Comparative characteristics of bacterial cells of plants and animals. Comparison of features of plant and animal cells

The science that studies the structure and function of cells cytology .

Cells may differ from each other in form, structure, and function, although the basic structural elements of most cells are similar. Systematic groups of cells - prokaryotic And eukaryotic (superkingdoms of prokaryotes and eukaryotes) .

Prokaryotic cells do not contain a true nucleus and a number of organelles (the kingdom of the shotgun).
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which the hereditary apparatus of the organism is located (superkingdoms of fungi, plants, animals).

Every organism develops from a cell.
This applies to organisms that were born as a result of both asexual and sexual reproduction methods. That is why the cell is considered a unit of growth and development of the organism.

According to the method of nutrition and the structure of cells, they are isolated kingdoms :

Drobyanki;
Mushrooms;
Plants;
Animals.

bacterial cells (Drobyanka's kingdom) have: a dense cell wall, one circular DNA molecule (nucleoid), ribosomes. These cells lack many of the organelles characteristic of eukaryotic plant, animal, and fungal cells. According to the mode of nutrition, bacteria are divided into phototrophs, chemotrophs, and heterotrophs.

mushroom cells covered with a cell wall that differs in chemical composition from the cell walls of plants. It contains chitin, polysaccharides, proteins and fats as the main components. Glycogen is the reserve substance of fungal and animal cells.

plant cells contain: chloroplasts, leukoplasts and chromoplasts; they are surrounded by a dense cell wall of cellulose, and also have vacuoles with cell sap. All green plants are autotrophic organisms.

At animal cells no dense cell walls. They are surrounded by a cell membrane through which the exchange of substances with the environment takes place.

THEMATIC ASSIGNMENTS

Part A

A1. Which of the following is consistent with the cell theory
1) the cell is the elementary unit of heredity
2) the cell is the unit of reproduction
3) the cells of all organisms are different in their structure
4) the cells of all organisms have a different chemical composition

A2. Precellular life forms include:
1) yeast
2) penicillium
3) bacteria
4) viruses

A3. A plant cell differs from a fungal cell in structure:
1) kernels
2) mitochondria
3) cell wall
4) ribosome

A4. One cell consists of:
1) influenza virus and amoeba
2) mushroom mukor and cuckoo flax
3) planaria and volvox
4) euglena green and infusoria-shoe

A5. Prokaryotic cells have:
1) core
2) mitochondria
3) Golgi apparatus
4) ribosomes

A6. The species affiliation of the cell is indicated by:
1) the shape of the nucleus
2) number of chromosomes
3) membrane structure
4) the primary structure of the protein

A7. The role of cell theory in science is
1) opening of the cell nucleus
2) cell opening
3) generalization of knowledge about the structure of organisms
4) discovery of metabolic mechanisms

Part B

IN 1. Select features that are characteristic only for plant cells
1) have mitochondria and ribosomes
2) cellulose cell wall
3) there are chloroplasts
4) reserve substance - glycogen
5) reserve substance - starch
6) the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane

AT 2. Select the features that distinguish the kingdom of Bacteria from the rest of the kingdoms of the organic world.
1) heterotrophic mode of nutrition
2) autotrophic mode of nutrition
3) the presence of a nucleoid
4) lack of mitochondria
5) no core
6) the presence of ribosomes

VZ. Find a correspondence between the structural features of the cell and the kingdom to which these cells belong

Part C

C1. Give examples of eukaryotic cells that do not have a nucleus.
C2. Prove that the cell theory generalized a number of biological discoveries and predicted new discoveries.

The role of every living organism in wildlife is very great. Bacteria, despite their tiny size and limited set of functions, are of great importance in the life of every other kingdom, whether it be plants, fungi, animals or viruses. Their main difference is the absence of a nucleus in the cell, but there are still a huge number of signs by which these organisms are divided into separate groups.

Dimensions and structure

Bacterial and plant, the purpose of which is to perform a single function - to provide assistance in movement in a liquid environment. Despite the same name, these elements have a significant difference. It lies in the structure and size.

The difference between bacteria and the plant kingdom on this basis can be presented in the following table:

Similarities and differences between other organisms

The detailed difference between bacteria and all plants, fungi and animals can be seen in the table below:

hallmark	bacteria	Mushrooms	Plants	Animals
What do they eat?	ready-made organic substances, synthesis of organic substances from inorganics		Organic substances created from inorganic substances independently (photosynthesis)	prepared organic matter
How do they move?	with the help of flagella and villi		Have no ability to move	Have the ability to move independently
How is growth carried out?	up to a certain point (then cell division occurs)		Unlimited during your life	before breeding
reproduction	independent cell division	vegetative, asexual (spores), and sexually	Asexual (spores) and sexual	sexual
Peculiarities	The absence of a nucleus in the cell	The cell wall is made up of chitin; Mushrooms have a storage carbohydrate in the form of glycogen.	The presence in the cell of a large central vacuole, plastids and fiber; storage carbohydrate in the form of starch	They have a cellular center and a storage carbohydrate in the form of glycogen; No cell wall

Based on the presented data, we can conclude that fungi, animals, plants have a significant difference from the primitive form of life, which is expressed not only in their structure and structure, but also in the functions performed and methods of reproduction on our planet. In addition, a huge number of processes occurring in the cells of other living organisms,. For prokaryotes, the need for the presence of ascorbic acid for normal life is also not typical, while fungi and other kingdoms (except viruses) require it constantly.

If we compare bacteria with viruses, they have a huge difference between them. The main one is the size of microorganisms. If the former can reach approximately 5000 nanometers or 5 microns (large members of the group), then the dimensions of viruses vary from only 20 to 400 nanometers, so they can only be seen with a modern microscope.

cell membrane.
Polysaccharide or peptidoglycan wall.
Freely existing RNA/DNA.
Ribosomes.

Section "Cell as a biological system"

Theme "Structure of cells of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi"

Table 1 - Comparative characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Characteristic	prokaryotic cell	eukaryotic cell
Cell sizes	0.5-5 µm	up to 40 µm
Form	Unicellular or filamentous	Unicellular, filamentous or multicellular
Organization of genetic material	Circular DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane (i.e., there is no nucleus), there are no nucleoli; mitosis is absent	linear DNA molecules are associated with proteins and RNA and form chromosomes; there is a nucleus (i.e. chromosomes are separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope) containing more than one chromosome; nuclear division by mitosis
DNA localization	in nucleoid and plasmids not limited by an elementary membrane	in the nucleus and some organelles
protein synthesis	70S ribosomes and smaller; EPR (EPS) is absent	80S ribosomes. Ribosomes can be attached to the ER
Organelles	There are few organelles, none of them has a shell (double shell)	There are many organelles, most are surrounded by a double membrane (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)
Movement of the cytoplasm	absent	often found
Cell wall (where present)	Rigid, contain polysaccharides and amino acids. The main strengthening component is murein.	In green plants and fungi, the cell walls are rigid and contain polysaccharides. The main strengthening component of the cell wall in plants is cellulose, in fungi it is chitin.
Flagella	the flagellum filament is built from protein subunits that form a helix	each flagellum contains a set of microtubules, collected in groups: 2 9-2
Breath	In bacteria - in mesosomes; in blue-green algae - in the cytoplasmic membrane	Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria
Photosynthesis	Occurs in membranes that do not have specific packaging	In chloroplasts containing special membranes that are laid in lamellae or grana
Nitrogen fixation	Some have this ability (examples are free-living Azotobacter saprophytes or symbionts - RhiZobium)

Table number 2 - Differences in the structure of eukaryotes of different kingdoms

Criterion	Plants	Animals	Mushrooms
Core
plastids
Shell	cellulose		chitin
Spare substance	starch	glycogen
Vacuoles	large	small or absent
Feeding method	autotrophic	heterotrophic

Table No. 3 The structure and functions of the parts and organelles of the eukaryotic cell

Part of a cell	Structure	Functions
Plasma membrane (plasmalemma, cell membrane)	Fluid mosaic model of the structure: a double layer of lipids surrounded by layers of proteins	Restricts the contents of the cell - protective determines selective permeability: diffusion, passive and active transport Phagocytosis pinocytosis Provides irritability Provides intercellular contacts
Cytoplasm	Semi-liquid mass of colloidal structure, consists of hyaloplasm or matrix (proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, RNA, cations, anions)	Unites cell organelles and ensures their interaction
cytoskeleton	Structures of protein nature - microtubules and microfilaments	support Fixing organelles in a specific position
Non-membranous organelles (organelles)
Cell Center	Two centrioles and a centrosphere. Contains proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, RNA, lipids	Forms the spindle of cell division, participates in cell division Participates in the development of flagella and cilia
Ribosomes	Consists of large and small subunits. Contains RNA and protein. Free or bound to membranes	Synthesis of proteins in polysomes (polyribosomes)
Single membrane organelles (organelles)
EPS (EPR)	The system of membranous sacs forms a single whole with the outer membrane and the nuclear envelope. It can be granular (rough) and smooth	Protein synthesis (rough type) Synthesis of lipids and steroids Transport of synthesized substances Dividing the cell into sectors
Golgi Complex (Apparatus)	Membrane sac-cistern system (discs); vesicle system (vesicles); located near the nucleus	Participates in the excretion of substances synthesized by the cell, decay products and toxic substances Formation of lysosomes, vacuoles
Lysosomes	Spherical membrane bag; many hydrolytic enzymes	Digestion of substances Breakdown of dead cells splitting of organelles during cell starvation; Autolysis (cell breakdown)
Vacuoles	Filled with cell sap. In plants - large, small in animals (contractile, digestive, phagocytic). The older it grows. cell - the larger the vacuole.	Regulate osmotic pressure in the cell Accumulate substances (pigments of fruit cells, nutrients, salts) Water supply for photosynthesis
Double membrane organelles
Mitochondria	There are internal membranes - cristae; matrix (ribosomes, DNA, RNA) many enzymes	Oxidation of organic substances ATP synthesis and energy storage Synthesize their own proteins
plastids	Species: leuco-chromo- and chloroplasts; covered with a protein-lipid membrane; stroma matrix; have folds of the inner membrane; the stroma contains DNA and ribosomes; membranes contain chlorophyll.Leuco- and chromoplasts can degenerate into chloroplasts - examples.	Photosynthesis Storage (synthesis of starch from excess glucose or fats are deposited and less often proteins)
Core	Covered with a protein-lipid membrane; consists of karyoplasm (nuclear sap or nucleoplasm), nucleolus (RNA, protein) and chromatin (DNA, protein)	DNA storage, RNA transcription. Responsible for metabolic functionsIf the cell's nucleus is removed, then toxic substances, decay products begin to accumulate in it, the cell stops growing and updating.

Fixing the material

A 1 Which picture shows a mitochondrion?

B1 Establish a correspondence between the features of the structure, function and organelle of the cell

A). There are smooth and rough membranes 1). Golgi complex

B). They form a network of branched channels and cavities 2). EPS

IN). Form flattened cisterns and vacuoles

G). Participates in the synthesis of proteins, fats

D). form lysosomes

B2 Establish a correspondence between the features of the structure, function and organelle of the cell

Structural features, functions Organoid

A). Contains pigment chlorophyll 1). Mitochondria

B). Carries out energy metabolism in the cell 2). Chloroplast

IN). Carries out the process of photosynthesis

G). The inner membrane forms folds - cristae

D). The main function is the synthesis of ATP

Q3 Choose three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

1). There is a core

2). The cell wall is represented by murein or pectin.

3). The hereditary apparatus is located in the cytoplasm of the cell

4) Has a cell center

5). Has chloroplasts with chlorophyll

6). Ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm

C1 Analyze the picture, which shows different eukaryotic cells. What does the information in it tell you?

Verification work "Diversity and structure of cells"

Part A assignments

The plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell is not involved in the processes

Name the structural component of the cell, which is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Indicate the structural component of an animal cell that is visible only with an electron microscope.

Name the chemical compounds that are mosaically located in the outer plasma membrane and ensure that the membrane performs transport, enzymatic and receptor functions.

Name one of the organelles inside which there is DNA, due to which these organelles are able to reproduce.

Name the structural component of the cell, which has the following structure: surrounded by two membranes, the inner membrane forms numerous outgrowths into the inner cavity of this structural component, DNA in the form of a ring and small ribosomes are located in the inner cavity.

Name the organelle that is involved in the synthesis of proteins, synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids, transports them to different parts of the cell, forms the shell of the nucleus and the Golgi complex.

Microorganisms and solid particles of matter are enveloped by outgrowths of the notch and enter it being surrounded by areas of the outer plasma membrane. Name this type of transport of substances through the membrane.

What human cells lose their nucleus in the process of development, but continue to perform their functions for a long time?

A) nerve cells B) cells of the inner layer of the skin

C) erythrocytes D) striated muscle fibers

Before being in the lysosome, enzymes after their formation pass through two structural components of the cell. Name them in the order in which enzymes pass through them after synthesis on ribosomes.

What structural component of a cell do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?

Name the organelle in which the formation of complex proteins and large polymer molecules, the packaging of substances released from the cell into a membrane vesicle, and the formation of lysosomes take place.

Name the structural component of the cell, in which ribosomal and transfer RNAs are formed, which are involved in protein synthesis

Name the organelle that roughens the granular endoplasmic reticulum.

What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

break down biopolymers into monomers
oxidize glucose to carbon dioxide and water
carry out the synthesis of organic substances
synthesize polysaccharides from glucose

Lysosome enzymes are synthesized in

Part B assignments

1. Bacterial cells are different from plant cells

lack of a formalized core
the presence of a plasma membrane
having a hard shell
lack of mitochondria
the presence of ribosomes
absence of the Golgi complex

2. Cells of which organisms cannot absorb large food particles by phagocytosis?

3. Proteins and lipids are involved in the formation

4. What are the structure and functions of mitochondria?

A) break down biopolymers into monomers

B) are characterized by an anaerobic way of obtaining energy

D) have enzymatic complexes located on cristae

D) oxidize organic substances with the formation of ATP

E) have outer and inner membranes

5. What are the general properties of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

do not divide during the life of the cell
have their own genetic material
are single membrane
contain enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
have a double membrane
involved in ATP synthesis

6. Cytoplasm performs a number of functions in the cell:

is the internal environment of the cell
communicates between the nucleus and organelles
acts as a matrix for carbohydrate synthesis
serves as the location of the nucleus and organelles
transmits hereditary information
serves as the location of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

7. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the cell organoid and its type.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANOID	ORGANOID OF THE CELL
1) a system of tubules penetrating the cytoplasm	A) Golgi complex
2) a system of thickened membrane cylinders and bubbles	B) endoplasmic reticulum
3) provides the accumulation of substances in the cell
4) ribosomes can be placed on membranes
5) participates in the formation of lysosomes
6) ensures the movement of organic substances in the cell

Answer

8. Establish a correspondence between the structural feature of the cell and the kingdom for which it is characteristic.

FEATURE OF THE STRUCTURE OF CELLS	KINGDOM
1) the presence of plastids	A) mushrooms
2) absence of chloroplasts

The similarity in the structure and metabolic processes of animal, plant, bacterial and fungal cells proves the unity of their origin.

Differences in the structure and metabolic processes of animal, plant, bacterial and fungal cells indicate that these groups of organisms embarked on different paths of evolution at its earliest stages.

The predominance of synthetic processes over the processes of energy release is one of the most characteristic features of plant metabolism. The primary synthesis of carbohydrates from inorganic substances is carried out in plastids. So, in animal cells, unlike plant cells, the following plastids are absent: chloroplasts (responsible for the photosynthesis reaction), leukoplasts (responsible for the accumulation of starch) and chromoplasts (give color to the fruits and flowers of plants)

A plant cell has a strong and thick cell wall made of cellulose, while an animal cell does not. In a plant cell, a network of vacuoles is developed, in an animal cell it is poorly developed.

An excerpt characterizing Comparison of the structure of cells of bacteria, plants, animals and fungi

“Is that you, too?” I asked cautiously.
She proudly nodded her curly red head. It was very funny to watch her, as the girl was really seriously proud of what she managed to create. And who wouldn't be proud?! She was a perfect baby, who, laughing, in between times, created new incredible worlds for herself, and immediately replaced the boring ones with others, like gloves ... To be honest, there was something to come in shock. I tried to understand what was happening here?.. Stella was obviously dead, and her essence communicated with me all this time. But where we were and how she created these “worlds” of hers was still a complete mystery to me.
- Is there anything you don't understand? – the girl was surprised.
- To be honest - how! I frankly exclaimed.
But you can do much more, can't you? The little girl was even more surprised.
“More…?” I asked dumbfounded.
She nodded, tilting her red head comically to the side.
Who showed you all this? – cautiously, fearing something inadvertently offend her, I asked.
“Well, of course, grandma. – As if she said something for granted. - At the beginning I was very sad and lonely, and my grandmother was very sorry for me. So she showed me how it's done.
And then I finally realized that this was indeed her world, created only by the power of her thought. This girl didn't even realize what a treasure she was! But my grandmother, I think, just understood this very well ...
As it turned out, Stella died a few months ago in a car accident, in which her entire family also died. Only the grandmother remained, for whom at that time there was simply no room in the car ... And who almost went crazy when she learned about her terrible, irreparable misfortune. But, what was the strangest thing, Stella did not get, as everyone usually did, to the same levels in which her family was. Her body possessed a high essence, which after death went to the highest levels of the Earth. And thus the girl was left completely alone, since her mother, father and older brother were apparently the most ordinary, ordinary people who did not differ in any special talents.
“Why don’t you find someone here where you live now?” I asked carefully again.
- I found ... But they are all kind of old and serious ... not like you and me. The girl whispered thoughtfully.
Suddenly, she suddenly smiled cheerfully and her pretty face immediately shone with a bright bright sun.
“Do you want me to show you how to do it?”
I just nodded in agreement, very afraid that she would change her mind. But the girl was clearly not going to “change her mind” on anything, on the contrary - she was very glad to have found someone who was almost the same age as her, and now, if I understood something, she was not going to let me go so easily ... This " perspective" suited me completely, and I prepared to listen attentively about its incredible wonders ...
“Everything is much easier here than on Earth,” Stella chirped, very pleased with the attention given, “you just have to forget about the “level” at which you still live (!) And focus on what you want to see . Try to imagine very accurately, and it will come.
I tried to switch off all extraneous thoughts - it did not work. For some reason this has always been difficult for me.
Then, finally, everything disappeared somewhere, and I was left hanging in complete emptiness ... There was a feeling of Complete Peace, so rich in its fullness that it was impossible to experience on Earth ... Then the emptiness began to fill with a mist sparkling with all the colors of the rainbow, which and condensed more, becoming like a brilliant and very dense ball of stars ... Smoothly and slowly this "ball" began to unwind and grow until it became like a gigantic sparkling spiral, amazing in its beauty, the end of which was "sprayed" by thousands of stars and went where into the invisible distance... I stared dumbfounded at this fabulous unearthly beauty, trying to understand how and where it came from? I could not get rid of a very strange feeling that THIS is my real home ...
– What is it?.. – a thin voice asked in a stunned whisper.
Stella "frozen" stood in a stupor, unable to make even the slightest movement, and with rounded eyes, like large saucers, she observed this incredible beauty that unexpectedly fell from somewhere ...
Suddenly, the air around us shook violently, and a luminous being appeared right in front of us. It was very similar to my old "crowned" star friend, but it was clearly someone else. After recovering from the shock and taking a closer look at him, I realized that he did not look like my old friends at all. It’s just that the first impression “fixed” the same hoop on the forehead and similar power, but otherwise there was nothing in common between them. All the "guests" that had come to see me before had been tall, but this being was very tall, probably somewhere around a full five meters. His strange glittering clothes (if they could be called that) fluttered all the time, scattering sparkling crystal tails behind him, although not the slightest breeze was felt around him. Long, silver hair shone with a strange lunar halo, creating the impression of "eternal cold" around his head ... And his eyes were such that it would never be better to look at them! .. Before I saw them, even in the wildest fantasy it was impossible imagine such eyes!.. They were an incredibly bright pink color and sparkled with a thousand diamond stars, as if lit up every time he looked at someone. It was completely unusual and breathtakingly beautiful ...

Can you complete this task? Let's remember together the structural features of these cells, their vital activity, as well as similarities and differences.

Functional unit of plants

A characteristic feature is the presence of green chloroplast plastids. These permanent structures are the basis of photosynthesis. During this process, inorganic substances are converted into carbohydrates and oxygen. Compare plant and bacterial cells - and you will see that the first type is much larger. Some of them can be seen even with the naked eye. For example, large cells of the pulp of a watermelon, lemon or orange.

What do plant and bacterial cells have in common?

Despite the fact that these cells form organisms of different kingdoms, there are a number of significant similarities between them. They have a general structural plan and consist of a surface apparatus, cytoplasm and permanent structures - organelles.

Both plants and bacteria contain genetic material. An obligatory component of both types is the cell membrane and wall. Some bacteria, like plants, have a cytoskeleton that forms their musculoskeletal system. Another similarity is the presence of movement organelles. Compare plant and bacterial cells: the green alga Chlamydomonas moves with the help of flagella, and spirochetes use fibrils for this.

Differences between plant and bacterial cells

The main difference between these cells lies in the structure and level of development of the genetic apparatus. Bacteria do not have a well-formed nucleus. They contain a circular DNA molecule, the location of which is called the nucleoid. Such cells are called prokaryotes. In addition to bacteria, they include blue-green algae.

Compare plant and bacterial cells. The former are eukaryotic. In their cytoplasm there is a nucleus, in the matrix of which DNA molecules are stored. Bacteria lack many cell organelles, which determines their low level of organization. They, unlike, do not have mitochondria, the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, all types of plastids, including chromo- and leukoplasts.

Differences also apply to the chemical composition. In plants, it includes a complex carbohydrate called cellulose, while bacteria contain pectin or murein.

So, based on a comparison of plant and bacterial cells, we can conclude that along with similar features, there are a number of significant differences between them. First of all, they concern the organization of the genetic apparatus and the presence of organelles.

Plant cells are characterized by more advanced structural features and life processes compared to bacteria, as evidenced by the great diversity of their species and life forms.