Features of the regional component of state innovation policy. Regional innovation policy

Regional innovation policy has significant features compared to federal policy. In particular, one of the main objectives of regional policy in the field of innovation is to promote the development of small innovative entrepreneurship. The experience of the developed countries of the world shows that for the development of small innovative businesses locally, it is not so much the provision of various types of tax incentives that is of great importance, but the development of innovation infrastructure, which is a basic component of the innovative potential of the territory.

The management of innovation processes at the regional level must be approached from the perspective of strategic management. Attempts to solve operational problems in the field of innovation are much less effective than an innovation strategy, which sets the goals of innovation activity, the choice of means to achieve them and the sources of attracting these funds.

The results of the implementation of the region's innovation strategy should be: a qualitatively new level of resource saving, an increase in labor productivity, capital productivity, a reduction in material intensity, energy intensity, capital intensity of products, achieving its high competitiveness and, as a consequence, transforming the structure of the territorial economy towards increasing the contribution of manufacturing industries.

State support for innovation at the regional level can be provided in the following forms:

• direct government stimulation of R&D through the distribution of budgetary and extra-budgetary financial resources (state orders, grants, loans) between various areas of scientific research and development in accordance with the developed system of scientific priorities;
• indirect government stimulation of science and the development of its achievements in the public and private sectors of the economy through tax, depreciation, patent, customs policies, as well as by supporting small innovative enterprises;
• providing various types of benefits to subjects of the innovation process (both directly to entrepreneurs carrying out innovations and to those elements of the infrastructure that provide them with this or that support);
• creating a favorable innovation climate in the regional economy and infrastructure for research and development (including scientific and technical information services, patenting and licensing, standardization, certification, statistics, etc.).

When it comes to government support for innovative businesses, they most often mean first of all provision of tax benefits. Indeed, in a number of countries, to stimulate the flow of private capital into R&D, additional benefits have been used for many years - the so-called extra-concessions, which allow companies to deduct from the tax base 100% of the funds spent on research and development, and sometimes more than 100% (for example, in Australia, Austria, Denmark). If an enterprise spends its funds on R&D and the purchase of equipment necessary for this, but does not currently have sufficient profits to take full advantage of the established tax benefits, the legislation of many countries provides for the possibility of transferring such rights to the future.

Experts note that providing benefits can be associated with a number of negative consequences. Benefits and exemptions from taxable items to a certain extent narrow the circle of taxpayers and the tax base, put taxpayers in unequal conditions and erode the mandatory nature of tax payments. In addition, there is scope for corruption at the local level.

However, according to many experts, the benefits of tax breaks outweigh the possible negative consequences. This is why the system of benefits and subsidies is so widespread in world practice. A differentiated approach to taxation when structural restructuring of the economy is necessary seems more justified than a policy of equal reduction of taxation for all.

Regional authorities should pay special attention development of small businesses in the innovation sector. It is known that if we are talking about the development of a particular innovation that does not require large investments, the efficiency of a small company engaged in R&D is often higher than that of a large organization.

The unit costs of R&D for small high-tech companies are often several times higher than those of large firms, which contributes to their faster and more efficient entry into the innovation market. Inventive teams in small firms have to work in areas where researchers are not professionals, since a small company cannot have specialists in many fields of knowledge on its staff. This sometimes contributes to the emergence of new original ideas and a new approach to solving problems that are too familiar to specialists.

The experience of the developed countries of the world shows that for the development of small innovative businesses locally, it is not so much the provision of various types of tax incentives that is of great importance, but the development of innovation infrastructure, which is a basic component of the innovative potential of the territory. Small businesses need cooperation with organizations that provide information, credit, marketing, patent and other services, thereby contributing to the formation of a knowledge-intensive sector of the economy and creating an effective mechanism for innovation.

In modern literature innovation infrastructure is defined as a set of interconnected, complementary production and technical systems, organizations, firms and corresponding organizational and management systems necessary and sufficient for the effective implementation of innovative activities and the implementation of innovations. In modern conditions, innovation infrastructure largely determines the pace of development of the region’s economy and the growth of the well-being of its population.

In the region, it is important to create not just an innovative infrastructure with a traditional set of components, it is important to ensure the constructiveness of this infrastructure and focus it on the final result. In addition, the circulation of information, including reverse information, must be properly organized (which will ensure continuous analysis of intermediate and final results). In this way, it is possible to provide a closed innovation management system according to the following scheme: innovation - investment - monitoring of final results - investment, etc.

An important problem for the region is the creation of an effective mechanism for information support of innovation activities. Subjects of innovative activity need, first of all, orderly technical, economic, market situation, and statistical information; they also need information about the characteristics of industrial products, technologies, machinery and equipment, materials, types of services, etc. Here, an important role belongs to the marketing of innovations and innovative activities.

Innovative Marketing is a set of activities to study issues related to the process of selling innovative products, namely: studying the consumer and studying the motives of his behavior in the market; research of an innovative product and channels for its implementation; analysis of competitors and determination of the competitiveness of their innovative products; determining the market niche in which the company has the best opportunity to realize its advantages.

Marketing assessment of innovative activities is an important condition for the success of events held in the region.

Thus, for the successful implementation of an innovation strategy in the region, a whole range of scientific, organizational and technical activities must be carried out:

1. development of a concept for the development of innovation activity and innovation infrastructure with the definition of strategic goals and means of achieving them;

2. development of a program for innovative development of the region for the near future (in the form of an address document indicating by resources, implementers and timing a set of activities aimed at achieving the goals of innovative development of the region);

3. inclusion of the main provisions of the innovative development program in the strategy for the socio-economic development of the region;

4. organization of practical activities of local government bodies to adopt and implement relevant regulations and implement organizational and informational measures in support of innovation activities.

It is obvious that the development of innovation is necessary to diversify the economy, but projects in this area often have an increased level of risk and the state must share some risks with entrepreneurs. In particular, some scientific ideas need to be brought to a stage where entrepreneurs can take them up. With the participation of the state, technology parks, technology commercialization centers and other elements of innovation infrastructure should be created.

With the help of various elements of innovation infrastructure, the following main tasks of promoting innovation activity are solved:

• Information Support;
• production and technological support for innovative activities;
• tasks of certification and standardization of innovative products;
• assistance in promoting effective development and implementation of innovative projects;
• holding exhibitions of innovative projects and products;
• providing consulting assistance;
• training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for innovative activities and others.

By analogy with transport infrastructure, we can say that innovation infrastructure is all information, organizational, marketing, educational and other networks that help a new idea (as if on “rails”) to reach its practical implementation and find its consumer

Key elements of innovation infrastructure

1. Technopark structures:

• science parks, technology and research parks;
• innovation, innovation-technological and business-innovation centers;
• technology transfer centers,
• business incubators and technology incubators;
• virtual incubators;
• technopolises, etc.

2. Information technology systems:

• scientific and technological information bases,
• technical-legal and technical-economic information,
• other databases.

Technopark structures.

Currently, there are many different forms of technology park structures in the world. Between some of these forms there are fundamental differences associated with different functional purposes, specific organizational forms, and the range of tasks to be solved, while between other technology park structures the difference is more of a terminological nature, sometimes associated with the peculiarities of the development of innovation infrastructure in a particular country.

We can distinguish three main groups of technology park structures:

1. incubators;

2. technology parks;

3. technopolises.

Incubators- these are multifunctional complexes that provide a variety of services to new innovative companies that are at the stage of emergence and formation.

In other words, incubators are designed to “hatch” new innovative enterprises, assisting them at the earliest stages of their development by providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services. The incubator usually occupies one or more buildings. The incubation period of a client company usually lasts from 2 to 5 years, after which the innovative company leaves the incubator and begins independent activities.

The incubator as a form and element of innovation infrastructure is in constant development, the logic of which largely helps to understand the history of the emergence and spread of incubators.

The progenitor of incubators in the field of innovation can be considered the so-called “creative communes” of architects, designers, artists or craftsmen. These communes, as a rule, rebuilt the buildings they occupied to create the most conducive environment for creativity and communication. A distinctive feature of these communes, which are considered to be the birthplace of Great Britain, is that they had a certain set of services for collective use.

All incubators created and operating to support new innovative companies and promote innovative entrepreneurship can be divided into two main types. The first includes those that operate as independent organizations. The second includes incubators that are part of the technology park.

The business incubator provides the following basic services:

• provision of non-residential premises for rent (sublease) to small businesses;
• carrying out technical operation of the building (part of the building) of the business incubator;
• postal and secretarial services;
• consulting services on taxation, accounting, lending, legal protection and enterprise development, business planning, advanced training and training;
• access to information databases.

Recently, in connection with the development of electronic business, the active use of the Internet and other new information technologies in production and management practice, they have been distinguished as a separate type virtual incubators or “incubators without walls.” Such incubators help to assess the commercial potential of an innovative project, considered as the basis for creating a new company; conduct appropriate marketing research; regulate relations with the parent organization (university, research institute, etc.) on intellectual property issues; develop a business plan and overall business strategy; find partner organizations acting as suppliers or consumers of innovative products, etc. Naturally, “incubators without walls” do not provide rental space to client companies. However, the advantage of the virtual form is that the creation of such an incubator, compared to the traditional form, usually involves much more modest investments.

Under technopark refers to a research and production territorial complex, the main task of which is to create the most favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized knowledge-intensive innovative client firms.

The concept of a technology park is quite close to the concept of an incubator in the field of innovation. Both of these elements of innovation infrastructure are complexes designed to promote the development of small innovative companies and create a favorable, supportive environment for their functioning. The difference between them is that the range of client companies of technology parks, unlike incubators, is not limited only to newly created innovative companies at the earliest stage of development. The services of technology parks are used by small and medium-sized innovative enterprises that are at various stages of commercial development of scientific knowledge, know-how and high technology. In other words, technology parks are not characterized by a strict policy of constant renewal and client rotation, typical of incubators in the field of innovation.

In addition, incubator complexes are usually located in one or more buildings. Technoparks usually also have plots of land that they can lease to client companies for the construction of offices or other industrial premises.

Consequently, technology parks, compared to incubators, imply the creation of a more diverse innovation environment, allowing for the provision of a wider range of services to support innovative entrepreneurship by developing the material, technical, socio-cultural, information and financial base for the formation and development of small and medium-sized innovative enterprises.

The main structural unit of the technology park is the center. Typically, the structure of a technology park includes:

• innovation and technology center;
• The educational center;
• consultation center;
• information Center;
• marketing center;
• Industrial Zone.

Each of the technology park centers provides a specialized set of services, for example, services for retraining specialists, searching and providing information on a specific technology, legal advice, etc. The technology park may include an incubator as a separate structural element.

It should be noted that parks as an element of innovation infrastructure have received different definitions in different countries. If in Russia they are called “technological parks” (“technoparks”) or “scientific and technological parks”, then in the USA these structures are called mainly “research parks”, in the UK - “science parks”, in the PRC - “scientific-technological parks”. industrial parks."

Technopolis, which is often also called a scientific city or science city, is a large modern scientific and industrial complex, including a university or other universities, research institutes, as well as residential areas equipped with cultural and recreational infrastructure.

The purpose of building science cities and technopolises is to concentrate scientific research in advanced and pioneering industries, to create a favorable environment for the development of new knowledge-intensive industries in these industries. As a rule, one of the criteria that a technopolis must satisfy is its location in picturesque areas, harmony with natural conditions and local traditions.

In Russia there are many quite successful examples of the creation and development of technopolises. Among them are Pushchino, Dubna, Obninsk.

Information technology systems.

One of the key elements of the innovation infrastructure of many countries is information technology systems. These systems are based on databases containing a wide variety of information about the subjects and results of innovative activities, including information about innovative products, services, technologies, scientific and innovative organizations, intellectual property, etc.

The rapid development of Internet technologies and other new information technologies can significantly increase the efficiency of solving the problem of information support for innovation activities. The use of telematics networks for interactive remote access to databases of information technology systems contributes to more efficient implementation of innovative processes.

Examples of the successful functioning of this element of innovation infrastructure are the information technology systems ARIST, CORDIS, EPIPOS, supported by the countries of the European Union.

Thus, the scientific and technological information service ARIST is an information tool for obtaining information about innovative technologies existing on the market. It is used to connect innovative organizations with relevant technology with potential clients. ARIST provides a range of information services, which can be divided into three groups:

• scientific and technological information to analyze what stage a particular innovative technology has reached;
• technical and legal information for the analysis of industrial property (patents, trademarks, utility models, national and foreign technical standards), as well as legislation, regulations of different countries;
• feasibility information, which includes market studies of supply and distribution.

Currently, the successful development of innovation infrastructure in many countries is associated with integration processes that make it possible to achieve synergistic effects by combining and coordinating the activities of various elements of the innovation infrastructure. In our country, the creation of various innovation unions and associations plays a positive integrating role in the development of innovation infrastructure.

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Subject: Regional innovation policy

INTRODUCTION 3
1. ESSENCE AND MECHANISMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICY 5
2. PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICY 17
CONCLUSION 25
REFERENCES 27

INTRODUCTION

Currently, the issues of orienting the economy towards an innovative path of development and creating regional innovation systems are becoming increasingly relevant. The state carries out all types of regulation of innovation activity - organizational, economic, financial, legal and regulatory. The highest form of regulatory activity is the development and implementation of innovation policy and management of innovation activities. Such a policy is developed on the basis of affirming the priority importance of innovation activity for modern social development. The state creates organizational, economic and legal conditions for innovation activities.
The implementation of state innovation policy, as an integral part of the state’s socio-economic policy, which is a set of goals and tools for achieving them, in the field of innovation will stimulate an increase in the country’s GDP and the well-being of the population based on the growth of production and sales of competitive high-tech products on the world market.
The role of the state in the development of an innovative economy is to create the necessary infrastructure and legal environment, resolve issues of using the results of intellectual activity, and create conditions for the effective use of scientific and technological achievements for the production of commercial products by Russian enterprises.
Carrying out an active state innovation policy solves the main task: to bridge the gap between the scientific and technical sphere, personified mainly by the state, and the industrial sphere, personified by private business, and create an effective system for transforming scientific and technical resources into knowledge-intensive, competitive products. The share of domestic high-tech industrial products and consumer products, both in exports and in domestic consumption, is significantly increasing.
The regional innovation process is managed through the development of a regional innovation policy capable of solving government problems of increasing the competitiveness and sustainability of the economy.
Innovation policy in the regions of the Russian Federation has its own characteristics. However, the basic means of its implementation remain the same: the legislative framework, target programs, concepts.
At the present stage of implementation of regional innovation policy, such deformations in the structural and investment sphere are clearly visible, such as a lack of motivation to invest in the production of fixed capital, an extremely low level and significant differentiation of investment activity. In this regard, the federal center and the regions are faced with the problem of forming a structural investment policy, which strengthens the role of regional power structures.
To solve the problems of implementing the state innovation policy, the Russian government has developed a set of measures aimed at both developing innovation infrastructure and maintaining priority areas of the scientific and technological sphere, creating a special, innovation-oriented environment in all Russian regions.
This work is devoted to consideration of issues related to the development of regional innovation policy and problems associated with the development of innovation activity in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
1. ESSENCE AND MECHANISMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICY

Economists currently consider the following to be the main directions of state innovation policy:
- development and improvement of regulatory and legal support for innovation activities, mechanisms for stimulating it, mechanisms for stimulating it, a system of institutional reforms, protection of intellectual property in the innovation sphere and its introduction into economic circulation;
- creation of a system of comprehensive support for innovation, production development, increasing competitiveness and export of high-tech products. The process of intensifying innovation activity requires the participation of not only government bodies, commercial structures, financial and credit institutions, but also public organizations, both at the federal and regional levels;
- development of the infrastructure of the innovation process, including an information support system, an examination system, a financial and economic system, production and technological support, a system of certification and promotion of developments, a system of training and retraining of personnel. The backlog that has accumulated over many years is not based on the low potential of domestic research and development, but on the weak infrastructure of innovation activities and the lack of motivation of commodity producers to implement innovations as a way of competition. This leads to a lack of demand for the potential of domestic applied science and technology;
- development of small innovative entrepreneurship by creating favorable conditions for the formation and successful functioning of small high-tech organizations and providing them with state support at the initial stage of activity;
- improving the competitive system for selecting innovative projects and programs. The implementation of relatively small and quickly payback innovative projects in economic sectors with the participation of private investors and with government support will support the most promising industries and organizations and increase the influx of private investment into them;
- implementation of critical technologies and priority areas that can transform the relevant sectors of the economy of the country and its regions. The key task of the formation and implementation of innovation policy is the selection of a relatively small number of the most important basic technologies that have a decisive impact on increasing production efficiency and competitiveness of products in economic sectors and ensuring the transition to a new technological structure;
- use of dual-use technologies. Such technologies will be used both for the production of weapons and military equipment, and for civilian products.
The same problems are solved by regional innovation policy, which at the same time is focused on solving territorial problems, which include the effective use of existing material, technical, raw material and labor potential, and meeting the needs of the domestic market.
Regional innovation policy is an integral part of the economic policy of regional authorities to create favorable conditions for trade and production, agro-industrial, construction and industrial and scientific and production integration of all institutional forms of management.
Measures for the implementation of regional innovation policy are programs to increase the competitive potential of priority industries for the region by attracting private institutional investors to the implementation of innovations; formation of a regime of economic stimulation of innovation activity.
Innovation policy in different regions of the Russian Federation has its own characteristics. However, the basic means of its implementation remain the same: the legislative framework, target programs, concepts, etc. It is possible to identify internal and external components of the region’s innovative potential. Internal ones include: financial and credit system, economic structure, research base, system for the formation and development of human resources in the region. External elements include: integration interaction with other regions, socio-economic competitiveness of the region, opportunities to reach the global level.
Let us consider the main mechanisms for the implementation of regional scientific, technical and innovation policy.
Concentration on priority areas. In order to concentrate resources on the most important areas of social and economic development, priority areas of scientific and technical activity are established in the regions. The selection of priority areas and critical technologies includes: analysis of the results of scientific and technical activities in the region and global trends in scientific and technological progress, forecasting the needs for scientific products, generating proposals for regional priorities, determining selection criteria and conducting expert assessment, coordination and approval.
The reasons for setting priorities are:
- a list of priority areas for the development of science, technology and engineering and a list of critical technologies of the Russian Federation;
- proposals from the scientific community of the region;
- innovation forecast data (in terms of organizing the production of competitive high-tech products);
- directions of socio-economic development programs and the results of their implementation, as well as other information about the needs of the economy of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Forecasts and development programs assess the resource capabilities of the region, the experience of implementing scientific, technical and innovation policies of other regions of Russia and economically developed countries. When considering proposals, the availability of a scientific, technical and industrial base for their implementation, as well as the presence of financial or other resource limitations are taken into account. When establishing regional priorities for scientific and technical activities, it is necessary to proceed from the prospects for industry to develop market niches through the introduction of new technologies, as well as solving the most pressing problems of the region (social, environmental).
Priorities are documented in the form of a list of areas of scientific and technical activity, including critical technologies, approved by the authorities of the relevant subject, or in the form of a regional scientific and technical program, or a section of a regional socio-economic development program.
The approval of regional priorities is the basis for financial support for scientific and technical activities at the expense of the budgetary funds of the region or the republic, as well as at the expense of the federal budget in the case of shared financing of programs and projects, for the formation of a state order for research and development, to support innovation activities , on the use of other government support measures, including protectionism measures.
Development of human resources potential. The tasks associated with the formation and distribution of labor resources in the implementation of the regional economic development strategy require comprehensive and in-depth scientific support, aimed, first of all, at creating a reliable dynamic model of the personnel structure of the economy and social sphere, taking into account demographic processes, strategic and operational forecasts for the development of the region .
Reproduction of scientific personnel is one of the main factors in the sustainable development of the scientific and technical potential of the subject. The system for training scientific personnel must be consistent with the needs and priorities of the development of the scientific and technical sphere. A comprehensive solution to the problem of personnel for innovative development requires the organization of training and retraining of specialists, taking into account the requirements of a developing economy. We need thoughtful integration forms that combine the capabilities of scientific, industrial and educational structures for training personnel, as well as for using and expanding the existing material and technical base for carrying out research and development work.
Development of information support. Information support for scientific activity is an important aspect of the integration of a subject of the Russian Federation into the federal and even the system of division of labor in the field of science and technology and the increasing role of its role in solving the problems of modern civilization. The use of information technologies in science should, on the one hand, develop within the framework of the country's informatization, and on the other, ensure closer interaction between science, education, industry and the social sphere, and should also improve the quality and speed up the implementation of knowledge-intensive investment projects in the regions.
When implementing regional science and technology policy, attention should be paid to the creation of information and telecommunications infrastructure and support of new forms of scientific activity that involve the use of modern information technologies: electronic journals and libraries, intellectual property fairs and exchanges, teleconferences, etc. The telecommunications infrastructure must provide the possibility of remote access to its constituent databases, data banks and other information resources on various terms, including commercial ones, for all interested organizations of various legal forms and forms of ownership. Consumers should have the opportunity to receive information about the market for scientific services, the market for innovative products and projects, and the needs of the regional economy. This will create new prerequisites for the structural restructuring of scientific organizations and improving the methodology for conducting research and development.
An important problem that requires an urgent solution in the conditions of an innovative economy is the rapid creation in the regions of an effective mechanism for information support of innovation activities. The effectiveness of this mechanism largely depends on the quality of continuous socio-economic monitoring of the regions. Such monitoring should cover observation, analysis, assessment and forecast of the economic, social, environmental, scientific and innovation situation in the region in order to prepare management decisions and recommendations aimed at improving and developing innovation activities.
Monitoring both innovation processes and more general processes of structural economic transformation in the region aims the regions to effectively manage these processes. Therefore, one of the main functions in the field of information support for the innovative economy should be the function of automated monitoring of structural transformations in the region. In this regard, it seems appropriate to create automated centers for innovation and information support (ARCI) in the regions to constantly maintain the updating and operation of innovative data and knowledge banks.
Work on the development of the information and telecommunication system of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation should be carried out within the framework of the federal target programs “Electronic Russia (2002-2010)”, “Development of a unified educational information environment (2001-2015)” “Creation of an automated system for maintaining the state land cadastre and state registration of real estate (2002-2012)", as well as in accordance with the activities carried out by leading organizations in this area and telecommunications companies.
Financial and economic support for scientific, technical and innovative activities. Financing of scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activities is carried out from government and market sources. The task of the regional authorities is to improve the mechanism of public procurement of scientific and technical services, to stimulate effective demand for scientific services, to attract extra-budgetary funds for scientific and innovative activities, to create regional and interregional specialized organizations that provide financial resources (loans). As the economy develops, the share of spending on science in the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation should be brought to the level of developed countries.
It is necessary that the legislation provides funding from the regional budget for the costs of conducting fundamental research, carrying out highly effective applied research and development, and developing innovative infrastructure. The system of public financing of research development and spending of allocated funds by organizations must be “transparent” in order to eliminate abuse and ensure the efficient use of budget funds.
Fundamental research projects should be financed from the regional budget within the framework of regional and federal target programs and on a shared basis with federal government customers (for example, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation, and other specialized funds). At the same time, maximum objectivity must be ensured when conducting competitive selection of projects and their examination.
State financial support for scientific, technical and innovation activities involves the use of the following methods of financing innovation activities:
- provision of targeted subventions to pay off tax benefits to innovative organizations;
- compensation for the interest rate of bank loans received for the implementation of innovative projects;
- acceptance into the budget account of part of the costs for the maintenance of material infrastructure facilities used by innovative infrastructure organizations (maintenance of premises, utility costs, electronic communication services, acquisition of the right to use paid information resources);
- state order for organizing participation and presentations of developments and technologies of scientific organizations and institutions of the region at international, interregional exhibitions and fairs.
The most important condition for enhancing innovation activity is attracting finance from non-state sources for the purpose of commercializing technologies. Great prospects for attracting private capital into the scientific and technical sphere open up the possibility of forming an interregional system of venture and leasing financing of technology projects.
Development of regional innovation infrastructure. Innovation infrastructure is defined as a set of interconnected, complementary production and technical systems, organizations, firms and corresponding organizational and management systems that are necessary and sufficient for the effective implementation of innovation activities and the implementation of innovations.
Innovation infrastructure determines the pace (speed) of development of the country's economy and the growth of the well-being of its population. The experience of the developed countries of the world confirms that in the conditions of global competition in the world market, those who have a developed infrastructure for the creation and implementation of innovations and who own the most effective mechanism for innovation activities inevitably win. Therefore, for the effective functioning of the country's innovative economy, the innovation infrastructure must be functionally complete.
For organizations engaged in innovative activities, the presence of infrastructure organizations allows them to carry out work with a small number of people and compensate for the lack of many components necessary for successful work by purchasing the services of specialized organizations.
The development of innovation infrastructure involves the creation of information technology centers, technology transfer centers, science and technology parks, business incubators, and a network of other organizations providing consulting, information, financial and other types of services aimed at supporting and developing innovation activities in the region.
Infrastructure functions can be performed by both small organizations created on the basis of existing scientific and educational institutions, and specialized organizations with their own material and personnel base. An integral component of the region's innovation infrastructure should be an infrastructure to support small businesses.
The following general principles for the formation of the region’s innovation infrastructure can be identified:
- innovation infrastructure must be comprehensive and provide services at all stages of the innovation process;
- innovative infrastructure must be capable of quickly adapting to changes in demand for infrastructure services in volume, composition and quality;
- innovation infrastructure organizations must coordinate their actions when providing services (work not as separate organizations, but as a single mechanism), and also interact with similar organizations from other regions;
- when forming infrastructure, it is necessary to rely on domestic and foreign experience.
As the experience of developed countries of the world shows, the main core of innovation infrastructure, the most adequate mechanism for implementing innovations, is the infrastructure of innovative engineering centers (firms, enterprises), which must accumulate the best domestic and foreign knowledge and technologies and act as a system integrator for the customer and a guarantor of successful implementation innovative project and ensure coverage of the full innovation cycle: from studying market conditions for final innovative products, feasibility studies of an innovative project and its development to complete supply of equipment, its system integration, turnkey delivery with staffing and subsequent service.
Production and technological support system. A system of production and technological support for scientific and technical activities is being created both to support the sphere of scientific research and development itself, and to organize pilot production. Leasing organizations, technology parks, and associations for the joint use of expensive scientific equipment should become elements of the system.
The most important regional problem in the formation and development of an innovative economy is the solution of scientific, methodological, organizational and technological issues related to the development, creation and development of automated integrated design and production systems that automatically carry out an end-to-end “paperless” cycle and combine innovation-oriented processes in one system. research and development work, processes of technological preparation and production planning, ultimately aimed at creating innovative products. In such systems, three main stages characteristic of the creation of a new knowledge-intensive system should be automated in an end-to-end chain: design of innovations; production and assembly of a prototype of a new high-tech system; commissioning and testing of a new high-tech system.
System of examination of scientific, technical and innovative programs and projects. During the transition to a market system of relations and to the commercialization of scientific products, a system of independent expertise is necessary. For this reason, the creation in the region of an institution that carries out independent examination of scientific products is an important component of the infrastructure of scientific, technical and innovative activities. Expertise of scientific products should be a mandatory element of the expert selection of projects, performers of scientific research and development in regional and federal target programs.
Certification system for high-tech products. The quality control system for scientific and technical services and innovative products is a necessary condition for the activity of the scientific services market. This system should ensure quality control of innovative products on the basis of federal legislation on technical regulation, certify product compliance with regulatory requirements and technical conditions, provide organizations developing and producing these products with a wide range of services in the field of metrology, standardization, etc. Product certification includes an examination of the consumer properties of products, certifies the compliance of products with the requirements of the markets for the upcoming sale of products.
A system for promoting scientific and technical developments and high-tech products to the market. This system is designed to solve a dual problem - to ensure the occupation and consistent expansion of a certain segment ("niche") in the market for the developed developments and products, while simultaneously preserving and effectively protecting all associated rights and benefits for the owners of these developments and product manufacturers. It should include marketing, advertising and exhibition activities, patent and licensing work. Regional authorities should have at their disposal such promotional tools as providing exhibition space, organizing presentations, supporting specialized publications, organizing interaction between potential consumers and product manufacturers, and creating specialized organizations to provide information about innovations. An important tool in the system for promoting high-tech products to the market is government support for new markets on the demand side.
Thus, each of the listed systems included in the infrastructure complex of scientific, technical and innovative activities must have mechanisms for implementing its functions and corresponding organizational elements in the form of specialized or multifunctional organizations that will ensure the operation of these mechanisms.
The formation of the innovation infrastructure of any region or region of the Russian Federation should be carried out in close connection with the infrastructures of neighboring regions, the corresponding federal district, and the country as a whole. Regional infrastructure should be considered as an integral part of the overall infrastructure for the needs of the national innovation system.

2. PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF REGIONAL INNOVATION POLICY

The economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation in modern conditions depends on their scientific, technical and innovative potential, which is determined by the level of material, technical, labor, information and financial resources. In addition, the prospects for scientific and technological development of regions are largely determined by their capabilities and ability to create and use new technologies.
The table shows the main ways to regulate innovation activities.
REGULATION OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY

Types of regulation
Methods of regulation
Organizational regulation of innovation activities - development of innovation infrastructure,
- ensuring the priority of innovation activities,
- moral encouragement for authors of innovations,
- assistance to modernization,
- development of integration processes,
- development of international relations
Economic and financial regulation of innovation activity - development of innovation supply,
- expanding demand for innovation,
- promoting competition in the innovation sector,
- development of entrepreneurship,
- ensuring employment in the innovation sector,
- development of leasing of high-tech products
- investments in innovations, increasing their efficiency,
- creation of a favorable investment climate
Legal regulation of innovative activities - protection of the rights and interests of subjects of innovative activities,
- protection of rights of ownership, use and disposal of innovations,
- protection of industrial and intellectual property,
- development of contractual relations

Russia inherited enormous scientific and technical potential from the USSR (both according to the estimates of world experts and the testimony of domestic scientists). Russia still has a fairly high level of scientific development, world-famous scientific schools, and a large proportion of specialists with higher education in the national economy.
Russia continues to be a world leader in a number of fundamental areas in physics, mathematics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, applied developments in the field of laser and cryogenic technology, new materials for aerospace technology, communications and communications, etc. The country has accumulated a significant stock of unrealized inventions (foreign experts call 200 thousand unused patents, including 120 thousand technologies for sale). Currently, the problem of preserving this potential and adapting it to market conditions comes to the fore.
In modern conditions, the most important aspect of the regional policy of the Russian Federation is its innovation component. It is necessary to take into account that the constituent entities of the Russian Federation differ significantly in economic, natural resource, scientific and technological potential, and in the level of socio-economic development. Therefore, each region (or group of regions) of the Russian Federation requires an individual approach to solving problems of innovative development. In each region or group of regions, national regional innovation systems should be created, and at the federal level, an innovation system that meets the objectives of macroeconomic policy. The federal and regional systems will form a unified Russian innovation system.
To date, multi-level relations have already developed in this area between the regions and the Federation, within the framework of which very specific tasks are being solved. At the federal level, priorities for the development of the economy as a whole are determined, programs and projects that are important for all regions are developed and implemented. At the regional level, the priorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation are determined, regional programs and projects are formed and implemented.
At the federal-regional level, a unified regulatory framework for innovation is being formed, coordination of the interests of the state and regions is ensured, and the degree of participation of the federation in solving regional problems, and regions in solving federal ones, is determined. At the interregional level, problems of interaction between regions are solved in the implementation of tasks of interest to several regions, in particular, within the federal districts. At the municipal level, specific measures are being taken to ensure the livelihoods and development of territories.
There are a number of objective reasons that determine the increasing role of regional government bodies in the development of scientific and technical activities. Firstly, innovative activity by its nature gravitates towards decentralized management. Regional management levels are better suited to solving its problems.
Secondly, at the regional level, on the basis of existing informal contacts and common interests uniting various organizations and local authorities, as a rule, the necessary interaction between education, science and high-tech production is more fully ensured, the connection of educational, scientific and industrial potentials, which is a key condition for the successful promotion of innovations along the innovation chain.
The key to creating an innovation infrastructure is the participation of regions. However, at present, the problem of creating a developed innovation infrastructure remains quite acute for all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which hinders the commercialization and dissemination of research and development results. Only its individual elements have been created in the regions. It is not possible to identify leading regions in this direction, since single structures operate in the regions.
The main reasons hindering the development of innovation infrastructure are the decrease in demand for R&D and the lack of tangible government support. This indicates that the economy of the country and regions has not yet approached the state of innovation receptivity.
As already mentioned, the most important condition for the successful implementation of regional innovation policy is appropriate financial support. Currently, the main financial source is various regional innovation funds, which are formed through mandatory contributions from municipally owned enterprises. The funds are used for technical re-equipment and modernization of existing enterprises, reconstruction of buildings, engineering and transport communications; financing of work on the development of new types of high-tech products.
One of the problems of creating and implementing innovations at enterprises in the regions is that there is no mechanism for financing scientific organizations to carry out exploratory research and development work at the expense of innovation funds, since these organizations are generally not payers of these funds. Therefore, in order to carry out an effective innovation policy in the regions, it is necessary to improve the financial mechanism, and first of all, the procedure for the formation and use of innovation funds.
It is advisable to recommend that regional and local authorities set a standard for expenditures to support innovation activities in the amount of at least 10% of their development budgets. The catalyst for infrastructure development should also be a more efficient use of state property, which involves the organization of a state scientific and technological sector.
Currently, the organizational structure of STP management in the regions is being formed: scientific and technical councils, departments are being created, or staff units are being introduced that are responsible for coordinating, monitoring and auditing the innovative development of enterprises and organizations. At the same time, scientific and technical councils have not yet been created in all regions; even in the capital of the Russian Federation there is no such structure, and the existing ones do not always manifest themselves as an active coordinating element of innovation activity.
Regional innovation policy involves creating favorable conditions for the formation of an innovation climate. These include the systematization and effective use of information resources, their integration into the global information space and entry into the market of information services based on the development and implementation of technologies for high-performance processing, storage and transmission of data over telecommunication networks, as well as the creation of databases and knowledge banks.
When forming regional innovation policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, special attention should be paid to the following factors.
1. The experience of the last decade has shown that it is unrealistic to count on foreign investment in volumes that would significantly influence the development of science and technology. The main sources of investment in innovation are currently the own funds of enterprises (87%). The share of funding from the federal budget, federal and regional budgets is 4.2%, from extra-budgetary funds - 3.8%. Foreign sources account for about 5%. Foreign investment is used by approximately 2% of economic entities in the regions.
2. According to available estimates, Russia's share in the world market of high-tech products is only 0.3%.
3. The Russian domestic market is still, as a rule, not able to withstand the competition of many foreign goods.
4. Management of innovation processes is insufficiently effective. This problem can be solved through the creation of an Interdepartmental Coordination Council on Problems of Innovation Activity from representatives of federal and regional government bodies and the Russian Academy of Sciences. At the same time as solving organizational and methodological problems, the Council could ensure the coordinated distribution of government resources allocated to the development of innovation activities.
The total volume of investment in innovation, according to leading economists, should not be less than a certain share of GDP. World practice shows that it is necessary to allocate budget funds in the amount of at least 1% of GDP to maintain the country’s scientific and technical complex. Otherwise, degradation of scientific and technical potential is inevitable. In the USA, Germany, Japan this figure is about 3%, and in the UK and France - more than 2%.
In the regions of the Russian Federation, programs aimed at supporting domestic producers, increasing the competitiveness of products, and implementing large innovative projects should be based primarily on already completed R&D, ensuring the creation of new high-tech industries, and financed, since the level of industrial privatization is 83-97%, primarily owners of enterprises.
Of course, in many regions of the Russian Federation, large-scale work is currently underway to intensify innovation and investment processes in enterprises and organizations; development of interaction between industrial enterprises, scientific institutions and universities; increasing the number and increasing the prestige of workers engaged in scientific, technical and innovative activities.
This is facilitated by the Strategy for the Development of Science and Innovation in the Russian Federation for the period until 2015 adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation, developed in accordance with the minutes of meetings of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 24 dated July 8, 2004, PP-48-01 dated December 15, 2005 and instructions of the Chairman Government of the Russian Federation dated July 30, 2004 No. MF-P13-4480, dated December 28, 2004 No. MF-P13-40pr.
This program is aimed at creating economic, organizational and legal conditions for the development of scientific and innovative activities in the regions. It is a system of comprehensive measures and innovative projects aimed at solving both government tasks and the most important problems facing regional enterprises.
The main objectives of the policy are:
- improving the mechanisms of state assistance for the commercialization of the results of scientific research and experimental developments;
- increasing the number of regional organizations using innovations;
- development of infrastructure for innovation activities;
- development of small knowledge-intensive manufacturing business;
- increasing the volume of competitive innovative products produced by regional organizations;
- creation of a permanent monitoring system for scientific and technical potential;
- financial and credit support for priority developments;
- target orientation of specialist training in universities in the interests of promising areas of development of industry and the social sphere on the basis of “personnel support”.
Thus, the main directions of innovation policy common to all regions should be:
- effective use of funds from regional innovation funds to solve regional problems and update fixed production assets of municipal enterprises on a new technological basis;
- strengthening the use of administrative resources to solve problems of innovative development;
- promoting the development of innovation infrastructure, including through entrepreneurship support funds;
- development of program-targeted financing of innovative projects of enterprises and organizations in the region, reflecting its problems, by improving the system of concentration of investment resources and the mechanism for selecting investment objects;
- financing from the regional budget of the most significant research projects and programs of leading research institutes and universities in the regions;
- organizing and conducting monitoring of the scientific and innovative potential of the regions in order to increase the effectiveness of scientific and technical regional policy.
CONCLUSION

The economic development of regions in modern conditions depends on their scientific, technical and innovative potential, which is determined by the level of material, technical, labor, information and financial resources. In addition, the prospects for scientific and technological development of regions are largely determined by their capabilities and ability to create and use new technologies. In this regard, the urgent task is to increase the efficiency of existing mechanisms and regional methods for managing scientific, technical and innovative activities.
To ensure the conditions for sustainable development of the country's economy based on the intensification of innovation activity, first of all, a federal-regional innovation policy must be developed and legislatively approved, providing for the development of regional innovation programs.
Regional innovation policy is understood as a set of established goals and priorities for the development of scientific and innovative activities in the region, ways and means of achieving them based on the interaction of regional and federal government bodies.
The regional component of state innovation policy in our country is just beginning to take shape: organizational management structures and mechanisms for regulating innovation activity in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are being created. However, they have not yet had a tangible impact on regional development.
The effectiveness of innovation activity is largely determined by the innovation infrastructure. Therefore, innovation infrastructure is a basic component of the innovation economy and the innovative potential of society.
Currently, for all regions and republics of the Russian Federation, the problem of creating a developed innovation infrastructure remains quite acute, the absence of which prevents the commercialization and dissemination of research and development results. Only its individual elements have been created in the regions.
Therefore, one of the most pressing tasks at the present stage of economic development of Russian regions is the construction of a competent innovation policy and the development of a full-fledged innovation system.

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Abaev A.L., Candidate of Economic Sciences.

An objective continuation of the state scientific and innovation policy is its regional component. Innovation processes are increasingly difficult to manage only at the national level. National boundaries in innovation processes are being erased, transnational corporations are breaking up the value chain and placing its individual elements where they find local advantages. In the context of globalization, the region becomes a natural economic area. In this regard, regional authorities must create the necessary conditions and supporting institutions that will make the region attractive for foreign investment and keep global corporations on their territory. Competitive advantages of regions can be created purposefully. The main specificity of the processes of formation of a new post-industrial structure in the economy is such that it pushes for some redistribution of roles between the center and the regions, shifting the center of gravity of economic growth in favor of the latter. As the role of the state changes, the importance of the regional level of innovation policy increases. Regional innovation policy is aimed at solving a number of problems, including:

• assistance to regions in the formation and implementation of effective innovation policies and support for innovative businesses;
• identification and dissemination of “best practices” in the field of creation, management and support of innovation infrastructure as elements of a regional innovation system;
• formation and testing of models of interaction between innovative infrastructure organizations and innovative business;
• development of international relations of innovative business and regional innovation structures.

The expected results of such interaction may be: the creation of effective regional systems for supporting innovative entrepreneurship (including venture funds, transfer centers, etc.) and the use of innovative potential; development of effective regional policies that contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for the development of innovative entrepreneurship and the creation of innovative infrastructure; expanding the range and improving the quality of innovation infrastructure; development of an effective organizational and economic mechanism for interaction between participants in the innovation process and the regional economy as a whole.

As a result of the implementation of socio-economic transformations in Russia, the region as a territorial entity received the status of a subject of the Russian Federation, endowed with its own competence, rights, duties and responsibilities enshrined in the Constitution of the country, the relevant basic laws of the autonomous republics, the charters of districts, territories, regions, and the federal treaty. The legislative definition of regions as subjects of the Russian Federation means recognizing them as independent economic units with equal opportunities and the same organizational and legal status (region as an economic enterprise).

Since the use of innovations provides a monopolistic high entrepreneurial income, local authorities are interested in increasing the level of regional scientific and innovative potential and intensifying innovation activities.

Regional innovation policy is an integral part of the economic policy of regional authorities to create favorable conditions for trade and production, agro-industrial, construction and industrial and scientific and production integration of all institutional forms of management. Regional economic, and therefore innovation policy, is largely determined by the economic structure of the region, in which structure-forming enterprises, i.e., are of key importance. such enterprises that form the revenue side of the regional budget, bringing the region the main share of foreign exchange earnings, directly determining social stability in the region as a result of the involvement of a significant number of labor resources in production activities.

For the stable economic development of regions, the real situation and prospects of enterprises are important, characterized by indicators of the dynamics of product output (provision of services), the dynamics of the wage fund and the number of employees, the dynamics of prices for similar products, solvency and efficiency of production and sales of products, its competitiveness, the possibility of attracting external , including foreign ones, investors, etc.

Creating conditions for scientific and industrial integration ensures a close technological relationship between research and development organizations in the region and manufacturing enterprises. The focus of R&D should be primarily related to the production capabilities of the region, using scientific and innovative potential and infrastructure. It is advisable for regional authorities to coordinate the activities of the academic, university and industrial sectors of science, repurposing them to solve practical problems of restructuring the regional economy, including for the purpose of expanding exports, import substitution, and the formation of a regional economic complex that has its own specialization in a single national market.

Territorial (regional) innovation programs and projects that correspond to the priorities of territorial development and are the basis of the organizational and economic mechanism of scientific and innovation policy are of utmost importance for the implementation of methods for regional regulation of innovation processes.

The regional innovation support program is a document containing a set of main projects and activities, the implementation of which is aimed at developing competitive industries and technologies, using local natural resources, production and labor potential, improving the environmental situation, creating product and technological innovations, etc.

In its entirety, the concept of “innovative activity in the region” includes all types of scientific activity, design, design, technological, experimental developments, and other work aimed at implementing innovation in social practice. In addition to them, the scope of the concept of “innovation activity in the region” includes activities to master innovations in production and from their consumers - the implementation of innovations. In a generalized view, innovation activity is an expedient change, transformation of various aspects of social life, including the transformation of social production, updating its technological structure in order to make a profit or achieve a social result. In the latter case, the concept of “innovation activity” is considered in close connection with marketing and investment activities.

As a result, innovation activity turns into a process aimed at implementing innovation policy through the functioning of innovation systems. Based on the territorial understanding of the effectiveness of innovation systems, we note that they operate both at the transnational and national levels, and at the regional level. In the modern world, two trends are emerging: innovation processes that are increasingly becoming transnational, on the one hand, and the emergence of regional or local innovation systems, on the other.

The influence of the state on the development of innovation systems is still very great. In all countries, government decisions affecting innovation continue to be planned and implemented at the national level. In almost all areas somehow related to innovation, the national state is still the main regulatory and initiating force.

At the same time, the regional aspect is becoming increasingly important in innovation processes. Regionalization of innovation activities is closely related to the process of globalization. Thus, Ohmae argues that in a world where borders are increasingly disappearing, where companies are increasingly free to move their production activities around the world, the region is a "natural" economic area. Another factor contributing to the development of regional innovation systems is the need to create competitive advantages for large corporations. Thanks to intense global competition, companies are breaking down their value chains into separate functions and placing them wherever they can find specific local advantages. New transportation and information technologies serve global manufacturing organizations and innovation processes. Authorities must adapt the globalization strategies of companies by creating supportive conditions and establishing special organizations and institutions that make the region attractive for foreign investment, but also keep companies on their territory.

With the transformation from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy, natural resources are losing their importance as a competitive advantage, while developed infrastructure, a highly skilled workforce and effective supporting institutions are becoming more important. This means that competitive advantages can be created deliberately in the region.

Scholars emphasize the importance of interaction and communication in innovation processes, citing geographic proximity as a key advantage of regional economies. While there is no doubt that a national system contains greater diversity of knowledge, supporting common (cumulative) learning processes, this will not lead to innovation if proximity is insufficient to support communication. Context-sensitive, tacit knowledge, a key component of innovation processes, is better transferred through frequent and repeated face-to-face interactions; they cannot be transmitted across time and space independently of the “knowing subject.”

Thus, we can note the following advantages of the regional level of innovation processes compared to the national one:

• the joint presence of many different types of manufacturers offering specialized services in a timely and flexible manner in response to requests;
• learning effects caused by the involvement of regional producers in transnational networks;
• the emergence of local labor pools with a concentration of specific skills and forms of training;
• cultural and institutional infrastructure that constantly emerges in and around industrial clusters and which is often very important for the effective operation of a single local socio-economic system;
• development of networks of trust between regional economic participants.

Under the influence of global processes, Russian innovation policy is beginning to change. However, the intellectual potential of the regions and the ability to transform it into various forms of capital are still far from being fully used today. Judging by the structure of Russian exports, then, for example, there are almost no production clusters in Russia now that are competitive on the world market. One of the goals of transforming organizational forms of innovation activity, economic relations in the scientific and innovation sphere and its management is to create conditions in the regions for its maximum activation.

From the point of view of the interests of the region, the innovation process is carried out in close unity with the environment: its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it operates and develops. In this case, it is strategically important to understand that the innovation process is carried out not as a one-time action, but as a continuous course of development, qualitative improvement in any area of ​​practical activity, affecting the entire regional economy and society. In order to ensure the development of innovative activities, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation must:

• carry out the preparation and implementation of regional programs for the development of innovative activities at the expense of funds from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
• take part in the implementation of federal programs, projects and events for the development of innovative activities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
• create the necessary conditions for the development of infrastructure to support innovation activities on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
• coordinate at the regional level the activities of infrastructure organizations for supporting innovation activities to implement measures provided for by regional programs for the development of innovation activities;
• take measures to protect the rights and legitimate interests of subjects of innovation activity on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
• provide assistance to local governments in the development and implementation of programs for the development of innovative activities;
• resolve other issues in the field of development of innovation activities that fall within their competence.

It is to fulfill these and other tasks of innovative development that a regional innovation policy (RIP) is being formed.

Regional innovation policy is a relatively independent area of ​​economic policy, associated with the need to solve strategic problems of transforming Russia into a truly federal state and transferring its economy to an innovative path of development.

In a narrowly targeted sense, RIP usually refers to the activities of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation to determine and achieve the goals of the innovation strategy for their territories. At the same time, RIP is interpreted as a process aimed at implementing the results of completed scientific research, development and other scientific and technical achievements in a new or improved product sold on the market, in a new or improved technological process used in economic activities. In accordance with this, the political, economic, informational and institutional prerequisites and conditions necessary for the formation and implementation of RIP are identified. The main tool is usually the software method of managing innovation activities in the region. In this case, approaches are used to ensure the coordination of the interests of business entities in a given territory with the goals of its economic and social development as a whole.

In a broader context, RIP is an integral organic part of the state scientific and technical policy, which is a set of socio-economic relations of the state and its structures at various levels with economic entities regarding the creation, transformation and use of innovations to update all spheres of people’s lives based on a balance of interests all participants in scientific, technological and innovation processes. RIP, as well as state scientific and technical policy in general, is closely related to structural, industrial, investment, etc. the policy of the state and its bodies, called upon, in accordance with their main economic functions, to take care of the creation of the structure of economic systems and institutional conditions for their functioning and development.

The regional scientific and innovation policy prescribes the institutional foundations for the creation and functioning of the region's scientific and innovation complex. The problems of forming the institutional structure of the region's scientific and innovation complex are primarily related to the legislative consolidation of the relationship between the powers of the center and the periphery in the field of scientific and technological policy, which regulates the legal regime that determines the development of new economic relations in the field of innovation, and is implemented through scientific, technical and innovation politics. General guidelines on this issue have been affected by some legal acts, however, a real legal framework may appear with the adoption of the specified Federal Law “On State Innovation Policy”, which will allow the distribution of powers between three (at least) levels of government: federal, joint (Federation and subjects of the Federation ) and the level of the subjects of the Federation.

The process of forming a regional science and innovation policy is gaining momentum. The need to manage scientific and technological development led to the creation of appropriate organizational units in the structure of regional management; in general, regional systems for supporting scientific and technical activities were formed, with their own organizational structure and financial mechanism. Today, in the regions of Russia, the process of formation of an innovation direction in the very mechanism of public administration, the formation of a system of institutions for scientific and innovation policy, is gaining momentum. Their main task is to coordinate national and regional innovation interests and the interests of subjects in the scientific and innovation sphere.

Let us outline some of the powers of regional management structures that determine the functioning of the innovation sphere:

• giving additional functions to structures that previously regulated certain aspects of scientific and innovative activity. For example, the bodies that oversaw regional science are tasked with assessing the innovative potential of scientific research and allocating funds for relevant commercialization projects;
• inclusion of structures that previously had no direct relation to science and innovation in the regulation of the scientific and innovation sphere. For example, labor protection authorities, antimonopoly regulation, small business development;
• unification of structures reflecting integration processes in the scientific and innovation sphere. For example, regulation of scientific, technical and industrial development within one structure.

However, the emerging organizational management structures and mechanisms for regulating innovation activities have not yet had a tangible impact on regional development. In this regard, the urgent task is to increase the efficiency of existing mechanisms and regional methods for managing scientific, technical and innovative activities.

The main mechanism for implementing regional innovation policy in the analyzed period was regional target programs (RTP), and the main source of financing was regional innovation funds. The experience of forming and implementing RCPs has shown that the institutional environment of the regions is not yet conducive to the implementation of programmatic methods of working with innovations. And local authorities do not have modern methods and tools for analyzing and forecasting scientific and technical progress, which reduces the effectiveness of the selection, preparation and implementation of innovative projects and programs.

The most important condition for the successful implementation of regional research and innovation policy is appropriate financial support. Currently, the main financial sources are regional innovation funds, which are formed through mandatory contributions from enterprises that are in regional (municipal) ownership. The funds are used for technical re-equipment and modernization of existing enterprises, reconstruction of buildings, engineering and transport communications; financing of work on the development of new types of high-tech products. One of the problems of creating and implementing innovations at regional enterprises is that there is no mechanism for financing scientific organizations to carry out exploratory research and development work at the expense of local innovation funds, since there are practically no such funds. Therefore, in order to carry out an effective innovation policy in the regions, it is necessary to improve the financial mechanism, and first of all, the procedure for the formation and use of innovation funds.

Currently, the organizational structure of STP management in the regions is being formed: scientific and technical councils, departments are being created, or staff units are being introduced that are responsible for coordinating, monitoring and auditing the innovative development of enterprises and organizations. At the same time, scientific and technical councils have not yet been created in all regions, and the existing ones do not always manifest themselves as an active coordinating element of innovation activity.

Regional innovation policy involves creating favorable conditions for the formation of an innovation climate. These include the systematization and effective use of information resources, their integration into the global information space and entry into the market of information services based on the development and implementation of technologies for high-performance processing, storage and transmission of data over telecommunication networks, as well as the creation of databases and knowledge banks.

Thus, the main directions of innovation policy common to all regions should be:

• effective use of local innovation funds to solve regional problems and update fixed production assets of enterprises on a new technological basis;
• strengthening the use of administrative resources to solve problems of innovative development;
• promoting the development of innovation infrastructure, including through entrepreneurship support funds;
• development of program-targeted financing of innovative projects of enterprises and organizations in the region, reflecting its problems, by improving the system of concentration of investment resources and the mechanism for selecting investment objects;
• financing from the regional budget of the most significant research projects and programs of leading research institutes and universities in the regions;
• organizing and monitoring the scientific and innovative potential of the regions in order to increase the effectiveness of scientific and technical regional policy.

The fundamental basis for the formation of the economic foundations of regional innovation programs and projects are:

• introduction of joint (equity) public-commercial financing;
• a combination of direct government funding with indirect government economic support in the form of benefits;
• development of an insurance procedure and the establishment of guarantees on the part of government bodies, including regional ones;
• development of procedures for the activities of authorized banks or companies for financing and control over the expenditure of funds;
• development of rules for the preparation, assessment, implementation, control by state-authorized structures over the implementation of priority programs and projects, including on the basis of independent expertise.

Financial support for innovation activity in the region is the establishment of sources of financing provided by various objects and operating in different economic forms, as well as financing entities operating on the basis of an organizational and technological scheme that determines their interaction with objects and sources of financing. Sources of financing for innovation activities can be budget financing from extra-budgetary funds, indirect financing (through benefits), commercial venture financing.

Subjects of financing scientific activities can be federal legislative and executive bodies, representative and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation, the Russian Academy of Sciences, extra-budgetary funds for financing scientific activities, commercial structures (banks, investment, innovative and other financial funds and institutions), public organizations (academies , associations), funds and firms for venture financing of scientific activities, infrastructure institutions for scientific activities, financial and industrial groups, international and foreign structures and projects, commercial economic units.

At the same time, large financial entities engaged in the reconstruction and development of the region in the long term, as well as integrated scientific and production complexes, which are the main subject of financing innovation, are highlighted.

Innovation policy represents the development of strategic goals for the development of innovation and tasks for the mobilization, preservation and development of innovative potential, taking into account socio-economic prospects and the current situation and the means and ways to achieve them.

The state's innovation policy at the federal and regional levels - design, creation and stimulation of the use of organizational and economic relations, structures and infrastructure of innovation activity - among others, includes the following priorities:

• giving an innovative focus to the development of applied science, focusing on the transition to a new technological and social structure, as well as creating an innovative spirit in society and the lifestyle of the regional population;
• transformation of the sphere of innovation based on increasing its regional competitiveness, i.e. consistent reflection of intellectual property in the formation of organizational and economic relations in the field of innovation;
• Orientation of the sphere of innovation to increasing the efficiency of industrial policy, maintaining a leading position in the economy, ensuring the economic security of the regions and the country as a whole.

The general task of transforming the sphere of innovation, taking into account regional policy, is to develop the functions inherent in science - cultural, educational, applied. Next, it becomes possible to stretch the chain from science to the tasks of regional development through the formation of technological, innovative and entrepreneurial infrastructure.

The implementation of scientific and innovation policy in the region includes the process of forming tasks and corresponding programs to ensure solutions to complex problems of socio-economic development of the region on the basis of its innovation potential, necessary for the development of infrastructure for innovation activities, making decisions on state and regional support for the implementation of innovation programs, including the consolidation of financial resources from all sources and in all forms, creating for these purposes appropriate financial structures, primarily funds.

Innovation policy is implemented in the form of certain measures of state and regional support, and in general by creating a favorable innovation climate, increasing innovation susceptibility and creating innovative readiness of the regions.

To implement innovation policy and implement state and regional support measures, carry out innovation management functions - forecasting, financing, stimulation, control and operational regulation - to the extent necessary for issuing relevant regulations, providing program management, carrying out information activities, coordinating with others tasks of regional policy, regional bodies for managing scientific activities are needed.

The process of forming the institutional environment of the scientific and innovative sphere, especially at the regional level, occurs in close interaction with the sociocultural environment represented by governing bodies and authorities, subjects of scientific, technical and innovative activities, public organizations, consumers of their services and the population. These interactions are complex, multilateral in nature. Various social groups, defining their interests, focused on a specific problem, form a certain level of social consciousness, which reflects the degree of influence of the social environment on institutional development. At the same time, RNIP makes it possible to solve problems of social support for science.

Regional scientific and innovation policy creates real opportunities to ensure the effectiveness of social and economic transformations in the region.

The basis of the modern mechanism for increasing the competitiveness of the country and specific regions is the innovative model of economic development. This model represents a multifunctional and complex system of interaction between different levels of management of intensified innovation and investment activities, constant adaptation to the external environment and increased efficiency in the use of material, intellectual and financial resources.

The implementation of an innovative model for increasing the competitiveness of the country and regions involves the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for ensuring such competitiveness. This mechanism includes organizational and economic management at the regional level, the market factor in the functioning of the regional economy, forms and methods of regulating processes of increasing competitiveness at the macro, meso and mega levels, which together determine the final results of the economy of the country (region) and the level of consumer satisfaction in goods and services.

The scientific literature generally identifies both the elements of such a mechanism and their interrelation within the innovation process.

The first element of the mechanism is managing the increase in the level of competitiveness of the country's economy (and, accordingly, the goods and services produced) at the micro level.

The second element of the mechanism is market self-regulation of the competitiveness of enterprises and regions, which is aimed at constantly maintaining the competitiveness of manufactured products based on the laws of the market.

The third element of the mechanism - macroeconomic state regulation of competitiveness - is the activity of the state aimed at constantly maintaining and increasing the competitiveness of manufactured domestic goods.

The fourth element of the mechanism is regulation of the competitiveness of enterprises and goods at the meso level, the difference from regulation at the macro level lies in the scale of regulation. At the meso level, it is carried out within a particular region or industry, based on its (or her) characteristics. Mesofactors of competitiveness are factors that characterize the development features of a region or industry.

The fifth element of the mechanism is the regulation of competitiveness at the mega level, which is based on international competition and cooperation between countries aimed at maintaining and increasing the competitiveness of enterprises and their products. Megafactors of enterprise competitiveness are factors and trends of global development. The main one is the globalization of the world economy, leading to tougher competition in both global and domestic markets, requiring states to increase the openness of their economies.

The need for interconnection of all the above elements in the formation of competitiveness at all levels is obvious. At the same time, despite the importance of competitiveness for the development of innovation, it is not enough to activate the processes of introducing innovations in practice. It is necessary to create a truly functioning organizational and economic mechanism for innovation.

The problems of the development and operation of such a mechanism are currently not sufficiently developed in the domestic scientific literature.

At the same time, one cannot help but note the increasing number of studies examining the problems of innovative development and individual components of such a mechanism, aimed at activating the process of introducing innovations to the market.

However, the concept of the organizational and economic mechanism of innovation policy, which would link different levels of innovation activity into a single process, namely: entrepreneurial, regional, regional-district and federal, is still missing in Russia at present.

At the same time, there is an obvious need for in-depth scientific research into the processes of formation and functioning of this system. The scientific and practical tasks of forming a scientific and innovation policy aimed at activating the innovation process not only at the level of entrepreneurial structures and (or) the business community as a whole, but also at other levels, are related to the efficiency of the functioning of the organizational and economic mechanism. That is, such a mechanism should expand the understanding of innovation activity not only as an innovative business, but also as a factor in the development of the economy of the country as a whole and its regions. Such a system of mechanisms of innovation activity represents an organizational and economic mechanism. And its use is a factor and condition for the formation of scientific and innovation policy, including at the regional level.

At the same time, it is clear that such a mechanism should ensure the possibility of interaction between innovatively active enterprises and regions within the framework of a unified state scientific and innovation policy.

Based on the foregoing, we will define the organizational and economic mechanism of scientific and innovation policy as a form of implementation of innovative activities at various levels with the formation of appropriate infrastructure, the use of scientific, educational, production and organizational potentials, the provision of necessary resources and the development of incentive and regulation levers.

Moreover, within the framework of the general organizational and economic mechanism, there is a complex of mechanisms that perform various specific functions. Moreover, this complex is not closed, and the emergence of new mechanisms is a natural event caused by both changes in developmental stages and the possibility of their use in different conditions. Such mechanisms should form the functional support of both the economy as a whole and its individual components in accordance with market economic categories: demand, need, competition, resources, etc. In this case, functional support should be understood as legal, investment and organizational support. Legal support should create the possibility of scientific research and implementation of its results. The corresponding mechanism is designed to ensure the protection of scientific ideas and innovative products. The next element of functional support is the creation of conditions for efficiency and safety (naturally, within the framework of the market risk of investments) of investing in innovative activities with the aim of commercializing and introducing into production the results of scientific research.

Naturally, solving the problems of producing innovations and investing in the innovation process cannot be accomplished without appropriate organizational solutions. At the same time, the functional support mechanisms will be different depending on the level and stage of development of the innovation process. It is important to link the elements of functional support with the stages of development of scientific and innovation policy into one chain.

Note that this approach makes it possible to form a system of mechanisms, i.e. take into account all the possible set of mechanisms, but precisely as an open system. The latter means that the possibility of the emergence of new mechanisms within and outside the named groups and depending on the specific stage of the innovation process is quite likely.

As already noted, the organizational and economic mechanism operates at several levels, including: at the macro level, at the regional level, at the entrepreneurial level. At the macro level, the following (among others) tasks are solved: a state scientific and innovation strategy is formulated, a favorable innovation climate is created for the economy as a whole, and state innovation programs and projects are implemented. At the regional level, relevant tasks are tied to the characteristics of certain regions. Both macro- and regional levels create conditions for intensive innovation processes at the level of business structures. These innovative mechanisms are designed to ensure the implementation of federal and regional innovation strategies at the micro level and to direct entrepreneurial initiatives in line with innovation priorities.

Naturally, all of the above levels presuppose a certain consistency and consistency in the formation of scientific and innovation policy. At the same time, the entire system of innovation mechanisms and its practical implementation are designed to help strengthen the innovation component of the economy and actually transition to an innovative type of economic growth. This system of innovation mechanisms emphasizes the inseparability of all components of the innovation process in the formation of scientific and innovation policy.

When forming innovation policy in our country, the creation of an organizational and economic mechanism at the regional level with a decisive role of competition is now of particular importance. Such a mechanism is intended to be supported by the state, firstly, by giving broad rights to regions to develop regional economies, and secondly, by taking special measures to support competition and designating priority support for innovative enterprises. The basis for a region’s competitiveness can be its innovation system as an internal element of the organizational and economic mechanism of the region’s scientific and innovation policy, integrating the scientific, technical, technological, investment and human potentials of the region. In the modern economy, these components, closely interacting with each other and permeating the entire structure of the regional economy, become a kind of way of its functioning and development. Regional innovation activity is largely determined by the investment climate and the receptivity of the regional scientific and production system, i.e. the ability to effectively consume innovations by regional economic entities.

The level of innovative receptivity is determined by a complex of various economic, organizational, social and technological aspects. The most significant factors are determined by the development of social and economic relations; the presence of a competitive market mechanism; the development of the relevant infrastructure, as well as the management system and organizational structure of economic entities, the technological level of production, the level of qualifications and the prevailing motivation of personnel, etc.

The competitiveness of a region, based on an innovative path of development, is determined by a classic set of factors, but has its own specifics.

1. Basic factors of production - labor, land, natural resources, infrastructure and others - do not provide advantages on their own. Thus, the presence in the region of a large number of people with higher education and even academic degrees does not provide a competitive advantage in knowledge-intensive industries. To maintain competitive advantages, this factor must be highly specialized in relation to specific industries and enterprises of the region, which determine the competitiveness of the region, including creating an innovative perspective.
2. The state of domestic demand helps create competitive advantages if the corresponding segment of the economy turns out to be more visible than in markets external to the region. The region gains a competitive advantage in industries where domestic demand provides companies with a clearer and earlier understanding of customer needs.

“Local” buyers help the competitiveness of “their” producers if their needs “anticipate” or even shape the needs of buyers in other regions. At the same time, it is clear that the formation of such a need for an innovative (i.e., new, unfamiliar to consumers) product is much easier within the framework of an enterprise - an innovator in the region. And the risks of failure can be minimized. And considering that only 20% of innovative products are successful in the market, minimizing risks is a very significant competitive advantage.

1. The third important component of regional competitiveness is the presence of related and (or) supporting industries in the region. This is most important from the point of view that regional related and (or) supporting enterprises provide modernization and innovation - competitive advantage is based on close partnerships. Enterprises located close to each other have the opportunity to ensure a constant and, most importantly, rapid exchange of ideas and innovations. In this case, internal competition provides similar benefits: information flows and the exchange of ideas (technical, technological, organizational) increase the speed of innovation.

In this case, it becomes possible to form strong regional clusters, which, in our opinion, today are the basis of the innovative and industrial potential of the regions.

1. In addition to all of the above, the competitiveness of a region depends on the conditions for business development existing in a given territory: the presence of a regional development strategy, legislative framework, support for certain industries and enterprises at the state (regional) level, etc.

In this sense, the need for innovative development of regions is defined not as a declaration of understanding of the importance of such an approach, but as actual support for innovative enterprises, innovators and the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for the functioning of regional innovation systems.

Based on the need to form an organizational and economic mechanism, the goals and priorities for the development of innovative and industrial activities in the region are determined. They can be determined, firstly, on the basis of taking into account federal interests, established priorities of scientific and innovative activities and, secondly, the goals of the socio-economic development of the region.

Since the scientific solution of these problems requires considerable funds, and the region’s budget is limited by narrowed economic (production) activities, the activation of which often requires a technological restructuring of production, again associated with scientific and innovative activities, it turns out that, firstly, the deployment the latter acquires special significance in industrialized regions, and secondly, it becomes necessary to solve the problem of an initial external (not from the budget) injection of funds into the scientific and innovative sphere of the region as a factor in the structural restructuring of production to the level of the requirements of the world market and thereby ensuring sustainable growth in regional incomes budget.

Investment activity, and especially in the innovation and industrial sphere, depends on many factors. One of the main ones is the creation of a favorable economic environment. This may be the main task of regional government bodies at the present stage of development of market relations. The foundation for the formation of such an environment is formed by the existing socio-economic potential of the region (city): economic and geographical (transport situation, opportunity for recreation, tourism, etc.); natural resource (resource reserves, their quality, climatic conditions, etc.); demographic (population size, age and gender composition, dynamics of change, etc.); labor (educational, professional, qualification composition of the workforce, their employment, etc.); production (structure and volume of production, ownership structure, state of fixed assets, etc.); scientific (number and qualifications of personnel, size of fixed assets, etc.); social-infrastructural, etc.

However, the existing potential of the region can play the role of a factor in a favorable investment environment under one decisive condition, namely, if regional governments can create a mechanism that facilitates its use in line with the interests of potential domestic and foreign investors, for example, in the spirit of existing subsidies to entrepreneurs for creating new jobs . There may be other conditions that facilitate the realization of the region’s potential. Thus, along with production, trade, and financial competition, the competition of territories capable of creating attractive conditions for investors and fighting to attract capital for the implementation of innovative projects, the socio-economic recovery of the region, and improving the quality of life of its population is not excluded. This policy cannot fail to take into account the development of trends when leading firms in innovation and production activities become more sensitive to the socio-economic and natural environment and begin to invest in higher education institutions, the ecology and culture of their territory. These trends can also be appropriately reinforced by regional governments. In general terms, there is a problem of forming a mutually beneficial partnership of territorial bodies, business entities and investors in the realization of regional potential, including its scientific and innovative component in achieving socio-economic goals.

The problem of forming a competitive territorial environment is closely related to two major problems of means of achieving goals: 1) with the organization of regional horizontal connections in carrying out complex research in the region, jointly leveraging the potential of organizations and institutions from different sectors of the “science and scientific services” industry in the development of complex and voluminous scientific research -innovative projects and 2) with the development of a mechanism for applying economic management methods leading to maximizing the effect in supporting priority areas of science and production.

The listed general statements of goals and possible priorities acquire specific content for a given region for periods of up to one or two years - short-term targets, up to five years - medium-term ones.

The underdevelopment of state regulation of the market economy in the country, imperfections in the field of structural, industrial and scientific and technical policies have affected domestic commodity production and its competitiveness. The process of ensuring regional competitiveness involves the development of an appropriate strategy that comprehensively and interconnectedly covers: industrial, investment, scientific, technical and foreign economic policy. The innovation policy strategy, its priorities and sources of resource support can be formed at two levels: federal and regional.

At the federal level, Russia’s strategic tasks are solved, funding is provided for those areas that smooth out the initial differences between regions during the initial period of transition to a predominantly innovative economy and contribute to the preservation of a single economic space.

At the regional level, it is very important to predetermine the movement of financial, labor and material resources towards promising industries and enterprises whose competitive potential is greatest. The implementation of such a policy will contribute to the creation of market specialization of regions and the implementation of such an important principle as the complementarity of regions.

All of the above suggests that currently the center of gravity of direct regulation of life support, solution of social problems, development of market economic relations is transferred to the regions and falls on local executive authorities.

Solving these problems is possible only if the competitiveness of the regional economy is ensured, and therefore deep structural transformations are inevitable, such as:

• maintaining production at viable enterprises to maintain an acceptable level of supply of consumer goods, employment in the regional market, curbing the growth of social tension and preventing conflicts;
• regulating the winding down of economically unpromising industries and providing the necessary selective assistance to priority (from the regional point of view) development areas and enterprises;
• organization of work on the reorganization of enterprises based on the conceptual positions of the structural and investment policies of the region;
• ensuring rational economic relations of enterprises in the region through the possible integration of the efforts of enterprises and various territorial entities (both within Russia and abroad);
• creating conditions for the functioning of basic life support systems, preventing technological and environmental disasters, etc.;
• support for entrepreneurship, especially small and medium-sized businesses that create new jobs and increase the supply of goods and services in the local market;
• searching for potential investors, organizing the acceptance and effective use of foreign loans (especially in the field of recreational business and tourism), creating a favorable climate for foreign direct investment and primarily in the sphere of material production;
• the formation of a regional system of institutional investors, extra-budgetary sources capable of accumulating savings and effectively turning them into investments;
• active promotion of goods from local exporters to foreign markets, participation in centralized export programs of the Federation;
• development of tax levers to support innovation.

The resolution of many problems of the competitiveness of the regional economy is associated with the intensive involvement of both domestic and foreign capital and the selection of industries and production for priority financing. These industries and production must ensure a quick return on investment and should not depend on attracting additional labor resources to the region. The region's knowledge-intensive industries, which form the potential for innovative development, meet the above requirements to the greatest extent. The analysis shows that in general it is possible in Russia to achieve higher and more sustainable rates of economic growth based on increased competitiveness, diversification of the economic structure and implementation of institutional reforms both in the country and in the regions.

The most important priority is to further create a favorable institutional market environment in order to support competition, as well as stimulate the innovation sector and small businesses.

The state creates institutional opportunities for economic independence of regions. At the same time, regional scientific and innovation policy should be aimed at developing elements of the economic mechanism that contribute, on the one hand, to state support for innovative areas and specific industries, and on the other, to stimulate and support private initiative in the development of innovation.

The need for uniform development of individual regions presupposes endowing them with freedom to make management decisions, aimed, among other things, at increasing the competitiveness of regional economies. The competitiveness of a regional economy reflects the region’s ability to produce a product that is superior to its competitors in terms of a set of indicators and provides high income with minimal risk, and serves as the basis for attracting investments into it, the basis for socio-economic development. In the medium term, regional authorities face the most serious task of expanding and intensifying innovation activities, since only the implementation of the above measures can ensure a significant increase in production in the real sector of the economy.

Regional innovation policy should be aimed at developing elements of the organizational and economic mechanism that contribute, on the one hand, to state support for innovative areas and specific enterprises, and on the other, to stimulate and support private initiative in the development of innovation. It is necessary to increase the role of scientific research and development, to transform the accumulated scientific potential into one of the main resources for sustainable economic growth. It is necessary to create favorable conditions for the introduction of advanced technologies into production, including the balanced development of innovation infrastructure.

Innovation policy is implemented in the form of measures of state and regional support, the formation of a favorable innovation climate, increasing the innovative susceptibility and innovative readiness of the regions. To implement scientific and innovation policy and implement measures of state and regional support, and carry out the functions of managing innovation activities, it is necessary to form a scientifically based system of management bodies and regulation of innovation activities.

In modern conditions, the task of paramount importance is to preserve and subsequently strengthen the innovative and industrial potential of the region, increasing the degree of its impact on the economic efficiency of production. Without this, ensuring sustainable regional development is unattainable.

All of the above determines the importance and scale of the task of forming an organizational and economic mechanism for scientific and innovation policy at all levels, including, of course, its regional level.

Innovation policy is designed to ensure an increase in the country's gross domestic product through the development of the production of fundamentally new types of products and technologies, as well as the expansion of sales markets for domestic goods on this basis.

In this regard, the main directions of state innovation policy include:

Development and improvement of legal and regulatory support for innovation activities, mechanisms for stimulating it, a system of institutional reforms, protection of intellectual property in the innovation sphere and its introduction into economic circulation.

Creation of a system of comprehensive support for innovation, production development, increasing competitiveness and export of high-tech products. The process of intensifying innovation activity requires the participation of not only government bodies, commercial structures, financial and credit institutions, but also public organizations at both the federal and regional levels.

Development of the infrastructure of the innovation process, including an information support system, an examination system, a financial and economic system, production and technological support, a system for certification and promotion of developments, a system for training and retraining of personnel. The backlog that has accumulated over many years is not based on the low potential of domestic research and development, but on the weak infrastructure of innovation activities and the lack of motivation of commodity producers to implement innovations as a way of competition. This leads to a lack of demand for the potential of domestic applied science and technology.

Development of small innovative entrepreneurship by creating favorable conditions for the formation and successful functioning of small high-tech organizations and providing them with state support at the initial stage of activity.

Improving the competitive system for selecting innovative projects and programs. The implementation of relatively small and quickly payback innovative projects in sectors of the economy with the participation of private investors and with government support will support the most promising industries and organizations and increase the influx of private investment into them.

Implementation of critical technologies and priority areas that can transform the relevant sectors of the economy of the country and its regions. The key task of the formation and implementation of innovation policy is the selection of a relatively small number of the most important basic technologies that have a decisive impact on increasing production efficiency and competitiveness of products in economic sectors and ensuring the transition to a new technological structure.

Use of dual-use technologies. Such technologies will be used both for the production of weapons and military equipment, and for civilian products.

An important role in the set of proposed measures is played by institutional transformations (privatization, creation of financial and industrial groups, demonopolization in the innovation sphere, small business and others), aimed at creating a market infrastructure and promoting the intensification of innovation activities, ensuring the growth of production of competitive products and the development of high technologies.

For these purposes, it is necessary, in accordance with the legislation, to provide for the creation of innovation centers in the regions that will ensure coordination of interaction and support for participants in innovation activities.

The implementation of the main stages of innovation activity, starting from the transformation of scientific and technical developments into an innovative product attractive to investors, manufacturers and buyers, and ending with their development in production, requires expanding the network of technology parks, business incubators, innovation and technology centers in those regions of Russia where the infrastructure that ensures the activation of the innovation process is concentrated.

Regional scientific and technological policy is understood as a set of established goals and priorities for the development of scientific and innovative policy. Activities in the region, ways and means of achieving them based on the interaction of regional and federal government bodies. The formation of regional innovation policy is based on the so-called theory of creating favorable environmental conditions for innovation. Its central point is the dynamic efficiency of the regional production structure, and the main tool is the creation of local synergies, transfer of innovations and technologies (the so-called technology transfer). The development and implementation of regional innovation policy is not an end in itself. It is aimed at increasing the contribution of the scientific and innovation sphere to the country's scientific and technological progress, to the regional economy, and improving the socio-economic indicators of the region through the effective use of its innovative potential.

Regional innovation policy, presented in the form of a program, contains the following sections:

1. Analysis of the state of the scientific and innovation sphere in order to identify the level and degree of use of innovative potential; prospects and directions of innovation activity, its scale and impact on the competitiveness of the region’s products; structural and institutional changes; conditions for increasing innovative activity.

2. Goals and priorities for the development of scientific and innovative activities in the region. The system and structure of goals should be developed based on the following principles:

Regional goals should follow from the general concept of scientific and technological development of the country and not contradict strategic federal goals;

Regional goals should be formulated taking into account the specifics and needs of the region;

The goals of the regional program should not be based on the availability of resources and capabilities; on the contrary, the resource program should be formed from established goals;

The specific development of the structure of goals and the target program as a whole should be carried out at the level of modern techniques with the widespread use of independent experts and a system of expert assessments;

International scientific and technical cooperation;

State (federal) programs for accelerating scientific and technological progress;

The actual regional (municipal) policy for the development of scientific and technical potential; - individual industrial enterprises and scientific institutions of state and municipal ownership;

Individual privatization industrial and scientific-technical firms;

In relation to specific scientific teams (groups) and individual scientists independently solving priority scientific and technical problems.

The ranks of goals at the listed levels of regional innovation policy are established in the system of long-term and short-term planning and forecasting of regional socio-economic development.

The most realistic approach to choosing priorities for the development of the innovation sphere can be considered to be an approach focused on global criteria for scientific and technical progress and the development of high technologies.

The second general guideline in choosing priorities for scientific and innovative development is the achievement of the goals of its socio-economic development. The main task of regional government bodies is to create a favorable economic environment and conditions for increasing investment activity in the scientific and innovation sphere.

The third point: innovation policy in the region should be selective, strictly selective, not trying to cover all areas of scientific and technological development, but, choosing narrow fields of strategic breakthrough in which it is possible to achieve or exceed the world technological level, concentrate the bulk of the limited resources on these fields centralized and regional resources.

The fourth point: the priorities of regional scientific, technical and innovation policy need to be oriented towards deconcentrating scientific potential, turning it towards the urgent needs of integrated development and self-sufficiency of the regions, and forming a network of technopolises and science cities.

Each region has its own specific reproductive, industrial and technological structure, its own system of priorities and must rely on its own strengths and resources when implementing this strategy. However, in a transition economy, there are usually few or no such forces and resources, so federal innovation programs are needed aimed at providing start-up assistance in the technological transformation of regions, the development of innovation infrastructure, personnel training, etc.

Fifth point: Russia cannot stand aside from global scientific and technological progress. It would be detrimental to her future. It is necessary to actively engage in the global scientific community and the global technological market, find niches in it and develop them, change the priorities and specifics of foreign economic relations, gradually shifting the center of gravity from fuel and raw materials to high-tech markets.

Finally, and most importantly, it is necessary to form a civilized market mechanism for the implementation of selective scientific and technological policy. We are talking, first of all, about an innovative motivational mechanism, economic support for innovative activity.

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