The child itches all over, the skin is clean. Anal itching in a child

Most domestic speech therapists agree that learning to pronounce the sound R correctly and fluently is one of the most difficult speech tasks for kids. Few of them cope with it on their own and on time. However, not only specialists, but also parents themselves can help them. With the help of elementary speech therapy exercises for sound production R.

Sound R: right or wrong

The R sound is one of the most complex sounds in the Russian language. To reproduce it, perfected movements of the speech apparatus, sufficient vibration and amplitude of the tongue, and other physiological “achievements” are required. It is not surprising that most children experience certain difficulties in forming the correct pronunciation of the R sound.

As a rule, there are not so many options for involuntary mangling of the R sound in the younger generation. The most common children's "bullying" of the sound R:

The sound just skips, drops out. This is especially true for words where the R sound is between vowels: sa_ay(instead of a barn), ha_age(instead of a garage) ma_oz(instead of frost);
Instead of the sound R, the sound L, S or Y is obtained: koowa(instead of a cow) Luke(instead of a hand) class(instead of paint), fish(instead of fish);
The sound Р is pronounced recognizably, but it is not typical for the Russian language (bilingual children especially often “sin” with this). A child may not pronounce the R sound “firmly”, as is typical for our speech, but, for example, graze (as is customary in French), or vibrate excessively (which is typical for English).

How to check the pronunciation of the sound R in a child? First, ask the baby to “growl” - in other words, pronounce the sound R several times on its own, and not as part of any words. Then let the child repeat after you words like: crow, king, grass, order, etc. If the child fails to make a single sound R, then the first thing you have to practice is precisely this - to teach the baby to pronounce the sound R by itself. If the child “growls” “excellently”, but in words he pronounces the sound R incorrectly, then the correct pronunciation should be practiced primarily in syllables: ra-ro-ru-ri-ar-or-ir, etc.

Release the sound R "from under the bridle"

Since the article deals specifically with “home” exercises for setting the sound R in children, the first thing to do is to recall: even if you, full of parental love and speech therapy enthusiasm, decide on your own to teach your baby to growl loudly no worse than a tiger cub and without embarrassment declare a rhymed story about a bitten Greek at family matinees, then you still need at least one, primary, consultation of a professional and experienced speech therapist.

The fact is that often the inability to correctly pronounce the sound P is due not so much to a poorly developed articulatory apparatus, immobility of the tongue and similar problems, but to the individual structure of the hyoid ligament - the so-called "bridle". And only a doctor can determine this nuance.

In most cases, the underdevelopment of the “bridle” (due to which the baby’s tongue simply does not reach the upper palate, which makes it difficult to pronounce a number of sounds, including the sound P) can be leveled through daily exercises and special massage. But sometimes there are cases when this ligament needs to be cut in order for the tongue to acquire the proper range of motion. It is this dilemma - to cut or not - that a speech therapist is able to resolve. Moms, dads, don't worry - modern doctors in most cases tend to stretch the "bridle" by performing special speech therapy exercises, including exercises for setting the sound R.

Other causes of incorrect pronunciation of the sound P

Inactive articulatory apparatus. NOTE: In this case, you should be engaged not so much in directly setting the sound R, but in ... grimacing! In a playful way, stimulate the baby to actively “move in the mouth” - let him stick out his tongue, twist it into a tube (children love it!), Try to reach his nose or chin with his tongue, move his jaws, bare his teeth, stretch his lips in a smile “a- la Cheshire cat "and so on and so forth. All these funny pranks will quickly strengthen the facial muscles and develop the mobility of the speech organs.

Phonemic hearing disorder. NOTE: As a rule, phonemic hearing disorders (when a child hears speech structures of adults, recognizes them and tries to reproduce them in his speech) manifests itself in the fact that a child aged four or more years, when speaking or reading, skips letters / sounds in words and confuses voiced and deaf, as well as soft and hard consonants (for example: love- lubof, nanny- nana, door- tver, stool- daburedka and so on.)

"Problems" in speech breathing. NOTE: Speech breathing is the basis of proper adequate sound production. The most common disorders of speech breathing are usually chronic runny nose, enlarged adenoids, some immune diseases, diseases of the cardiovascular system. For the development of proper speech breathing, their own special gymnastics is used (where speech is combined with physical exercises), which is usually prescribed by a speech therapist, adjusting to the individual characteristics of the child.

Science has proven that the ability to pronounce complex sounds - including the sound P - is determined not only by the developed articulatory apparatus and the characteristics of the speech that the child constantly hears, but also partly genetically.

If there are no serious physiological causes of a violation of diction in a child, then take recommendations from a speech therapist for speech gymnastics and start daily exercises.

Speech therapy exercises - it's time

It is worth seriously thinking about staging the sound R if the child has passed five years, and he has not learned to growl and purr “cleanly” and resoundingly by this moment. He still has swimmers in his aquarium lyby, fly into the sky shaiiki and give milk koyovy...

The first consultation with an experienced speech therapist will enrich you with knowledge of exactly what problems your baby has with the articulatory apparatus, and what specific exercises you should practice with him. But in addition to special gymnastics, there is also a more or less common set of exercises for all cases of setting the sound R, which you also have to perform daily with your baby. Get ready for the fact that you will spend an average of half an hour a day on this, and the whole saga of mastering pronunciation can stretch for a year and a half.

As a rule, the production of the sound R, as well as other sounds, is conditionally divided into three stages:

first you must teach the child to confidently pronounce this sound in isolation, by itself;
then you should master the confident pronunciation of sound in syllables and words;
and only then train the sound in streaming speech, sentences and tongue twisters.

In everyday life, one can often observe the opposite picture: parents hang on the child, chattering tongue twisters and urging the baby to immediately repeat what was said. Alas, such tactics almost always lose - the child is frightened and generally refuses to train.

The key to success: patience and trrrrud all perRRRRetRRRut

Be patient and go from simple to complex. Fortunately or unfortunately, but the speech therapy task is fundamentally different, for example, from trying to teach someone to swim - if you can still float on the water and flounder with your limbs and you can learn overnight, then it’s definitely not to pronounce sounds correctly. Since it is not so much the execution technique that plays a role here, but the gradual development and strengthening of the articulatory apparatus.

Remember one simple rule: any activity, including speech therapy exercises, should bring pleasure and positive emotions to the child. How you achieve this is your problem, not the baby's. And only if your offspring is happy to perform speech gymnastics (and keep in mind that it’s easy for you to roll your tongue and pronounce different sounds, and for a baby it’s always a lot of work, discomfort, and sometimes even certain painful sensations), you will succeed.

Invent amusing and amusing entertainment for the child with the sound / letter P, turn daily speech exercises into a funny game, and never (even as a joke!) Tease the baby - and you yourself will not notice how the child will firmly "make friends" with all the sounds of his native speech . Even with something as insidious as the sound of R.

Warm-up exercises

Setting the sound R is a daily workout. Each of which begins with a warm-up and “warming up” of the articulatory apparatus. The most effective warm-up exercises:

Exercise "Paint brush". The kid should smile and open his mouth. Further, as if with a brush, he should “stroke” the upper palate with his tongue - from the upper teeth and as deep as possible towards the throat. Repeat the exercise 10-12 times.

Exercise "Pendulum". As in the first case - you need to smile, open your mouth. Slightly stick out the tongue forward and shake it from side to side - from the right corner of the mouth to the left and so on. About 10-20 times.

Exercise "Accordion". We smile again and open our mouth. We press the tongue to the upper palate, as if we are going to pronounce a soft and long sound “n”. Without changing the position of the tongue, open the mouth as wide as possible, then close, open and close. About 15-20 times.

"Brushing our teeth." Starting position - smile and open your mouth. With the tip of the tongue, we draw along the inner surface of the upper teeth from left to right, as if “sweeping” them. We do the exercise 10-15 times. Then, without changing the starting position, we alternately rest our tongue against each upper tooth from the inside, as if checking whether it is in place.

Exercise "Komarik". A very fun exercise! The baby should open his mouth, and push the tip of the tongue over the front teeth. In this position, try to pronounce the sound "z-z-z", then move the tongue back, this time resting it on the upper palate at the base of the teeth and say "z-z-z" again.

All these exercises perfectly develop the articulatory apparatus, strengthen the muscles and gradually stretch the "bridle". However, to work out exactly the sound “P”, special staging exercises are needed.

Exercises for setting the sound R

Among the most simple exercises suitable for independent daily speech gymnastics are the following:

1 The child opens his mouth, and presses the tip of the tongue to the base of the upper teeth, while rhythmically and quickly pronouncing the sound "ddd". After a couple of seconds, ask him, without stopping, to blow hard on the tip of his tongue (that is, try to pronounce "d-d-d" on a strong exhalation). The sound P will not work yet, but the baby should feel the tangible vibration of the tongue and gradually remember it.
2 For the next exercise, you will need a special speech therapy spatula (it can be purchased at specialized stores, pharmacies and online stores). Nowadays, they are made quite comfortable for the baby, often with the smell of caramel, chocolate or fruit. Use it very carefully, but confidently, without timidity. So: to begin with, ask the child, opening his mouth wider, pronounce the sound “zhzhzh”, gradually moving the tongue closer to the base of the upper teeth. Let him get used to a couple of seconds, and then carefully insert the spatula under the child's tongue and begin to rhythmically (but not strongly!) Shake it left and right, creating vibration. At this time, the child should blow strongly on his sound “zhzhzh” - this way he will feel the vibration created by the air and the vibrations of the spatula.
3 Ask the baby to open his mouth wide and at the same time pronounce the syllable "z-z-za", pushing the tongue as far back as possible. At this time, as in exercise 2, slip a spatula under his tongue and move it rhythmically to the right and left. If this speech therapy exercise is performed correctly, you should hear a fairly distinct “P” sound.
4 In the same way, ask the child to pronounce the sound “z-z-zi” with an open mouth, and do the same spatula manipulations as in the previous exercise. In this case, a softer sound R is used, which is used in words like “rhyme”, “rice”, “drawing” ...

It is known that in his youth, Lenin was very complex because of his burr. And at one time, the future leader of the world proletariat paid great attention to the exercises for setting the sound R. Since the articulation of the sound R is similar to the articulation of the sound D, he trained on words in which D and R stand side by side. Often from Volodya's room one could hear a speech therapy "mantra": fight, firewood, tease ...

You are the teacher of the year!

Since children are great repeaters, at every opportunity, do not be lazy to show your baby how great and skillfully you yourself pronounce the sound R. In fact, you are the best teacher and mentor for your child.

Lean closer to him so that he not only hears you, but also sees the position of your lips, facial expressions. Most often, this is how, imitating "carbon copy", children learn to pronounce sounds. Be a patient (and at the same time funny, smiling!) Example for your child - and he will definitely master the correct pronunciation. And be patient - it can take from several days to several months to practice each exercise in setting the sound P.

As soon as you hear that the child is able to more or less successfully pronounce the sound R in the exercises, start practicing syllables like "ra-ri-ru-ro" or "ara-tra-ura-or-mur" - that is, all kinds of combinations sound Р and vowels (so that the sound Р itself stands both at the beginning of the syllable, and in the middle, and at the end). Then move on to separate simple words, such as “fish-hand-murzik-arch-ball-cow” and others (again - the sound R should be in different places of the words). And only when the child pronounces the words confidently and correctly, proceed to flowing speech.

Many parents perceive difficulties with pronunciation of the R sound as a serious problem. They connect a host of pediatricians and speech therapists to the "trouble", and the child begins to frighten with future difficulties in communication ... If you are a conscious and loving parent, stop this "hysteria" in the bud! Teach your child to deal with difficulties (including pronunciation) in a friendly, calm, and humorous way. And if you manage to turn speech therapy into an exciting game, you and your child will win in any case - either he will master the sound P, or learn to "fail" while remaining a confident person.

The first sounds and words of the little man are quite funny and make adults smile. However, no one will smile if they hear upside down words and incomprehensible phrases from an adult. Communication is an important element of our life. The ability to correctly and competently express one's thoughts, the ability to clearly formulate answers to the questions posed, as well as the ability to pronounce all sounds is something that not only children, but also adults should strive for.

Speech therapy classes for children at home is a constant communication with the child in a playful way. Having interested the child, you can engage with him by playing games for the development of speech, such as

finger games (games for the development of fine motor skills)
articulation gymnastics
games for the development of hearing, games for onomatopoeia and logorhythmics (poems with movements)
poems for speech development and vocabulary replenishment

The most difficult thing is to interest the child. And this is a very serious problem. After all, seating a little fidget is not so simple. But in general, it is not necessary to sit down, you can work with a child when he plays in his hut or jumps on the sofa. Classes should be held in the form of a game. Then it will be easier for you, and the child will learn the material without tantrums and whims.

Are you looking for speech therapy classes for children 2 - 3 years old?

A few tips before starting classes with children at home:

classes should be initially short (2-3 minutes). Then we gradually increase them. Maximum 15-20 minutes at a time.
activities should be fun for the child. Do not force or insist, so you can completely discourage the child from hunting for anything.
It is better to practice more often, but little by little. Often performing the same exercise, the child develops a skill.
use laughter during class. Do not scold for incorrect pronunciation or if the child fails to do something. It’s better to find out with your child why he has such a naughty tongue and how to fix it. It is better to be an ally and friend to a child than a strict teacher. How to properly praise a child.

I would like to dwell in more detail on each of the types of games that you need to play with your child.

Finger games are one of the types of development. A close relationship has been established between the human hand and the speech center of the brain.

Learning texts using "finger" gymnastics stimulates the development of speech, spatial thinking, attention, imagination, brings up the speed of reaction and emotional expressiveness. The child remembers poetic texts better; his speech becomes more expressive.

You need to do every day for 5 minutes, then such exercises will be effective.

Articulation gymnastics is gymnastics for the tongue and lips. The tongue is the main muscle of the organs of speech. The tongue needs to be trained and developed so that it can correctly perform certain specific movements, which are called sound pronunciation. Lips and tongue should be flexible and strong.

To perform articulatory gymnastics, you need a mirror. The child must see how his tongue works, where it is located. In order to bring the exercises to automatism, you need to constantly exercise. It is important to perform the exercises correctly, carefully monitor the position of the tongue.

You need to exercise every day for 5-7 minutes. Preferably 2 times a day. The result is correct and clear speech.

For correct sound pronunciation, it is also necessary to perform tasks that are aimed at developing voice, breathing and speech hearing.

Onomatopoeia games, hearing development and logorhythmics

Speech or phonemic hearing is the ability to hear, recognize and distinguish sounds correctly.

Hearing development games

1. "Ears - rumors"

Target: to consolidate the ability to differentiate sounds, develop auditory attention.

The speech therapist shows wooden, metal spoons, crystal glasses. Children name these objects. The teacher offers to listen to how these objects sound. Having installed the screen, reproduces the sound of these objects in turn. Children recognize sounds and name the objects that make them.

2. "Who said "Meow?""

Target: improve the ability to distinguish the voices of pets by ear.

Material: tape recorder, audio recording with the sounds of the voices of pets.

3. "Who is standing at the traffic light?"

Target: develop auditory attention, recognize and name modes of transport.

Material: tape recorder and audio recording with street noises.

The speech therapist turns on an audio recording with the sounds of the street. Children listen to the sounds and name the transport that has stopped at the traffic light (car, truck, tractor, motorcycle, cart, tram).

4. "Where does it ring?"

Target: develop auditory attention, the ability to navigate in space with eyes closed.

Children stand with their eyes closed. A speech therapist with a bell moves silently around the group and rings. Children, without opening their eyes, point with their hand in the direction of the sound source.

5. Finger game "Thunderstorm"

Target: coordinate the movement with the text, taking into account changes in the dynamics and tempo of the sound.

The speech therapist reads the words of the game, and the children perform movements according to the text.

dripped drops (tap on the table with two index fingers).
It's raining (quietly knock with four fingers of both hands).
It pours like a bucket (tap loudly with four fingers).
The hail has gone (knocking with the bones of their fingers, knocking out a fraction).
Thunder (drumming fists on the table).
Lightning flashes (draw a lightning bolt in the air with your fingers, make a sh sound).
Everyone quickly runs home (clap hands, hands are hidden behind the back).
The sun shines bright in the morning (describe a large circle with both hands).

Speech imitation or onomatopoeia

This is the reproduction after the speaker of the sounds, words, phrases uttered by him.

To play, use figurines or pictures of animals. Moms and their babies. After all, the mother frog shouts KVA, and the frog screams KVA. Remember the fairy tale about the three bears, the father bear growls loudly, the mother bear is quieter, and the bear cub squeaks.

Games to imitate everyday noises:

The clock is ticking - tic-tac
Water drips - CAP-CAP
The kid stomps - TOP-TOP
Hammer knocks knock-knock
Scissors cut CHIC-CHIC
We swing on the swing
We eat carrot Khrum-khrum
The car is driving bb

Logopedic rhythm or logorhythm- a combination of movement, speech and music. The adult reads the verse and shows the movements, the child repeats. Nothing complicated. Children are fun and interesting. Of course, an adult needs to read and learn the necessary rhymes in advance and learn the movements to them. Also, you need to choose the musical accompaniment for the poems in advance. It is advisable to practice in the afternoon 2-3 times a week.

Game "Walk" (development of general motor skills)
Along the narrow path (walking in place)
Our feet are walking (raising legs high)
By pebbles, by pebbles (shifting from foot to foot at a slow pace)
And into the hole... boom! (sit on the floor on the last word)

Poems for speech development - tongue twisters and vocabulary replenishment

Tongue twisters are short rhyming phrases. Tongue twisters are the best exercises for practicing clarity and literacy of speech. Tongue twisters increase the child's vocabulary, improve diction, and also develop speech hearing.

In order for a child to speak competently, to be able to express his thoughts and feelings, he needs his own vocabulary.

Your child's vocabulary consists of:

passive vocabulary (those words that the child understands)
active vocabulary (those words that the child says)

Initially, the child's active vocabulary is small, but over time, the child will transfer those words that were in the passive vocabulary to the active one. The larger the passive vocabulary, the better.

To increase your vocabulary, look at pictures together, read books, comment on your actions.

For classes with my child, I use various manuals, one of the last successful acquisitions is the “Big Album for the Development of Speech” and “Lessons of a Speech Therapist. Games for the development of speech.

«»

This book consists of 3 sections, each section contains detailed instructions on how to do it.

finger gymnastics
- 1 group. Hand exercises (page 8-29)
- 2 group. Exercises for the fingers are conditionally static (pp. 30-47)
- 3rd group. Dynamic Finger Exercises (page 48-57)
articulation gymnastics. Presented with the help of fairy tales with verses, there are additional cards plus there are images of the correct result of the exercise. (pp. 64-110). Also in this section there are games for the development of speech hearing, auditory attention.
Tongue Twisters. Grouped according to "difficult" sounds to help your child practice specific sounds. (pp. 111-169)

I bought this book here. If you have questions about the book, please ask.

This book has 3 blocks, each for a specific age:

Developing the speech of the baby (page 6-89)
- development of speech understanding
- development of general motor skills
- breathing exercises
- finger games
- articulation gymnastics
- onomatopoeia
We develop the speech of a younger preschooler (pp. 92-183). For children 3-6 years old
We develop the speech of an older preschooler (pp. 186-277).

This book is great for increasing a child's vocabulary, developing logical thinking, attention, memory and imagination.

I have not found the same book Ozone appeared), but there is a separate books for toddlers children from 3 to 6 years old And older preschoolers. Which is also very convenient if you need a book for a 4-year-old child. I found this book when my son was already 3 years old. But I didn’t worry, my daughter is growing up, and we will study with her in the first block.

Work with your child only in a good mood, believe in your child, rejoice in his successes, help overcome failures. Speech therapy classes with your child at home will help you become even closer and dearer. Be patient and good luck!

How do you deal with a child? What do you use for this? Does the child like to play? Please share in the comments your methods of developing speech in a child and how much time you spend doing certain exercises.

How to teach a child to say what to do and what not to do.

When a child does not speak at 2-3 years old, parents panic. It seems to them that if the neighbor's children speak very well, then theirs, however, this is not so. Speech therapists say that each child is individual. You can practice at home. In this article, you can find exercises, tips and tricks that will help keep your child interested. You will find out why speech therapy classes for children are needed. 2-3 years - the age of interest in everything and curiosity. Therefore, you will not have problems.

Speech therapy classes at home

Each child is individual. One starts talking early, the other late. Of course, all parents are worried when their little one at 2 years old does not want to talk at all, but only points with his finger. To prevent such incidents from happening, you need to regularly conduct speech therapy classes with the kids.

First of all, the child needs regular communication. To make it interesting for him to spend time with adults, you need to interest the crumbs. Then 2-3 years will be useful - the age when the child should be able to speak at least individual words. If this does not happen, then pay maximum attention to the exercises.

Most often based on imitation. Toddlers try to copy others. These are actions, words, gestures, facial expressions, etc. A child of 2-3 years old is restless and does not know how to concentrate, so it is best to deal with him when he wants to. First of all, parents need to achieve emotional contact with the child. When this happens, you can safely deal with the baby, play or just chat.

Warm-up: finger games

Few people believe that it develops speech. However, this has been scientifically proven. Therefore, try to pay attention. Here are a few examples:

Put your thumb and forefinger together. The rest, let them be raised and spread out. Show the children this cockerel, saying: “Our Petya-Cockerel, a golden comb, went to the market and bought one boot.”
Close your thumb and forefinger and tap them on the table. At this time, say: “Here the chicken came and found a grain, she didn’t eat it herself, but took it to the children.”
Close your thumb with two middle fingers, and just bend your little and index fingers slightly, saying: “The mouse gnaws dryers, the cat came, the mouse crawled into the hole.”
Bend the phalanges in different directions, while saying: “Our fingers are very friendly, everyone needs them. It is necessary to count the brothers, there are five of them on one hand. On the second, there are no less of them, they are all good, because my fingers are mine.

Finger gymnastics is a warm-up that every child needs in order to interest him in the next lesson. After all, speech therapy classes for children require perseverance. 2-3 years is the age of fidgets. Therefore, we will first interest the baby, and then proceed to the exercise.

Articulation gymnastics

Before conducting speech therapy classes for children 2-3 years old at home, it is necessary to develop the muscles of the tongue. For this, it is necessary to carry it out together with the baby in front of the mirror:

Let the child imagine that the tongue is a brush. His mouth should be slightly open. The tongue should be drawn across the palate towards the throat and back to the teeth.
Exercise "Tongue on a swing." At the same time, open your mouth wide. The tongue at this time lies under the lower teeth. Then lift its tip under the upper teeth. This exercise must be done at least four times.
"Delicious jam" Use your tongue to lick the upper lips first, then move to the lower ones. Do the exercise 5 times.
Brush your teeth with your tongue. Open your mouth wide. Swipe the tongue first over the lower teeth, then over the upper ones. Do this exercise 4-5 times.

This is how speech therapy classes for children (2-3 years old) take place at home. However, the child will be fun and interesting only when you play with the baby in the game, and not force him.

Onomatopoeia: who sounds? What is knocking?

When you have successfully completed finger and articulation gymnastics, you can begin to study sounds or syllables. To do this, you need to imitate the sounds of animals or objects with your child. Speak the following phrases to your child:

“Our frog is the head of the swamp, sits on the sand and says: “Kwa-kva”.”
“The cockerel was afraid to fall into the river and kept shouting: “Ku-ka-re-ku”.”
"My bell rings ding-ding all day long."
"A bunny gnaws a carrot appetizingly and makes a little noise:" Khrum-khrum "".
“The rain says: “Drip-drip”. You need to take an umbrella with you.
“The horse runs merrily and knocks with its hooves. This is not a boot for you, but the sound of a “tsok-tsok-tsok” knock.
"The pig says: "Oink-oink, I'll give you a candy."
"The clock about time gives us a sign and it sounds" tick-tock "".
“The locomotive travels around the world and repeats:“ Tu-tu, I’m going. ”
“Annechka got lost in the forest and called her friends: “Au-au”.”

Speech therapy classes for children (2-3 years old) at home are very useful and exciting. In the form of a game, you and your baby can achieve great success.

logorhythmics

Such classes help kids not only learn speech, but also replenish vocabulary. Speech therapy rhythm develops the child's motor skills, speech, thinking, memory, attention. Exercises are given to children from two years. When the baby speaks badly, let him repeat only what he remembers. If he does not speak at all, then the adult sings, and at this time the child develops hearing and replenishes the speech reserve.

Speech therapy classes for children 2-3 years old are interesting and exciting. When you begin to sing and do the exercise, the child will become interested, and he will involuntarily begin to repeat after you. There are several exciting games:

"For a walk". You need to read the verse aloud, under which the baby repeats certain movements:

Our legs(reaches hands to feet)

walking along the path(hands clapping on knees).

Over the bumps, yes over the bumps(moves in slow steps)

cross all the flowers(raises legs high).

Game "Weather". The child sits on a chair and listens to slow music. When you say: "It's raining," he claps his hands on his knees in rhythm. Hearing the words: “Lightning has appeared,” the baby rings the bell. When you say, "Thunder rumbles," the child stamps its feet loudly. At the word "silence" the baby becomes silent and sits motionless for a minute.
Do exercises, saying: “First we raise the handles“ one-two-three ”, then we lower our handles. We stomp our feet, clap our hands, jump, run, we will finish the exercises. And we will again quietly walk.

These are interesting speech therapy classes for children 2-3 years old. Exercises should be carried out only with musical accompaniment. Then the child will really like such activities, and he will delight you with his successes.

Hearing development games

These activities are necessary for the child to develop hearing. Children must identify sounds. It can be the sound of rain, thunder, a dog barking or a cat purring, etc. Speech therapy sessions with non-speaking children 2-3 years old should take place as usual. Remember, this is not a pathology, but most likely, laziness, which must be overcome with the help of exciting exercises.

Let the baby listen to 2 sounds, for example, the cry of a child and a working vacuum cleaner. Let the toddler determine who or what is making the sound. When tasks are already easy for him, you can complicate the exercise. Let the baby listen to 3 different sounds, and then 4. If he is in no hurry to say, then help him and do not scold the baby.

Poems for the development of speech

Speech therapist classes for children 2-3 years old can be carried out by parents at home. If you exercise with your baby every day, then he will start talking faster than you expect.

Poems are an integral part of the development of speech. It is important that a simple rhyme is present, then it will be more interesting for the child to study:

“There was a small fight in the river. Something did not share two cancers.
"Our cute turtle always hides in a shell from fear."
“Topotushki, topotushki, a bunny jumps on the edge. He was tired and sat down and ate a carrot.

Poems for children 2-3 years old are offered quite small so that the child can easily remember them. When you see that the baby begins to fully tell the little rhymes, then you can complicate the task.

Clean tongues

They are also necessary for the development of the baby's speech. Clean tongues, like poems, should be short and easy to remember:

"Oh-oh-oh - our cat is not so bad."
"Uh-uh-uh - our rooster crowed."
"Ah-ah-ah - we stand on our feet."
“Sha-sha-sha - mom made delicious noodles.”
"Shu-shu-shu - I'll ask daddy."
"Shi-shi-shi - how the reeds rustled."

You can come up with such phrases yourself. It all depends on what letters the baby does not pronounce.

Nowadays, it is very common to meet non-speaking children at the age of 2-3 years. This does not mean that the child has speech problems. Speech therapists say that up to three years you should not worry. However, speech therapy classes for children still do not interfere. 2-3 years old is an inquisitive age, so kids will be happy to exercise if they are interested.

The first few sessions should be no more than 3 minutes. Then you can gradually increase the time. It is important that the baby likes it. If you see that the child is tired and does not want to study, do not force it. Postpone exercise until your child is in the mood to exercise.

It's better to do a little every day. Then the baby develops skills, habits and memory. Do not scold him for wrong movements and pronunciation. Remember, your baby is only learning. Don't discourage him from doing things. After all, if you scold and punish, then nothing good will come of it.

Conclusion

In the article, we got acquainted with several types of games. They are great for language development. From this we can conclude that the exercises are simple. Therefore, speech therapist classes with children 2-3 years old can be carried out by mom at home. The main thing is to follow the recommendations of experts.

Thanks to the above games, you will replenish your child’s vocabulary well, help you think logically, imagine and fantasize. Children improve their memory, they become more assiduous and begin to speak faster: first some sounds, then syllables. Many kids with the help of such games immediately spoke not in words, but in sentences. Therefore, do not worry about the speech of your crumbs. Daily activities will help you and your baby achieve great success.

When a four-year-old toddler does not pronounce individual letters, lisps or distorts words, this causes concern for parents, especially if there are examples of peers with almost impeccable speech in the immediate environment. About what speech defects for children of 4 years old are considered the norm, and when to talk about, and what to do to eliminate this backlog - and will be discussed in this article.

Features of the speech apparatus at 4 years old

A child at the age of four is already sufficiently proficient in such a tool as speech, and knows how to use it to communicate with the outside world. A small person no longer simply pronounces words and puts them into sentences, but with the help of words he expresses his own thoughts and draws independent conclusions from information received from outside.

The circle of communication of children of this age group is also expanding significantly. The child already has little communication with parents and relatives, he wants contact with the world in the face of various strangers, and the child not only willingly makes such contact, but also acts as its initiator.
The word "why" most often flies off the language of parents in relation to the child during this particular period of his life. Experts believe that the more questions the “why” asks, the better mental development he demonstrates. The fact that after asking a question, your child often loses interest in the answer without listening to it to the end, is also the norm, the little man has not yet learned to concentrate, and parents should try to formulate answers simply and clearly.

Did you know? If it seems to you that your baby is silent only when falling asleep, do not be surprised: it should be so. At this age, the norm for a child is an almost continuous speech flow throughout the entire time of wakefulness.

The vocabulary of a four-year-old baby is rich enough to communicate, but still too poor to, for example, retell a fairy tale to his grandmother, told by his mother the day before, or describe in detail the events of the past day. On the other hand, thanks to an excellent memory, a rhyme or the same fairy tale, if it is short, the baby can literally repeat without even fully understanding the meaning of individual words and phrases.

Already realizing that all objects and actions around have their own names, the baby can independently replace an unknown name with a collective one, for example, call a violet a flower, and a herring a fish.
In addition to nouns and verbs, the little man already uses more complex parts of speech in conversation - pronouns, adverbs, interjections, conjunctions and prepositions. Case inconsistency and errors in the use of such service parts of speech are completely normal at this age.

To simple questions, the baby already gives not monosyllabic, but rather detailed answers.

The vocabulary of a child by the age of four reaches an average of two thousand words.

Further, this age is characterized by a very rapid improvement in speech, it improves right before our eyes, the baby begins to try to speak correctly, imitating adults (it turns out, of course, not immediately, but the attempts are obvious).

It is normal if, intuitively sensing the presence of complex words in the language (airplane, ship, etc.), the baby begins to invent his own new words in the same way.

In some cases, the little one even tries to explore rhymes and compose simple rhymes.
However, the speech apparatus at this age is still far from perfect. It is not a deviation from the norm if the baby:

confuses cases, agreement of gender and number (opened the “door”, the cat “ran”, etc.);
swaps or skips syllables or sounds in compound words;
does not pronounce whistling, hissing and sonorous sounds: hissing ones are replaced by whistling ones (“ezik” instead of “hedgehog”, “sum” instead of “noise”) and vice versa (“zhayats” instead of “hare”, “sheledka” instead of “herring”), and sonorous "l" and "r" are replaced by "le" and "y" respectively ("yiba" instead of "fish", "swallow" instead of "swallow").

At the same time, by the age of four, a growing person usually acquires the skill of a continuous pronunciation of words with two consonants in a row (plum, bomb, apple). This is facilitated by the strengthening of the muscular apparatus of the tongue and lips, as well as the coordination of their movements. The sounds “s”, “x”, “e”, which are incomprehensible at first, at this stage usually no longer cause difficulties.

In addition, the child already knows how to adjust the volume of speech depending on the specific circumstances (at home, speak quieter, and louder on a noisy street). Speech begins to take shape.

Another feature of this age is that the baby begins to notice speech errors in other children.

The main characteristics of a child's speech at 4 years old

All of the above is considered the norm rather conditionally. All children are individual both in mental abilities and in temperament, some develop faster, others slower, and to say that Olya knows two thousand words and writes poetry, and Vasya only a thousand and gets confused in simple sentences, therefore, is mentally retarded , is completely wrong.

Did you know? The concept of the norm for boys and girls is also very different: in terms of speech, four-year-old girls are ahead of their male peers by an average of 4 months, which is a lot for this age!

In addition, constant communication with loved ones for children of 4 years old is the best activity for the development of speech, therefore, in a child growing up in a loving and attentive family, the speech apparatus and vocabulary are objectively better developed than in a baby who is not needed by anyone.

However, there are objective indicators that indicate that something is wrong with the child's speech.

Pathology Tests

Test your child on their own by asking them to complete the following tasks(not necessarily immediately, otherwise the baby will lose interest in the “game” and stop trying, and the test result will be unreliable):

pronounce your last name, first name and patronymic without prompting;
list the names of parents, family members, close friends and other people who are in the immediate circle of constant communication;
describe some interesting situation or adventure (wait for the right opportunity and choose the moment when something happened to the baby that was supposed to impress him);
recognize a loved one in a group photo or in a photograph where he is depicted in his youth (pattern recognition test);
divide into groups a certain set of edible-inedible items, clothes, utensils, etc.), and after completing the task, justify your choice;
describe the signs of a particular object (sharp needle, sour apple, sweet strawberry, dark night, cold winter);
name the action performed in the picture or in the proposed situation (the girl is crying, the boy is playing around, the cat is running away);
verbatim repeat what they heard;
retell what they saw or heard (fairy tale, cartoon);
speak first loudly, then quietly.

Rate the results. But be kind to your child!

Important! The presence of errors in the performance of the task does not indicate speech disorders. If the faults are minor and the child is able to correct them after being told what the mistake was, there is no cause for concern.

The reason to think and consult a specialist is the presence of the following signs(not one, but a whole series of the following):

the baby's speech is obviously too fast or too slow, so much so that it seems that the child is doing it on purpose;
The “speaker” speaks as if he had taken porridge in his mouth, it is impossible to understand him even to close people;
the child communicates in separate words, without putting them into sentences in accordance with the rules of grammar;
the baby does not perceive what they say to him (do not confuse with whims and unwillingness to fulfill the requirements);
"swallowing" the endings of words is constantly present;
“one’s own opinion” is not visible in the speech, it consists entirely of phrases heard somewhere;
the child's mouth is constantly ajar, even if he is silent, and there is so much saliva that it splashes during a conversation or hangs from his lips at rest.

Causes of speech disorders

There can be many reasons for speech disorders. Some of them are signs of a serious illness, while others simply indicate a lack of attention to the baby. In particular, there are such factors that can affect children's speech:

Hereditary factor (genetic abnormalities).
Intrauterine or generic.
Consequences of the transferred disease.
Unfavorable family environment.

The first group of these reasons includes not only the age at which the baby's parents began to speak, but also very specific birth defects - malocclusion, stuttering, violations of the structure of the palate or tongue, pathologies in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, problems with.

The second group of reasons is a number of diseases and other harmful factors that a woman could encounter during and (stress, infectious diseases, adoption, attempt, trauma, alcohol, intrauterine fetal hypoxia, harmful production, birth asphyxia, etc.) .

Speech problems can also be caused by those that have befallen the baby himself in the first years of his life. This is especially true of infectious diseases, injuries of the head and palate.
We will not talk separately about the unfavorable situation in the family, everything is clear here.

How to identify a speech disorder

Speech disorders in a child can manifest themselves in different ways. In the age group of interest to us, they are usually classified as follows:

phonation(there is no intonation, it is impossible to adjust the volume of speech, etc.);
structural-semantic(general problems with speech up to its complete absence);
phonetic(defects in pronunciation and perception), etc.

Did you know? Humanity has known about speech problems for a long time. As follows from the Old Testament, even the prophet Moses had them. According to legend, the pharaoh wanted to kill little Moses because the baby allowed himself to play with the crown, which the priests saw as a bad omen. On the advice of another priest who stood up for the future prophet, the baby had to be shown gold and burning coals: if the baby chooses gold, he will die, if coals, he will live. Moved by the hand of the guardian angel, the child reached for the coal and raised it to his lips. Because of this, the speech of the prophet subsequently remained slurred.

At the first stage, parents, noticing certain signs of speech disorders in their 4-year-old child, should point out this problem to the pediatrician, the latter, in turn, recognizing the fears as justified, sends the baby to a speech therapist. In most cases, already at this stage, children and their parents receive the necessary recommendations and a set of speech therapy exercises for self-study at home.

But sometimes, in order to understand what exactly causes speech problems, the child sometimes needs to be comprehensively examined. To this end, a pediatrician and a speech therapist can involve narrow specialists, in particular:

neurologist;
otolaryngologist;
psychiatrist;
psychologist;
audiologist.

To get a complete picture, the baby can be subjected to a number of laboratory and other procedures, in particular:

magnetic resonance imaging;
encephalogram;
Ultrasound of the brain (echoencephalography).

This will eliminate the pathology of the head.

In addition, doctors will definitely conduct their own testing of the baby, study the motor skills of the facial muscles, and analyze information about the social and living conditions in which the child grows.

If, in general, everything is in order with the baby, his treatment will consist only in performing special exercises for the tongue, intended for children of 4 years old, taking into account the individual characteristics of a particular small patient.

The structure of a speech therapy lesson at home

Aimed at eliminating speech defects, it should be carried out methodically, systematically, only in this case you can count on a high result.

The psychological aspect of working with a child

First of all, parents should not forget about the age of the child. Everything needs to be done to turn the lessons into a fun game. Also, this time should be used to communicate with the baby, so you "kill two birds with one stone" and get a synergistic effect (properly performed exercises and parental attention together will enhance each other's action).

Gymnastics for fingers

It would seem, what is the connection between fingers and tongue? It turns out to be the most direct. The entire centuries-old experience of speech therapy (and this science has its roots in antiquity) indicates that the development of fine motor skills and speech are directly dependent. That is why speech therapy classes for children of 4 years old always include finger exercises, and when developing a child’s speech at home, this block should not be forgotten.

Gymnastics for fingers in such young children it is carried out not in the form of physical education, but in the form of a game. The child is offered to “make” a hedgehog, a cat, a flower, a ball or a flag with the handles, to show how the bird drinks water or flaps its wings, etc.

A specific set of finger games will be developed by a speech therapist, the task of parents is to strictly fulfill them, devoting at least five minutes a day to the game development of fine motor skills.

Articulation gymnastics with pictures

The next exercise is articulation gymnastics. Its task is to develop and strengthen the muscles of the tongue and lips so that they become strong, flexible and well "obeyed" their master.

The peculiarity of these speech therapy classes for children of 4 years old is that they are held in front of a mirror so that the child can see how his facial muscles work, what position the tongue is in, etc. For the first time, the speech therapist will show the baby's parents how to perform the exercises correctly, in the future this work will be done at home on their own.

The regularity of gymnastics is daily. It is better to give this lesson twice a day for 5-7 minutes than to torment the child for a quarter of an hour in a row and then leave it alone until tomorrow. Under the control of the parents, the baby licks his lips with his tongue, as if he had just eaten sweet jam, “cleans” his teeth, but not with a brush, but with his tongue, depicts a swing with it, etc.

Development of phonemic hearing

A very important part of the lesson is the development of speech (or phonemic) hearing. Our task is to teach the baby to hear and recognize sounds.

Doing these exercises with children at the age of 4 years is a real pleasure. You can come up with a lot of speech therapy games, you can design the attributes necessary for this with your own hands, or you can involve a baby in such a production, then at the same time he will develop fine motor skills, acquire useful skills and expand his horizons.

Invite the child to listen to how certain objects “sound” (paper rustles, wooden spoons knock, glass clinks on glass). Then the baby should recognize the same sounds, but with his eyes closed.
Pick up a video on the Internet where the voices of various animals or birds sound. Show them to the child and again offer to recognize the "beast" by the voice with closed eyes.
In the same way, find a video or sound recording with various noises - the sea, forests, city streets. Let the baby listen to them and ask him to recognize the source of each sound (car, motorcycle, train, wave, etc.).
Blindfold the child and move around the room with a bell, trying not to make noise. The task of the baby is to accurately show with his finger where exactly the ringing comes from.
Invite your child to imitate the sounds that various animals make. Pay the child’s attention not only to the appearance, but also to the age of the animal (perhaps the little kitten still doesn’t know how to say “meow”, it only squeaks plaintively and thinly, and can’t do it very loudly, because it’s just a baby). For such a lesson on the development of speech, it is good to use special speech therapy pictures or toys in the form of animals - at 4 years old it will be much easier and more interesting for a child.

One of the exercises for the development of phonemic hearing is the so-called logopedic rhythm. Come up with an interesting song, the performance of which is accompanied by certain movements (remember or rewatch the film "Bald Nanny" with Vin Diesel, there is a very vivid example of such logarithmics).

Fantasize, do not limit yourself to the exercises that the speech therapist has come up with for your child, and then your kid will perceive the classes as an interesting game and look forward to it!

Speech development

Speech, like muscles, needs to be developed. The vocabulary of the child should be replenished constantly, but how to do this if the baby performs the same routine actions all day long? Try to fill the life of your crumbs with new impressions, and then his speech will be enriched by itself, without any additional effort on your part.

Invite the child to make an interesting and fascinating story on the topic: how I spent the summer (of course, this will only work if the baby really has something to remember). Such speech therapy tasks for children of 4 years old are much more interesting and, importantly, more effective than methodical exercises in front of a mirror.
Learn poems and tongue twisters with your child, read fairy tales to him, tell fascinating stories and just chat. Do not forget that at this age the baby's vocabulary is divided into two parts: the words that the baby uses during speech, and the words that he does not repeat yet, but already understands. Try to use as many new words as possible in your stories and don't be lazy to explain their meaning. By developing the baby's passive vocabulary, you thereby, albeit more slowly, expand and active.

Exercises for setting the sound "p"

For children 4 years old who do not pronounce individual letters, special exercises are used. For example, at this age, babies very often do not cope, simply skipping it or replacing it with “l”, also difficulties arise with hissing “sh”, “u”. Speech therapy rhymes help a lot with this. There are a huge number of them, they are classified according to specific problematic sounds, the most successful ones can be selected to your liking on the Web, without even resorting to the help of a speech therapist.

Important! The problem with the “p” sound often has a physiological character (insufficient development of the so-called “bridle”, in connection with which the tongue does not reach the palate, and the baby objectively cannot “growl”). It is for this reason that children who do not pronounce "r" are usually advised to show a specialist nevertheless. For self-control, listen, perhaps your baby “swallows” the letter “p” not always, but only in separate sounds, then, most likely, you just need to practice the skill.

Many exercises for "r" have been developed. Here are a few of them:

The child should open his mouth and press his tongue to the base of the upper teeth. In this position, you need to pronounce the sound “d” several times in a row. Further, the task becomes more difficult. All the same is accompanied by the exhalation of air with its direction to the tip of the tongue. The point is that the baby remembers the vibration that occurs during the exercise. It is she who is present in the pronunciation of the sound "r".
We pronounce "zh" with a wide open mouth, gradually raising the tongue to the upper teeth. At this time, an adult carefully places a special spatula under the child's tongue and makes movements to the sides to create vibration. The task of the child is to blow on the tongue.
The kid pulls the tongue back and says “for”, and the adult inserts the spatula under the tongue in the same way as in the previous exercise. If you perform the technique correctly, it will sound exactly “p”, and the child should remember this feeling.

Exercises for setting hissing

Of all the hissers, it is easiest to "agree" with the sound "sh", they usually begin the production with it. The baby is invited to say "sa", slowly raising the tongue to the base of the upper teeth until a hiss is heard. Now with the release of air from the lungs, the child adds "a" to pronounce "sha". An adult should help convert “sa” to “sha”, using the same spatula. We remember the sensations and hone the skill.

"Sch" also starts with a simple "s". The setting involves a spatula, with which the adult places the tongue in the correct position.

To set “h”, we pronounce “t” with an exhalation, and the adult pushes the tongue back with a spatula.

We do not forget about the mirror, and we also do not get tired of showing the child the correct pronunciation technique.

Your baby really wants to cope with the task, so that you can be proud of him! And children are natural imitators. Therefore, if a four-year-old child has speech disorders, but no other pathologies have been identified, the problem will be solved very quickly if you are patient and give your child a little attention and love.