Psychotropic pills side effects. Psychotropic drugs: mechanism of action

The body is an extremely complex biochemical device, the chemical reactions and flows of which occur rhythmically and in harmony with each other. Their flow is characterized by special sequences, certain ratios and strictly proportionate flow rates. When a foreign substance, such as a psychotropic drug, is introduced into the body, these currents and internal mechanisms are disrupted. Drugs can speed up, slow down, stop, pump up excess, or stop the flow of critical components of metabolism.

That is why psychotropic substances cause side effects. In fact, that is precisely what they do. Psychotropic drugs do not cure anything. However, the human body is endowed with an unsurpassed ability to withstand and defend against such interference. Various systems organisms defend themselves, trying to process the foreign substance, and work hard to balance its effect on the body.

But the body cannot resist indefinitely. Sooner or later, his systems begin to break down. Something similar would happen to a car filled with rocket fuel: you might be able to drive it at a thousand miles an hour, but the tires, engine and internals of the car were not designed for this; the car is falling apart.

Psychotropic drugs intended for children cause very serious side effects.

Stimulants prescribed for "ADHD" in no case should not be given to children under six years of age. Adverse reactions These medications include: nervousness, insomnia, hypersensitivity, anorexia, nausea, dizziness, headaches, lethargy, fluctuations in blood pressure and pulse rate, tachycardia, sore throat, lower abdominal pain, weight loss, and toxic psychosis. Some children develop uncontrollable tics and twisting, known as Tourette's syndrome.

Strong tranquilizers, antipsychotic drugs, often cause difficulty in thinking, impair the ability to concentrate, cause nightmares, emotional dullness, depression, despair, sexual disturbances. The physical consequences of taking psychotropic substances include tardive dyskinesia- sudden, uncontrollable and painful muscle spasms, twitching, grimacing, especially in the face, lips, tongue and extremities; face turns into a terrifying mask. Psychotropic drugs also cause akathisia, an acute state of anxiety that, according to research, provokes agitation and psychosis. Potentially fatal is the "Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome", which includes muscle numbness, altered state of consciousness, uneven pulse, blood pressure fluctuations, and heart failure.

Weak tranquilizers or benzodiazepines contribute to: apathy, delusions, confusion, nervousness, sexual problems, hallucinations, nightmares, acute depression, extreme restlessness, insomnia, nausea, muscle tremor. Sudden cessation of psychotropic drugs has led to epileptic seizures and death. Therefore, it is important never to stop taking these drugs abruptly or without proper medical supervision, even if the intake of psychotropic drugs lasted only two weeks.

Sedatives (hypnotics) drugs often cause the side effects listed above, as well as a hangover, a state of "drunk", loss of coordination (ataxia), and skin rashes.

Antidepressants (tricyclic) can cause drowsiness, lethargy, apathy, difficulty thinking, confusion, inability to concentrate, memory problems, nightmares, a feeling of panic, extreme restlessness, as well as delirium, manic reactions, hallucinations, seizures, fever, reduced content white blood cells (with associated risk of infections), liver damage, heart attacks, paralysis

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can cause headaches, nausea, restlessness, agitation, insomnia, nightmares, loss of appetite, impotence, confusion and akathisia. An estimated 10 to 25 percent of SSRI users have experienced akathisia, often accompanied by suicidal thoughts, feelings of hostility, and violent behavior.

If you are worried about something - for example, such an everyday problem as relationships with loved ones, friends, parents or teachers, or your child's performance in school - the use of any psychotropic substance, be it a street drug or a psychiatric drug, do not will help solve it. If the purpose of a psychotropic drug is to feel better for depression, sadness, or anxiety, the relief will be only short-lived. If the problem is not solved or started to be settled, the person often becomes worse over time than before. When the effect of the psychotropic drug wears off, any pain, discomfort, or disorder that was there before taking it may become worse; this may cause the person to keep taking and taking this drug.

RESEARCH ON PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS

Psychiatrists are not among those who do not know about this.

The scientific evidence showing the link between violence, suicide and psychiatric drugs is overwhelming.

Perhaps most outspoken is a statement by Candace B. Perth, a researcher at the Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, published in an issue of the journal " Half October 20, 1997: "I am dismayed at the monster that I and Johns Hopkins [University] neurologist Solomon Snyder created when we discovered a simple drug receptor binding assay 25 years ago...the public is being misled about the accuracy of these selective inhibitors reverse [neuronal] serotonin uptake, because medicine oversimplifies their effects in the brain…"

1. The examination showed that in the blood of Eric Harris, one of the murdered suspects in the incident at Columbine School, there was a psychotropic drug Luvox in a therapeutic dose. May 4, 1999 branch of the TV channel ABC (ABC) in Colorado reported that Luvox is a brand name for fluvoxamine, which studies show can reduce manic states. This is confirmed by an article in ("The American Journal of Psychiatry") under the heading "Mania and fluvoxamine", which states that "the drug can reduce mania in certain people when given in normal doses."

In addition, a study conducted at the Hadith Medical School of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, published in Annals of Pharmacotherapy("Annals of Pharmacotherapy") ended with the following statement about luvox: "Our studies have shown that fluvoxamine is able to reduce or, conversely, develop manic behavior in depressed patients. Clinicians should carefully monitor this "switching effect" ... "

2. A psychiatrist and drug expert states: "According to the manufacturer, the Solvay Corporation, 4% of children and youth taking Luvox experience manic episodes during short-term clinical trials. Mania is a psychosis that can produce strange, grandiose, well-designed destructive plans, including massacres…..."

3. Newspaper" New York Post reported on January 31, 1999 that, under the Freedom of Information Act, she received documents showing that the New York Psychiatric Institute tested Prozac (fluoxetine) on six-year-old children. The psychiatric researchers' own documents state that "U some patients experienced an increase in suicidal thoughts and/or violent behavior." Another side effect, wild manic outbursts, was also noted in the investigators' reports.

4. A study conducted at the Yale University School of Medicine and published in The Journal of The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry("Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry") in March 1991, showed that six out of 42 patients studied, aged 10 to 17 years, began or aggravated self-destructive behavioral abnormalities during antidepressant treatment.

5. Study published in September 1998 in The Journal of Forensic Science("Magazine forensic medical examination"), showed that of the 392 teenagers who committed suicide in Paris between 1989 and 1996, 35 percent were using psychoactive drugs.

6. At the 1995 Northern Conference, it was reported that newer antidepressants, in particular, have the stimulant effect of amphetamines, and users of these drugs may become "aggressive" or "have hallucinations and/or suicidal thoughts".

7. A team of Canadian researchers studying the effects of psychotropic drugs on prisoners found that " violent, violent incidents are significantly more likely to occur with prisoners who are taking psychotropic (psychiatric or mind-altering) treatment, compared to the period when these prisoners were not taking psychotropic drugs"[emphasis added]. Prisoners who took strong tranquilizers exhibited more than twice the level of violence compared to the period when they did not take psychiatric drugs.

8. In an article published in 1964 ("The American Journal of Psychiatry") reported that strong tranquilizers (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, mellaril, etc.) can "cause an acute psychotic reaction in an individual not previously psychotic". [emphasis added]

9. In a 1970 textbook on the side effects of psychiatric drugs, there was an indication of the violent potential inherent in these drugs; it has been argued that "in fact, even acts of violence such as murder and suicide have been associated with anger reactions induced by chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium)".

10. Valium later replaced Xanax (Alprazolam) as the most common mild tranquilizer. According to a 1984 Xanax study, "extreme rage and hostile behavior occurred in eight of the first eighty patients we treated with alprazolam (Xanax)."

11. Xanax study conducted in 1985, which was reported by American Journal of Psychiatry("American Journal of Psychiatry"), showed that 58 percent of patients treated with this drug experienced severe "loss of control", that is, violence and loss of control over themselves, compared with only eight percent among those who took a placebo.

12. An article published in 1975 described negative impact strong tranquilizers, called "akathisia" (from the Greek a- i.e. "without" or "not" and kathisia- that is, "sitting"), first discovered as the inability of people who have taken the drug to sit still and comfortably.

13. In his publication "Many Faces of Akathisia," researcher Theodore Van Putten reported that almost half of the 110 people examined suffered from akathisia. He described what happens to people after taking these drugs. One woman began banging her head against the wall three days after being injected with a strong tranquilizer. Another, who was given the drugs for five days, experienced a "splash of hallucinations, screaming, even more eccentric thinking, outbursts of aggression and self-destruction, agitated running or dancing." Another claimed that she felt hostility, hated everyone and everyone, and heard voices teasing her.

14. Dr. William Wirsching, a UCLA psychiatrist, reported at the 1991 annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association that five patients developed akathisia while taking Prozac. Dr. Wirshing was certain that all of them were "driven by akathisia to commit suicide."

15. In 1986, in a study published in American Journal of Psychiatry, it was stated that patients taking the antidepressant Elavil "...appeared to be markedly more hostile, restless and impulsive in behavior...the increase in defiant behavior and violent acts was statistically significant."

16. In a study of children taking Elavil, published in 1980 in Psychosomatics, it was indicated that some of them became hostile or hysterical. One of the children began "to show excessive restlessness and anger, he ran extremely much and shouted that he was no longer afraid, that "he is no longer a chicken"".

17. In one of the articles published in American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry("American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry") in 1985, describes "extraordinary acts of physical abuse" caused by akathisia due to the use of Haldol (haloperidol). These cases included acts of extreme, senseless, eccentric and brutal violence.

It is sometimes argued that the violence took place because the individual "did not take his medicine." These theses are carried out in the media in the interests of psychiatry, in order to divert attention from psychotropic drugs as a source of violence. It is psychotropic drugs that cause such conditions. Several studies illustrate this point of view.

18. In February 1990, Dr. Marvin Teicher, a Harvard psychiatrist, reported in The American Journal of Psychiatry that in six patients with depression, but not suicidal, developed intense, violent, suicidal cravings within a few weeks of taking Prozac.

The letters of doctors that followed this publication, published in The American Journal of Psychiatry And The New England Journal of Medicine("The New England Journal of Medicine") reported similar observations. A report in The New England Journal of Medicine noted that the patients did not show suicidal tendencies prior to taking the psychotropic drug, and that their suicidal thoughts stopped abruptly at the same time as the drug was discontinued.

19. In 1995, nine Australian psychiatrists warned that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) should be sold with a notice possible risks after some patients injure themselves or become violent after taking these drugs. "I didn't want to die, I just felt like my flesh was being torn to pieces," one of the patients told them. Another stated, "I took my cane-cutting machete in my right hand and wanted to chop off my left at the wrist." Self-destructive manifestations began after the start of treatment or increase in doses, and decreased or disappeared after the drugs were stopped..

20. A study published in 1988 showed the propensity of the strong tranquilizer Haldol (haloperidol) to aggravate hostile and violent behavior. According to the study, many people who were not violent prior to treatment with the drug " became much more violent on haloperidol". [emphasis added] The scientists who conducted this study attributed the observed increase in violent manifestations to akathisia.

21. Report published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, gave an example of the excitement that can accompany akathisia. Describing the behavior of a man who started taking haloperidol four days earlier, the researchers noted that he "... became uncontrollably aroused, could not sit still, and ran for several hours". [emphasis added] After complaining of strong urges to attack anyone around, the man tried to kill his dog.

Another little known fact is that the breakdown caused by stopping the use of psychotropic drugs can turn a person into a violent lunatic. This drug-induced effect is easy to hide because often after a violent crime is committed, psychiatrists and their allies, such as the funded pharmaceutical companies The National Association for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) blames an individual's violent behavior on the failure to take medication. However, the truth is that extreme violence is a repeatedly documented side effect. termination taking psychotropic drugs.

22. In 1995, a Danish medical study showed the following symptoms withdrawals caused by dependence on psychotropic drugs: "emotional swings: horror, fear, panic, fear of insanity, loss of self-confidence, restlessness, nervousness, aggression, urge to destroy and, in the worst cases, urge to kill." [emphasis added].

23. In 1996, the National Center for Preferred Medicine, made up of New Zealand physicians, issued a report, Acute Drug Withdrawal, which stated that withdrawal from psychoactive drugs can cause:

a reaction effect that exacerbates pre-existing symptoms of the "disease", and

new symptoms that are not related to the patient's previous condition, and which he has not yet experienced.

Antidepressants can cause "arousal, major depression, hallucinations, aggressiveness, hypomania, and akathisia."

Janet, a teenage girl who was prescribed a mild tranquilizer and antidepressants, claims that while she stopped taking these drugs, she developed thoughts of violence and had to curb her aggressive impulses, including the desire to hit anyone who refused to give its dose, gradually lowering it. "I have never had such impulses before. These new sensations were not part of the so-called " mental illness"that I was supposed to have; I had never shown aggressiveness before prescribing these drugs. After I gradually and slowly withdrew from them, I never again experienced such uncontrollable aggressive urges."

As noted earlier, even the American Psychiatric Association recognizes in its Guide to diagnostics and statistics that one of the important "complications" of withdrawal from Ritalin, a psychotropic drug now prescribed to millions of children, is suicide.

Withdrawal effects from psychotropic drugs can be severe; they require careful medical supervision in order to ensure that the person is safely detoxified from the drug. As an example, Stevie Nicks of the rock band Fleetwood Mac talks about the severe difficulties of detoxing from psychotropic drugs: "I'm one of those who realized that this was what was killing me. [the psychiatric drug Klonopin]." It took her 45 days to wean herself from Klonopin. "I've been seriously ill for 45 days, very, very ill. And I've watched generations of addicts come and go. You know, those who take heroin, 12 days ... and they're gone. And I'm still here."

When one considers the data from these studies and the dramatic increase in the use of mind-altering psychotropic drugs by both children and adults alike, the reasons for the increase in senseless violence become clear.

Psychotropic drugs are medications that affect the human psyche. However, it must be said right away that if, after using such drugs, a person begins to have convulsions that cannot be removed even with the help of anticonvulsants, then psychotropic drugs must be stopped, otherwise the case may end badly.

It should be borne in mind that when treating mentally ill people with such medications, the daily dose of such drugs should be significantly higher than the highest doses of psychotropic drugs that are indicated in the Pharmacopoeia. These medications can often cause different kind side effects, and such side effects are sometimes so dangerous, the doctor decides to stop taking such medications, and sometimes it is generally necessary to prescribe drugs that eliminate the resulting complications.

It must be remembered that as soon as any kind of side effects occur, the use of psychotropic drugs should be stopped immediately, otherwise yellow liver atrophy may develop, and it may be in acute form which is extremely dangerous.

If the number of leukocytes falls below 3500 and at the same time granulocytes disappear, then such medications should be stopped immediately. And people who are under the influence of such drugs are strongly advised not to stay in direct sunlight for a long time, as there is a serious risk of developing dermatitis. allergic type, they develop very well when exposed to ultraviolet rays.

Varieties of psychotropic drugs

First of all, we are talking about typical neuroleptics, which have all the properties of such a group of drugs. If during medical process Since psychotropic drugs cause thrombosis and thromboembolism, then treatment with such drugs is stopped immediately, otherwise the situation can be greatly aggravated. It should be noted that such drugs are different in their degree of impact and intensity, and each remedy has its own purpose. It is best to know what the list of psychotropic drugs looks like.

Sleeping pills

Such drugs are very common, since a person spends more than a third of his life during sleep. Of course, if we take into account sleeping pills, which act very strongly, then a prescription is required to purchase them. Here we are talking, first of all, about time-tested barbiturates. However, there are many sleeping pills that can be freely purchased without a prescription.

The fact is that they do not have the strongest psychoactive inhibitory effect on the body, and even with an overdose, significant problems should not arise. If a person’s sleep disorders are not the most complex, then such remedies will certainly provide significant support to the body. It is better to tell in more detail about the most common means of this type, it should be noted that sleeping pills are very often dispensed without a prescription.

List of sleeping pills

Melaxen, which contains melatonin, it is he who regulates sleep cycles. The main function of such a tool is to cause a drowsy effect, so that a person falls asleep pretty quickly. And this drug also has a sedative effect, that is, a sedative. The tool has the following advantages: you can not be afraid of an overdose, since the drug breaks down very quickly. Sleep here is of a physiological nature, which is clearly positive. There are no sleep disturbances, no nightmares, normal awakening. And it does not cause a feeling of weakness, it is possible to drive a car. However, there are also disadvantages: it can cause allergies, swelling peripheral type and it's not cheap either. Such a drug is well suited for moderate and mild insomnia, and the medicine also helps to adapt to sleep during a sharp jet lag;
Donormil is essentially an antihistamine-type drug. Nevertheless, its direct purpose is not to fight allergic reactions, but to resist insomnia and other sleep disorders. Such sleeping pills are rightfully considered one of the best of their kind, they can be used by young, healthy people without having to worry about any repercussions. The advantages are undoubted: the tablet is effervescent, dissolves very quickly, a person falls asleep quickly and sleeps for a long time. However, there are disadvantages: there are side effects common to many antihistamines, namely, dryness appears in the mouth, it is difficult to wake up, and it can also make you sleepy in the daytime. And this tool can not be used by people who have problems with the liver and who are disturbed during sleep. respiratory process, here sleeping pills are simply irreplaceable;
Corvalol is time-tested, it is the only such medicine that contains barbiturate. So such a tool has considerable power, and its low cost provides popularity that has not fallen for many years. It has a mild antispasmodic effect on smooth muscles internal organs, it can be used even in the presence of tachycardia. If we talk about the shortcomings, then we need to mention a strong specific smell that impregnates the entire room, if such a remedy is used on regular basis. Women who are breastfeeding should refrain from taking Corvalol, it is better not to use any sleeping pills in this state.

A few more popular sleeping pills

Novo-passit is good because it is made on the basis of herbal remedies, a combination type remedy, has a calming effect, also has an anti-anxiety effect, so it is excellent for sleep disorders. If we talk about the benefits, then this is, first of all, a very fast effect, and if you use syrup, then the action is even faster. Cons: There may be daytime drowsiness, and in cases of overdose, there may be a depressed feeling. It should not be used by children, and should not be used by those who are chronically ill with alcoholism;
Persen-forte is a combined preparation containing mint, valerian and lemon balm. The action is soft, has sedative effect, no bad smell No. If we talk about the merits, then such a remedy is specially designed for use at night, if a person cannot fall asleep due to nervous excitement, then that remedy is perfect. There are also disadvantages, since the remedy cannot be purchased in liquid form, if a person has biliary tract disorders, then you should not use such a remedy, and children who are not yet 12 years old do not need it either. Do not use it for a long time, as this is fraught with the formation of constipation;
Fitosedan, contains several types medicinal herbs such as thyme, valerian, oregano. Its action is very soft, soothing, and what is very important, natural, falls asleep very easily. You can not use it if a woman is expecting a baby or breastfeeding. It can be consumed only in the form of an infusion, and only in a warm form, all this takes time, the remedy is not available in the form of tablets, and it is medicines in tablets that are very popular.

It must be said right away that if a person simply cannot fall asleep due to the fact that he slept for 10 hours yesterday, then it is better to refrain from taking sleeping pills.

tranquilizers

Such drugs are widely used in various neuroses and conditions close to psychopathic. That is, such funds provide significant support when a person has fear, panic, he is very irritated and his emotionality is not stable. Such drugs are successfully used when a person has psychosomatic disorders.

If we talk about contraindications, then they certainly exist. Tranquilizers should not be taken by the elderly, as well as people with a weakened body, and children until they are 18 years old. Also, tranquilizers should not be used by pregnant women and those women who are breastfeeding. Tranquilizers should not be used by people who are intoxicated or under the influence of drugs. If there is a renal or liver failure, then you should also refrain from such drugs. Concluding the conversation about contraindications, it must be said that if work is expected that requires close attention (for example, driving a car), then it is also worth abstaining.

It should be borne in mind that there are many tranquilizers, therefore, you should not rack your brains when choosing drugs, you should consult a doctor who will definitely give the necessary advice. If it comes to the fact that a person begins to take tranquilizers, then it is recommended to start with those that have a minimal degree of impact, you should not start treatment with the strongest means, believing that this will quickly help. When choosing such funds, it is very important to take into account the age of the person, his state of health. For example, there is such a very strong psychotropic drug as phenazepap, it is often advised by relatives and friends of a person, however, one must take into account that such a drug has great power. Therefore, if a person does not have really serious mental problems, then it is better to use it on initial stage standard sedatives.

Now there is one more thing to be said. important point- Many believe that such funds are used only by the mentally ill and drug addicts. However, this is completely wrong. Of course, such drugs are very strong, however, they are by no means narcotic. However, in Lately, such funds enter the market under completely new names so as not to injure the psyche of people. For example, today there is such a name as anxiolytics, literally speaking, these are means that can suppress feelings of fear and anxiety, and anti-neurotics have become very popular to suppress neurosis. However, all those drugs are called tranquilizers, they are also sedatives.

How tranquilizers work

These medications are prescribed to reduce feelings of panic and fear. Now we need to talk about how such drugs differ from other psychotropic drugs, in particular from neuroleptics. The fact is that such means in no way affect the consciousness of a person, that is, a person will not rave about them for sure. Also, there will be no hallucinations, psychoses, so such remedies can be safely used. However, they can only be used by those people who are mentally healthy, but found themselves in a situation where the psyche needs help. These are very good anti-anxiety sedatives.

If we talk about the mechanism of action of such funds, then it has not yet been fully studied.

Antidepressants

If a person is under the influence of a depressed emotional state, then he should take antidepressants. Such funds perfectly cheer up, create a positive emotional background and are excellent remedies that relieve depression.

It should be noted that there are many such drugs that are dispensed without a doctor's prescription, however, this does not mean at all that uncontrolled intake is possible. If you take antidepressants for a long time, you may experience Negative consequences. To avoid this, you should always consult with your doctor first.

It should be noted that all psychotropic drugs can be taken only after a person has consulted a doctor who will choose the most suitable from the entire list of drugs.

And it should also be said that you should not get too carried away with antidepressants, the same should be said about antipsychotics. Even the safest drug still affects the body, so they should be taken only if there is a real need.

Psychotropic drugs include drugs that affect the mental activity of a person. Convulsive seizures that appear despite the use of anticonvulsants require the withdrawal of treatment with psychotropic drugs.

It must be remembered that in the treatment of mental patients with psychotropic drugs, the dosages used significantly exceed the highest daily doses of psychotropic drugs indicated in the Pharmacopoeia. Psychotropic drugs often cause side effects, in some cases so severe that because of them it is necessary to stop treatment and use drugs that eliminate the complications that have developed.

It is necessary to immediately stop treatment with psychotropic drugs, since acute yellow liver atrophy may develop.

A drop in the number of leukocytes below 3500 with the simultaneous disappearance of granulocytes requires the immediate cessation of treatment with psychotropic drugs. Skin allergic dermatitis is more likely to occur with additional action ultraviolet light. Therefore, patients during treatment with psychotropic drugs are not recommended to be in the sun.

General principles of classification Since 1950, after the synthesis of largactyl (synonym: chlorpromazine, chlorpromazine), psychotropic drugs quickly found application in psychiatric practice. The usual daily dose is 50-200 mg; max, extra - 500 mg. Large and small tranquilizers make up the main group of psychotropic drugs - neuroplegic drugs.

See also Psychotomimetic agents. 1. Control applies to all means and substances specified in this list, no matter what brand names (synonyms) they are designated.

Psychotropic drugs

These are typical antipsychotics that have all the main properties of this group of drugs. Aminazine potentiates the action of drugs for anesthesia, anticonvulsants, hypnotics, analgesics. Triftazin can also be used as an antiemetic.

The occurrence of thrombosis and thromboembolism during treatment with psychotropic drugs requires immediate discontinuation of treatment. The drugs of each of these groups differ in the intensity of action (at equivalent dosages).

Characteristics of individual drugs In psychiatric practice, doses that exceed the doses indicated in the pharmacopoeia by many times are often used. They are designated in this article as maximum.

The usual daily dose is 3-10 mg; max.- 20 mg. 3. Haloanisone (sedalant).

Schedule II[edit edit wiki text]

Small tranquilizers The most commonly used small tranquilizers (partly, these are small antidepressants) include the following drugs. For more detailed pharmaco-clinical characteristics of the drugs listed above, see Neuroplegics.

Psychotropic substances[edit edit wiki text]

As antidepressants, substances classified as antipsychotics, such as nosinane, taractan, frenolon, are quite widely used. The list of substances subject to criminal liability is not limited to this list.

Preparations of each of these groups are prescribed for the corresponding mental illnesses and neuroses. Drugs of the neuroleptic group have an antipsychotic (eliminate delusions, hallucinations) and sedative (reduce feelings of anxiety, restlessness) effect.

List of drugs

Triftazin has an antiemetic effect. Release form: tablets of 0.005 g and 0.01 g; 1 ml ampoules of 0.2% solution.

THIOPROPERAZIN (pharmacological synonyms: mazheptil) - antipsychotic drug with a stimulating effect. Side effects of thioproperazine, indications for use and contraindications are similar to those for triftazine. PERICIAZIN (pharmacological synonyms: neuleptil) - the antipsychotic effect of the drug is combined with a sedative - "behavior corrector".

Mental disorders, manifested by lethargy, are primarily various depressive syndromes- treated with antidepressants.

Side effects that occur most often in the first two to four weeks after the start of treatment. These phenomena do not require special treatment. Occurring occasionally disorders of the thyroid gland or disorders in the form of Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome (see Itsenko-Cushing's disease) require discontinuation of treatment.

Side effects that appear at different times after the start of treatment. Some of them are able to eliminate hallucinations, delusions, catatonic disorders and have an antipsychotic effect, others have only a general sedative effect.

Similarly, we can talk about "big" and "small" antidepressants. Substances that cause mental disorders include mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and sernil.

The most commonly used psychoanaleptic drugs (antidepressants) include the following. 3. Transit through the territory of the Russian Federation drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors included in this list is prohibited.

In addition to meditation and hypnosis, medicinal (narcotic) preparations can be used to achieve altered states of consciousness.

Since ancient times, people have used mind-altering drugs to stimulate themselves or to relax, to fall asleep or not to fall asleep, to heighten ordinary perceptions, or to induce hallucinations. Substances that affect behavior, consciousness and / or mood are called psychotropic. These include not only heroin and marijuana sold on the black market, but also tranquilizers, stimulants, and drugs as familiar as alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine.

< Рис. Хотя употребление алкоголя и табака разрешено, они включены в категорию психотропных препаратов, поскольку они оказывают влияние на поведение, сознание и настроение.>

It should be noted that whether a particular drug is legal or illegal does not reflect the risks and health consequences associated with its use. So, for example, the use of caffeine (coffee) is completely allowed and not regulated in any way; tobacco use is minimally regulated and is currently not even under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Commission(Food and Drug Administration);Drinking alcohol is regulated by many laws, but alcoholic beverages are legal and marijuana consumption is illegal. However, it can be argued that of all these drugs, nicotine is the most harmful, since its consumption claims 36,000 lives per year. Moreover, there are serious reasons to doubt that nicotine would become a legal drug if anyone tried to introduce it into use today.

Caffeine and nicotine are also included in the table. Although both drugs are stimulants and can have negative health effects, their use does not lead to appreciable changes in consciousness, and therefore they are not considered in this section.

In table. Table 6.2 lists the classes of psychotropic drugs that are widely used and abused. Psychiatric drugs (see Chapter 16) also affect mood and behavior and can therefore be considered psychotropic. They are not included in the table because they are rarely abused. Generally speaking, their effect is not immediate (for example, most depression medications are taken for several days or weeks before they begin to lift a person's mood), and they usually do not feel particularly pleasant. An exception may be minor tranquilizers, prescribed to reduce various types of anxiety, sometimes they are abused.

Table 6.2. Psychotropic drugs that are widely used and abused

Depressants (sedatives)	Alcohol (ethanol) Barbiturates : Nembutal Seconal Small tranquilizers: milltown Xanax Relanium Means for inhalation: Paint thinner Glue
Opiates (drugs)	Opium and its derivatives: Codeine Heroin Morphine Methadone
Stimulants	amphetamines : Benzedrine Dexedrine Methedrine Cocaine Nicotine Caffeine
Hallucinogens	LSD Mescaline psilocybin Phencyclidine (PCP)
cannabis	Marijuana Hashish

Only a few examples from each class are given. We have used generic names (eg psilocybin) or trade names (eg Xanax for alprazolam, Seconal for secobarbital), whichever is more commonly known.

It may be difficult for today's students to appreciate just how dramatic changes have taken place in the United States over the past 40 years in terms of behavioral substance use.

In the 1950s, very few Americans used anything other than nicotine and alcohol. Since then, we have gone from a relatively drug-free country to a drug-ridden one. The use of narcotics and drug equivalents rose steadily in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, however, their consumption began to gradually decrease, and this trend continued until 1992 (Figure 6.6). Education among young people about the risks of drug use contributed to this decline. Of interest is the turnaround in 1992, as student attitudes to the dangers of drug use then seem to have softened.(Johnston, O "Malley & Bachman, 1998).

Rice. 6. 6. Use of prohibited means. Percentage of American high school students who reported using illegal drugs in the 12 months before graduating from high school. The upper curve covers marijuana, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, and all non-prescribed opiates, stimulants, sedatives, and tranquilizers. Marijuana is excluded in the lower curve (according to: Johnston, O "Malley & Bachman, 1995). [ For most people, peak alcohol consumption occurs between the ages of 16 and 25. - Note. transl.]

It is believed that the substances listed in Table. 6.2 affect behavior and consciousness because they affect the brain in a specific biochemical way. With repeated use of them, a person may become dependent on them. Drug dependence, also called addiction, is characterized by: 1) tolerance (tolerance) - with prolonged use, a person needs to take more and more drugs to achieve the same effect; 2) withdrawal syndrome - if the use is interrupted, the person experiences unpleasant physical and mental reactions; 3) uncontrollable use - a person takes more of the drug than he intended, tries to control the use, but cannot and spends a lot of time to get this drug.

The degree of development of tolerance and the severity of withdrawal symptoms are different for different drugs. Tolerance to opiates, for example, develops quite rapidly, and heavy users can tolerate doses that are lethal to the first tryer; in contrast, strong tolerance is rarely created in marijuana smokers. Withdrawal symptoms are common and severe in those who use high doses of alcohol, opiates, and sedatives for a long time. Stimulant users also have frequent but less noticeable withdrawal symptoms, and hallucinogen users simply don't have them.(American Psychiatric Association, 1994). [ According to some experts - experienced narcologists, a withdrawal syndrome can also form when taking hallucinogens. - Note. ed.]

Although tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are the main features of drug dependence, they are not necessarily necessary for a diagnosis. If a person does not show any signs of tolerance or withdrawal, but exhibits a pattern of unstoppable use—as some marijuana users do—then it is still considered a drug addiction.

Drug dependence is usually distinguished from drug abuse. About a person who is not dependent on any drug (i.e. no symptoms of tolerance, withdrawal, or binge use) but who continues to use it despite serious consequences, they say that he abuses this remedy. For example, if a person's addiction to alcohol repeatedly results in accidents, absenteeism, or marital problems (without signs of addiction), then they are said to be abusing alcohol.

In this section, we will look at some types of psychotropic drugs and their effects.

Depressants

To the means that suppress the central nervous system, include tranquilizers, barbiturates (hypnotics), inhalants (volatile solvents and aerosols), and ethanol, of which the subject highest consumption and abuse is alcohol; therefore, we will focus on it when discussing depressants.

Alcohol and its effect. In most societies, developing or industrialized, alcohol is consumed. It can be obtained by fermenting a wide variety of raw materials: grains (eg rye, wheat or corn), fruits (eg grapes, apples or plums) and vegetables (eg potatoes). By distilling a fermented drink, the alcohol content can be increased to produce a "strong liquor" such as whiskey or rum.

Measuring the amount of alcohol in your breath (as a breath analyzer does) provides a reliable indicator of your blood alcohol content. Therefore, it is easy to determine the relationship between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and behavior. At a concentration of 0.03 to 0.05% in the blood (30 to 50 mg of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood), alcohol gives a feeling of lightness in the head, relaxes and relieves stiffness. People say things they normally wouldn't say; they become more sociable and expansive. Self-confidence may increase, but motor responses begin to slow down (it is this pair of effects that makes driving after drinking dangerous).

When the AS is 0.10%, sensory and motor functions begin to noticeably go wrong. Speech becomes slurred and it is difficult for the person to coordinate their movements. Some people become angry and aggressive, some become quiet and sullen. The drinker's abilities are severely impaired at 0.20%, and levels above 0.40% can cause death. The legal definition of intoxication in most states calls for an AS value of 0.10%.

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How much can a person drink so as not to go into a state of intoxication by legal standards? The connection between the HOW and alcohol intake is not simple. It depends on gender, body weight and speed of consumption. Age, individual characteristics metabolism and drinking experience are also important. Although the effect of alcohol intake on the BAC varies greatly, the average effect is shown in Fig. 6.7. Besides, it is not true that beer and wine are less capable of making a person drunk than so-called strong drinks. A 4-ounce glass of wine, a 12-ounce can of beer (4% ABV), and 1.2 ounce whiskey (40% ABV) contain approximately the same number alcohol and cause about the same effect.

Rice. 6.7. HOW andalcohol intake. Approximate dependence of blood alcohol concentration on alcohol consumption within two hours. For example, if you weigh 180 pounds (about 80 kg) and drink four cans of beer in two hours, then HOW you will be between 0.05% and 0.09% and your ability to drive a car will be seriously impaired. Six cans of beer over the same two-hour period will give you an AS above 0.10%, the level considered to be a sure intoxication (source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration).

Alcohol consumption. Drinking is considered an integral part public life many college students. It promotes cheerful company, relieves tension, relieves stiffness and generally promotes fun. However, public drinking can create problems in terms of lost study time, poor exam results due to feelings of hangover and swearing, or accidents while intoxicated. Clearly, accidents are the biggest problem: alcohol-related car accidents are the leading cause of death among 15 to 24 year olds. When the legal drinking age was lowered from 21 to 18 in several states, road deaths among 18-19 year olds rose from 20% to 50%. Since then, all states have increased the minimum drinking age, after which the number of road accidents has dropped significantly.

Approximately two-thirds of American adults report that they drink alcoholic beverages. At least 10% of them have social, psychological or medical problems resulting from alcohol use. Apparently, half of those 10% have an alcohol addiction. Heavy or prolonged drinking can cause serious problems with health. high blood pressure, stroke, ulcers, cancer of the mouth, larynx, and stomach, cirrhosis of the liver, and depression are just some of the "acquisitions" associated with the regular consumption of substantial amounts of alcohol.

Despite the fact that anyone under 21 is prohibited from purchasing alcoholic beverages, among young people, almost everyone has an alcohol experience (67% of eighth graders, 81% of high school students and 91% of college students have tried it). More worrying is the widespread practice of "binge drinking" (defined for research purposes as drinking five or more drinks in a row). According to national surveys, 28% of high school students and 44% of college students reported that they had indulged in "binge drinking"(Wechsler et al., 1994, 1998). If high school students who are just aiming to go to college get drunk less often than those who do not intend to go to college, then those who have already entered college successfully catch up and overtake their peers. Lost class time, missed classes, injuries, unprotected sex, and problems with the police are just some of the problems college students have for drinking. Because of these problems, more and more universities do not allow alcohol on their territory at all. The Drug-Free Schools and Collegiate Zones Act, passed by Congress in 1989, requires these institutions to implement alcohol education programs as well as student and employee counseling services.

Alcohol is a source of risk for the developing fetus. Mothers who drink heavily are twice as likely to have multiple miscarriages and deliveries premature baby. So-called alcohol syndrome fetus with delayed mental development and numerous deformities of the face and mouth, caused by drunkenness during pregnancy. It's not clear how much alcohol it takes to cause this syndrome, but as little as a few ounces of alcohol per week is suspected to be harmful.(Streissguth, Clarren & Jones, 1985).

Opiates

Opiates are the collective name for opium and its derivatives; by suppressing the central nervous system, these substances weaken physical sensations and the ability to respond to incentives. (These substances are commonly referred to as "drugs," but "opiates" is a more accurate term; the term "narcotics" is not properly defined and encompasses many illegal drugs.) Opiates are used medically for their pain-relieving properties, but their ability to change mood and reduce concern has led to their widespread illegal use. Opium - the air-dried juice of the opium poppy - contains a number of chemicals, including morphine and codeine. Codeine, a common ingredient in pain relief formulations and cough suppressants, is relatively mild (at least at low doses). Morphine and its derivative heroin are much more powerful. Most illicit opiates contain heroin, as more high concentration it is easier to hide and smuggle than morphine.

All opiate-based drugs bind to the same molecules in the brain known as opiate receptors. The differences between these drugs are determined by how quickly they reach the receptors and how long it takes to activate them, that is, the strength of their impact. The amount in which opiates enter the body depends on the way they are consumed. If opiates are smoked or injected, their concentration in the brain reaches peak levels within minutes. The faster this happens, the higher the risk of dying from an overdose. Drugs that are "sniffed" are absorbed by the body more slowly, as they must be absorbed through the nasal mucosa into the blood vessels underneath

Heroin use. Heroin can be injected, smoked or inhaled. Initially, this remedy causes a feeling of well-being. Experienced users report a particular thrill or feeling of elation within a minute or two after intravenous administration. Some describe this sensation as something very pleasant, close to orgasm. Young people who snort heroin say they forget everything that bothers them. Following this, the user feels tidied up or satisfied without any awareness of hunger, pain, or sexual desire. A person can "go into the switch" by alternately waking up and falling into a nap, and at the same time comfortably watch TV or read a book. Unlike alcohol intoxication, the heroin user retains learned skills and responses on alertness and intelligence tests and rarely becomes aggressive or violent.

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The mental changes induced by heroin are not particularly surprising; there are no stunning visual sensations or a feeling of being transported somewhere. It is the change in mood - a sense of euphoria and reduced anxiety - that motivates people to start using this remedy. However, heroin is very addictive; even more short period applications can create physical addiction. After a person has been smoking or “sniffing” (inhaling) heroin for a while, tolerance is created and this method of administration no longer gives the desired effect. Trying to restore the original buzz, he begins to "lay under the skin" [ Here and below, we have tried, as far as possible, to convey the essence of the slang names given by the author of the corresponding substances, effects, etc. - Note. transl.] (inject heroin subcutaneously), and then - "directly fed" (injected intravenously). After the user has switched to intravenous use, he needs more and more strong doses to achieve the same high, and at the same time he has increasing physical discomfort with abstinence from the drug (chills, sweating, stomach cramps, nausea, headaches). Thus, there is an additional motivation to continue using the drug, caused by the need to avoid physical pain and discomfort.

There are many risks associated with heroin use; average age of death for frequent users - 40 years(Hser, Anglin & Powers, 1993). There is always the possibility of dying from an overdose, since the concentration of heroin in a drug bought on the street fluctuates greatly. Thus, the user can never be sure of the strength of the powder purchased from a new supply. Death is caused by suffocation due to suppression of the respiratory center in the brain. Serious impairment of personal and social life is generally associated with heroin use. Since this habit is expensive to maintain, the user soon engages in illegal activities to replenish his supply.

Additional dangers of heroin use include AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), hepatitis and other infections associated with injecting with unsterile needles. Using a shared needle to inject drugs is the most easy way contract the AIDS virus: an infected person's blood can stick to a needle or syringe and then be injected directly into the bloodstream of the next person to use the same needle. The use of shared needles and syringes to inject drugs is an increasing cause of the spread of AIDS.

opiate receptors. In the 1970s, researchers made an important breakthrough in understanding the mechanism of opiate addiction by discovering that opiates act on very specific neuroreceptor sites in the brain. Mediators penetrate through synaptic cleft between two neurons and bind to neuroreceptors, triggering the activity of the perceiving neuron (see Chapter 2). Opiate molecules are similar in shape to a group of neurotransmitters called endorphins. Endorphins bind to opiate receptors to induce feelings of pleasure and reduce discomfort(Julien, 1992). Heroin and morphine relieve pain by binding to unfilled opiate receptors (Figure 6.8). Repeated use of heroin causes a decline in the production of endorphins; then the body needs more heroin to fill the unoccupied opiate receptors to reduce pain. If heroin use is interrupted, the person experiences painful withdrawal symptoms as many opiate receptors remain unfilled (due to a decline in normal endorphin production). Essentially, heroin replaces the body's natural opiates.(Koob & Bloom, 1988).

Rice. 6.8. Treatment drug addiction. a) Heroin binds to opiate receptors and induces feelings of pleasure by mimicking naturally produced endorphins in the body. b) Methadone, a substance similar to heroin (heroin agonist), also binds opiate receptors and causes pleasant sensations. This substance reduces both the craving for heroin and the withdrawal symptoms associated with its absence. c) Naltrexone - a substance that acts opposite to heroin (an antagonist), blocks opiate receptors so that they become inaccessible to heroin. The craving for heroin is not cured, and the substance has proven to be generally ineffective as a treatment.

The results of these studies have led to the development of new drugs that act by modulating opiate receptors. Two classes of substances are used in the treatment of drug dependence: agonists and antagonists. Agonists bind to opiate receptors, inducing a sense of pleasure and thereby reducing craving for opiates, but creating less psychological and physiological disturbance. Antagonists also block opiate receptors but do not activate them; this substance "blocks" the receptors so that they become unavailable to heroin. At the same time, there is no feeling of pleasure and the thirst for heroin is not satisfied (Fig. 6.8).

Methadone is the best-known agonist-type substance used to treat heroin addiction. It is addictive in and of itself, but causes less psychological disorders than heroin, and has little destructive physical action. When taken orally (by mouth) in small doses, it suppresses the craving for heroin and prevents withdrawal.

Naltrexone is a heroin antagonist because it binds more strongly to opiate receptors than heroin itself. Naltrexone is often used in clinical emergency departments to reverse the effects of a heroin overdose. But as a treatment for heroin addiction, it was not effective at all. Curiously, naltrexone reduces cravings for alcohol. Alcohol stimulates the release of endorphins, and naltrexone, by blocking opiate receptors, reduces the pleasant effect of alcohol and, accordingly, the desire to drink it.(Winger, Hoffman & Woods, 1992).

Stimulants

Unlike depressants and opiates, stimulants are called narcotic drugs that increase tone and general level arousal. Their use leads to an increase in the number of monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin) in synapses; this is reminiscent of the effect that would occur if all monoamine-releasing neurons fired at the same time. The result is both a physical excitation of the body (with an increased heart rate and an increase in blood pressure), and a mental excitation, making the individual hyperexcitable.(Kuhn, Swartzwelder & Wilson, 1998).

Amphetamines are powerful stimulants that have the trade names methedrine, dexedrine, and benzedrine and are colloquially known as"speed" (accelerator), "uppers" (lift) and "bennies" (diminutive of "benzedrine"). The immediate effect of using these remedies is to increase susceptibility and reduce feelings of fatigue and boredom. After taking amphetamines, strenuous activities that require endurance seem to be easier. As with other drugs, the main reason for using amphetamines is their ability to change mood and increase self-confidence. They are also used to keep you awake.

Small doses taken for a limited period to overcome fatigue (such as driving at night) appear to be relatively safe. However, when the effects of the amphetamines wear off, there is a compensatory "descent" period during which the user feels depressed, irritable, and tired. He may try to take this remedy again. Tolerance develops quickly and the user needs progressively larger doses for the desired effect. Since high doses can have dangerous side effects - overexcitation, insanity, strong heartbeat and high blood pressure - preparations containing amphetamines should be taken with caution.

When tolerance develops to the point that oral use no longer works, many users inject amphetamines into a vein. Large intravenous doses immediately give a pleasant sensation ("flash" or "arrival"); this sensation is followed by irritability and discomfort, which can only be overcome by an additional injection. If such a sequence is repeated every few hours for a number of days, the case ends with a "bummer" - a deep sleep, followed by a period of apathy and depression. An amphetamine abuser may try to relieve discomfort with alcohol or heroin.

Long-term use of amphetamines is accompanied by a sharp destruction of the physical and mental health. Such a user ("speed freak" - from speed) symptoms indistinguishable from those of acute schizophrenia may develop (see Chapter 15). These include delusions of persecution (the false belief that someone is chasing you or is about to grab you), visual and auditory hallucinations. Delusional states can lead to unmotivated violence. For example, at the height of the amphetamine epidemic in Japan (in the early 1950s, when amphetamines were sold over the counter and advertised as a "drowsy and uplifting" remedy), 50% of homicides over a two-month period were related to amphetamine abuse.(Hemmi, 1969).

Cocaine.Like other stimulants, cocaine, or "coca" - a substance obtained from the dried leaves of the coca plant - increases energy and self-confidence; it gives the user a sense of sharp intelligence and hyper-vigilance. At the beginning of this century, cocaine was widely used and easy to obtain; in fact, it was part of the original Coca-Cola recipe. Then its consumption decreased, but then its popularity began to grow, despite the fact that it is now banned.

Cocaine can be inhaled or made into a solution and injected directly into a vein. It can also be turned into a combustible compound known as crack ("scrap") and smoked.

Freud was one of the first to study the effects of cocaine.(Freud, 1885). Talking about your own experience use of cocaine, he at first praised this remedy and advised its use. However, soon after he treated a friend with cocaine, Freud began to refrain from unconditional support for cocaine, as the results were disastrous. This friend developed a severe addiction, requiring ever larger doses of cocaine, and was in a debilitated state until his death.

As Freud soon discovered, cocaine is easily addictive, despite his previous reports to the contrary. In fact, with the advent of last years more addictive crack, cocaine has become even more dangerous. With repeated use, tolerance develops and withdrawal symptoms appear, although they are not as dramatic as with opiates. The restless irritability that follows the euphoric high, with repeated use, turns into a feeling of overwhelming anguish. As good as the climb was, the descent is just as bad, and the only way to ease it is by taking more cocaine (Figure 6.9).

Rice. 6.9. Molecular action of cocaine. a) A nerve impulse causes the release of mediators that carry a signal through the synapse to the receiving neuron. Some neurotransmitters are then reabsorbed by the original neuron (reabsorption process), while the rest are chemically destroyed and become inactive (decomposition process). These processes are discussed in Chapter 2. b) Several lines of research show that cocaine blocks the reabsorption of three neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) involved in mood regulation. When cocaine interferes with reabsorption, the normal action of these mediators is enhanced; in particular, an excess of dopamine causes a feeling of euphoria. However, prolonged use of cocaine creates a deficiency of these mediators, since their reabsorption for further use is blocked, that is, the body decomposes them faster than it produces. When the normal supply of neurotransmitters is depleted by repeated use of cocaine, euphoria is replaced by anxiety and depression.

Users of high doses of cocaine may experience the same abnormal symptoms as users of strong amphetamines. Common visual hallucinations include flashes of light ("snow sparkles") or moving lights. It is less common, but the feeling that bugs are crawling under the skin - “cocaine bugs” is more disturbing. Hallucinations can be so strong that a person tries to pick out the bugs with a knife. Similar sensations arise due to the spontaneous discharge of sensory neurons under the influence of cocaine.(Weiss, Mirin & Bartel, 1994).

Hallucinogens

Drugs whose main effect is to alter perceptual experience are called hallucinogens, or psychedelics. As a rule, hallucinogens change the user's perception of both external and inner peace. Ordinary environmental stimuli are experienced as new events—for example, sounds and colors appear to be drastically different. The perception of time changes so that minutes can seem like hours. The user may experience auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations and have a reduced ability to distinguish themselves from their surroundings.

Some hallucinogens are extracted from plants: mescaline from a cactus, and psilocybin from mushrooms. Some are synthesized in the laboratory, such as LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and PCP (phencyclidine).

LSD.The drug LSD, or "acid," is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless substance often sold dissolved in sugar cubes or on pieces of paper. This potent substance causes hallucinations at very low doses. Some users have vivid hallucinations of colors and sounds, some have mystical or semi-religious sensations. It is possible for any user—even someone who has received a lot of pleasurable sensations from LSD—to experience an unpleasant startle reaction (this is called a "bad run"). Another backlash on LSD is "the revived past"; it can happen days, weeks, months and even years after the last use of this remedy. With it, a person experiences illusions or hallucinations similar to those that he felt when he used LSD. Since LSD is almost completely eliminated from the body within 24 hours of ingestion, the "revived past" seems to be the recovery of the memory of past sensations.

A more formidable effect of LSD is the user's possible loss of orientation in reality. This alteration of consciousness can lead to irrational and disorientated behavior and, in some cases, a state of panic where the victim feels unable to control what they do and think. In this state, people jumped from a height to their death. LSD was popular in the 1960s, but its use has since declined, perhaps because of widespread reports of the body's severe reactions to the drug. However, there are some signs of renewed interest in LSD and other hallucinogens.(Johnston, O "Malley & Bachman, 1995).

Phencyclidine (PCP, PCP). Although it is sold as a hallucinogen (on the street it is called "angel dust", "Shermans" and "superacid"), in the technical classification of the FTP appears as a dissociative anesthetic. It can cause hallucinations, but it also makes the user feel disconnected from their surroundings.

FTP was first synthesized in 1956 for the purposes of general anesthesia. Its advantage was that it relieved pain without causing deep coma. However, its legal production was suspended when doctors discovered that this substance causes overexcitation, hallucinations and states close to psychotic and reminiscent of schizophrenia in many patients. Because its ingredients are cheap and it is relatively easy to make in your own kitchen, FTP is widely used as a counterfeit to other more expensive street products. Much of what is sold under the guise of THC (the active ingredient in marijuana) is actually FTP.

PCP can be taken in liquid or tablet form, but is more commonly smoked or snorted. In small doses, it desensitizes to pain and gives sensations similar to those after a moderate dose of alcohol: confused thinking, loss of restraint, and poor psychomotor coordination. Higher doses cause disorientation and a coma-like state. Unlike LSD users, the PCP user is unable to observe his drug-induced state and often does not remember anything about it.

cannabis

Cannabis plants have been harvested since ancient times for their psychotropic effects. Dried leaves and flowers, or marijuana, is the form in which it is most commonly used in America; the hardened resin of this plant is hashish(hashish, "hash") is commonly used in the Middle East. Marijuana and hashish are commonly smoked, but can also be taken by mouth, mixed with tea or food. The active ingredient in both substances is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). When taken orally in small doses (5-10mg), THC creates a mild high; larger doses (30-70 mg) cause serious and long-lasting reactions similar to the effect of hallucinogenic drugs. As with alcohol, the response is often divided into two phases: a period of stimulation and euphoria, followed by a period of calm and sleep.

When smoking marijuana, THC is rapidly absorbed by numerous blood vessels lungs. From the lungs, blood is sent directly to the heart and then to the brain, causing euphoria for several minutes. However, THC also accumulates in other organs such as the liver, kidneys, spleen, and intestines. The amount of THC that enters the body depends on how the individual smokes; Cigarette smoking transfers 10 to 20 percent of the THC found in marijuana, while pipe smoking transfers approximately 40 to 50 percent. A water pipe, or bong, keeps the smoke from escaping while it is inhaled by the body, providing effective remedy transmission of TGK. Once in the brain, THC binds to cannabinoid receptors, especially numerous in the hippocampus. Since the hippocampus is involved in the formation of new memories, it is not surprising that marijuana has an inhibitory effect on the formation of memories.(Kuhn, Swartzwelder & Wilson, 1998).

Regular marijuana users report a range of sensory and perceptual changes: a general euphoria and sense of well-being, some distortion of space and time, and changes in social perception. Not all of the sensations caused by marijuana are pleasant. 16% of regular users report restlessness, fears and incoherent thinking as common, and about one-third report experiencing symptoms such as acute panic, hallucinations and unpleasant body image distortions from time to time. Individuals who use marijuana regularly (daily or almost daily) report physical and mental lethargy; about a third show mild forms of depression, anxiety, or irritability(American Psychiatric Associations,1994). It should be noted that marijuana smoke contains even more known carcinogens than tobacco.

Marijuana interferes with difficult tasks. Motor coordination is severely impaired at low to moderate doses; on the reaction time to stop the car and the ability to maneuver when driving on a winding road, this affects unfavorably(Institute of Medicine, 1982). These data clearly show that driving while this agent is in effect is dangerous. The number of car accidents associated with marijuana use is difficult to determine because, unlike alcohol, THC levels in the blood quickly drop, passing into the fatty tissues and organs of the body. Blood test taken two hours after strong dose marijuana, may not show any signs of THC, despite the fact that appearance it is obvious that something is obviously wrong with him. It is estimated that a quarter of all drivers involved in crashes are under the influence of marijuana alone or marijuana in combination with alcohol.(Jones & Lovinger, 1985).

The effects of marijuana may continue long after subjective sensations of euphoria or drowsiness have passed. A study of aircraft pilots in a landing simulator showed that their performance was significantly impaired as much as 24 hours after smoking one marijuana cigarette containing 19mg THC, despite the fact that pilots reported not feeling any residual effect of marijuana on their alertness or other performance indicators(Yesavage et al., 1985). The data brought attention to marijuana use among those working in public safety.

That marijuana interferes with memory functions is a common subjective experience and has been well documented by researchers. Marijuana has two obvious effects on memory. 1) It makes short-term memory more susceptible to interference. For example, a momentary distraction can cause a person to lose the thread of a conversation or forget what they said in the middle of a sentence.(Darley et al., 1973a). 2) Marijuana disrupts learning, meaning it interferes with the transfer of new information from short-term memory to long-term memory(Darley et al., 1977; Darley et al., 1973b). This data suggests that trying to learn while under the influence of marijuana is not a good idea: reproducing the material will be poor.

Table 6.3 lists the effects of the major psychotropic drugs described in this section. In most cases, these are short-term effects. The long-term effects of most drugs, with the exception of nicotine and alcohol, are largely unknown. However, the history of these two common drugs tells us that we must be careful when using any narcotic drug for a long time.

Table 6.3. Effects of major psychotropic drugs

Alcohol	Feeling of lightness in the head, relaxation, removal of barriers, increased self-confidence, slowing down of motor reactions
Heroin	Feeling of well-being, feelings of euphoria, reduced anxiety
amphetamines	Vigor, increased tone, reduced fatigue and boredom
Cocaine	Increased energy and self-confidence, euphoria, anxiety and irritability, high likelihood of addiction
LSD	Hallucinations, mystical experiences, "bad trips", flashbacks
phencyclidine	Feeling disconnected from the environment, insensitivity to pain, confusion, complete removal of barriers, lack of coordination
cannabis	Stimulation and euphoria followed by sedation and sleep, feeling of well-being, distortion of perception of space and time, change in social perception, deterioration in motor coordination, memory impairment

Psychotropic drugs include a list of drugs that are used to treat mental illness and nervous disorders. Psychotropic medications are also used to suppress the symptoms of these conditions. Psychotropic pills include potent substances that induce habit long-term use. Based on this, medicines are dispensed exclusively by prescription.

Mental disorder: symptoms

Mental disorders reflect imbalance peace of mind person.

Mental disorders include a list of such symptoms:

depression;
hallucinations;
unreasonable anxiety, uncontrollable fear;
panic attacks;
asthenia;
mania;
insomnia;
schizophrenia;
delusional states, etc.

The most common type of mental disorder is depression. In this case, the doctor prescribes psychotropic drugs. List of signs of depression:

loss of strength and mood;
delayed reaction;
inhibition of motor activity;
feeling of various feelings that suppress the personality (uncertainty, despair, guilt, lack of sleep, etc.)

In addition to these symptoms, the patient may suffer from excessive sweating, pressure drops, lack of appetite, blues, and other manifestations of an unhealthy condition.

Severe stages of depression can lead to suicide. Therefore, the doctor prescribes a list of drugs for therapy.

Hallucinations can be visual, auditory or tactile. Auditory hallucinations are various imaginary voices, noises, sounds that disturb constantly or are temporary. Visual hallucinations can appear as separate fragments or as a complete picture. Tactile hallucinations often occur after the onset of auditory and visual hallucinations. They can manifest themselves in the form of sensations from an imaginary impact. The patient must be prescribed psychotropic drugs.

Anxious states of the psyche are accompanied by a list of symptoms: severe nervous tension, palpitations, sweating, loss of self-control. Certain fears that are greatly exaggerated in the mind of the patient (fear of heights, fear of confined spaces, fear of transport, and others) can provoke such symptoms.

Panic attacks are uncontrolled seizures panic. Symptoms panic attacks often mistaken for symptoms of heart disease. To take correct list medication, you need to see a doctor.

The asthenic condition is accompanied by a list of such symptoms: severe fatigue, exhaustion, decreased activity, as well as irritability and frequent mood swings. Asthenia can occur after severe overwork, stress.

Mania manifests itself in a highly excited mental, emotional, physical condition person and inappropriate behavior.

The history of the emergence of psychotropics

In the early fifties of the twentieth century, psychotropic drugs were discovered by scientists. Aminazine and Reserpine laid the foundation for modern psychotropic drugs. Until that time, lists of primitive pills were used to treat mental illness: corazole, insulin, caffeine. For the treatment of neurasthenic disorders, lists of sedative drugs based on herbal components were used.

After 1952, substitutes for chlorpromazine and reserpine were studied and synthesized. Scientists have found that analogues of these drugs have a positive effect.

In early 1970, lists of new psychotropic drugs were received, one of which was Piracetam.

In the modern world, a list of psychotropic pills that affect psycho-emotional state person.

Classification of psychotropic pills

Depending on the direction of action, psychotropic and narcotic drugs are divided into the following list:

nootropics - psychotropic drugs that affect the work of the central nervous system;
tranquilizers - drugs that are used for anxiety and fear, have a calming effect;
sedatives also have a suppressive effect on the excited nervous system and are included in the treatment list;
antipsychotic drugs are used in a state of psychosis;
antidepressant medications.

List of nootropic pills

Medicines are used for disorders accompanied by a depressed state of the central nervous system: stroke, encephalitis, metabolic disorders of the body.

For the treatment of these disorders, drugs are widely used:

List of tranquilizer drugs

These are psychotropic drugs that relieve feelings of anxiety, fear, convulsive conditions. With long-term use of drugs on the part of the body, addiction is observed.

Tranquilizers include the following list of drugs:

The drug chlordiazepoxide is used to treat obsessive mental states, neuroses and panic attacks. The use of psychotropic drugs is not addictive.

The drug Lorazepam has a stabilizing effect on the nervous system, has a hypnotic effect. The drug is used for neurosis, phobias.

Diazepam is available in tablet form. The drug blocks anxiety and obsessive states eliminates insomnia.

The psychotropic drug Bromazepam is a potent sedative drug. The medicine is used in the treatment of such a list of symptoms: panic attacks, neuroses and sleep disorders.

Atarax is used to treat asthenic conditions manifestations of various kinds of phobias. The medicine relieves symptoms such as hot flashes, trembling and shortness of breath.

The drug Oxylidine has a sedative effect, accelerates the action of the list of sleeping pills and activates cerebral circulation.

List of sedative psychotropic drugs

Medicines have a calming effect, have a slight hypnotic effect. They are used for mild nervous and mental disorders.

Sedative psychotropic drugs include:

Bromine-containing drugs in mixtures (list of medicines Sodium Bromide, Potassium Bromide, Bromural, Bromocamphor)
Psychotropic drug of plant origin (tinctures of valerian, motherwort, peony, Passiflora herb extract)
Medications Barbiturates (Barbamil, Amytal, Phenobarbital, Barbital-Sodium, Phenibut)
Combined psychotropic drugs (Corvalol, Valocardin, Valosedan, Passit, etc.)

List of psychotropic antipsychotic pills

This is a list of medicines aimed at the treatment of psychosis, and in small doses is used for neurotic disorders. A side effect of drugs is a negative effect on the hormone dopamine. A decrease in dopamine can lead to the development of drug-induced Parkinson's. The main symptom of development this disease muscle stiffness and tremor of the limbs.

List of tablets Antipsychotics are divided into two types:

typical;
atypical.

Typical drugs include a list of drugs strong action, the reception of which has a negative effect on the body, side effects appear.

Atypical drugs include drugs whose active ingredients are the safest and do not cause side effects.

Typical neuroleptics include a list of drugs:

The psychotropic drug Tizercin is widely used in the treatment of disorders associated with delusional states, in small quantities the drug can have a hypnotic effect.

Atypical antipsychotics, list of drugs:

The psychotropic drug Clozapine has mild sedative properties, the effect of the drug is aimed at treating hallucinations and delusions. Minimal Risk development of side effects.

Psychotropic drug Risperidone. Action this medicine It is aimed at eliminating the symptoms of psychosis, hallucinations, delusions, obsessive-compulsive disorders.

The psychotropic drug Olanzapine is prescribed for catatonic states and mental disorders. Side effect when long-term use is the tendency to become obese.

This is a list of the main psychotropic antipsychotic drugs that are widely used in medical practice treatment of mental disorders.

List of psychotropic antidepressant medications

This list of psychotropic drugs has a sedative effect on anxiety states and normalizes nervous activity. Medicines are divided into soothing, stimulating and balanced.

The mechanism of action of the list of psychotropic drugs is very diverse. In most cases of mental illness, antidepressants and neuroleptics are used. Depending on the patient's condition, the ratio of doses may vary as prescribed by the doctor. Psychotropic drugs affect the transmitted impulses of the brain and change the ratio of neurotransmitters, as well as change the metabolic processes of the central nervous system. Neurotransmitter drugs include human hormones - endorphins, serotonin, dopamine and others.

Side effects

Since the doses used to treat patients are usually higher than normal, in most cases, side effects are observed, due to which it may be necessary to stop taking the list of tablets.

Side effects can be manifested in the form of dryness in the mouth, there may be sensations of dry skin, increased sweating, disorders from gastrointestinal tract, fluctuations in the heartbeat, impaired urination. All these symptoms of remedies soon disappear.

If there is a deterioration in the state of a person's physical health, treatment is stopped and replaced with other psychotropic drugs.

Violations may occur endocrine system. In women, it manifests itself in the form of menstrual irregularities, and in men there are problems with potency. This tolerances in the treatment of psychotropic drugs, which gradually pass and do not require medical intervention.

Liver dysfunction may also occur. The list of remedies causes failure symptoms: headaches, hepatic colic, nausea and vomiting. With these manifestations, you need to stop taking the list of drugs and consult a doctor, as liver failure may develop.

Another violation in the work of the human body can be a drop in the level of leukocytes below the permissible norm of 3500. This indicator requires the immediate cessation of treatment with a list of funds.

It is important to remember that taking a list psychotropic drugs you need to start only in extreme acute cases of mental disorders, as they affect the personal qualities of a person, his activity and social orientation. Wherever possible, alternative exit routes should be used. depressive states, for example, contact a psychologist and try to solve the problem without taking pills.