whom the ball is passed isclassroom teacher, he says words of gratitude to the students for their activity, gives a brief review of their activities, and invites them to the next classes.

A school is not only a “temple of knowledge”, but also a gathering place for a large number of people. In conditions of infection, the school can become one of the centers of the disease. This is due to the fact that children, not yet having a strong and stable immune system, do not always sufficiently fulfill the requirements of personal hygiene. Teachers and parents need to remember: their protection from the occurrence of infectious diseases depends on how well children are taught to take care of themselves.

Every student must observe the following rules of personal hygiene.

Perform morning toilet every day.
Wash your hands thoroughly before eating and after each visit to the toilet.
Do not put it in your mouth foreign objects: pen, pencil, etc.; When reading books, do not slobber on your fingers.
Keep your work area clean and tidy.
Eat food only in specially designated places (if available), etc.

There are also a number of measures to prevent infectious and other types of diseases, the implementation of which must be monitored by the teacher and school administration. For these purposes it is necessary:

regularly ventilate classrooms;
carry out wet cleaning of classrooms and school corridors daily;
check the availability of replacement shoes for students, especially in the autumn and spring periods;
carry out antibacterial treatment of toilets;
maintain hygienic cleanliness of catering units;
control food products.

Clinical picture and prevention of viral hepatitis at school

Hepatitis is an acute infectious disease that mainly affects the liver tissue, causing pathology liver functions and against this background - metabolic disorders in the body. Hepatitis is also called Botkin's disease, named after the scientist who studied this disease.

Hepatitis can be primary, in which case it is an independent disease, or secondary, in which case it is a manifestation of another disease. The development of secondary hepatitis is associated with exposure to hepatotropic factors - viruses, alcohol, drugs or chemicals.

Viral hepatitis is a disease of a viral nature, characterized by general poisoning of the body with waste products of pathogenic viruses. In this case, there is a violation of the pigmentation of the skin (icteric color), an increase in the size of some internal organs(spleen, liver). There are two types of pathogens of viral hepatitis - viruses types A and B. Hepatitis A is called infectious hepatitis, hepatitis B is called serum hepatitis. The source of viral hepatitis is a sick person or a carrier of the virus. The maximum infectiousness of the patient occurs in the pre-icteric period of the disease and the first days of the icteric period.

The causative agents of hepatitis A from the blood of a virus carrier or patient enter his secretions, and then through contact and household contact into the body of a healthy person. The incubation period of infectious hepatitis is 7-45 days. During this period there are no external manifestations diseases.

The course of the disease can be divided into two periods:

Pre-icteric (more than 1 week). The main symptoms of this period are general weakness, malaise, loss of appetite, a feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region, belching, short-term fever, pain in the joints and in the liver area. At the end of this period, a change in the color of the discharge occurs: urine becomes brown and feces become white;

Jaundice (2-4 weeks). The main manifestations of this period are changes in the color of the soft palate and later - the skin (yellowing); the appearance of itching of the skin. Against this background, the size of the liver and spleen increases, and bleeding of the skin and mucous membranes is sometimes observed.

Prevention of hepatitis. Prevention of viral hepatitis at school includes the following activities.

Information about students’ absence from classes is transmitted to medical centers.
The educational institution is notified of all cases of illness among students and their families.
Students who have missed school for more than three days are allowed to attend classes only with the permission of a doctor.
Explanatory work is being carried out with students and their parents about the dangers, symptoms and preventive measures of viral hepatitis.
Strict control is exercised over school employees, especially catering workers.
Compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, rules for transportation and storage of food, etc. is strictly checked.

If there are cases of viral hepatitis at school, additional measures are taken.

Active work is being carried out to identify patients who do not have symptoms of the disease.
All cases of the disease are reported to sanitary and epidemiological services.
All school premises (especially toilets) are being disinfected.
If necessary, quarantine is declared.

Constant monitoring by teachers and parents over the child’s compliance with the necessary standards and rules of personal hygiene is also necessary.

Acute intestinal infections.

Acute intestinal infections (AI) are a group of infections characterized by a fecal-oral transmission mechanism, localization of pathogens in the human intestine, repeated loose stools, nausea, vomiting, increased body temperature.

Ways of transmission of infection.

There are three routes of transmission of acute intestinal infections: food, water, and household contact.
The main route of transmission of infectious agents is through food, when infection occurs through consumed food and dishes prepared from them, as well as vegetables and fruits contaminated with microorganisms and eaten without sufficient hygienic and thermal treatment.

The water route of transmission of infectious agents occurs much less frequently, mainly due to pollution drinking water as a result of accidents in water supply and sewerage networks.

Through contact and household transmission, the infectious agent can be transmitted through contaminated hands and household items (linen, towels, dishes, toys).

Prevention of acute intestinal infections.

In order to protect yourself from intestinal infections, you need to know the basic measures for their prevention.

Experts World Organization Health care has developed ten “golden” rules for preventing food poisoning (infections):

1. Selecting safe foods. Many foods, such as fruits and vegetables, are consumed raw, while others are risky to eat without pre-processing. For example, always buy pasteurized milk rather than raw milk. It is especially dangerous to buy dairy and meat products from private traders. Check the expiration dates of products and the integrity of packaging. Foods that are eaten raw (vegetables, fruits, herbs) require thorough washing, preferably with boiled water.

2. Prepare food thoroughly. Many raw foods, mainly poultry, meat and raw milk, are often contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. The cooking (frying) process kills bacteria, but remember that the temperature in all parts of the food must reach 70°C. If the chicken is still raw at the bone, place it back in the oven until fully cooked.

3. Eat cooked food without delay. When cooked food cools to room temperature, microbes begin to multiply. The longer she remains in this state, the more risk get food poisoning. To protect yourself, eat food immediately after cooking.

4. Store food carefully. If you have prepared food for future use or want to store the rest of it after eating, keep in mind that it should be stored either hot (at or above 60°C) or cold (at or below 10°C). This is an extremely important rule, especially if you intend to store food for more than 4-5 hours. It is better not to store food for children at all. A common mistake that leads to food poisoning is refrigeration. large quantity warm food. This food in an overloaded refrigerator cannot cool completely quickly. When the center of a food product is kept warm for too long (temperatures above 10°C), microbes survive and rapidly multiply to levels that are dangerous to human health.

5. Reheat pre-cooked food thoroughly. This is the best measure of protection against microorganisms that could multiply in food during storage (storage in the refrigerator inhibits the growth of microbes, but does not destroy them). Once again, before eating, thoroughly warm the food (the temperature in its thickness should be at least 70 ° C).

6. Avoid contact between raw and prepared foods.
Properly prepared food can be contaminated by contact with raw food. This cross-contamination can be obvious when, for example, raw poultry comes into contact with prepared food, or it can be hidden. For example, you cannot use the same cutting board and knife to prepare raw and cooked (fried) poultry. This practice can lead to a potential risk of food contamination and the growth of microorganisms in them, with subsequent human poisoning.

7. Wash your hands often. Wash your hands thoroughly before preparing food and after every break in the cooking process - especially if you changed your baby or were in the toilet. After handling raw foods such as fish, meat or poultry, wash your hands again before handling other foods. And if you have an infected scratch (wound) on your hand, be sure to bandage it or apply a bandage before you start cooking. Also remember that pets - dogs, cats, birds - are often carriers of dangerous microorganisms that can get into your food through your hands.

8. Keep the kitchen perfectly clean. Since food is easily contaminated, any surface used to prepare it must be absolutely clean. Consider every food scrap, crumb, or dirty spot as a potential reservoir of germs. Towels for wiping dishes should be changed every day. Rags for cleaning tables and floors should be washed and dried daily.

9. Keep food protected from insects, rodents and other animals. Animals often carry pathogenic microorganisms that cause food poisoning. To reliably protect products, store them in tightly sealed jars (containers).

10. Use clean water. Pure water extremely important for both drinking and cooking. If you are in doubt about the quality of water, boil it before adding it to food or drinking it.

Following these simple rules will help you avoid many health problems and protect yourself from acute intestinal infections.

Recently, most intestinal infections are mild, so some patients do not consult a doctor and often self-medicate. And this is unsafe. In addition, every sick person must remember that he can be dangerous to others. Therefore, when the first signs appear intestinal disorder the sick person needs to see a doctor!

Remember that disease is easier to prevent than to treat. Take care of yourself!

A school is not only a “temple of knowledge”, but also a gathering place for a large number of people. In conditions of infection, the school can become one of the centers of the disease. This is due to the fact that children, not yet having a strong and stable immune system, do not always sufficiently comply with the requirements of personal hygiene. Teachers and parents need to remember: their protection from the occurrence of infectious diseases depends on how well children are taught to take care of themselves.

Every student must observe the following rules of personal hygiene:

3. Do not taste objects: pen, pencil, etc.; When reading books, do not slobber on your fingers.

5. Eat food only in specially designated places (if available).

There are also a number of measures to prevent infectious and other types of diseases.

For these purposes:

Antibacterial treatment of toilets is carried out;

Food products are controlled.

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, viruses, fungi and are transmitted from an infected person (or animal) to a healthy one. For the occurrence of infectious diseases, the presence of a pathogen, an object of infection (human or animal) and factors of transmission of infection (various elements of the environment) are necessary.

Causative agents of intestinal infections:

dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, etc. - spread through water, food, dirty hands, dishes, etc.;

pathogens of airborne infections: influenza, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, etc. - travel from sick to healthy through the air when talking, coughing, sneezing;

fungal diseases of the skin are transmitted through direct contact of healthy people with a sick person or animal.

Diseases such as relapsing fever, malaria, encephalitis, rabies, etc., are transmitted through blood-sucking insects (lice, mosquitoes, ticks, mosquitoes) or through the bite of sick animals.

To prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases among children and adolescents, it is necessary to:

ü timely identification of sick people and carriers of infection, isolation of them from healthy people and then treatment;

ü avoiding contact of students and staff with contaminated objects (dishes, toys and other household items);

ü strict adherence to sanitary-hygienic and sanitary-anti-epidemic regimes in institutions and at home.

When children enter a child care facility, they must have a pediatrician’s report on the child’s health status, laboratory test results, and an epidemiologist’s report on the absence of contact with infectious patients during the previous two weeks.

Every day, when children are admitted to the institution, a nurse or teacher interviews parents about the children’s health status. If an illness is suspected, the child is isolated until the cause of poor health is determined. If an infectious disease is detected, measures must be immediately taken to prevent the spread of infection. Each medical worker (doctor, paramedic, nurse) who discovers an infectious patient or one suspected of an infectious disease is required to fill out an emergency notification card and send it to the district or city SES; in an organized children's group - notify the management of the institution.

Each case of an infectious disease is recorded in a special journal. Teachers note absent children in logs every day and report this to the institution’s medical worker to determine the reasons for the child’s absence. At the direction of the epidemiologist, sanitary and anti-epidemic measures are being carried out aimed at preventing the spread of infection among organized children's groups. Depending on the nature of the infection and the method of its transmission, quarantine, disinfection, vaccination, etc. or a set of preventive measures may be provided. In addition, all measures are being taken to monitor all contact children and personnel, carrier detection surveys are being conducted, etc.

Among preventive measures, an important place is occupied by the formation of immunity in children’s bodies and the creation of immunity to various diseases through preventive vaccinations, hardening procedures and other health measures. The body's immunity to infectious diseases is achieved through the use of specific prophylactic drugs, as well as the use of chemotherapy drugs (antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.). Currently, vaccines are widely used as the main means of specific prevention, upon the introduction of which the body forms specific immunity to the corresponding infection. The organization and implementation of preventive vaccinations is carried out by medical personnel of children's and adolescent institutions. Vaccination of children is carried out both routinely (mandatory vaccinations) and according to epidemiological indications.

Prevention of dysentery.

Prevention of dysentery at school is one of the necessary measures to localize the disease. If a child with dysentery is identified, his immediate isolation and examination of persons who were in direct contact with him are necessary. Disinfection of school premises is being carried out: classrooms, catering units, toilets, vestibule, gym, etc. Children who have had dysentery attend classes only after a doctor’s permission.

Destruction of flies;

Prevention of hepatitis.

Prevention of viral hepatitis at school includes the following activities:

3. Students who have missed school for more than three days are allowed to attend classes only with the permission of a doctor (a certificate is a supporting document).

Prevention of influenza and ARVI.

Measures to prevent influenza in educational institutions are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the “Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for the Conditions and Organization of Education in General Educational Institutions.”

A. Hand hygiene. Children and staff should be encouraged to wash their hands frequently with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing, as viruses can be spread through contaminated hands or objects contaminated with viruses. Soap, paper towels and sanitizers are essential for proper hand hygiene and should be available in preschools and schools. It is necessary to ensure supervision of children while washing hands and identify responsible persons.

B. "Respiratory Etiquette". When coughing and sneezing, it is recommended to cover your nose and mouth with a disposable tissue and throw it in the trash after use, since influenza viruses spread mainly from person to person through the inhalation of tiny droplets produced by coughing and sneezing. To maintain respiratory etiquette, children and staff should be provided with disposable tissues and instructed in the importance of compliance.

IN. Wet cleaning. In educational institutions, it is necessary to regularly carry out daily wet cleaning using soda, soap or synthetic detergents and disinfectants, paying special attention to all surfaces and objects that have had the most frequent contact with hands (for example, keyboards or desks), places where dust accumulates (window sills, radiators), and also wash these surfaces immediately after detecting visible contamination. Cleaning of premises is carried out with open windows.

G. Active screening for the presence of the disease. If the incidence of influenza continues to increase, it is necessary to introduce a daily medical examination of children and staff with measurement of body temperature and examination of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Throughout the day, it is necessary to identify and isolate children and workers with signs of illness. If the incidence of influenza increases, children and staff at high risk of complications from influenza should remain at home, a decision on this is made after consultation with the local doctor. Persons staying at home should avoid crowded areas.

With an increased incidence of influenza for greater separation of children recommended:

Abolish the classroom system of education, with students remaining in the same classroom;

Cancel lessons during which students from multiple classes must be together;

Cancel events that bring students from multiple classes or schools together in large groups in close contact;

At each break, ventilate classrooms in the absence of children and finish airing 30 minutes before the children arrive;

Sanitary, hygienic and health measures include:

· formation of a healthy lifestyle among the population,

· adherence to daily routine,

· nutritious nutrition with the inclusion of fresh vegetables and fruits, vitamin preparations in the diet;

· carrying out hardening procedures, physical exercises, games, walks in the fresh air;

· improvement of working and living conditions and others.

In any business, the beginning is important. It is very important with what attitude the child enters the school year. The job of parents is to help their children face change positively and in good health.

FOLLOW SIMPLE HYGIENE RULES!

KNOW TO TAKE CARE OF YOUR HEALTH.

REMEMBER! HEALTH IS A GREAT VALUE!

Prevention of measles and rubella

Measles and rubella are considered “traditional” childhood diseases. However, few people think that these infections are not so “innocent” if the child has not been vaccinated in a timely manner. What is the danger of each of these ailments?

Measles and Rubella are infections that have much in common. The causative agents are viruses. The route of transmission is airborne. A characteristic feature of the clinic is a rash.

Measles

The measles virus enters the body through the respiratory tract, where it multiplies and enters the blood. The virus spreads through the blood to various organs, affecting the tonsils, liver, lungs, and bone marrow.

Clinic. Measles begins with symptoms similar to acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) (fever, cough, runny nose, lacrimation). This condition persists for 2-3 days, after which a bright red, confluent rash appears, initially on the face, behind the ears, then spreads throughout the body. A person with measles is contagious to others 4 days before and 4 days after the rash appears.

Complications. Measles is dangerous due to complications such as inflammation of the middle ear, lungs, trachea, bronchi, as well as inflammation of the meninges and pneumonia. Measles can lead to lifelong disability due to brain damage, as well as blindness (due to damage to the sclera and cornea) and deafness.

Treatment. TO or is difficult to treat. There is no specific drug to treat measles. Antibiotics are prescribed only to treat complications from measles. Patients with measles need a diet rich in vitamins (vegetables, fruits, juices) and plenty of fluids.

Rubella is a disease that cripples unborn children.

Rubella is dangerous for pregnant women. When a pregnant woman is infected with rubella, the virus is transmitted from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, causing the development of multiple birth defects in the fetus and complications in pregnant women, such as abortion, stillbirth. The child has intrauterine damage to the organs of vision, hearing, heart, liver, and bones. As a result, the child is born blind, deaf, with heart defects, and mental retardation.

Clinic. Rubella occurs with minor symptoms characteristic of ARVI, and in 30-50% it occurs without clinical manifestations. The rash appears first on the face, gradually covering the entire body. The rash with rubella is not as bright as with measles and does not merge. Sometimes in the area of the rash elements there is slight itching. A person with rubella is most contagious to others 7 days before and 7 days after the rash appears. Swelling of the occipital lymph nodes is typical.

Treatment. Sp There is no specific drug to treat rubella. During the period of rash it is necessary bed rest. The patient should be provided with adequate nutrition and plenty of fluids. In case of complications, urgent hospitalization is necessary.

How to protect yourself?

The only reliable protection against measles and rubella is vaccination. Vaccinations are carried out in accordance with National calendar preventive vaccinations free of charge in the clinic at the place of medical care and in preschool and school educational institutions.

Vaccination against measles carried out at the age of 12 months, before school at 6 years. For adults under the age of 35, who have not been vaccinated before, have no information about measles vaccinations, and have not had measles before.

According to epidemic indications, they are vaccinated contact faces from foci of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and have no information about preventive vaccinations against measles, vaccinated once without any age limit.

Vaccination against rubella It is given to children at the age of 12 months, revaccination – at 6 years. The vaccination provides a lasting protective effect for 15 years.

The calendar of preventive vaccinations also provides for vaccination of children from 6 to 17 years old, who have not been sick and vaccinated once against rubella, as well as double vaccination of girls and women from 18 to 25 years old, who have not been sick and have not been vaccinated previously.

Preventive measures for ARVI and influenza

The flu itself is not as scary as the complications caused by this disease.

Most a common complication influenza is pneumonia. Other secondary bacterial infections that often occur after influenza are rhinitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, and otitis media. Exacerbations are common after the flu chronic diseases such as bronchial asthma and Chronical bronchitis, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, kidney disease, etc. The main ways to prevent influenza.

· During a flu epidemic, try to travel less on public transport and go to crowded places where the virus circulates, and spend more time outdoors.

· It is almost impossible to become infected with the flu and acute respiratory infections in the fresh air!

· Be sure to ventilate the rooms you are in.

· To avoid colds, try to avoid cold, dampness and drafts.

· Wash your hands often with soap, especially if you have just come from outside.

· Another way to prevent influenza is to use a gauze bandage.

· Be sure to take vitamins during the flu period. Vitamin C in large doses indicated for both flu patients and healthy people for preventive purposes. Recommended to take natural vitamin With: rose hips, cranberries, lingonberries, black currants, citruses.

· Drugs that include interferon are of great importance in the prevention of influenza. Ready-made interferon is contained in medications: “Reaferon”, “Grippferon” - nasal drops. "Viferon" - in the form of rectal suppositories and intranasal ointment (for the nose).

· Speaking of ointments, we should remember oxolinic ointment. This ointment has antiviral and antibacterial effects, and will protect you at home, at school, on the street, and in transport.

· By far the most effective protection flu vaccine. This vaccine contains destroyed particles of the influenza virus. Once in the human body, they cannot cause serious harm. But the body's immune system recognizes them and begins to fight them, producing antibodies. These antibodies increase immunity against the influenza virus for a long time. The vaccination must be done at least 3 weeks before the flu epidemic. During this time, your immunity will quickly grow. Therefore, if you have been vaccinated against the flu, you are not afraid of infection - your immune system will quickly defeat the virus. And if the virus nevertheless decides to run rampant in your body, then you will not face a severe form of influenza - recovery will come quickly, and severe complications caused by illness, you will not receive. It has been proven that a vaccinated person is at least 3-4 times less likely to become infected than an unvaccinated person. The immunity you developed from the flu last year will not protect you from the flu this year. Therefore, new vaccinations should be done every year.

Firstly: What should you do to avoid getting sick yourself and infecting others:

· avoid contact with sick people;

· try not to approach the patient closer than 1 meter;

· wear a mask when in contact with sick people;

· wash your hands with soap or antibacterial agents (alcohol-containing solutions) to prevent the spread of infection;

· cover your nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing using disposable handkerchiefs;

· avoid large crowds of people (entertainment events, meetings, meetings);

· regularly ventilate the room;

· do not touch your eyes, nose and mouth with dirty hands;

· lead a healthy lifestyle (full sleep, fresh air, active rest, balanced food rich in vitamins), which will help the body fight any infections.

Secondly:

If you are sick, limit contact with other people as much as possible and call a doctor as soon as possible to receive treatment recommendations. Stay at home, if possible, for 7 days from the onset of the disease and do not neglect personal daily hygiene measures.

If you do get sick, then:

· Stay at home to avoid endangering other people and avoid dangerous complications

· Maintain bed rest

· Isolate yourself from other family members if possible

· At the first symptoms of the disease, call a doctor

· Use disposable handkerchiefs and throw them away immediately after use.

· Drink more fortified liquids, as well as infusions of cranberries and lingonberries, which have antipyretic properties

· Follow all doctor's orders and take medications, especially antiviral medications, strictly according to the regimen. It is necessary to complete the full course of medication, even if you think you are already healthy

· Monitor your condition carefully so that if your health worsens, consult a doctor in a timely manner and receive the necessary treatment.

And finally, thirdly:

What we often see is that as soon as one family member gets sick, one by one the rest also find themselves “in bed.” Isolation of the patient in a separate room, the use of gauze bandages for family members of the sick person, frequent ventilation and wet cleaning of the room where the patient is located are all an integral part of preventive measures. In the outbreak of influenza, disinfection measures should consist of disinfection as air environment premises - the main factor in the transmission of pathogens, as well as household items, furnishings, and the floor on which aerosol droplets containing the virus secreted by the patient settle. The simplest way to reduce the concentration of infectious aerosol (fine, dust phase) in the air is to regularly ventilate the room. In the cold season, it is recommended to ventilate 3-4 times a day for 15-20 minutes. In this case, it is necessary to monitor the air temperature in the room where the patient is. It should not fall below 20°C.

If a sick person appears in the family, the following rules must be observed:

· If possible, place the sick family member separately from others,

It is advisable for one person to care for the patient,

· avoid having a pregnant woman look after the patient,

· all family members must observe hygiene measures - use of masks, frequent hand washing, wiping hands with disinfectants,

Monitor yourself and other family members for signs of flu symptoms,

· try to stay at least 1 meter away from the patient,

· allocate separate dishes for the patient.

· closely monitor the patient’s condition so that if their health worsens, promptly consult a doctor and receive the necessary treatment.

If you use disposable masks, try to comply with the following requirements:

· A wet or damp mask should be replaced with a new, dry one.

· Having finished caring for the patient, the mask must be immediately removed, thrown away and washed with hands.

Avoid reusing masks as they can become a source of infection!

Clinical studies examining the effectiveness of masks in preventing person-to-person transmission of respiratory viruses have shown that correct use masks during epidemics reduce the risk of contracting viral infections by 60–80%.

And that, perhaps, is all about this “boring” prevention, which we have known about since childhood, but few people follow its rules. And, in order to “dilute” this uninteresting topic at least a little, here are a few more examples from life. Again, during the “Spanish Flu,” in some countries, gas masks began to be worn to protect against infection, either voluntarily or under pressure from the law; in Seattle, during the “Spanish Flu,” passengers were allowed onto the tram only wearing protective masks. In others, a person who sneezed or coughed in public was subject to a fine or imprisonment.

It is clear that sanitary and epidemiological measures during an epidemic/pandemic cannot completely “stop” the infection, but they can reduce and temporarily delay the spread of the disease. And an example of this is Australia during the Spanish Flu pandemic. Due to the introduction of hard quarantine measures in seaports, it was not involved in the pandemic until 1919. By this time, the virus began to noticeably “weaken” and the diseases proceeded in a milder form.

Anti-epidemic measures for dysentery

Measures regarding the source of infection. In recent years, there has been a trend towards more widespread leaving of sick people at home dysentery in order to create the best conditions for their recovery. However, in certain cases, the question of the advisability of hospitalization cannot raise doubts. According to clinical indications, hospitalization of weakened patients, primarily young children and persons old age, patients with a severe clinical picture of the disease, as well as in all cases where it is impossible to organize medical supervision And necessary treatment at home.

According to epidemiological indications, hospitalization of patients from children's institutions, closed educational institutions, and dormitories is mandatory. In addition, workers of food enterprises and institutions and persons equivalent to them are hospitalized in the event of a diarrheal disease with any diagnosis, as well as patients with dysentery living together with persons from these contingents.

Finally, according to epidemiological indications, hospitalization is mandatory in all cases where it is not possible to organize the necessary sanitary and anti-epidemic regime at the patient’s location.

If the decision to hospitalize a patient is made, it must be carried out without delay, since late hospitalization with poor organization of current disinfection increases the likelihood of subsequent diseases occurring in the outbreak as a consequence of infection from an existing source of infection.
In each case, the decision to leave the patient at home is agreed upon with the epidemiologist.

In case of exacerbation of chronic dysentery, the issue of hospitalization is also decided according to clinical and epidemiological indications. Patients receive a course of specific and restorative treatment.

When leaving the patient at home, he is prescribed treatment by an infectious disease specialist at the clinic or a local doctor. It is carried out under the supervision of a local nurse. Patients with dysentery undergoing treatment at home are given medications free of charge.

Due to the possibility of a protracted course of the disease, measures regarding convalescents are regulated. Children who have suffered acute dysentery are admitted to the children's institution immediately after hospitalization for convalescents or 15 days after discharge from infectious diseases hospital. The same period is established after treatment at home, subject to five negative result bacteriological examination. After recovering from illness, they are not allowed to work in the catering department for 2 months. orphanage, boarding school. Children who have had chronic dysentery (as well as long-term bacteria carriers) can be admitted to a preschool child care institution or other children's group only with complete and stable normalization of stool for at least 2 months with general good condition and normal temperature.

When establishing the procedure for dispensary observation of those who have recovered from the disease, the course of the disease, the condition of the person who has recovered from the disease and their profession are taken into account.

Persons who have had the disease without complications and side effects, with normal intestinal mucosa, not excreting the pathogen, are observed from 3 to 6 months from the date of illness. At the same time, they are examined monthly by a doctor and subjected to bacteriological examination. Those who have been ill for a long time unstable stool or long-term excreting pathogens are observed for at least 6 months with monthly examination and bacteriological examination.

Workers of food enterprises and institutions, children's institutions and persons equivalent to them who have recovered from illness are not allowed to work for 10 days after being discharged from the hospital. They carry out 5 bacteriological tests stool and one scatological examination. After being allowed to work, they are registered at the dispensary for 1 year with a monthly bacteriological examination. Identified carriers are suspended from working in food, children's and other epidemiologically important institutions. If the carrier duration is more than 2 months, they are transferred to another job and can be readmitted to their previous work only 1 year after a 5-fold negative result of bacteriological examination and in the absence of damage to the intestinal mucosa according to sigmoidoscopy.

If a relapse occurs after an illness, the observation period is lengthened accordingly.

Dispensary observation of those who have recovered from the disease is carried out by a clinic or outpatient clinic. In urban conditions, among adults, this work is carried out under the guidance of the infectious disease department of the clinic. If necessary, those who have recovered from the disease undergo further treatment here.

Dispensary observation with monthly examination and bacteriological examination is also established for persons who have had a diarrheal disease of unknown etiology (enteritis, colitis, gastroenteritis, dyspepsia, etc.) for 3 months.

Every student must observe the following rules of personal hygiene.

1. Perform morning toilet every day.

2. Wash your hands thoroughly before eating and after each visit to the toilet.

3. Do not put foreign objects in your mouth: pen, pencil, etc.; When reading books, do not slobber on your fingers.

5. Eat food only in specially designated places (if available), etc.

There are also a number of measures to prevent infectious and other types of diseases, the implementation of which must be monitored by the teacher and school administration. For these purposes:

Classrooms are regularly ventilated;

Wet cleaning of school classrooms and corridors is carried out daily;

The availability of replacement shoes for students is checked, especially in the autumn and spring periods;

Antibacterial treatment of toilets is carried out;

The hygienic cleanliness of catering units is maintained;

Food products are controlled.

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, viruses, fungi and are transmitted from an infected person or animal to a healthy one. For the occurrence of infectious diseases, the presence of a pathogen, an object of infection (human or animal) and factors of transmission of infection (various elements of the environment) are necessary. Causative agents of intestinal infections: dysentery, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, etc. - spread through water, food, dirty hands, dishes, etc.; pathogens of airborne infections: influenza, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, etc. - travel from sick to healthy through the air when talking, coughing, sneezing; fungal diseases of the skin are transmitted through direct contact of healthy people with a sick person or animal. Diseases such as relapsing fever, malaria, encephalitis, rabies, etc., are transmitted through blood-sucking insects (lice, mosquitoes, ticks, mosquitoes) or through the bite of sick animals. The sources of infectious diseases in organized children's groups are patients or carriers of infection (children or staff). To prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases among children and adolescents, it is necessary: timely identification of patients and carriers of infection, isolation of them from healthy people and then treatment; avoiding contact of healthy people with contaminated objects (dishes, toys and other household items); strict adherence to the sanitary-hygienic and sanitary-anti-epidemic regime in institutions and at home. When children enter a child care facility, they must have a pediatrician’s report on the child’s health status, laboratory test results, and an epidemiologist’s report on the absence of contact with infectious patients during the previous two weeks. Every day, when children are admitted to the institution, a nurse or teacher interviews parents about the children’s health status. If an illness is suspected, the child is isolated until the cause of poor health is determined. If an infectious disease is detected, measures must be immediately taken to prevent the spread of infection. Each medical worker (doctor, paramedic, nurse) who discovers an infectious patient or one suspected of an infectious disease is required to fill out an emergency notification card and send it to the district or city SES; in an organized children's group - notify the management of the institution. Each case of an infectious disease is recorded in a special journal. Teachers note absent children in logs every day and report this to the institution’s medical worker to determine the reasons for the child’s absence. At the direction of the epidemiologist, sanitary and anti-epidemic measures are being carried out aimed at preventing the spread of infection among organized children's groups. Depending on the nature of the infection and the method of its transmission, quarantine, disinfection, vaccination, etc. or a set of preventive measures may be provided. In addition, all measures are taken to monitor all contact children and personnel, surveys are carried out to identify carriers, etc. As a rule, the medical staff of the institution takes part in the epidemiological survey conducted by an epidemiologist, a sanitary doctor or their assistants. The medical staff of children's and adolescent institutions also maintains close contact with the epidemiologist and sanitary doctor of those areas in which children's institutions are located and where children are sent on vacation, in order to obtain from them information about the epidemiological situation in these areas. Among preventive measures, an important place is occupied by the formation of immunity in children’s bodies and the creation of immunity to various diseases through preventive vaccinations, hardening procedures and other health measures. The body's immunity to infectious diseases is achieved through the use of specific prevention drugs (vaccines, serums, Y-globulin), as well as the use of chemotherapy drugs (antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.). Currently, vaccines are widely used as the main means of specific prevention, upon the introduction of which the body forms specific immunity to the corresponding infection. The organization and implementation of preventive vaccinations is carried out by medical personnel of children's and adolescent institutions. Vaccination of children is carried out both routinely (mandatory vaccinations) and according to epidemiological indications. Routine vaccinations are provided for by orders and instructions of the USSR Ministry of Health. Vaccinations for epidemiological indications are carried out according to the decision of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, union republics, territorial authorities and health care institutions.

Prevention of dysentery

Measures to prevent the occurrence and spread of dysentery at school include:

Maintaining cleanliness of classrooms;

Compliance with the rules for storing and trading food products;

Destruction of flies;

Timely emptying of garbage bins;

Strict control over the personal hygiene of schoolchildren;

Proper organization of the drinking regime at school;

Familiarize students and their parents with the symptoms and dangers of dysentery.

Prevention of hepatitis

Prevention of viral hepatitis at school includes the following activities.

1. Information about students’ absence from classes is transmitted to medical centers.

2. The educational institution is notified of all cases of illness of students and their families.

3. Students who have missed school for more than three days are allowed to attend classes only with the permission of a doctor.

4. Explanatory work is carried out with students and their parents about the dangers, symptoms and preventive measures of viral hepatitis.

5. Strict control is exercised over school employees, especially catering workers.

6. Compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, rules for transportation and storage of food, etc. is strictly checked.

If there are cases of viral hepatitis at school, additional measures are taken.

1. Active work is being carried out to identify patients who do not have symptoms of the disease.

2. All cases of the disease are reported to sanitary and epidemiological services.

3. All school premises (especially toilets) are disinfected.

4. If necessary, quarantine is declared.

FOLLOW SIMPLE HYGIENE RULES! KNOW TO TAKE CARE OF YOUR HEALTH. REMEMBER! HEALTH IS A GREAT VALUE!