Table comparative characteristics of plant cells of animal bacteria. The main provisions of modern cell theory
These structures, despite the unity of origin, have significant differences.
General plan of cell structure
Considering cells, it is necessary first of all to recall the basic laws of their development and structure. They have common structural features, and consist of surface structures, cytoplasm and permanent structures - organelles. As a result of vital activity, they are deposited in reserve organic matter which are called inclusions. New cells arise as a result of the division of maternal ones. During this process, two or more young structures can be formed from one initial structure, which are an exact genetic copy of the original ones. Cells that have the same structural features and functions are combined into tissues. It is from these structures that the formation of organs and their systems occurs.
Comparison of plant and animal cells: table
On the table you can easily see all the similarities and differences in the cells of both categories.
| Signs for comparison | plant cell | animal cage |
| Features of the cell wall | Consists of cellulose polysaccharide. | It is a glycocalyx-thin layer consisting of compounds of proteins with carbohydrates and lipids. |
| The presence of a cell center | It is found only in the cells of lower algae plants. | Found in all cells. |
| The presence and location of the nucleus | The core is located in the near-wall zone. | The nucleus is located in the center of the cell. |
| Presence of plastids | The presence of plastids of three types: chloro-, chromo- and leucoplasts. | None. |
| The ability to photosynthesis | Happens on inner surface chloroplasts. | Not capable. |
| Feeding method | Autotrophic. | Heterotrophic. |
| Vacuoles | They are large | Digestive and |
| Reserve carbohydrate | Starch. | Glycogen. |
Main differences
Comparison of plant and animal cells indicates a number of differences in the features of their structure, and hence the processes of life. So, despite the unity of the general plan, their surface apparatus differs in chemical composition. Cellulose, which is part of the cell wall of plants, gives them a permanent shape. Animal glycocalyx, on the contrary, is a thin elastic layer. However, the most important fundamental difference between these cells and the organisms they form lies in the way they feed. Plants have green plastids called chloroplasts in their cytoplasm. On their inner surface, a complex chemical reaction of the transformation of water and carbon dioxide into monosaccharides. This process is only possible if sunlight and is called photosynthesis. by-product reaction is oxygen.
conclusions
So, we compared the plant and animal cells, their similarities and differences. Common are the building plan, chemical processes and composition, division and genetic code. At the same time, plant and animal cells fundamentally differ in the way they nourish the organisms they form.
In addition to the features characteristic of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the cells of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria have a number of other features. So, plant cells contain specific organelles - chloroplasts, which determine their ability to photosynthesis, while in other organisms these organelles are not found. Of course, this does not mean that other organisms are not capable of photosynthesis, since, for example, in bacteria, it occurs on invaginations of the plasmalemma and individual membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm.
Plant cells usually contain large vacuoles filled with cell sap. In the cells of animals, fungi and bacteria, they are also found, but they have a completely different origin and perform different functions. The main reserve substance found in the form of solid inclusions is starch in plants, glycogen in animals and fungi, and glycogen or volutin in bacteria.
Another hallmark of these groups of organisms is the organization of the surface apparatus: the cells of animal organisms do not have a cell wall, their plasma membrane is covered only with a thin glycocalyx, while all the rest have it. This is entirely understandable, since the way animals feed is associated with the capture of food particles in the process of phagocytosis, and the presence of a cell wall would deprive them of this opportunity. Chemical nature substances that make up the cell wall is not the same for various groups living organisms: if in plants it is cellulose, then in fungi it is chitin, and in bacteria it is murein. Comparative characteristics of the structure of cells of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria
| sign | bacteria | Animals | Mushrooms | Plants |
| Feeding method | heterotrophic or autotrophic | Heterotrophic | Heterotrophic | autotrophic |
| Organization of hereditary information | prokaryotes | eukaryotes | eukaryotes | eukaryotes |
| DNA localization | Nucleoid, plasmids | nucleus, mitochondria | nucleus, mitochondria | Nucleus, mitochondria, plastids |
| plasma membrane | Eat | Eat | Eat | Eat |
| cell wall | Mureinovaya | - | Chitinous | Cellulosic |
| Cytoplasm | Eat | Eat | Eat | Eat |
| Organelles | Ribosomes | Membrane and non-membrane, including the cell center | Membrane and non-membrane | Membrane and non-membrane, including plastids |
| Organelles of movement | Flagella and villi | Flagella and cilia | Flagella and cilia | Flagella and cilia |
| Vacuoles | Rarely | contractile, digestive | Sometimes | Central vacuole with cell sap |
| Inclusions | Glycogen, volutin | Glycogen | Glycogen | Starch |
Differences in the structure of cells of representatives different kingdoms wildlife are shown in the figure.
The chemical composition of the cell. Macro- and microelements. The relationship of the structure and functions of inorganic and organic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP) that make up the cell. Role chemical substances in the cell and the human body
The chemical composition of the cell
In the composition of living organisms, most of the chemical elements of the Periodic Table of Elements of D. I. Mendeleev, discovered to date, have been found. On the one hand, they do not contain a single element that would not be in inanimate nature, and on the other hand, their concentration in bodies inanimate nature and living organisms differ significantly.
These chemical elements form inorganic and organic substances. Despite the fact that inorganic substances predominate in living organisms, it is organic substances that determine the uniqueness of their chemical composition and the phenomenon of life in general, since they are synthesized mainly by organisms in the process of vital activity and play an important role in reactions.
The study of the chemical composition of organisms and chemical reactions flowing in them, deals with science biochemistry.
It should be noted that the content of chemicals in various cells and tissues can vary significantly. For example, if in animal cells among organic compounds proteins predominate, then in plant cells - carbohydrates.
| Chemical element | Earth's crust | Sea water | Alive organisms |
| O | 49.2 | 85.8 | 65–75 |
| C | 0.4 | 0.0035 | 15–18 |
| H | 1.0 | 10.67 | 8–10 |
| N | 0.04 | 0.37 | 1.5–3.0 |
| P | 0.1 | 0.003 | 0.20–1.0 |
| S | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.15–0.2 |
| K | 2.35 | 0.04 | 0.15–0.4 |
| Ca | 3.25 | 0.05 | 0.04–2.0 |
| Cl | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.05–0.1 |
| mg | 2.35 | 0.14 | 0.02–0.03 |
| Na | 2.4 | 1.14 | 0.02–0.03 |
| Fe | 4.2 | 0.00015 | 0.01–0.015 |
| Zn | < 0.01 | 0.00015 | 0.0003 |
| Cu | < 0.01 | < 0.00001 | 0.0002 |
| I | < 0.01 | 0.000015 | 0.0001 |
| F | 0.1 | 2.07 | 0.0001 |
Macro- and microelements
About 80 chemical elements are found in living organisms, but only 27 of these elements have their functions in the cell and organism. The rest of the elements are present in trace amounts, and appear to be ingested through food, water, and air. The content of chemical elements in the body varies significantly. Depending on the concentration, they are divided into macronutrients and microelements.
The concentration of each macronutrients in the body exceeds 0.01%, and their total content is 99%. Macronutrients include oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and iron. The first four of these elements (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen) are also called organogenic, since they are part of the main organic compounds. Phosphorus and sulfur are also components of a number of organic substances, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Phosphorus is essential for the formation of bones and teeth.
Impossible without the remaining macronutrients normal functioning organism. So, potassium, sodium and chlorine are involved in the processes of excitation of cells. Potassium is also needed for many enzymes to function and to retain water in the cell. Calcium is part of the cell walls of plants, bones, teeth and shells of mollusks and is required for contraction muscle cells and also for intracellular movement. Magnesium is a component of chlorophyll - a pigment that ensures the flow of photosynthesis. It also takes part in protein biosynthesis. Iron, in addition to being a part of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, is necessary for the processes of respiration and photosynthesis, as well as for the functioning of many enzymes.
trace elements are contained in the body in concentrations of less than 0.01%, and their total concentration in the cell does not even reach 0.1%. Trace elements include zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, iodine, fluorine, etc. Zinc is part of the pancreatic hormone molecule insulin, copper is required for photosynthesis and respiration. Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, the absence of which leads to anemia. Iodine is essential for hormone synthesis thyroid gland, which ensure the normal course of metabolism, and fluorine is associated with the formation of tooth enamel.
Both a lack and an excess or a violation of the metabolism of macro- and microelements lead to the development various diseases. In particular, a lack of calcium and phosphorus causes rickets, a lack of nitrogen causes severe protein deficiency, iron deficiency - anemia, and the lack of iodine - a violation of the formation of thyroid hormones and a decrease in metabolic rate. Reducing the intake of fluoride from water and food in to a large extent causes a violation of the renewal of tooth enamel and, as a result, a predisposition to caries. Lead is toxic to almost all organisms. Its excess causes irreversible damage to the brain and central nervous system which is manifested by loss of vision and hearing, insomnia, kidney failure, convulsions, and can also lead to paralysis and diseases such as cancer. Acute poisoning lead is accompanied by sudden hallucinations and ends in coma and death.
The lack of macro- and microelements can be compensated by increasing their content in food and drinking water, as well as by taking medicines. So, iodine is found in seafood and iodized salt, calcium - in eggshell and so on.
The relationship of the structure and functions of inorganic and organic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP) that make up the cell. The role of chemicals in the cell and the human body
inorganic substances
Chemical elements cells form various compounds - inorganic and organic. The inorganic substances of the cell include water, mineral salts, acids, etc., and the organic substances include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP, vitamins, etc.
Water(H 2 O) - the most common inorganic substance of the cell, which has unique physical and chemical properties. It has no taste, no color, no smell. Density and viscosity of all substances are estimated by water. Like many other substances, water can be in three states of aggregation: solid (ice), liquid and gaseous (steam). The melting point of water is 0°C, the boiling point is 100°C, however, the dissolution of other substances in water can change these characteristics. The heat capacity of water is also quite high - 4200 kJ / mol·K, which makes it possible for it to take part in the processes of thermoregulation. In a water molecule, hydrogen atoms are located at an angle of 105 °, while the total electron pairs pulled away by the more electronegative oxygen atom. This determines the dipole properties of water molecules (one of their ends is positively charged and the other is negatively charged) and the possibility of the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. The adhesion of water molecules underlies the phenomenon of surface tension, capillarity and the properties of water as a universal solvent. As a result, all substances are divided into soluble in water (hydrophilic) and insoluble in it (hydrophobic). Thanks to these unique properties It is predetermined that water has become the basis of life on Earth.
The average water content in the cells of the body is not the same and may change with age. So, in a one and a half month old human embryo, the water content in the cells reaches 97.5%, in an eight month old - 83%, in a newborn it decreases to 74%, and in an adult it averages 66%. However, body cells differ in water content. So, the bones contain about 20% water, the liver - 70%, and the brain - 86%. On the whole, it can be said that the concentration of water in cells is directly proportional to the metabolic rate.
mineral salts may be in dissolved or undissolved states. Soluble salts dissociate into ions - cations and anions. The most important cations are potassium and sodium ions, which facilitate the transfer of substances across the membrane and are involved in the occurrence and conduction nerve impulse; as well as calcium ions, which takes part in the processes of contraction of muscle fibers and blood clotting; magnesium, which is part of chlorophyll; iron, which is part of a number of proteins, including hemoglobin. The most important anions are the phosphate anion, which is part of ATP and nucleic acids, and the carbonic acid residue, which softens fluctuations in the pH of the medium. ions mineral salts provide both the penetration of the water itself into the cell, and its retention in it. If the concentration of salts in the environment is lower than in the cell, then water penetrates into the cell. Ions also determine the buffer properties of the cytoplasm, i.e., its ability to maintain a constant slightly alkaline pH of the cytoplasm, despite the constant formation of acidic and alkaline products in the cell.
Insoluble salts(CaCO 3, Ca 3 (PO 4) 2, etc.) are part of the bones, teeth, shells and shells of unicellular and multicellular animals.
In addition, other inorganic compounds, such as acids and oxides, can be produced in organisms. Thus, the parietal cells of the human stomach produce hydrochloric acid, which activates digestive enzyme pepsin, and silicon oxide impregnates the cell walls of horsetails and forms diatom shells. IN last years the role of nitric oxide (II) in signaling in cells and the body is also being investigated.
organic matter
Very for a long time ancient scientists mistakenly classified fungi in the same group as plants. And this was done only because of their external similarity. After all, mushrooms, like plants, cannot move. And at first glance, they do not look like animals at all. However, once the scientists were able to examine the cells, they found that the fungal cell was similar in many ways to the animal cell. Therefore, these living organisms are no longer classified as plants. However, they cannot be attributed to animals either, since the fungal cell, in addition to similarities, also has a number of differences from the animal. In this regard, fungi were identified as a separate kingdom. Thus, in nature there are five kingdoms of living organisms: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and viruses.
The main features of the mushroom cell
Fungi are eukaryotes. These are living organisms whose cells contain a nucleus. It is necessary in order to protect the genetic information recorded on DNA. Eukaryotes, in addition to fungi, are animals and plants.
In addition, a vacuole may be present in the old cell of the fungus. All of the above organelles perform their functions. Let's look at them in a short table.
Unlike plants, fungal cells do not contain plastids. In plants, these organelles are responsible for photosynthesis (chloroplasts) and petal color (chromoplasts). Fungi also differ from plants in that in their case only the old cell has a vacuole. Plant cells, on the other hand, possess this organelle throughout their entire life cycle.
Mushroom kernel
Since they are eukaryotes, each of their cells contains a nucleus. It is designed to protect the genetic information recorded on DNA, as well as to coordinate all processes occurring in the cell.
This structure has a nuclear membrane, in which there are special pores consisting of special proteins - nucleoprions. Thanks to the pores, the nucleus can exchange substances with the cytoplasm.
The environment that is inside the membrane is called karyoplasm. It contains DNA in the form of chromosomes.
Unlike plants and animals, whose cells usually contain a single nucleus (an exception may be, for example, multinucleated cells muscle tissue or non-nuclear platelets), a fungal cell often has not one, but two or more nuclei.
Conclusion - a variety of mushrooms
So, when we have already figured out how the cell of these organisms is arranged, let's briefly consider their varieties.
Multicellular fungi, depending on the structure, are divided into the following classes: basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, oomycetes, zygomycetes and chytridiomycetes.
Similarities and differences in the structure of plant, animal and fungal cells
Similarities in the structure of eukaryotic cells.
Now you can't full confidence say when and how life arose on Earth. We also do not know exactly how the first living creatures on Earth ate: autotrophically or heterotrophically. But at present, representatives of several kingdoms of living beings peacefully coexist on our planet. Despite the great difference in structure and lifestyle, it is obvious that there are more similarities between them than differences, and they all probably have common ancestors who lived in the distant Archean era. The presence of common "grandfathers" and "grandmothers" is evidenced by whole line common features in eukaryotic cells: protozoa, plants, fungi and animals. These signs include:
The general plan of the cell structure: the presence of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclei, organelles;
- the fundamental similarity of the processes of metabolism and energy in the cell;
- hereditary coding information with the help of nucleic acids;
- the unity of the chemical composition of cells;
- similar processes of cell division.
Differences in the structure of plant and animal cells.
In the process of evolution, due to the unequal conditions for the existence of cells of representatives of various kingdoms of living beings, many differences arose. Let us compare the structure and vital functions of plant and animal cells (Table 4).
The main difference between the cells of these two kingdoms lies in the way they are nourished. Plant cells containing chloroplasts are autotrophs, i.e., they themselves synthesize the organic substances necessary for life at the expense of light energy in the process of photosynthesis. Animal cells are heterotrophs, that is, the source of carbon for the synthesis of their own organic substances for them is organic substances that come with food. These same nutrients, such as carbohydrates, serve as a source of energy for animals. There are exceptions, such as green flagellates, which are capable of photosynthesis in the light, and feed on ready-made organic substances in the dark. To ensure photosynthesis, plant cells contain plastids that carry chlorophyll and other pigments.
Since the plant cell has a cell wall that protects its contents and ensures its constant shape, a partition is formed between the daughter cells during division, and animal cell, which does not have such a wall, divides with the formation of a constriction.
Features of fungal cells.
Thus, the allocation of mushrooms to an independent kingdom, numbering more than 100 thousand species, is absolutely justified. Mushrooms originate either from the most ancient filamentous algae that have lost chlorophyll, i.e. from plants, or from some ancient heterotrophs unknown to us, i.e. animals.
1. How does a plant cell differ from an animal cell?
2. What are the differences in plant and animal cell division?
3. Why are fungi singled out as an independent kingdom?
4. What is common and what differences in structure and life can be distinguished by comparing fungi with plants and animals?
5. Based on what features can we assume that all eukaryotes had common ancestors?
Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. V., Pasechnik V. V. Biology Grade 10
Submitted by readers from the website
There are 3 kingdoms - plants, animals and fungi.
1. Differences in nutrition
Plants are autotrophs, i.e. make for themselves organic substances from inorganic (carbon dioxide and water) in the process of photosynthesis.
Animals and fungi are heterotrophs, i.e. ready-made organic substances are obtained from food.
2. Growth or movement
Animals are able to move, grow only before the start of reproduction.
Plants and fungi do not move, but grow indefinitely throughout life.
3. Differences in the structure and function of the cell
1) Only plants have plastids (chloroplasts, leukoplasts, chromoplasts).
2) Only animals have a cell center (centrioles).*
3) Only animals do not have a large central vacuole. The shell of this vacuole is called the tonoplast, and the contents are cell sap. In plants, it occupies most of the adult cell. * *
4) Only animals do not have a cell wall (dense shell), in plants it is made of cellulose (fiber), and in fungi it is made of chitin.
5) The reserve carbohydrate in plants is starch, and in animals and fungi it is glycogen.
===Correct in the exam
666)
667) **Vacuoles with cell sap are found only in plants.
668) Only animals have lysosomes.
Analyze the text "The difference between a plant cell and an animal cell." Fill in the empty cells of the text using the terms given in the list. For each cell marked with a letter, select the appropriate term from the list provided. A plant cell, unlike an animal cell, has ___ (A), which in old cells ___ (B) and displace the cell nucleus from the center to its shell. Cell sap may contain ___ (B), which give it a blue, purple, raspberry color, etc. The plant cell membrane mainly consists of ___ (D).
1) chloroplast
2) vacuole
3) pigment
4) mitochondrion
5) merge
6) break up
7) cellulose
8) glucose
Answer
Choose three options. Signs characteristic of mushrooms
1) the presence of chitin in the cell wall
2) storage of glycogen in cells
3) absorption of food by phagocytosis
4) the ability to chemosynthesis
5) heterotrophic nutrition
6) limited growth
Answer
Choose three options. Plants, like mushrooms,
2) have limited growth
3) absorb nutrients from the surface of the body
4) feed on ready-made organic substances
5) contain chitin in cell membranes
6) have a cellular structure
Answer
Choose three options. Mushrooms, like animals,
1) grow throughout life
2) do not contain ribosomes in cells
3) have a cellular structure
4) do not contain mitochondria in cells
5) contain chitin in organisms
6) are heterotrophic organisms
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the kingdom of organisms: 1) plants, 2) animals
A) Synthesize organic compounds from inorganic compounds
B) have unlimited growth
B) absorb solid particles
D) Glycogen is a reserve nutrient.
D) Starch is a reserve nutrient.
E) Most organisms do not have cell center centrioles in their cells.
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the kingdoms for which they are characteristic: 1) plants, 2) animals. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) heterotrophic type of nutrition
B) the presence of chitin in the outer skeleton
C) the presence of educational tissue
D) regulation of vital activity only with the help of chemicals
D) the formation of urea in the process of metabolism
E) the presence of a rigid cell wall of polysaccharides
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the feature of the organism and the kingdom for which this feature is characteristic: 1) Plants, 2) Animals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell wall
B) autotrophs
B) larval stage
D) consumers
D) connective tissue
E) tropisms
Answer
4. Establish a correspondence between organelles and cells: 1) plant, 2) animal. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell wall
B) glycocalyx
B) centrioles
D) plastids
D) starch granules
E) glycogen granules
Answer
5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the life of organisms and the kingdoms for which they are characteristic: 1) Plants, 2) Animals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) heterotrophic nutrition in most representatives
B) maturation of gametes by meiosis
C) the primary synthesis of organic substances from inorganic
D) transport of substances through a conductive tissue
D) neurohumoral regulation life processes
E) reproduction by spores and vegetative organs
Answer
SHAPING 6:
A) the ability to phagocytosis
B) the presence of a large storage vacuole
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Fungi, unlike plants,
1) refer to nuclear organisms(eukaryotes)
2) grow throughout life
3) feed on ready-made organic substances
4) contain chitin in cell membranes
5) play the role of decomposers in the ecosystem
6) synthesize organic substances from inorganic
Answer
Choose three options. Fungal and animal cells are similar in that they have
1) a shell of a chitin-like substance
2) glycogen as a storage carbohydrate
3) decorated core
4) vacuoles with cell sap
5) mitochondria
6) plastids
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. How can mushrooms be distinguished from animals?
2) have a cellular structure
3) grow throughout life
4) have a body consisting of hyphae threads
5) absorb nutrients from the surface of the body
6) have limited growth
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Mushrooms, like animals,
1) feed on ready-made organic substances
2) have a vegetative body consisting of mycelium
3) lead active image life
4) have unlimited growth
5) store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen
6) form urea during metabolism
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the kingdom to which it belongs: 1) Mushrooms, 2) Plants. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the cell wall contains chitin
B) the type of nutrition is autotrophic
B) form organic compounds from inorganic compounds
D) starch is a reserve nutrient
D) in natural systems are decomposers
E) the body is made up of mycelium
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the structural feature of the cell and the kingdom for which it is characteristic: 1) Mushrooms, 2) Plants. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the presence of plastids
B) the absence of chloroplasts
C) storage substance - starch
D) the presence of vacuoles with cell sap
D) the cell wall contains fiber
E) the cell wall contains chitin
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the cell and its type: 1) fungal, 2) vegetable. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) reserve carbohydrate - starch
B) chitin gives strength to the cell wall
B) there are no centrioles
D) there are no plastids
D) autotrophic nutrition
E) there is no large vacuole
Answer
4. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of cells and their type: 1) vegetable, 2) mushroom. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) phototrophic nutrition
B) heterotrophic nutrition
B) the presence of a cellulose shell
D) storage substance - glycogen
D) the presence of a large storage vacuole
E) the absence of a cell center in most centrioles
Answer
5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of cells and the kingdoms of organisms to which these cells belong: 1) Plants, 2) Fungi. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) chitin cell wall
B) the presence of large vacuoles with cell sap
C) the absence of centrioles of the cell center in most representatives
D) storage carbohydrate glycogen
D) heterotrophic mode of nutrition
E) the presence of a variety of plastids
Answer
1. The signs listed below, except for two, are used to describe the features of the cells shown in the figure. Identify two features that "drop out" of general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) have a formalized core
2) are heterotrophic
3) capable of photosynthesis
4) contain central vacuole with cell sap
5) accumulate glycogen
Answer
2. All the signs listed below, except for two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the shape of the cell is maintained by turgor
2) storage substance - starch
3) the cell does not have centrioles
4) the cell does not have a cell wall
5) all proteins are synthesized in chloroplasts
Answer
3. The terms listed below, except for two, are used to characterize the cell shown in the figure. Identify two terms that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) starch
2) mitosis
3) meiosis
4) phagocytosis
5) chitin
Answer
4. All but two of the following terms are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two terms that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated
1) photosynthesis
2) cell wall
3) chitin
4) nucleoid
5) core
Answer
All of the features listed below, except for two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) cells are always single
2) eat vigilantly
3) protein is synthesized by ribosomes
4) contain a wall of cellulose
5) DNA is in the nucleus
Answer
All of the features listed below, except for two, are used to describe the cell shown in the figure. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) has a glycocalyx
2) has a cell wall
3) feeds autotrophically
4) contains a cell center
5) is divided by mitosis
Answer
In the form of what compound do cells of various organisms store glucose? Define two true statements from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Plants store glucose in the form of glycogen
2) Animals store glucose in the form of sucrose
3) Plants store glucose in the form of starch
4) Fungi and plants store glucose in the form of cellulose
5) Fungi and animals store glucose in the form of glycogen
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Mushrooms are characterized the following signs:
1) are pre-nuclear organisms
2) play the role of decomposers in the ecosystem
3) have root hairs
4) have limited growth
5) by type of nutrition - heterotrophs
6) contain chitin in cell membranes
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down in the answer the numbers under which they are indicated. Of the listed signs, select those that fungal cells have.
1) the hereditary apparatus is located in the nucleotide
2) the cell wall contains chitin
3) eukaryotic cell
4) reserve substance - glycogen
5) cell membrane absent
6) type of nutrition - autotrophic
Answer
1. Choose three options. Cells flowering plant differ from animal cells in having
1) cellulose shells
2) chloroplasts
3) decorated core
4) vacuoles with cell sap
5) mitochondria
6) endoplasmic reticulum
Answer
2. Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. In cages plant organisms, unlike animals, contain
1) chloroplasts
2) mitochondria
3) nucleus and nucleolus
4) vacuoles with cell sap
5) cellulose cell wall
6) ribosomes
Answer
Choose three elements that distinguish a plant cell from an animal cell.
1) lack of mitochondria
2) the presence of leukocytes
3) lack of glycocalyx
3) the presence of thylakoids
5) the presence of cell sap
6) lack of a plasma membrane
Answer
Analyze the text "Moss". For each cell marked with a letter, select the appropriate term from the list provided. Mosses are ________ (A) plants, because they reproduce by spores that form in special organs - ________ (B). In our forests, there are green mosses, such as cuckoo flax, and white mosses, such as ________ (B). Water is extremely important for the life of mosses, so they are often found near forest stagnant reservoirs: lakes and swamps. Centuries-old deposits of mosses in swamps form deposits of ________ (D) - valuable fertilizer and fuel.
1) inferior
2) box
3) seed
4) sorus
5) spore
6) sphagnum
7) peat
8) flower
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the cell and its type: 1) bacterial, 2) fungal, 3) plant. Write the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct sequence.
A) the absence of membrane organelles
B) storage substance - starch
B) the ability to chemosynthesis
D) the presence of a nucleoid
D) the presence of chitin in the cell wall
Answer
Choose three characteristics that distinguish mushrooms from plants.
1) chemical composition cell wall
2) unlimited growth
3) immobility
4) feeding method
5) reproduction by spores
6) the presence of fruiting bodies
Answer
What features, unlike animal and fungal cells, does a plant cell have?
1) forms a cellulose cell wall
2) includes ribosomes
3) has the ability to repeatedly divide
4) accumulates nutrients
5) contains leucoplasts
6) does not have centrioles
Answer
1) chloroplasts
2) central vacuole
3) endoplasmic reticulum
4) mitochondria
5) Golgi apparatus
Answer
All but two of the following organelles are present in all types of eukaryotic cells. Identify two features that “fall out” of the general list, and write down in response the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) plasma membrane
2) endoplasmic reticulum
3) flagella
4) mitochondria
5) chloroplasts
Answer
1. All but two of the terms listed below are used to describe a fungal cell. Identify two terms that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) core
2) chemosynthesis
3) cell wall
4) autotrophic nutrition
5) glycogen
Answer
2. All the signs listed below, except for two, are used to describe the structure of the fungal cell. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the presence of a decorated core
2) the presence of a cellulose shell
3) the ability to phagocytosis
4) the presence of membrane organelles
5) the presence of glycogen as a reserve substance
Answer
All of the features listed below, except for two, are used to describe the structure of most plant cells. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) various plastids
2) cellulose casing
3) centrioles of the cell center
4) glycocalyx
5) vacuoles with cell sap
Answer
All of the features listed below, except for two, are used to describe the structure of most animal cells. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) centrioles of the cell center
2) cell wall from chitin
3) semi-autonomous organelles
4) plastids
5) glycocalyx
Answer
1. Find three mistakes in the given text and indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they were made.(1) Plants, like other organisms, have a cellular structure, feed, breathe, grow, multiply. (2) As members of one kingdom, plants have characteristics that distinguish them from other kingdoms. (3) Plant cells have a cell wall composed of cellulose, plastids, vacuoles with cell sap. (4) In cages higher plants there are centrioles. (5) In plant cells, ATP synthesis is carried out in lysosomes. (6) The reserve nutrient in plant cells is glycogen. (7) According to the mode of nutrition, most plants are autotrophs.
Answer
2. Find three mistakes in the given text. Specify the numbers of proposals in which they are made.(1) Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus. (2) Plastids and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes. (3) The cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contains ribosomes, the Golgi complex, and the endoplasmic reticulum. (4) The cell wall of plant cells contains cellulose, the cell wall of animal cells contains glycogen. (5) A bacterial cell reproduces by means of spores. (6) Eukaryotic cell divides by mitosis and meiosis. (7) Fungal spores are meant to reproduce.
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and kingdoms of organisms: 1) Animals, 2) Mushrooms. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell walls contain chitin
B) the presence of mycelium, consisting of threads-hyphae
C) the presence of glycocalyx on cell membranes
D) growth throughout life
D) the ability to move independently
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the signs of organisms and the kingdoms for which they are characteristic: 1) Mushrooms, 2) Animals. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) rigid cell wall
B) active movement in space
C) the absorption of nutrients by the surface of the body by all representatives of the kingdom
D) unlimited growth for all representatives
D) external and internal fertilization
E) the presence of tissues and organs
Answer
Consider the picture of this cell and determine (A) the type of this cell, (B) its type of nutrition, (C) the organoid indicated in the figure by the number 1. For each letter, select the appropriate term from the list provided.
1) bacterial
2) mitochondrion
3) autotrophic
4) vegetable
5) building
6) heterotrophic
7) animal
8) core
Answer
Match the characteristics and kingdoms of the organisms shown in the figure. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in sequence corresponding to the letters.
A) autotrophic type of nutrition is characteristic
B) have a variety of tissues and organs
C) most representatives have centrioles of the cell center in the cells
D) spare nutrient- glycogen
D) many representatives have a fruiting body
E) are producers in ecosystems
Answer
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