Psychotropic injections. History of psychotropics

The body is an extremely complex biochemical device, chemical reactions and whose flows occur rhythmically and in harmony with each other. Their flow is characterized by special sequences, certain ratios and strictly proportional flow rates. When a foreign substance, such as a psychotropic drug, is introduced into the body, these flows and internal mechanisms are disrupted. Drugs can speed up, slow down, stop, increase or stop the flow of critical metabolic components.

This is why psychotropic substances cause side effects. In fact, this is exactly what they do. Psychotropic substances do not cure anything. However, the human body is endowed with an unmatched ability to withstand and defend against such interference. The body's various systems defend themselves by trying to process the foreign substance and work hard to balance its effects on the body.

But the body cannot resist indefinitely. Sooner or later, his systems begin to break down. Something similar would happen with a car filled with rocket fuel: you might be able to drive it at a thousand miles per hour, but the tires, engine and internal components of the car were not designed for this; the car breaks into pieces.

Psychotropic drugs intended for children cause very serious side effects.

Stimulants prescribed for ADHD Under no circumstances should it be given to children under six years of age. Adverse reactions taking these medications include: nervousness, insomnia, hypersensitivity, lack of appetite, nausea, dizziness, headaches, lethargy, swings blood pressure and pulse, tachycardia, sore throat, lower abdominal pain, weight loss and toxic psychosis. Some children develop uncontrollable tics and twisting, known as Tourette's syndrome.

Strong tranquilizers, antipsychotic drugs, often cause difficulty thinking, impair the ability to concentrate, cause nightmares, emotional dullness, depression, despair, sexual dysfunction. Physical consequences of taking psychotropic substances include tardive dyskinesia- sudden, uncontrollable and painful muscle spasms, twitching, grimacing, especially in the face, lips, tongue and limbs; the face turns into a terrifying mask. Psychotropic drugs also cause akathisia, an acute state of anxiety that research shows triggers agitation and psychosis. Potentially fatal is “neuroleptic malignant syndrome,” which includes muscle stiffness, changes in state of consciousness, irregular pulse, changes in blood pressure, and heart problems.

Mild tranquilizers or benzodiazepines contribute to: apathy, delirium, confusion, nervousness, sexual problems, hallucinations, nightmares, acute depression, extreme restlessness, insomnia, nausea, muscle tremors. Sudden termination psychotropic drugs led to epileptic seizures and death. Therefore, it is important to never stop taking these medications abruptly or without proper medical supervision, even if you have only been taking psychotropic medications for two weeks.

Sedatives (hypnotics) the drugs often cause the side effects listed above, as well as a hangover, a state of "drunkenness", loss of coordination (ataxia) and skin rashes.

Antidepressants (tricyclics) capable of causing sleepy state, lethargy, apathy, difficulty thinking, confusion, inability to concentrate, memory problems, nightmares, feelings of panic, extreme restlessness, as well as delirium, manic reactions, hallucinations, seizures, fever, low white blood cell counts (with associated risk of infections), liver damage, heart attacks, paralysis

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can cause headaches, nausea, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, nightmares, loss of appetite, impotence, confusion and akathisia. An estimated 10 to 25 percent of SSRI users experience akathisia, often accompanied by suicidal ideation, feelings of hostility, and violent behavior.

If you are worried about something - for example, such an everyday problem as relationships with loved ones, friends, parents or teachers, or your child's performance at school - taking any psychotropic substance, be it a street drug or a psychiatric drug, do not will help solve it. If the purpose of a psychotropic drug is to feel better about depression, sadness, or anxiety, the relief will only be short-term. If the problem is not solved or started to be resolved, the person often becomes worse over time than before. When the psychotropic drug wears off, any pain, discomfort, or distress you had before taking it may become worse; this may cause a person to continue taking and taking this drug.

RESEARCH ON PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS

Psychiatrists are not among those who do not know about this.

The scientific evidence showing the link between violence, suicide and psychiatric drugs is staggering.

Perhaps most revealing is the statement of Candace B. Pert, researcher medical center Georgetown University in Washington, published in an issue of the magazine " Half " from October 20, 1997: "I am alarmed by the monster that I and Johns Hopkins neurologist Solomon Snyder created when we discovered a simple drug receptor binding assay 25 years ago... the public is being misled about the accuracy of these selective inhibitors [neuronal] serotonin reuptake, since medicine oversimplifies their effects in the brain..."

1. An examination showed that the psychotropic drug Luvox was present in a therapeutic dose in the blood of Eric Harris, one of the murdered suspects in the Columbine School incident. May 4, 1999 TV channel branch ABC (ABC) in Colorado reported that Luvox - trademark fluvoxamine, which research shows may reduce manic states." This is confirmed by an article in (American Journal of Psychiatry) under the title "Mania and Fluvoxamine," which states that "the drug may reduce mania in certain people when given in normal doses."

Additionally, a study conducted at Hadissa-Hebrew University Medical School in Jerusalem, published in Annals of Pharmacotherapy(Annals of Pharmacotherapy), concluded with the following statement about Luvox: “Our studies have shown that fluvoxamine is able to reduce or, conversely, develop manic behavior in depressed patients. Clinicians should carefully monitor this “switching effect” ... "

2. A psychiatrist and drug expert states: “According to the manufacturer, Solvay Corporation, 4% of children and youth taking Luvox experienced manic symptoms during short-term clinical trials. Mania is a psychosis that can produce strange, grandiose, well-thought-out destructive plans, including mass murder......"

3. Newspaper " New York Post" reported on January 31, 1999 that, through the Freedom of Information Act, it had obtained documents showing that a New York psychiatric institute was testing Prozac (fluoxetine) on children as young as six years old. The psychiatric researchers' own documents state that " Some patients experienced an increase in suicidal thoughts and/or violent behavior." Another side effect - wild manic outbursts - was also noted in the researchers' reports.

4. A study conducted at Yale University School of Medicine and published in The Journal of The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry(Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry) in March 1991, showed that six of 42 patients studied, aged 10 to 17 years, began or worsened self-destructive behavior during treatment with antidepressants.

5. Study published in September 1998 in The Journal of Forensic Science(Journal of Forensic Sciences), found that of the 392 teenagers who committed suicide in Paris between 1989 and 1996, 35 percent were using psychoactive drugs.

6. A 1995 Nordic conference reported that new antidepressants, in particular, have the stimulant effects of amphetamines, and users of these drugs may become "aggressive" or "suffer from hallucinations and/or suicidal ideation."

7. A group of researchers from Canada studying the effects of psychotropic drugs on prisoners found that " violent, aggressive incidents are significantly more likely to occur with prisoners who are taking psychotropic (psychiatric or mind-altering) treatment, compared to when these prisoners were not taking psychotropic drugs" [emphasis added] Prisoners who took strong tranquilizers exhibited more than twice the rate of violence compared to when they were not taking psychiatric drugs.

8. In an article published in 1964 ("American Journal of Psychiatry") it was reported that strong tranquilizers (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, mellaril, etc.) can "cause an acute psychotic reaction in the individual, not previously psychotic". [emphasis added]

9. A 1970 textbook on the side effects of psychiatric drugs noted the potential for violence inherent in these drugs; stated that "in fact, even acts of violence such as murder and suicide have been associated with anger reactions caused by chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium)."

10. Valium later replaced Xanax (alprazolam) as the most common mild tranquilizer. According to a 1984 study of Xanax, "extreme rage and hostile behavior were present in eight of the first eighty patients we treated with alprazolam (Xanax)."

11. 1985 Xanax Study Reported American Journal of Psychiatry(American Journal of Psychiatry) found that 58 percent of patients treated with the drug experienced severe “loss of control,” which is violence and loss of self-control, compared with just eight percent of those given a placebo.

12. An article published in 1975 described negative impact strong tranquilizers, called "akathisia" (from the Greek a- i.e. "without" or "not" and kathisia- that is, "sitting"), first discovered as the inability of people who took the drug to sit quietly and comfortably.

13. In his publication The Many Faces of Akathisia, researcher Theodore Van Putten reported that almost half of the 110 people examined suffered from akathisia. He described what happens to people after taking these drugs. One woman began banging her head against the wall three days after being injected with a powerful tranquilizer. Another, who was given the drugs for five days, experienced "a surge of hallucinations, screaming, even more eccentric thinking, outbursts of aggression and self-destruction, and excited running or dancing." Another claimed that she felt hostility, hated everyone, and heard voices teasing her.

14. Dr. William Wirsching, a psychiatrist at the University of California, Los Angeles, reported at the 1991 American Psychiatric Association annual meeting that five patients developed akathisia while taking Prozac. Dr. Wirsching was sure that all of them were "pushed to the intention of committing suicide" by akathisia.

15. In 1986, a study published in American Journal of Psychiatry, stated that patients taking the antidepressant Elavil "...were markedly more hostile, restless and impulsive in behavior...the increase in defiant behavior and violent acts was statistically significant."

16. In a study of children taking Elavil, published in 1980 Psychosomatics, it was indicated that some of them became hostile or hysterical. One of the children began to "become extremely restless and angry, running around excessively and shouting that he was no longer afraid, that 'he was no longer a chicken.'"

17. In one of the articles published in American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry(American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry) in 1985, described "extreme acts of physical violence" caused by akathisia due to the use of haldol (haloperidol). These cases included acts of extreme, senseless, bizarre and brutal violence.

It is sometimes claimed that the violence occurred because the individual "did not take his medicine." These theses are carried out in the means mass media in the interests of psychiatry, in order to divert attention from psychotropic drugs as a source of violence. It is psychotropic drugs that cause such conditions. Several studies illustrate this point.

18. In February 1990, Dr. Marvin Teicher, a Harvard psychiatrist, reported The American Journal of Psychiatry that in six patients suffering from depression, but not suicidal, developed intense, violent, suicidal urges within a few weeks of taking Prozac.

Letters from doctors that followed this publication, published in The American Journal of Psychiatry And The New England Journal of Medicine(New England Journal of Medicine) reported similar observations. A report in The New England Journal of Medicine noted that patients did not show suicidal tendencies before taking the psychotropic drug, and that their suicidal thoughts stopped abruptly when they stopped taking the drug.

19. In 1995, nine Australian psychiatrists warned that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) should be marketed with warnings about their risks, after some patients self-harmed or became violent after taking the drugs. “I didn’t want to die, I just felt like my flesh was being torn to pieces,” one of the patients told them. Another stated, "I took my cane-cutting machete in my right hand and wanted to chop off my left at the wrist." Self-destructive symptoms began after starting treatment or increasing doses, and decreased or disappeared after the drugs were stopped.

20. A study published in 1988 showed the tendency of the powerful tranquilizer haldol (haloperidol) to exacerbate hostile and violent behavior. According to the study, many people who were not violent before treatment with the drug, " became significantly more violent on haloperidol" [emphasis added] The researchers who conducted this study linked the observed increase in violent behavior to akathisia.

21. Report published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, gave an example of agitation that can accompany akathisia. Describing the behavior of a man who had started taking haloperidol four days earlier, the researchers noted that he "... became uncontrollably agitated, could not sit still, and ran for several hours" [emphasis added] After complaining of strong urges to attack someone around him, the man attempted to kill his dog.

Another little-known fact is that withdrawal from psychotropic medications can turn a person into a raving lunatic. This drug-induced effect is easily hidden because often after a violent crime has been committed, psychiatrists and their allied organizations, such as pharmaceutical companies The National Association of the Mentally Ill (NAMI) blames an individual's violent behavior on failure to take medication. However, the truth is that extreme violence is a repeatedly documented side effect termination taking psychotropic drugs.

22. In 1995, conducted in Denmark medical research showed following symptoms withdrawal symptoms caused by dependence on psychotropic drugs: “emotional changes: horror, fear, panic, fear of insanity, loss of self-confidence, restlessness, nervousness, aggression, urge to destroy and, in the worst cases, urge to kill." [emphasis added].

23. In 1996 National Center Preferred Medicine, a group of New Zealand doctors, has released a report on "acute drug withdrawal", which states that withdrawal from psychoactive drugs can cause:

a reaction effect that exacerbates pre-existing symptoms of the “disease”, and

new symptoms that are not related to the patient’s previous condition and which he has not yet experienced.

Antidepressants can cause "agitation, acute depression, hallucinations, aggression, hypomania and akathisia."

Janet, a teenager who was prescribed a mild tranquilizer and antidepressants, claims that while coming off these drugs, she began to have violent thoughts and had to control her aggressive impulses, including the urge to hit anyone who refused to give in. its dose, gradually lowering it. “I had never had these urges before. These new sensations were not part of the so-called “mental illness” that I was supposed to have; I had never been aggressive before being prescribed these medications. After I gradually and slowly came off them, I have never experienced such uncontrollable aggressive urges again."

As noted earlier, even the American Psychiatric Association admits in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual that one of the important “complications” of weaning off Ritalin, a psychotropic drug now prescribed to millions of children, is suicide.

The withdrawal effects of psychotropic medications can be brutal; they require close medical supervision to ensure the person can safely detoxify from the drug. As an example, Stevie Nicks of the rock band Fleetwood Mac talks about the serious difficulties of detoxing from psychotropic drugs: "I'm one of the people who realized that this is what was killing me. [the psychiatric drug Klonopin]." It took her 45 days to wean off Klonopin. "I was seriously ill for 45 days, very, very sick. And I've seen generations of drug addicts come and go. You know, heroin addicts, 12 days... and they're gone. And I'm still here."

When we consider these studies and the dramatic increase in the use of mind-altering psychotropic drugs by children and adults alike, the reasons for the rise in senseless violence become clear.

TO psychotropic drugs include drugs that affect human mental activity. Seizures symptoms that appear despite the use of anticonvulsants require discontinuation of treatment with psychotropic drugs.

It must be remembered that when treating mentally ill patients with psychotropic drugs, the dosages used significantly exceed the highest daily doses of psychotropic drugs indicated in the Pharmacopoeia. Psychotropic drugs often cause side effects, in some cases so severe that they require stopping treatment and using medications to eliminate the complications that have developed.

It is necessary to immediately stop treatment with psychotropic drugs, as acute yellow liver atrophy may develop.

A drop in the white blood cell count below 3500 with the simultaneous disappearance of granulocytes requires immediate cessation of treatment with psychotropic drugs. Skin allergic dermatitis occurs more often with additional action ultraviolet light. Therefore, patients are not recommended to be in the sun during treatment with psychotropic drugs.

General principles of classification Since 1950, after the synthesis of largactil (synonym: chlorpromazine, aminazine), psychotropic drugs quickly found use in psychiatric practice. The usual daily dose is 50-200 mg; max, extra - 500 mg. Major and minor tranquilizers make up the main group of psychotropic drugs - neuroplegics.

See also Psychotomimetic drugs. 1. Control applies to all products and substances specified in this list, no matter what brand names (synonyms) they are designated by.

Psychotropic drugs

These are typical antipsychotics that have all the basic properties of this group of drugs. Aminazine potentiates the effect of anesthesia, anticonvulsants, hypnotics, and analgesics. Triftazin can also be used as an antiemetic.

The occurrence of thrombosis and thromboembolism during treatment with psychotropic drugs requires immediate cessation of treatment. The drugs in each of these groups differ in the intensity of action (at equivalent dosages).

Characteristics of individual drugs In psychiatric practice, doses are often used that are many times higher than those indicated in the pharmacopoeia. They are designated in this article as maximum.

The usual daily dose is 3-10 mg; max. - 20 mg. 3. Haloanisone (sedalant).

List II[edit edit wiki text]

Minor tranquilizers The most commonly used minor tranquilizers (in part, these are minor antidepressants) include the following drugs. For more detailed pharmaco-clinical characteristics of the drugs in the group listed above, see Neuroplegics.

Psychotropic substances[edit edit wiki text]

Substances classified as neuroleptics, such as nosinan, taractan, and frenolone, are quite widely used as antidepressants. The list of substances for which criminal liability occurs is not limited to this list.

Drugs of each of these groups are prescribed for corresponding mental illnesses and neuroses. Antipsychotic drugs have an antipsychotic (eliminate delusions, hallucinations) and sedative (reduce feelings of anxiety, restlessness) effect.

List of narcotic drugs

Triftazin has an antiemetic effect. Release form: tablets of 0.005 g and 0.01 g; 1 ml ampoules of 0.2% solution.

THIOPROPERAZINE (pharmacological synonyms: mazeptil) is an antipsychotic drug with a stimulating effect. Side effects of thioproperazine, indications for use and contraindications are similar to those for triftazine. PERICIAZINE (pharmacological synonyms: neuleptil) - the antipsychotic effect of the drug is combined with a sedative - “behavior corrector”.

Mental disorders manifested by lethargy are primarily various depressive syndromes- treated with antidepressants.

Side effects that occur most often in the first two to four weeks after the start of treatment. These phenomena special treatment not required. Rare functional disorders thyroid gland or disorders in the form of Itsenko-Cushing syndrome (see Itsenko-Cushing disease) require cessation of treatment.

Side effects that appear at different times after the start of treatment. Some of them are able to eliminate hallucinations, delusions, catatonic disorders and have an antipsychotic effect, others have only a general calming effect.

In a similar way, we can talk about “big” and “small” antidepressants. Substances that cause mental disorders include mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and sernyl.

The most commonly used psychoanaleptic drugs (antidepressants) include the following. 3. Transit through the territory Russian Federation narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors included in this list are prohibited.

In this article we will briefly look at the most well-known psychotropic drugs.

1. Cocaine;
2. Heroin;
3. Amphetamine;
4. P.S.P. (Phenccyclidine);
5. Simulated drugs;
6. Anabolic steroid;
7. Inhalants;
8. Marijuana;
9. Tobacco;
10. Alcohol

These include marijuana, tobacco and alcohol, because virtually all drug addicts started out with one of these three. The earlier a person starts using first-step drugs, the greater the likelihood of moving on to stronger drugs.

Cocaine addiction:

• It occurs 19 times more often in a smoker than in a person who does not smoke;
• 50 times more likely in someone who regularly drinks alcohol;
• 85 times more likely in someone who used marijuana.

Marijuana.

Grown almost everywhere, it contains the substance THC, which is adsorbed by the brain.
Today, marijuana is 3-7 times stronger than it was 20 years ago.

Marijuana acts as a stimulant or depressant, causing lethargy and dulling reactions, relaxing. It all depends on the quantity active component in marijuana. Those who smoke marijuana deeply inhale unfiltered smoke - this leads to lung cancer because the lungs and pulmonary system are damaged.

A person who begins to use alcohol, tobacco or marijuana more than others is tempted to switch to stronger drugs. It's easy to think, “This will never happen to me. I can’t be tempted by “hard” drugs, and smoking a second cigarette just helps me maintain a good mood and disconnect from problems for a while.”

Drugs will never help you in life. Problems don't go away with drug use. When the effect of the drug wears off, the person finds himself in the same situation, with the same problems as before. But the situation is getting worse - drug addiction appears.

Tobacco.

main reason premature death. Smokers aged 30-40 years are five times more likely to suffer heart attacks than non-smokers of the same age. Cigarettes contain 4,000 different chemical compounds, of which nicotine is the most addictive.

Diseases caused by smoking:

1. Lungs' cancer;
2. Emphysema;
3. Narrowing of the coronary vessels of the heart, etc.

Less than 20% of smokers can quit after the first cigarette. Tobacco is not just an everyday habit, it is a craving due to addiction to the drug. The craving to smoke constantly is caused by the body's impulse to maintain a certain level of nicotine in the blood.

If the level falls below established norm, attraction intensifies, the person is easily irritated and nervous. More than 80% of smokers started smoking before the age of 18. Every ten seconds a person dies from a disease caused by smoking.

The level of nicotine in the blood of an infant is the same as that of an adult if their mother smoked during pregnancy; the first few days of their life they suffer from nicotine withdrawal. A child of a mother who smoked can be considered an ex-smoker, even if the mother only inhaled the smoke.
Each cigarette shortens life by 5.5 minutes. It takes the body approximately 10 years to get rid of the effects of smoking. Smoking can cause many diseases: bronchitis, difficulty breathing, heart disease, cancer, etc.

Alcohol.

The oldest and most famous narcotic substance. It increases aggressiveness and distorts the idea of ​​morality, which is why there are so many crimes in the sexual field. 66% suicides and 60% cases of illness venereal diseases happened due to alcohol. This is a narcotic drug that is more often purchased.

The idea that alcohol is different from other drugs is false and needs to be refuted. Alcohol- the step of transition to marijuana is the “open door” to almost all other drugs. Thousands of people die every day from alcohol. People who are alcohol dependent have three times the risk of developing laryngeal cancer and ten times the risk of dying from severe liver disease than those who don't drink. 50% of murders were committed while intoxicated.

Most road accidents happen due to drunk drivers. Alcoholism leads to family quarrels, divorces, fights, begging and street violence. Why? How many generations have drank, how many children have been conceived in a state where they do not remember who their father is - and such conditions accumulate and are passed on from generation to generation.

Anabolic steroid

Anabolic steroids are the common name for synthetic versions of the male sex hormone testosterone. The correct term for these compounds is anabolic androgenic steroids (anabolic - due to the effects on muscles; androgenic - due to the enhancement of male sexual characteristics).

Anabolic steroids can be legally prescribed to treat diseases caused by steroid hormone deficiency, such as delayed puberty, as well as diseases associated with muscle loss (such as cancer and AIDS). But some athletes, bodybuilders and others abuse these drugs to increase strength and/or improve their appearance.

The effects of anabolic steroids are different from the effects of other drugs; they do not have the same effect on the brain. The most important difference is that steroids do not trigger a rapid increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is responsible for addiction to other drugs. However, long-term use of anabolic steroids affects the dopamine, serotonin and opioid systems, and therefore can have a significant impact on mood and behavior.

Abuse of anabolic steroids can lead to the development of aggression and other psychiatric problems. Scientists note that they can cause severe mood swings, manic symptoms, anger, violence, paranoid jealousy, irritability, impaired judgment, feeling of invincibility.

The use of anabolic steroids can lead to addiction. People may continue to use them despite physical problems and Negative influence on social relationships, which reflects the narcotic potential of these substances.

People who abuse anabolic steroids may suffer from withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking them - including mood swings, fatigue, insomnia, loss of appetite, anxiety, depression, decreased sex drive and steroid cravings.

Steroid abuse can lead to serious, even irreversible, health problems - kidney failure, liver damage, heart enlargement, increased blood pressure, changes in cholesterol levels. This may lead to an increased risk of stroke and heart attack(even among young people).

Taking steroids usually causes acne and fluid retention, as well as gender- and age-related effects:

1. In men - decreased testicular size, decreased sperm count or infertility, baldness, development of female breasts (gynecomastia), increased risk of prostate cancer.
2. In women, facial hair growth, male pattern baldness, changes or cessation menstrual cycle, enlargement of the clitoris, deepening of the voice.
3. In adolescents, growth retardation due to premature maturation bone tissue, accelerated puberty.

Additionally, people taking injectable steroids have an additional risk of contracting or transmitting HIV/AIDS or hepatitis.

Cocaine

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant drug made from coca leaves, native to South America. It causes short-lived euphoria, increased energy and talkativeness, in addition to potentially harmful physical influence– increased heart rate and blood pressure.

The powder form of cocaine is inhaled through the nose (where it is absorbed by the mucous membranes) or dissolved in water and then injected into the bloodstream.

Crack is a form of crystal cocaine that is smoked. The crystals are heated to produce vapors that enter the bloodstream through the lungs.

The strength and duration of cocaine's rewarding effects varies depending on the methods of administration. Injecting or smoking cocaine quickly delivers the drug into the bloodstream and brain, causing a faster and stronger but less lasting high than snorting it. The high from snorting cocaine can last 15-30 minutes, the high from smoking can last 5-10 minutes.

To maintain their high, people who use cocaine often use it repeatedly for a relatively short period of time, often in higher doses. This easily leads to addiction, which occurs due to changes in the brain and is characterized by uncontrolled drug seeking without paying attention to the consequences.

Cocaine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that increases levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Normally, dopamine is released by neurons in response to a possible pleasure (for example, the smell of good food), and then returns back to the cells, stopping the transmission of signals between them. Cocaine causes dopamine to accumulate in synapses. This enhances the effects of dopamine and disrupts normal signaling in the brain. It is this buildup of dopamine that causes the cocaine high.

With repeated use, cocaine can cause long-term damage to the brain that can lead to drug addiction. At the same time, tolerance to it often develops - many cocaine addicts cannot achieve the same level of pleasure as was observed when they first took it. Some addicts increase their dose in an attempt to intensify and prolong their high, but this also increases the risk of pathological psychological or physiological effects.

Cocaine affects the body in a variety of ways. It constricts blood vessels, dilates pupils and increases body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure. The drug also causes headache and gastrointestinal complications (nausea and abdominal pain). Because cocaine impairs appetite, addicts may become malnourished.

What's even scarier is that people who use cocaine can suffer from heart attacks and strokes, which can lead to sudden death. Cocaine-related deaths often result from cardiac arrest followed by respiratory arrest.

People who use cocaine also have an increased risk of contracting HIV, even if they use disposable needles, because cocaine intoxication impairs judgment and can lead to unsafe sex.

Some of the effects of cocaine depend on the method of administration. Regular snorting of the drug can lead to loss of smell, persistent runny nose, nosebleeds, difficulty swallowing and hoarseness. Ingesting cocaine may cause severe necrosis intestines as a result of decreased blood flow. Intravenous administration of the drug can lead to severe anaphylactic reactions and increases the risk of infection with HIV, hepatitis C and other blood-borne diseases.

Cocaine abuse can lead to anxiety, irritability, and restlessness. Cocaine addicts may also suffer from severe paranoia, in which they lose touch with the real world and experience auditory hallucinations.

Cocaine is most dangerous when combined with other drugs or alcohol (polydrug addiction). For example, a combination of cocaine and heroin (speedball) has a particularly high risk fatal overdose.

Heroin

Heroin is an opioid drug that is chemically produced from morphine, extracted from the opium poppy. Heroin appears as a white or brown powder, or as a black sticky substance (“black heroin tar”).

Heroin can be injected, snorted, or smoked. With all three routes of administration, the drug enters the brain very quickly, which contributes to its harm to health and the high risk of developing drug addiction.

When the drug enters the brain, it is converted into morphine, which attaches to the opioid receptors of neurons. These receptors are located in different parts of the brain and throughout the body, especially those involved in the perception of pain and pleasure. Opioid receptors are also located in the brainstem, which controls automatic processes critical to life, such as blood pressure, breathing and arousal.

From an overdose of heroin, respiratory suppression often develops, which disrupts the supply of oxygen to the brain, hypoxia develops, which can cause short-term and long-term psychological and neurological consequences, including coma and permanent damage to the central nervous system.

After intravenous injection of heroin, drug addicts experience a surge of euphoria, accompanied by dry mouth, a feeling of warmth in the skin, heaviness in the limbs and impaired consciousness.

The long-term effects of heroin on the brain are the development of tolerance and addiction. Heroin causes damage to the white matter of the brain, which can affect decision-making, the ability to control behavior, and responses to stressful situations.

Heroin addiction leads to a number of serious diseases, including fatal overdose, spontaneous abortions, and is associated with infectious diseases (AIDS and hepatitis). Drug addicts may develop infective endocarditis, abscesses, constipation and spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and liver diseases.

Due to poor general health and the effects of heroin on breathing, an addict may experience pulmonary complications, including different types pneumonia.

In addition, heroin often contains toxic substances or additives that can harm the lungs, liver, kidneys or brain, causing irreversible damage vital organs.

Chronic use of heroin leads to the development of physical dependence, a condition in which the body adapts to the presence of the drug. If addicts sharply reduce or stop taking heroin, they may experience severe symptoms withdrawal syndrome.

These symptoms, which may begin within a few hours of the last drug use, include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps. Addicts also experience intense cravings for heroin during withdrawal.

Heroin use during pregnancy is also associated with low birth weight. In addition, if the expectant mother regularly uses the drug, the infant may be born with a physical dependence on heroin and suffer from neonatal abstinence syndrome, the treatment of which requires hospitalization.

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (synonyms: meth, chalk, crystal, ice, meth) is a very strong stimulant drug that is chemically similar to amphetamine. It comes in the form of a white, bitter-tasting, odorless crystalline powder.

Methamphetamine is taken orally, smoked, snorted, dissolved in water or alcohol, and injected intravenously. Smoking or injecting the drug quickly releases it into the brain, where it produces an immediate, intense euphoria. Because the pleasure quickly wears off, addicts often take repeated doses.

Methamphetamine increases the amount of dopamine, leading to increased levels of this substance in the brain. Dopamine is involved in the feeling of pleasure, motivation, and motor functions. Methamphetamine's ability to quickly release dopamine in pleasure areas results in the "high" feeling that many addicts experience. Repeated use of methamphetamine can easily lead to addiction.

People who take methamphetamine for a long time may experience anxiety, impaired consciousness, insomnia, mood disorders, aggressive behavior, and symptoms of psychosis such as paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions.

Chronic methamphetamine use is associated with chemical and molecular changes in the brain—changes in the activity of the dopamine system—that are associated with decreased motor skills and impaired verbal learning. Methamphetamine addicts exhibit structural and functional changes in areas of the brain associated with emotion and memory, which may explain many of the emotional and cognitive problems found in these individuals.

Some of these brain changes persist for a long time after stopping methamphetamine, although some may turn after abstaining from the drug for a long time (for example, more than one year).

Taking even small amounts of methamphetamine can produce the same physical effects seen with other stimulants (cocaine or amphetamines). They include increased wakefulness, physical activity, decreased appetite, increased breathing, tachycardia, rhythm disturbances, arterial hypertension, and increased body temperature.

Long-term use of methamphetamine has many negative effects on physical health, including severe weight loss, serious dental problems and skin ulcers.

Methamphetamine use also increases the risk of contracting infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis B and C through sharing contaminated needles or syringes and unsafe sex. Regardless of route of administration, methamphetamine impairs decision making and inhibition, and can lead to risky behavior.

Taking methamphetamine may worsen the progression of HIV/AIDS and its consequences.

Inhalants

Inhalants are a wide range of substances—including solvents, aerosols, gases, and nitrites—that are rarely, if ever, taken by any other route of administration.

Types of inhalants:

1. Volatile solvents are liquids that evaporate at room temperature.
   • Industrial or household products including paint thinners, degreasers, dry cleaning fluid, gasoline and lighter fluid.
   • Office solvents, including correction fluid, felt-tip pen fluid, glue.
2. Aerosols are sprays that contain solvents and propellants.
   • Household aerosol propellants such as aerosol paints and deodorants, commercial sprays, computer cleaning aerosols, cooking oil sprays.
3. Gases – found in household and commercial products and used as medical anesthetics.
   • Residential or commercial products including butane and propane, whip cream aerosol or dispensers, refrigerants.
   • Medical anesthetics such as ether, chloroform, halothane and nitrous oxide.
4. Nitrites – used primarily as sexual enhancers.
   • Organic nitrites are volatile substances that include cyclohexyl, butyl, amyl nitrite, commonly known as "poppers". Amyl nitrite is still used in some medical procedures.

Many products can be found around the home or workplace—such as spray paint, markers, adhesives, and cleaning fluids—that contain volatile substances that have psychoactive properties when inhaled. People usually do not think of these products as drugs since they are not intended for that purpose. However, these products are sometimes overused. They are especially abused by children and adolescents.

People inhale inhalants through the nose or mouth in a variety of ways—vapor from a container or bag, spraying an aerosol, or placing a chemical-soaked tissue in the mouth. Although the high caused by inhalants usually lasts only a few minutes, addicts often try to prolong it by repeatedly inhaling the substance over several hours.

Typically, people abuse different inhalants at different ages. Teenagers aged 12-15 years most often inhale vapors from glue, shoe polish, aerosol paint, gasoline, and lighter fluid; At the age of 16-17 years, nitrous oxide or “wippets” are more likely to be inhaled. Adults most commonly consume nitrites (such as amyl nitrite or “poppers”).

Most inhalants, except nitrites, are central nervous system depressants. Their effects are similar - including slurred speech, lack of coordination, euphoria and dizziness.

People who abuse inhalants may also experience hallucinations and delusions. With repeated inhalations, many people feel drowsy for several hours and experience a lingering headache.

Nitrites, unlike other inhalants, increase sexual pleasure by dilating blood vessels.

With repeated use, dependence on inhalants may occur, although not very often.

The chemicals found in various inhalants can cause a variety of short-term effects, such as nausea and vomiting, as well as more serious long-term effects such as kidney and liver damage, hearing loss, bone marrow problems, loss of coordination, and limb spasms. -damage to myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibers that helps transmit signals in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Inhalants can also cause damage to the brain by reducing the amount of oxygen available to the brain.

Inhaling inhalants can even be fatal. Inhaling highly concentrated chemicals from solvents or aerosols can directly lead to heart failure within minutes. Sudden death can occur from even a single episode of inhalant use in an otherwise healthy young person.

High concentrations of inhalants can also cause death from asphyxiation, especially when inhaled from paper and plastic bags or indoors. When using aerosols or volatile products for their legitimate purposes, such as painting or cleaning, do so in well-ventilated areas or outdoors.

Nitrites are a special class of inhalants that are inhaled to enhance sexual pleasure. Taking them may be associated with unsafe sex, which increases the risk of infection and spread infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS or hepatitis.

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogenic compounds found in certain plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) have been used for centuries, typically in religious rituals.

Almost all hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are classified as alkaloids. Many of them have a chemical structure similar to natural neurotransmitters.

Although the precise mechanisms of action of hallucinogens remain unclear, research suggests that these drugs, at least in part, temporarily interfere with the effects of neurotransmitters or bind to their receptors.

The four most common hallucinogens are described below:

1. LSD (diethylamided-lysergic acid) is one of the most powerful mood-altering substances. It was discovered in 1938 and was produced from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grain plants.
2. Peyote is a small cactus whose main active ingredient is mescaline. This plant is used by the indigenous people of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States in religious ceremonies. Mescaline can also be obtained through chemical synthesis.
3. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)- found in some types of mushrooms, which were actively used by the indigenous populations of tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico and the USA. These mushrooms typically contain less than 0.5% psilocybin and even less psilocin (another hallucinogenic substance).
4. PSP (phencyclidine)– was created in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. Its use was discontinued due to serious side effects.

The same characteristics that led to the inclusion of hallucinogens in ritual or spiritual traditions are responsible for their proliferation as drugs. It is important to note that, unlike most other drugs, the effects of hallucinogens are very variable and unreliable, producing different effects in different people and at different times. This feature is mainly a consequence of significant variations in the amount and composition of the active substances, especially if the hallucinogens are derived from plants or fungi. Due to their unpredictable nature, taking these drugs can be especially dangerous.

1. LSD Sold in tablets, capsules and, occasionally, liquid form; therefore, it is usually taken orally. LSD is often applied to absorbent paper, such as stamps. The action is quite long, up to 12 hours.
2. Peyote. The top part of the peyote cactus consists of buds, which are cut off and dried. These buds are chewed or infused in water to produce an intoxicating liquid. The hallucinogenic dose of mescaline is 0.3-0.5 g, and its effects last about 12 hours. Because the extract is very bitter, some people prefer to make tea by boiling the cactus for several hours.
3. Psilocybin. Mushrooms containing psilocybin can be taken orally in fresh or dried form. Psilocybin and its biological active form(psilocin) cannot be inactivated by cooking or freezing. Therefore, mushrooms can also be brewed like tea or added to other foods to mask their bitter taste. The effects of psilocybin, which appear within 20 minutes of ingestion, last approximately 6 hours.
4. PCP (phencyclidine) It is a white crystalline powder, easily soluble in water or alcohol. It has a characteristic bitter chemical taste. PCP mixes easily with dyes and is often sold on the black market in tablet, capsule, and colored powder form that is either snorted, smoked, or swallowed. When smoked, PCP is often mixed with mint, parsley, oregano, or marijuana. Depending on the route of administration and amount, the effects of PCP can last approximately 4-6 hours. LSD, peyote, psilocybin, and PCP are drugs that cause hallucinations that deeply distort a person's perception of reality. Under the influence of hallucinogens, people see images, hear sounds, and experience sensations that seem real to them. Some hallucinogens also cause severe and rapid mood swings. LSD, peyote, and psilocybin exert their effects by disrupting the interaction between neurons and the neurotransmitter serotonin. The serotonin system, present in the brain and spinal cord, is involved in controlling behavioral, perceptual, and control systems, including mood, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, muscle control, and sensory perception. On the other hand, PCP acts primarily through glutamate receptors in the brain, which are important for pain perception, responses to conditions environment, learning and memory.
5. LSD. In people under the influence of LSD, sensations and feelings change much more strongly than physical signs. Addicts may experience several different emotions at the same time, or quickly jump from one emotion to another. If LSD is taken in large enough doses, the drug causes delusions and visual hallucinations. His sense of time and self-awareness change. The sensations may seem like an interweaving of different feelings. These changes can be frightening and cause panic. Some people who take LSD experience severe, frightening thoughts and feelings of despair, fear of loss of control, madness and death.
   People taking LSD may experience flashbacks - repetitions of certain aspects personal experience. Flashbacks occur suddenly, often without warning, and can occur within days or even more than a year after taking LSD. For some people, flashbacks may persist and cause significant disruption to social or professional activity– a condition known as long-term disturbance of perception caused by hallucinogens.
   Over time, most people who take LSD reduce or stop taking the hallucinogen on their own. LSD is not considered a drug of abuse because it does not lead to compulsive drug seeking. However, LSD develops tolerance, so some people who take it must increase their dose to achieve the same sensations. This is very dangerous given the unpredictability of LSD. In addition, there is cross-tolerance between LSD and other hallucinogens.
6. Peyote. The long-term psychological and cognitive effects of mescaline remain poorly understood. There is no evidence of psychological or cognitive impairment among Native Americans who regularly take peyote for religious purposes. However, it should be noted that these findings may not be generalizable to those who repeatedly abuse the drug for the purpose of relaxation. People who take peyote may also experience flashbacks.
7. Psilocybin. The active compounds in psilocybin-containing mushrooms have LSD-like properties, altering autonomic function, motor reflexes, behavior and perception. Psychological consequences symptoms of psilocybin include hallucinations, changes in time perception, and an inability to distinguish fantasy from reality. Panic reactions and psychosis may also occur, especially in people who swallow a large dose. Long-term effects have been described, such as flashbacks, risk psychiatric diseases, memory impairment and tolerance.
8. PCP. The use of phencyclidine as an anesthetic was discontinued in 1965 because patients often became agitated, delusional, and irrational during recovery from anesthesia. PCP is a “dissociative drug” because it disrupts the perception of auditory and visual images and causes a feeling of dissociation (alienation) from the environment and oneself. It was first used as a drug in the 1960s, after which it gained a reputation for causing bad reactions. However, some addicts continued to take PCP because of the feeling of strength, power and invulnerability.

The following adverse effects of phencyclidine are noted:

1. Symptoms that mimic schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thinking, withdrawal from one's surroundings.
2. Mood disorders: About half of people who end up in emergency departments because of PCP use report a significant increase in anxiety symptoms.
3. Long-term use of PCP leads to memory loss, difficulty speaking and thinking, depression, and weight loss. These symptoms may persist for up to one year after stopping PCP.
4. Addiction: PCP is addictive.

Unpleasant side effects from taking hallucinogens are not uncommon. They may be associated with large amounts of psychoactive ingredients in some hallucinogen source.

1. LSD. The effects of LSD largely depend on the dose taken. LSD causes pupil dilation, may increase body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure, may cause profuse sweating, loss of appetite, insomnia, dry mouth and tremors.
2. Peyote. Its effects may be similar to those of LSD, including increased body temperature and heart rate, uncoordinated movements (ataxia), profuse sweating, and a feeling of hot flashes. Mescaline has also been linked to fetal abnormalities.
3. Psilocybin. It can cause muscle relaxation or weakness, ataxia, severe dilation of the pupils, nausea and vomiting, and drowsiness. People who abuse psilocybin mushrooms also run the risk of poisoning if they mistakenly eat poisonous mushrooms.
4. In small to moderate doses, PCP slightly increases breathing rate and significantly increases blood pressure and heart rate. Breathing becomes shallow, profuse sweating and hot flashes, generalized numbness of the limbs, and loss of muscle coordination are observed. IN high doses There is a drop in blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate. This may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, drooling, loss of balance and dizziness. PCP abusers often end up in emergency rooms due to overdose or due to the severe adverse psychological effects of PCP. During intoxication, drug addicts become dangerous to themselves and others. High doses of PCP can also cause seizures, coma, and death. Because the drug also has sedative effects, its combination with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines can lead to coma.

The human body has protection from environmental influences. Protective functions are performed by certain cells of the body. The brain is a perfect, subtle mechanism that cannot be restored. Brain cells are special; all their activity is aimed at creating protective functions.

The peculiarity of the drug is that it acts directly on the brain. The longer you use the drug, the larger the dose, the more part of the brain dies. This is an irreversible process. Thus, all a person’s thoughts are aimed at finding the next dose.

A drug addict is a slave at the present stage; his brain is in captivity of the drug. Drug addiction is incurable disease. The change in brain cells is irreversible.

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CHAPTER IV

PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS

4.1. general characteristics psychotropic drugs

Psychotropic drugs are drugs that have a predominant effect on the central nervous system and mental processes.

A distinctive feature of psychotropic drugs is their specific positive influence specifically on mental functions (unlike other medicinal substances, in which the effect on the central nervous system and mental processes is secondary, often secondary).

Psychotropic drugs combine a wide range of substances of various structures and chemical nature, affecting mental functions, emotional state and behavior. Many of them have found application as valuable medicines not only in psychiatric and neurological, but also in general somatic medicine (surgery, oncology, etc.) for the treatment and prevention of borderline mental disorders.

4 .1.1. From the history of the study of psychotropic drugs

Many substances currently used as psychotropic drugs have been known since ancient times and were widely used in folk and traditional medicine. This applies primarily to plant products ( ginseng And lemongrass as a tonic, valerian, motherwort, passionflower etc. as sedatives), as well as animal origin ( deer antlers, deer). The psychostimulating effect of tea and coffee has been known since time immemorial, although pure form caffeine and its accompanying alkaloids were isolated only in the 19th century.

Various hallucinogens have long been widely used in religious and cult rituals: the Indians of Central America - mezcal; peoples South-East Asia – opium, hashish ,marijuana; peoples of the North - some species fly agarics; in European countries - henbane, datura, belladonna .

Used in medicine for several centuries opium preparations as painkillers. Apparently, since the time of Paracelsus, the sedative (calming) effect has been known bromides, which later received wide application in the clinic and in some physiological research(for example, in the laboratories of I.P. Pavlov, bromides, along with caffeine, were used to study the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system).

However, the systematic study of psychotropic drugs began only in the first half of the 20th century. Thus, the history of the creation of psychotropic drugs that relieve depressive states, began with the application fenamina(amphetamine), which was introduced into clinical practice at the end of the 30s. as a drug that improves mood in patients with endogenous depression. However, the first serious breakthrough in this area was associated with the discovery of the psychostimulating and euphoric effects of isonicotinic acid hydrazide derivatives (IHA), which were widely used at that time in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Further research in this direction led to the creation of the first true antidepressant - iproniazid, which was the founder of a group of antidepressants - monoamine oxidase inhibitors, which replaced phenamine.

In the late 40s - early 50s. clinicians have found that lithium preparations, which were previously used for completely different purposes (treatment of gout and kidney stones), have the ability to relieve acute manic agitation in mentally ill patients and prevent affective attacks.

In 1946, Alpern and Ducrot drew attention to the drug phenothiazine, which was previously used as an antiseptic and anthelmintic agent. It has been found that some phenothiazine derivatives have pronounced psychotropic properties. They have a sedative effect and enhance the effect of narcotic, sleeping pills, analgesics and local anesthetics. To date, drugs of the phenothiazine series make up a significant part of the psychotropic drugs belonging to the class of neuroleptics. One of the first antipsychotic drugs that has not lost its value to date is aminazine, synthesized by Charpentier in 1952

In 1957, the first antidepressants were discovered ( iproniazid, imipramine); Somewhat later they discovered tranquilizing properties meprobamate And benzodiazepine derivatives. By the way, the term tranquilizers itself (from Lat. tranquillare– to make calm, serene) entered medical science also in 1957.

In the 60s, thanks to great advances in the field of chemistry organic compounds, have been synthesized and tested for several dozen psychotropic drugs, and World Organization Public Health (WHO) made the first attempts to systematize these medicines. One of the earliest classifications was proposed by Delay and Deniker in 1961. According to this classification, all psychotropic drugs are divided into 4 main classes: 1) psycholeptic drugs, which have a calming, inhibitory effect; 2) psychoanaleptics that have an exciting, stimulating, psycho-energizing effect; 3) psychodysleptics(substances that have a psychosomimetic (psychedelic) effect, i.e. the ability to produce psychosis, and which were later excluded from the list of psychotropic drugs) and 4) mood stabilizers(thymoisoleptics, thymoregulators), capable of equalizing mood and preventing the development of regular exacerbations in psychoses occurring in phases.

In 1967, the Congress of Psychiatrists in Zurich proposed to divide psycholeptic drugs into two groups: a) neuroleptics, used primarily for severe disorders of the central nervous system (psychosis), and b) tranquilizers, used for less pronounced dysfunctions of the central nervous system, mainly for neuroses with the condition mental stress and fear. Likewise, psychoanaleptics were divided into groups antidepressants and group psychostimulants(psychotics).

Launched in the 60s. classifications have been revised several times, and today there are already 7–8 classes of psychotropic drugs.

In 1972, Giurgea synthesized the drug piracetam, which opened up fundamentally new possibilities for drug effects on the central nervous system, laying the foundation for the group nootropic drugs .

Development, synthesis and testing of new medications reached its apogee in the 80s - 90s. due to significant advances in the field of neurochemistry. The search for new, more effective and least harmful psychotropic drugs for the body is being intensively carried out at the present time.

4 .1.2. Classification and features of the pharmacological action of various classes of psychotropic drugs

The classification of psychotropic drugs changes periodically, since some drugs are excluded from the list of drugs due to their low effectiveness or high toxicity, while others, on the contrary, are introduced into the medical nomenclature after appropriate testing.

According to the most generally accepted classification today, it is customary to distinguish 7 main classes of psychotropic drugs:

1. Neuroleptics (neuroplegics, or antipsychotic drugs).

2. Tranquilizers.

3. Sedatives.

4. Normotimics.

5. Antidepressants.

6. Nootropic drugs(nootropics).

7. Psychostimulants.

Psychotropic drugs are very diverse in their pharmacological action. Yes, the group antipsychotics has a kind of calming effect, accompanied by a decrease in reactions to external stimuli, a weakening of psychomotor agitation and affective tension, suppression of feelings of fear, and weakening of aggressiveness. Their main feature is the ability to suppress delusions, hallucinations, automatism and other psychopathological syndromes and provide a therapeutic effect in patients with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. They enhance the effect of narcotics, hypnotics and sedatives, analgesics and local anesthetics and, conversely, weaken the effects of psychostimulant drugs. A number of antipsychotics are characterized by a cataleptogenic effect. Some antipsychotics, in addition to their antipsychotic effect, have a sedative or activating effect, and sometimes an antidepressant effect. All this determines the profile of their action and indications for use in psychiatry and other areas of medicine.

Tranquilizers, unlike neuroleptics, do not have a pronounced antipsychotic effect. They contribute, first of all, to the elimination of neurotic and neurosis-like disorders, reducing emotional tension, anxiety and fear. Tranquilizers facilitate the onset of sleep and enhance the effect of sleeping pills, narcotic and analgesic drugs. At the same time, some of the most powerful tranquilizers can have a therapeutic effect in psychotic and psychopathic conditions. Most tranquilizers are low-toxic and rarely cause side effects. However, with unreasonable and uncontrolled use, drug dependence may develop ( drug addiction).

Sedatives Compared to tranquilizers, they have a less pronounced sedative and antiphobic effect. Unlike tranquilizers, they do not have a selective sedative effect, but have a general depressant effect on the functions of the central nervous system. Their development sedative effect associated either with a decrease in excitation processes or with an increase in inhibition processes in the brain. Sedatives do not cause muscle relaxation, ataxia, drowsiness, mental or physical dependence, and are therefore widely used in outpatient practice in the treatment of neuroses, epilepsy, nervous tics, etc. Sedatives are also characterized by good tolerability and the absence of side effects.

Psychotropic drugs include drugs that affect human mental activity. In a healthy person, the processes of excitation and inhibition are in balance. A huge flow of information, various kinds of overload, negative emotions and other factors affecting a person are the cause stress conditions leading to neuroses. These diseases are characterized by partial mental disorders (anxious fears, obsession, hysterical manifestations, etc.), a critical attitude towards them, somatic and autonomic disorders etc. Even with a protracted course of neuroses, they do not lead to gross behavioral disorders. There are 3 types of neuroses: neurasthenia, hysteria and obsessive-compulsive neurosis.

Mental illnesses are characterized by more serious mental disorders including delusions (impaired thinking, causing incorrect judgments, conclusions), hallucinations (imaginary perception of non-existent things), which can be visual, auditory, etc.; memory impairments that occur, for example, when the blood supply to brain cells changes during sclerosis of cerebral vessels, during various infectious processes, injuries, when the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of biologically active substances changes, and in other pathological conditions. These deviations in the psyche are the result of metabolic disorders in nerve cells and the ratio of the most important biologically active substances in them: catecholamines, acetylcholine, serotonin, etc. Mental illnesses can occur with a sharp predominance of excitation processes, for example, manic states in which motor excitation is observed and delirium, and with excessive inhibition of these processes, the appearance of a state of depression - mental disorder accompanied by a depressed, melancholy mood, impaired thinking, and suicide attempts.

Psychotropic drugs used in medical practice can be divided into the following groups: antipsychotics, tranquilizers, sedatives, antidepressants, psychostimulants, among which a group of nootropic drugs is distinguished.

Drugs of each of these groups are prescribed for corresponding mental illnesses and neuroses.

NEUROLEPTICS

Antipsychotic drugs have an antipsychotic (eliminate delusions, hallucinations) and sedative (reduce feelings of anxiety, restlessness) effect. In addition, antipsychotics reduce motor activity, reduce the tone of skeletal muscles, have a hypothermic and antiemetic effect, and potentiate the effects of drugs that depress the central nervous system (anesthetics, hypnotics, analgesics, etc.).

Neuroleptics act in the area of ​​the reticular formation, reducing its activating effect on the brain and spinal cord. They block adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors of different parts of the central nervous system (limbic system, neostriatum, etc.) and affect the exchange of mediators. The influence on dopaminergic mechanisms can also explain the side effect of neuroleptics - the ability to cause symptoms of parkinsonism.

Based on their chemical structure, antipsychotics are divided into the following main groups:

Phenothiazine derivatives;

Derivatives of butyrophenone and diphenylbutylpiperidine;

Thioxanthene derivatives;

Indole derivatives;

Neuroleptics of different chemical groups.

PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVES

These are typical antipsychotics that have all the basic properties of this group of drugs.

AMINAZINE (pharmacological analogues: chlorpromazine) is an active antipsychotic with a pronounced sedative effect, used to treat schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. Along with the antipsychotic, aminazine has a hypothermic, antiemetic, dopaminolytic, hypotensive (a-adrenergic blocking effect) effect. Aminazine reduces the tone of skeletal muscles and motor activity, reduces tone smooth muscle internal organs and secretion of glands (M-anticholinergic effect). Aminazine potentiates the effect of anesthesia, anticonvulsants, hypnotics, and analgesics. Aminazine has a weak antihistamine and anti-inflammatory effect. Aminazine is prescribed for the treatment of various mental illnesses with hallucinations, delusions, and aggressiveness. IN neurological practice recommended for diseases characterized by increased muscle tone; Aminazine is the main treatment for psychomotor agitation of various origins. Side effects of aminazine: symptoms of parkinsonism (removed by the administration of cyclodol), allergic reactions, hepatotoxicity, dyspeptic disorder, hypotension, orthostatic collapse, hematopoiesis disorderand working with aminazine may cause contact dermatitis. Aminazine is contraindicated in diseases of the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract (peptic ulcer), severe arterial hypotension, cardiac decompensation: thrombophlebitis, diseases of the hematopoietic system.

Aminazine release form: 0.025 g tablets; 0.05 g and tablets for children of 0.01 g, as well as ampoules of 1; 2 and 5 ml of 2.5% solution. List B.

Recipe example aminazine in Latin:

Rp.: Sol. Aminazini 2.5% 2 ml

D.t. d. N. 6 in ampull.

S. 1-2 ml intravenously (slowly) in 10-20 ml of 5% glucose solution.

Rp.: Dragee Aminazini 0.025 N. 20 D. S. 1 dragee 3 times a day.

TRIFTAZINE (pharmacological analogues: trifluoperazine, stelazine) is one of the most active antipsychotics. The antipsychotic effect is combined with a stimulating (energizing) effect. At the same time, it gives a sedative effect in patients with hallucinatory-delusional states. Triftazin has an antiemetic effect. Triftazin is used to treat various forms of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses accompanied by delusions and hallucinations, including alcoholic psychoses. Triftazin can also be used as an antiemetic. Side effects of triftazine: parkinsonism, allergic reactions, agranulocytosis. Triftazin is contraindicated in diseases of the liver, kidneys, cardiac decompensation, and pregnancy.

Release form: riftazine: tablets of 0.005 g and 0.01 g; 1 ml ampoules of 0.2% solution. List B.

Recipe example t riftazine in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Triftazini 0.005 N. 100

FLUOROPHENAZINE (pharmacological analogues: fluphenazine, liorodine, moditene) is an antipsychotic with a strong antipsychotic effect, accompanied by activating (energizing) and, in higher doses, sedative effects. The most rational dosage form is fluphenazine-decanoate (liorodin-depot, moditen-depot) - a long-acting drug that gives a pronounced and long-lasting neuroleptic effect. Fluorophenazine is used to treat various forms of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. A single dose of fluorophenazine is effective for 2-3 weeks, administered intramuscularly at 12.5-25 mg (if necessary, fluorophenazine is combined with antiparkinsonian drugs to eliminate side effects in the form of parkinsonism).

Release form of fluorphenazine: ampoules of 1 ml and 2 ml of 2.5% oil solution. List B.

Recipe example torphenazine in Latin:

Rp.: Sol. Phthorphenazini decanoatis oleosae 2.5% 1 ml

D.t. d. N. 5 in ampull.

S. Administer 1 ml intramuscularly once every 2 weeks.

ETAPERAZINE (pharmacological analogues: perphenazine) - has a stronger antipsychotic, muscle relaxant and antiemetic effect than aminazine. Other effThe effects of etaparazine are less pronounced than those of aminazine. Etaperazine is used for schizophrenia, various psychoses, psychopathy, uncontrollable vomiting (including in pregnant women with hiccups, skin itching. Due to the activating (energizing) effect, etaperazine is indicated for apathy, lethargy, etc. Etaperazine is also prescribed for treatment of neuroses, accompanyingsuffering from fear and tension.

Release form of taperazine: tablets of 0.004 g and 0.01 g. List B.

Recipe example taperazine in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Aethaperazini 0.004 N. 30

LEVOMEPROMAZINE(pharmacological analogues: tizercin) - the action is close to aminazine; in contrast, it gives some analgesic effect. Levomepromazine has a rapid antipsychotic and sedative effect, therefore it is advisable to use it in acute psychoses. Levomepromazine n prescribed orally, can be administered intravenously at 0.05-0.075 g in 10-20 ml of 40% glucose solution. Levomepromazine p used in neurology, for insomnia associated with pain. Side effects of levomepromazine are the same as those of aminazine, but less pronounced. Levomepromazine is contraindicated in severe hypotension, diseases of the hematopoietic system, liver, kidneys.

Release form of levomepromazine: tablets of 0.025 g; ampoules of 1 ml of 2.5% solution. List B.

Recipe example l evomepromazine in Latin:

Rp.: Sol. Levomepromazini 2.5% 1 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. 1-2 ml intramuscularly 2 times a day, increasing the dose to 101 per day.

ALIMEMAZINE (pharmacological analogues: teralen) - has an antihistamine, sedative effect, and has moderate antipsychotic activity. Alimenazine is used for neurovegetative and psychosomatic disorders, developing on the soil various violations CNS, for allergic diseases, vomiting; in geriatrics and pediatrics. In psychiatric practice, alimenazine is prescribed to adults (orally and intramuscularly) up to 100-200 mg per day, and as an antiallergic and sedative - 10-40 mg per day. Alimenazine is well tolerated, rare cases extrapyramidal disorders are observed. Alimenazine is contraindicated in severe liver and kidney diseases.

Limenazine release form: tablets of 0.005 g; ampoules of 5 ml of 0.5% solution, drops - 4% solution.

Recipe example a limenazina in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Alimemazini 0.005 N. 20

D.S. 1-2 tablets 3-4 times a day.

Rp.: Sol. Alimemazini 0.5% 5 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. Administer 5 ml intramuscularly 1-2 times a day.

METERAZINE (pharmacological analogues: prochlorperazine maleate, stemmethyl, chlorperazine) - in terms of pharmacological action it is close to etaprazine. Metherazine is used to treat schizophrenia, psychoses with a predominance of lethargy, apathy, and asthenic phenomena in the clinical picture. Treatment with meterazine begins with a dose of 12.5-25 mg per day, gradually increasing the dose to 150-300 mg per day until a therapeutic effect is obtained, and then reducing the dose to the optimal maintenance dose. The side effects of meterazine are the same as those of aminazine.

Release form of meterazine: tablets of 0.005 g and 0.025 g. List B.

Recipe example meterazine in latin:

Rp.: Tab.Metherazini 0.005 N. 50

D.S. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day with gradual increase up to 6 tablets per day.

Frenolone- by dayTviyu is close to triphthazine. Frenalone is used for various forms of schizophrenia (not in the depression stage). Side effects of frenolone and contraindications are the same as for triftazine. Release form frenolone: ​​tablets (dragees) 0.005 g; ampoules of 1 ml of 0.5% solution. List B.

Recipe example frenolone in Latin:

Rp.: Dragee Frenoloni 0.005 N. 50

Rp.: Sol. Frenoloni 0.5% 1 ml

D.t. d. N. 5 in ampull.

S. Administer intramuscularly 1-2 ml per day.

PROPAZINE- in terms of pharmacological properties it is close to aminazine, however, it is less active, but also less toxic.

Propazine release form: tablets, dragees of 0.025 g and 0.05 g; ampoules of 2 ml of 2.5% solution. List B.

Example recipe for propazine in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Propazini 0.025 N. 50

D.S. 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rp.: Sol. Propazini 2.5% 2 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. Dilute in 5 ml of 0.5% novocaine solution and administer intramuscularly.

THIOPROPERAZINE (pharmacological analogues: mazeptil) is an antipsychotic drug with a stimulating effect. Thioproperazine has a pronounced antiemetic effect. Side effects of thioproperazine, indications for use and contraindications are similar to those for triftazine.

Release form of tioproperazine: tablets of 0.001 g and 0.01 g; 1 ml ampoules of 1% solution. List B.

Recipe example t ioproperazine in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Thioproperazini 0.001 N. 50

D.S. Take 1 tablet 3-5 times a day.

Rp.: Sol. Thioproperazini 1% 1 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. Administer 1 ml intramuscularly.

PERICYAZINE (pharmacological analogues: neuleptil) - the antipsychotic effect of the drug is combined with a sedative - “behavior corrector”.

Periciazine release form: capsule 0.01 g and bottles - 4% solution (1 drop contains 1 mg of the drug); in the form of drops, periciazine is more convenient for use in children's practice tick.

Recipe example Periciazine in Latin:

Rp.: Caps. Periciazini 0.01 N. 30

D.S. 1 capsule 1-2 times a day, gradually increasing the dose to obtain the effect.

THIORIDAZINE (pharmacological analogues: sonapax, melleril) - has a mild antipsychotic effect, which is combined with moderate stimulating and thymoleptic, antidepressant effects. Thioridazine is used for schizophrenia (acute and subacute forms), psychomotor agitation, neuroses and other diseases. Thioridazine is contraindicated in allergic reactions, changes in blood picture, comatose states. At long-term use Thioridazine may cause toxic retinopathy.

Release form of ioridazine: tablets of 0.01 g and 0.025 i List B.

Recipe example t ioridazine in Latin:

Rp.: Dragge Thioridazini 0.01 N. 20

D.S. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

PIPOTHIAZINE (pharmacological analogues: piportil) - prescribed for the treatment of various forms of schizophrenia, psychoses with hallucinations, as well as mental illnesses in children. Pipothiazine is used only in a hospital setting; 2.5% oil solution Pipothiazine palmitate (piportil L 4) has a prolonged effect. The average dose of pipothiazine for adults is 100 mg (4 ml of solution) administered intramuscularly (deeply), once every 4 weeks. In the treatment of chronic psychoses, pipothiazine can be prescribed orally at a dose of 20-30 mg once a day. If stable therapeutic effect The dose of hypothiazine can be reduced to 10 mg per day. Contraindications: impaired renal function, angle-closure glaucoma. Release form Pipothiazine: tablets 10 mg; drops - 30 ml of 4% solution; ampoules of 1 ml (25 mg) and 4 ml (100 mg).

DERIVATIVES OF BUTYROPHENONE AND DIPHENYLBUTYLPIPERIDINE

HALOPERIDOL (pharmacological analogues: halofen) - has a pronounced antipsychotic, sedative and antiemetic effect. Haloperidol potentiates the action of a CNS depressant drug. Other effects inherent in antipsychotics are mild(effect on blood pressure, gastrointestinal tract, etc.). However, haloperidol also has a pronounced side effect of neuroleptics (development of parkinsonism). Contraindications: organic diseases of the central nervous system, cardiac decompensation, kidney disease. Haloperidol is prescribed for the treatment of mental illnesses with symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, aggressiveness, and indomitable vomiting (orally, intramuscularly or intravenously).

Release form of aloperidol: tablets of 0.0015 g and 0.005 g; ampoules of 1 ml of 0.5% solution; bottles of 10 ml of 0.2% solution (for oral administration). List B.

Recipe example aloperidol in Latin:

Rp.: Sol. Haloperidoli 0.2% 10 ml

D.S. 10 drops 2-3 times a day, gradually increasing the dose.

Rp.: Tab. Haloperidoli 0.0015 N. 50

D.S. 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rp.: Sol. Haloperidoli 0.5% 1ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. 0.5-1 ml intramuscularly with psychomotor agitation.

HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE- long-acting drug. Prescribed for the same indications as haloperidol. Haloperidol decanoate is administered intramuscularly 1-2 ml once every 4 weeks, with severe forms For schizophrenia, the dose can be increased to 3-4 ml or the interval reduced by 2-3 days. Side effects g aloperidol decanoate and the contraindications are the same as for haloperidol. Release form: 1 ml ampoules. List B.

DROPERIDOL- is distinguished by strong and quick effect. In psychiatric practice, droperidol is used to relieve reactive states. The main use of droperidol is in anesthesiological practice for neuroleptanalgesia in combination with fentanyl (thalamonal) and other analgesics. Side effects of droperidol: phenomena of parkinsonism; the appearance of feelings of fear, depression, hypotension. Droperidol is contraindicated in parkinsonism, hypotension, and the use of antihypertensive drugs.

Droperidol release form: ampoules of 10 ml of 0.25% solution. List B.

Recipe example droperidol in Latin:

Rp.: Sol. Droperidoli 0.25% 10 ml

D.t. d. N. 5 in ampull.

S. Half an hour before surgery, 1-2 ml or 2-5 ml intravenously for analgesia during surgery.

BENPERIDOL (pharmacological analogues: frenactil, etc.) - is close in structure and action to droperidol. Benperidol has the same indications for use. Side effectsBenperidol use and contraindications. Benperidol is prescribed at 0.25-1.5 mg per day. Benperidol dosage form: 0.25 mg tablets; ampoules of 5 ml of 0.1% solution of the drug. Sleep juice B.

TRIFLUPERIDOL (pharmacological analogues: Trisedyl) - has a strong neuroleptic effect, blocks central dopamine receptors. Trifluperidol is used in manic states, for the treatment of schizophrenia, psychoses accompanied by agitation, etc. Side effects of trifluperidol and contraindications are similar to those for droperidol.

Release form of rifluperidol: tablets 0.0005 g; bottles of 10 ml of 0.1% solution and ampoules of 1 ml of 0.25% solution. List B.

Recipe example t rifluperidol in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Trifluperidoli 0.0005 N. 20

D.S. 1/2 - 1 tablet per day, gradually increasing the dose to 8-10 tablets per day.

Rp.: Sol. Trifluperidoli 0.25% 1 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. Administer intramuscularly at 0.5-1 ml per day.

FLUSPIRILEN- in terms of main effects, side effects and contraindications, it is close to haloperidol, but fluspirilene has a long-term effect (within a week).

Fluspirilene release form: ampoules of 2 ml (1 ml of suspension contains 0.002 g of the drug).

Example of a fluspirilene recipe in Latin:

Rp.: Susp. Fluspirileni 2 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. Administer 1-3 ml intramuscularly once a week.

pimozide- By pharmacological characteristics close to haloperidol, but longer lasting. Side effects of pimozide and contraindications are the same as for haloperidol. Cannot be prescribed to pregnant women.

Release form of pimozide: tablets of 0.001 g.

Recipe example pimozide in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Pimozidi 0.001 N. 30

D. S. 1 tablet 1 time per day, gradually increasing the dose to 5 tablets (take once).

PENFLURIDOL (pharmacological analogues: semap) - similar to pimozide, but has morelong lasting effect. Penfluridol is used for sluggish forms schizophrenia, etc.

Release form of penfluridol: tablets of 0.02 g.

Recipe example enfluridol in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Penfluridoli 0.02 N. 12

D.S. 1-3 tablets 1 time every 5-7 days.

THIOXANTHENE DERIVATIVES

CHLOROPROTIXENE (pharmacological analogues: truxal) - has a sedative, antipsychotic, antidepressant and antiemetic effect. Chlorprothixene potentiates the effect of hypnotics and analgesics. Chlorprothixene is prescribed for psychoses and neurotic conditions with a predominance of feelings of fear, anxiety, and aggressiveness. Side effects of chlorprothixene: hypotension, tachycardia, rarely - extrapyramidal disorders (symptoms of parkinsonism). Contraindications to the use of chlorprothixene: parkinsonism, epilepsy.

Release form x lorprothixene: dragees, tablets of 0.015 g and 0.05 g. List B.

Recipe example xlorprothixene in latin:

Rp.: Tab. Chlorprothixeni 0.015 N. 50

D.S. 1 tablet 4 times a day.

INDOL DERIVATIVES

RESERPINE- rauwolfia alkaloid - prescribed in cases of intolerance to other antipsychotics. Reserpine is used mainly as a sympatholytic for the treatment of hypertension (see the corresponding section).

CARBIDINE- has neuroleptic, antidepressant and central adrenolytic effects. Carbidine is used for various forms of schizophrenia, alcoholic psychoses, etc. Side effects of carbidine: hand tremors, parkinsonism phenomena. Carbidine is contraindicated in violation of liver function. Arbidin release form: tablets of 0.025 g and ampoules of 2 ml of 1.25% solution. List B.

Recipe example for arbidine in latin:

Rp.: Tab. Carbidini 0.025 N. 30

D. S. 1/2 tablet per day, increasing the dose to 3-5 tablets per day.

Rp.: Sol. Carbidini 1.25% 2 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. Administer 2 ml intramuscularly 2-3 times a day.

NEUROLEPTICS OF DIFFERENT CHEMICAL GROUPS

CLOZAPINE (pharmacological analogues: leponex, azaleptin) - has a strong antipsychotic effect. Clozapine is prescribed for various forms of schizophrenia, for manic-depressive psychosis (in the manic period), etc. Clozapine has a sedative and hypnotic effect. During treatment with clozapine, it is necessary to monitor the condition of cardio-vascular system and blood counts. Clozapine vs rotivopprovided for toxic psychoses (including alcoholic), epilepsy, diseases of the liver, kidneys, cardiovascular system, glaucoma, pregnancy.

Release form for lozapine: tablets of 0.025 g and 0.1 g; 2 ml ampoules 2.5% solution.

Example recipe for lozapina in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Clozapini 0.025 N. 30

D. S. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day with a gradual increase in dose to 0.2-0.4 g per day.

Rp.: Sol. Clozapini 2.5% 2 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. Administer 2 ml intramuscularly.

SULPIRIDE (pharmacological analogues: dogmatil, eglonil) - has antipsychotic, antiemetic, antiserotonin, stimulating, thymoleptic effects. Sulpiride does not have a sedative effect. Sulpiride is used to treat mental illnesses accompanied by apathy (depressive states, acute psychoses, schizophrenia, etc.). Sulpiride is also used to treat gastric ulcers and duodenum. Sulpiride can be used in pediatrics, geriatrics for mental (in combination with other drugs) and neurotic diseases. Side effects of sulpiride: sleep disturbance, agitation, increased blood pressure, menstrual irregularities, etc. Sulpiride is contraindicated in tumor diseases, hypertension, and states of agitation.

Release form with ulpiride: capsules of 0.05 g; ampoules of 2 ml of 5% solution and bottles of 200 ml of 0.5% solution (0.025 g per teaspoon).

Example recipe with ulpiride in latin:

Rp.: Caps. Sulpiridi 0.05 N. 30

D.S. 2 capsules 2-4 times a day.

Rp.: Sol. Sulpiridi 5% 2 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. Inject intramuscularly at 2-4 ml.

TIAPRIDE (pharmacological analogues: delpral, doparid, tridal, etc.) - close in action to sulpirida. Tiapride is prescribed for chorea, senile psychomotor disorders: reactive behavior disorders. Tiapride is also used in the treatment of patients with alcoholism and drug addiction. Tiapride is administered orally and intramuscularly. Orally: in a daily dose of 0.3-0.6 g; with psychomotor agitation, the daily dose can be increased to 1.2 g per day. Intramuscularly for adults: 0.4 g per day.

Form of release of tiaprid: tablets of 0.1 g; ampoules of 2 ml of 10% tiapride solution. List B.

TRANQUILIZERS (ANXIOLYTICS)

This group (tranquilizers) includes drugs that have anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) and psychosedative (sedative) effects. Anxiolytics (tranquilizers) eliminate feelings of fear, anxiety, reduce internal tension and anxiety. In terms of their psychosedative effect, tranquilizers are close to neuroleptics, but unlike them they do not have antipsychotic activity. Anxiolytics can produce hypnotic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects, and some drugs exhibit activating properties.

The pharmacological effect of tranquilizers is due to their influence on certain brain structures (thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system) and interaction with specific brain receptors.

Tranquilizers are used to treat various neuroses, neurotic conditions accompanied by anxiety, restlessness (for example, during menopause, etc.). Tranquilizers are used in complex therapy of diseases of internal organs ( hypertonic disease, peptic ulcer, etc.), in preparation for surgery (take into account the ability of tranquilizers to potentiate the effect of anesthesia, sleeping pills, analgesics, as well as to cause relaxation of skeletal muscles due to their central action). The anticonvulsant effect is used to relieve status epilepticus and other convulsive conditions.

With long-term use of tranquilizers, drug dependence may occur, as well as allergic reactions, liver and kidney dysfunction. Contraindications: liver and kidney diseases. Anxiolytics should not be prescribed to persons who require precise coordination of movements and quick reactions during work (transport drivers, etc.). The consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited, as their effect is potentiated by tranquilizers and poisoning can occur. Anxiolytics should be prescribed with caution in glaucoma.

Tranquilizers are divided, according to their chemical structure, into the following groups:

Benzodiazepine derivatives;

Propanediol carbamates;

Diphenylmethane derivatives;

Tranquilizers of different chemical groups.

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVES

Benzodiazepine derivatives act on the brain structures responsible for the manifestation of emotional reactions, the limbic system, etc., and interact with its benzodiazepine receptors. It is believed that benzodiazepines increase the content of GABA and increase the sensitivity of receptors to GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It has also been shown that benzodiazepines somewhat inhibit the formation of dopamine and norepinephrine in brain structures and inhibit the manifestation of their effect. The antagonist of benzodiazepine derivatives is flumazenil (anexate) - an imidobenzodiazepine, available in the form of a solution in ampoules of 5 ml (0.5 mg) and 10 ml (1 mg).

DIAZEPAM(pharmacological analogues: sibazon, seduxen, relanium) - is a typical tranquilizer with all the above properties. Diazepam has indications for use, contraindications, and side effects characteristic of tranquilizers. Diazepam is prescribed orally at 0.005-0.015 g; administered slowly intravenously (for status epilepticus) or intramuscularly (for severe fear, psychomotor agitation) 2 ml of 0.5% solution.

Release form for diazepam: PS tablets 0.005 g and ampoules of 2 ml of 0.5% solution; for children - film-coated tablets, 0.001 g and 0.002 g.

Recipe examples d iazepam in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Diazepami 0.005 N. 20

D.S. 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rp.: Sol. Seduxeni 0.5% 2 ml D. t. d. N. 5 in ampull.

S. Administer 2-4 ml intramuscularly (with psychomotor agitation).

CHLOZEPID (pharmacological analogues: chlordiazepoxide, elenium) - has the effect inherent in tranquilizers. Side effects of chlozepid, indications for use, contraindications are the same as for other tranquilizers. The drug is somewhat less active than diazepam.

Chlozepid release form: tablets of 0.005 g, Elenium - dragees of 0.01 g and ampoules of 0.1 g (complete with 2 ml distilled water). List B.

Recipe examples chlozepida in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Chlozepidi obductae 0.005 N. 50

D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day.

CLOBAZAM (pharmacological analogues: Frisium) - has a pronounced tranquilizing and anticonvulsant effect. Clobazam is used to treat various neurotic conditions, as well as epilepsy. As a tranquilizer, clobazam is used in doses of 10-20 mg per day; in the treatment of epilepsy, 5-15 mg per day is prescribed (the dose is gradually increased, but not more than 0.08 g per day). Side effects of clobozam and contraindications are characteristic of benzodiazepine tranquilizers. Clobazam release form: tablets of 5 and 10 mg. List B.

LORAZEPAM (pharmacological analogues: Tavor, Ativan) - similar in effect to previous drugs. Lorazepam P used in the treatment of neurotic, neurosis-like and psycho-like conditions. Reduces feelings of fear, anxiety, tension.

Release form of l orazepam: tablets of 0.0025 g. List B.

Recipe examples l orazepam in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Lorazepami 0.0025 N. 20

D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day.

NOZEPAM (pharmacological analogues: tazepam, oxazepam) - is a typical tranquilizer with all the characteristic features of drugs in this group and indications for use.

Release form of nosepam: tablets of 0.01 g. List B.

Nosepam prescription examples in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Nozepami 0.01 N. 50

D.S. 1 tablet 3-4 times a day

PHENAZEPAM- has a high tranquilizing activity, eliminates the feeling of anxiety (according to the psychosedative effect, it is close to neuroleptics). Phenazepam has a pronounced anticonvulsant, hypnotic, muscle relaxant effect. Side effects and contraindications to the use of phenazepam are characteristic of the entire group of tranquilizers. Phenazepam is used for neurotic, psychopathic conditions, as well as for epilepsy, sleep disorders, etc.

Phenazepam release form: tablets of 0.0005 g and 0.001 g; ampoules of 1 ml of 3% solution. List B.

Examples of a phenazepam prescription in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Phenazepami 0.0005 N. 50

D.S. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

MEDAZEPAM (pharmacological analogues: mezapam, nobrium, rudotel) - has anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant effects. Medazepam is a so-called daytime tranquilizer. The drug is used to treat neuroses, alcoholism, etc. Side effects of medazepam: dizziness, tachycardia, impaired accommodation. Contraindications are typical for this group.

Release form of medazepam: tablets of 0.01 g. List B.

Recipe examples m edazepama in latin:

Rp.: Tab. Medazepami 0.01 N. 50

D.S. 1 tablet 1-3 times a day.

See also nitrazepam (section “Hypnotics”) and clonazepam (section “Anticonvulsants”).

ALPRAZOLAM (pharmacological analogues: Xanax) is a benzodiazepine tranquilizer with activating properties. Alprazolam is used for anxiety, as well as mixed depressive-anxious states (the occurrence of symptoms of depression and anxiety at the same time), neurotic reactive-depressive states, etc. Alprazolam is prescribed 0.25-1 mg 2-3 times a day. Alprazolam is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines, pregnancy, and lactation.

Side effects of alprazolam: common for drugs of the benzodiazepine group.

Release form a lprazolam: tablets of 0.25; 0.5 and 1 mg. List B.

TEMAZEPAM (pharmacological analogues: signopam) - has a pronounced anxiolytic and analgesic effect. Temazepam facilitates falling asleep, relaxes skeletal muscles. Temazepam is used to treat neuroses accompanied by feelings of fear, tension, as well as convulsions and insomnia. Temazepam is also used in the treatment vascular diseases brain, etc. Assign 5 mg 2-3 times a day. (During the period of treatment with the drug, it is prohibited to drive!) Side effects of temazepam: dizziness, nausea, increased fatigue, drowsiness. Temazepam is contraindicated in pregnancy and glaucoma. Temazepam release form: tablets of 0.01 g. List B.

GIDAZEPAM- has an anxiolytic and activating effect, is used as a "daytime" tranquilizer. Gidazepam is prescribed for neurotic conditions at 0.02-0.05 g 3 times a day. Gidazepam is also used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. Side effects of gidazepam and contraindications are the same as for other drugs in this group. Gidazepam release form: tablets of 0.02 and 0.05 g. List B.

BROMAZEPAM(bromazanil) - is used for the symptomatic treatment of acute and chronic conditions of tension, agitation and anxiety. Bromazanil release form: tablets containing 6 mg bromazepam. List B.

PROPANEDIOL CARBAMATES

MEPROBAMATE (pharmacological analogues: meprotan, andaxin) is a typical tranquilizer with characteristic properties. Meprobamate is somewhat less active than benzodiazepines. Meprobamate has the same indications for use, contraindications and side effects. Meprobamate is prescribed orally.

Release form of meprobamate: tablets of 0.2 g. List B.

Recipe examples meprobamate in Latin:

Rp.: Tab. Meprobamati 0.2 N. 20

D.S. 1 tablet 3-4 times a day.

DIPHENYLMETHANE DERIVATIVES

AMISIL- in addition to a pronounced tranquilizing effect, it has an antispasmodic (peripheral M-anticholinergic), antihistamine, antiserotonin, anesthetic effect. In connection with the central anticholinergic action (inhibition of M-cholinergic receptors in the reticular formation), amizil can be used for parkinsonism. Amizil has anticonvulsant activity, potentiates the action of narcotic hypnotics, analgesics, and suppresses the cough reflex. Mizil p is used to treat various neurotic conditions accompanied by anxiety, depression, smooth muscle spasms. The drug is used as an antitussive.

Side effects of amizil are associated with peripheral M-anticholinergic (atropine-like) action: dry mouth, dilated pupils, tachycardia, etc. Contraindicated in glaucoma.

Release form misil: tablets of 0.002 g. List A.

Examples of recipe a mysila in latin:

Rp.: Tab. Amizyli 0.002 N. 50

D.S. 1 tablet 3 times a day.

TRANQUILIZERS OF DIFFERENT CHEMICAL GROUPS

MEBIKAR- has a tranquilizing, but not hypnotic effect. Side effects of Mebikar: allergic reactions, which require discontinuation of the drug.

Mebicar release form: tablets of 0.3 g. List B.

Recipe examples mebicara in latin:

Rp.: Tab. Mebicari 0.3 N. 10

D. S. 1 tablet 3 times a day (if necessary, the dose can be increased to 2-3 g per day).

GRANDAXIN- as a tranquilizer, it is similar to diazepam, but does not have a hypnotic, anticonvulsant effect, or cause muscle relaxation. Side effects of Grandaxin: allergic reactions, increased excitability. Grandaxin is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Release form of grandaxin: tablets of 0.05 g.

Recipe examples grandaxina in latin:

Rp.: Tab. Grandaxini 0.05 N. 20

D.S. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

TRIOXAZINE- the action is similar to the previous drugs. Trioxazine is prescribed orally. Release form of trioxazine: tablets of 0.3 g. List B.

Recipe examples t rioxazine in latin:

Rp.: Tab. Trioxazini 0.3 N. 20

D.S. 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day.

OXYLIDINE- has a tranquilizing, sedative effect, lowers blood pressure. Side effects of oxylidine: skin rashes, nausea, vomiting, impaired renal function. Oxilidine is contraindicated in cases of severe arterial hypotension and kidney disease. Release form of oxylidine: tablets of 0.02 g and 0.05 g; ampoules of 1 ml of 2% and 5% solutions. List B.

Recipe examples oxylidine in latin:

Rp.: Tab. Oxylidini 0.05 N. 100

D.S. 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rp.: Sol. Oxylidini 2% 1 ml D. t. d. N. 10 in ampull.

S. Administer 1 ml intramuscularly 2 times a day.

INSIDON- has a calming effect, improves mood, stabilizes vegetative reactions, eliminates feelings of fear and tension. Insidon is used for neuroses, neurosis-like and psychopath-like states, vegetative functional syndromes. Insidon N is prescribed for adults 50 mg 3 times a day; for children the dose is reduced, taking into account age. The course of treatment is 1-2 months. Side effects of insidon: dry mouth, dizziness, easy fatigue. Insidon release form: 0.05 g tablets. List B.