Characteristics and classification of astringent medicinal plants. Medicinal plant raw materials of astringent, enveloping action

There is no HTML version of the work yet.

Similar Documents

Structure and synthesis of carotenoids. Botanical characteristics of the producing plant. Procurement and storage of medicinal plant materials. Application in folk and scientific medicine of flower marigolds and sea buckthorn fruits. The biological role of carotenoids.

term paper, added 10/29/2014

cardiac glycosides: concept, classification. Data on the harvesting and drying of raw materials, its chemical composition. Botanical characteristics of Kombe strophanthus. Pharmacological properties lily of the valley. The use of Adonis spring and foxglove purple, storage conditions.

term paper, added 04/24/2015

The essence of the term "plant mucus". Characteristics of raw materials by the nature of the formation of mucus. Characteristics of plants and raw materials: flax seeds; psyllium seed; coltsfoot leaves. Phytopreparations, their pharmacological action and application.

term paper, added 03/05/2010

Pharmacological properties of Maclea heart-shaped. Preparation, drying and storage methods. Standardization of medicinal plant materials. Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of Macleia for the prevention and treatment of diseases of an infectious and inflammatory nature.

term paper, added 03/15/2016

Medicinal plant materials containing monocyclic terpenes, bicyclic monoterpenoids (monoterpenes), aromatic monoterpenes (monoterpenoids), sesquiterpenoids. Harvesting, drying and application of raw materials in the form of infusions, decoctions, fees, syrups.

abstract, added 12/06/2010

The mechanism of action of nootropics. Medicinal plant material with nootropic effect. Nootropics as a means of providing specific action. Pharmacological properties and use of Ginkgo biloba, Vinca minor and Rhodiola rosea.

term paper, added 03/06/2010

Botanical characteristic shepherd's bag(Herba bursae pastoris). Distribution, habitat, external features and plant species. Harvesting in medicinal purposes, drying, pharmacological properties and dosage form, healing action and application.

abstract, added 01/08/2010

History of origin and botanical characteristics of cranberries. Differences morphologically similar species. Cultivation, collection and drying of medicinal raw materials, its authenticity and pharmacological properties. The main dosage forms of lingonberries and their use.

term paper, added 06/19/2012

Diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Characteristics of medicinal plant materials: common anise, tricolor violet, field, oregano, naked licorice, common pine, wild rosemary, elecampane, creeping thyme.

control work, added 03/12/2015

The concept and classification of glycosides. Characterization, harvesting, drying and pharmacological properties medicinal plants containing glycosides, namely, strophanthus seeds, lily of the valley flowers, spring adonis herb and fresh sprawling jaundice herb.

"Medicinal vegetable raw materials of astringent,

enveloping action":

1. In the plant Althaea officinalis (Marshmallow officinalis), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Leaves V. Roots G. Flowers

2. In the plant Linum usitatissimum (cultivated flax), the raw materials are:

A. Seeds B. Seed fruit C. Roots D. Grass

3. The cork layer at the roots of Althea is removed:

A. Before drying B. After drying C. Do not remove at all

4. The drug "Mukaltin" get:

A. From the roots of marshmallow B. From the grass of Althea

5. The raw materials of Marshmallow officinalis have the effect of:

6. Raw flax seed has the effect of:

A. Astringent B. Enveloping C. Diuretic D. Sedative

7. Life form of Marshmallow officinalis:

B. Tree

G. Subshrub

8. Life form of flax seed:

B. Tree

9. The family to which marshmallow belongs:

A. linaceae B. malvaceae(malvaceae) B. Asteraceae D. Polygonaceae

10. The family to which cultural flax belongs:

A. linaceae(flax) B. Malvaceae C. Asteraceae D. Polygonaceae

11. In the plant Polygonum bistorta (mountain snake) raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Flowers B. rhizomes G. Leaves

12. In the plant Padus racemosa (common bird cherry), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Grass C. Rhizome D. Grass

13. In the plant Alnus incana (alder gray, fluffy), the raw materials are:

A. Seeds B. Infructescence C. Grass D. Leaves

14. In the plant Vaccinium myrtillus (common blueberry), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Grass B. Fruits G. Flowers

15. The plant Quercus robur (common oak) is harvested:

A. rhizomes B. Koru C. Grass D. Leaves

16. The plant Potentilla tormentilla (cinquefoil) is harvested:

A. rhizomes B. Bark C. Grass D. Leaves

17. In the plant Sanguisorba officinalis (burnet officinalis), the raw materials are:

A. Rhizomes B. Rhizomes with roots B. Rhizomes and roots G. Grass

18. The plant Bergenia crassifolia (thick-leaved bergenia) is harvested:

A. Grass B. rhizomes C. Roots D. Rhizomes and roots

19. Potentilla erecta (Potentilla erect) differs from other species on a diagnostic basis:

A. Fruit type - achene B. Fruit type - drupe

B. Flower structure - 4-petal corolla D. Flower structure - 5-petal corolla

20. Serpentine curved, with annular thickenings, even pinkish or pinkish-brown fracture, strongly astringent taste - this is rhizomata (rhizomes):

A. tormentillae B. bistortae(mountaine snake) V. Bergeniae

21. Drupes of spherical or ovoid shape, wrinkled, without a peduncle, with a white scar at the site of its fall, inside one dense bone, black color - this is fructus (fruits): A. Myrtilli B. padi (bird cherry)

22. Indefinite shape, hard, heavy, on the surface there are pitted traces of cut roots, the taste is strongly astringent - this is rhizomata (rhizomes):

A. tormentillae (cinquefoil) B. bistortae B. bergeniae

23. False berries, on top of the rest of the cup in the form of an annular rim, inside

numerous seeds, black color - this is fructus (fruits):

A. myrtilli(blueberry) B. padi

24. Pieces of a cylindrical shape, with scaly remains of leaf petioles and rounded traces of roots on the surface, a granular break, light pink - this is rhizomata (rhizomes):

A. tormentillae B. bistortae B. bergeniae (bergenia)

25. Pharmacological action of blueberry shoots:

A. Astringent

B. Reduce blood sugar levels

B. Expectorant

26. Raw burnet officinalis has the effect of:

27. Plants whose raw materials are fruits:

28. Potentilla raw materials are harvested from the type:

A. Gusinaya B. erect B. Silver

29. Rhizomata Tormentillae (Potentilla rhizomes) harvest:

A. At the beginning of the growing season B. During the summer

B. During the flowering period D. At the beginning of the growing season and during the ripening period

30. In the plant Quercus robur (common oak), raw materials are harvested:

A. During the flowering period B. During the summer

B. During the period of sap flow D. In autumn at the end of the growing season

31. Raw cinquefoil erect dried:

32. The raw material of the coil is dried:

33. Raw burnet officinalis dried:

34. Raw bird cherry dried:

35. The fruits of blueberries are harvested:

A. All day long B. Morning or evening B. Time of day is not taken into account when collecting

36. The fruits of blueberries are dried:

37. Raw materials for bird cherry are:

A. Fruits with stalks B. Fruits without stalks

38. Raw blueberries contain:

A. Tannins, pectins, trace elements, vitamins

B. Anthraglycosides, flavonoids, trace elements, vitamins

B. Polysaccharides, flavonoids, vitamins

39. The rest of the branch in the seedlings of alder:

A. Up to 15 mm B. Up to 20 mm C. Not standardized

40. Received oak bark - pieces of various lengths and up to 3 mm thick with wood residue on the inner surface:

A. Quality raw materials

B. Raw materials are of poor quality, collection deadlines are violated

41. Common oak belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae B. fagaceae(beech) G. ericaceae

42. Highlander snake belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. polygonaceae(buckwheat) B. Fagaceae D. Ericaceae

43. Burnet officinalis belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae

44. Potentilla erect belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae(pink) B. Polygonaceae C. Fagaceae D. Ericaceae

45. Common blueberry belongs to the family:

G. Ericaceae (Ericaceae)

46. Common bird cherry belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae(pink) B. Polygonaceae C. Fagaceae D. Ericaceae

47. Badan thick-leaved belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Fagaceae G. Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)

48. Raw materials of thick-leaved bergenia are harvested:

A. Throughout the summer B. In early spring at the beginning of the growing season C. From November to

49. Raw materials of gray alder are harvested:

A. During the summer B. During the period of sap flow B. November to March

50. Serpentine Life Form:

B. Subshrub

B. shrub D. tree

51. Life form of erect cinquefoil:

A. Perennial herbaceous plant B. Subshrub

B. shrub D. tree

52. Life form of burnet officinalis:

A. Perennial herbaceous plant B. Subshrub

B. Small shrub D. Tree

53. Life form of common blueberry:

A. Perennial herbaceous plant B. Subshrub

B. Small shrub G. Tree

54. Life form of bird cherry:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

D. A small tree or

bush

55. Life form of gray alder:

A. Annual herbaceous plant V. shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Tree

56. Life form of badan thick-leaved:

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Tree

57. The drug "Strix" is obtained from raw materials:

A. St. John's wort B. Potentilla V. Blueberries G. Cheremukhi

58. The collection "Arfazetin" includes:

A. Blueberries B. Blueberry shoots B. Potentilla rhizomes

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that affect the efferent nervous system»:

1. The drug "Atropine sulfate" is obtained from raw materials:

A. Ephedra horsetail B. belladonna common B. Potentilla erectus

2. The leaves of belladonna contain:

A. Atropine alkaloid B. Papaverine alkaloid C. Ephedrine alkaloid

3. The plant Datura stramonium (common Datura) is harvested:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass D. Flowers

4. The plant Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) is harvested:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Rhizomes D. Flowers

5. The plant Atropa belladonna (common belladonna) is harvested:

6. Life Form of the Common Demoiselle:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

7. A visitor turned to the pharmacy with a request to release him henbane leaves for making a collection at home. Pharmacist actions:

A. Ask for a prescription for henbane leaves B. Send to another pharmacy

B. Explain that henbane leaves are not released to the population

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that excite the central nervous system":

1. In the plant Rhodiola rosea (Rhodiola rosea - golden root), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass D. Rhizomes and roots

2. The plant Panax Ginseng (ginseng) raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Fruits C. Grass D. Rhizomes

3. In the plant Leuzea carthamoides (leuzea safflower-like), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass G. rhizomes c

roots

4. In the plant Schizandra chinensis (Chinese magnolia vine), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Fruits C. Seed fruit D. Rooted rhizomes

5. Horizontal rhizomes, often hollow inside with numerous thin adventitious roots, often there are roots with areas devoid of bark, the color outside is almost black, the break is pale yellow - this is raw material from the plant:

A. Schizandra chinensis B. Panax Ginseng

B. rodiola rosea G. Leuzea carthamoides(leuzea

safflower)

6. From the raw materials of lemongrass get:

A. liquid extract B. Tincture V. "Novo-Passit"

7. Pharmacological action of Rhodiola rosea raw materials:

A. Sedative B. Increases appetite

B. Tonic G. Enveloping

8. Chemical composition of ginseng raw materials:

A. Triterpene saponins (panaxosides), essential oil, vitamins

B. Triterpene saponins (aralosides), essential oil, vitamins

B. Triterpene saponins (echinoxazides), essential oil, vitamins

9. Ginseng Life Form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

10. Rhodiola Rosea Life Form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

Test tasks on the topic "Medicinal plant raw materials of diaphoretic action":

1. In the plant Tilia cordata (linden heart-leaved), the raw materials are:

G. Flowers

2. In the plant Rubus idaeus (common raspberry), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Rhizomes C. Roots D. Flowers

3. In the Sambucus nigra plant (black elderberry), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Rhizomes C. Roots G. Flowers

4. In the plant Bidens tripartita (tripartite string), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Rhizomes B. Grass G. Flowers

5. Raspberry fruits are harvested:

A. With receptacle B. Without receptacle B. The receptacle is removed after drying

6. Medicinal plants, the raw material of which has a diaphoretic effect:

7. The grass of the series is harvested:

A. During the budding period B. During the flowering period

B. During the flowering period before the formation of fruits

8. From what type of string is the raw material harvested:

A. drooping B. radiant B. Tripartite G. From all types of succession

9. In linden, the raw materials are:

A. Separate flowers B. Inflorescences with the remainder of the peduncle up to 3 cm

B. Inflorescences with bracts D. Flowers and fruits of varying degrees

maturity

10. Analogue for pharmacological action for elderberry raw materials:

A. Raw Linden B. Potentilla raw material C. Alder raw material D. Aralia raw material

11. Analogue for the pharmacological action of Flores Tiliae (linden flowers):

12. Raw elderberry has the effect of:

13. Grass of the tripartite sequence arrived - leafy stems up to 25 cm long with blossoming baskets and fruits:

A. Quality raw materials

B. Raw material needs work, cut the stems to the required length

B. Raw materials need to be improved, remove the tops with baskets and fruits

D. Raw materials are not eligible for acceptance

14. Grass Sequence Length:

A. Up to 15 cm B. Up to 20 cm C. Up to 25 cm D. Up to 30 cm

15. Raw raspberries are harvested:

A. Morning or evening B. All day long

B. During the day in dry hot weather

16. Drying raspberries:

B. At a temperature of 50-60 degrees. after pre-curing

B. At a temperature of 70-80 degrees. after pre-curing

17. Drying raw elderberry:

A. At a temperature of 50-60 degrees.

B. At a temperature of 40-50 degrees.

B. At a temperature of 25-35 degrees.

18. Drying of raw materials series:

A. At a temperature of 50-60 degrees.

B. At a temperature of 40-50 degrees.

B. At a temperature of 35-40 degrees.

19. Chemical composition of raw raspberries:

B. Essential oil, tannins, carotenoids

B. Flavonoids, pectin substances.

20. Chemical composition of lime raw material:

A. Organic acids, pectins, sugars

B. Alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, vitamins

B. Flavonoids, essential oil, saponins, tannins.

21. The chemical composition of the raw material series:

A. Organic acids, pectins, sugars

B. Essential oil, tannins, carotenoids, pectins.

B. Flavonoids, carotenoids, essential oil

22. Life form of linden cordifolia:

plant

V. shrub G. tree

23. Life form of common raspberry:

A. Annual herb B. Perennial herb

plant

V. shrub G. Subshrub

24. Life form of a series of tripartite:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Perennial herbaceous

plant

C. shrub D. Subshrub

25. Life Form of Black Elderberry:

A. Annual herb B. Perennial herb

plant

B. Shrub or small tree G. Kustarnicek

26. Pedicels of elderberry flowers are removed:

A. Before drying B. Thresh after drying B. Pedicels are not

27. Common raspberry belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae (pink) B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae D. Ericaceae

28. A series of tripartite belongs to the family:

G. Asteraceae (Asteraceae)

29. Black elder belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Caprifoliaceae(honeysuckle)

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant raw materials of sedative action":

1. In the plant Polemonium coeruleum (blue cyanosis), raw materials are harvested:

A. During the summer B. During the budding period

B. During fruit ripening D. During the flowering period

2. In the plant Polemonium coeruleum (blue cyanosis), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass G. Rhizomes with roots

3. In the plant Valeriana officinalis (valerian officinalis), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass G. Rhizomes with roots

4. In the plant Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort), the raw material is:

A. Roots B. Leaves B. Grass G. rhizomes

5. In the plant Paeonia anomala (evading peony - Maryin root), the raw materials are:

9. Analogue for pharmacological action for valerian officinalis:

A. Common blueberry B. Schisandra chinensis

B. motherwort G. badan thick-leaved

10. Raw material of dried valerian:

A. At 35-40 degrees. after preliminary drying with a thick layer

B. At 35-40 degrees. without drying

B. At 50-60 degrees

G. At 70-80 degrees.

11. Motherwort herb length:

A. Up to 20 cm B. Up to 30 cm B. Up to 40 cm G. Up to 25 cm

12. Horizontal rhizomes, often hollow inside with numerous thin knotty adventitious roots, yellowish-brown color, weak smell, bitter taste - this is the raw material from the plant:

A. Polemonium coeruleum(blue cyanosis) B. Paeonia anomala

B. Valeriana officinalis D. Leuzea carthamoides

13. Short thick vertical rhizome, with a loose or hollow core and

numerous thin adventitious roots, yellowish-brown color. The smell is strong,

specific. The spicy taste is the raw material from the plant:

A. Polemonium coeruleum B. Paeonia anomala

B. Valeriana officinalis(Valerian officinalis) G. Leuzea carthamoides

14. Medicinal plants, the raw materials of which have sedative effect:

16. Raw Herba Leonuri has the action of:

17. Raw materials have a sedative and antispasmodic effect:

B. Rhizomata сum radicibus Valerianae

(horses with valerian roots)

B. Rhizomata et radices Rhodiolae

18. Analogue for pharmacological action for raw materials of valerian officinalis:

A. Zamanikha high V. Peony evasive

B. Manchurian Aralia G. Leuzea safflower

19. Herb motherwort heart has an effect:

20. Motherwort grass received - green leafy upper parts of the plant with pink flowers and buds 25 cm long, 3 mm thick, with a slight smell and taste:

A . Quality raw materials

B. Raw materials are of poor quality, collection deadlines are violated

C. The raw materials are of poor quality, the general collection rules are violated

D. Raw materials of poor quality, drying conditions are violated

21. Raw materials have a sedative and expectorant effect:

A. Rhizomata et radices Eleutherococci B. Rhizomata cum radicidus

Polemonii

(rhizomes with cyanosis roots)

B. Herba Leonuri D. Rhizomata сum radicibus Valerianae

22. Chemical composition of motherwort raw material:

A. Flavonoids, tannins, essential oil

B. Cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, essential oil

B. Tannins, saponins, mucus

D. Triterpene saponins, essential oil

23. Chemical composition of the raw material of valerian officinalis:

A. Essential oil (thymol), flavonoids, alkaloids

B. Essential oil (bornylisovalerianate), isovaleric acid, flavonoids

B. Triterpene saponins (panaxosides), tannins

24. Chemical composition of blue cyanosis raw materials:

A. Triterpene saponins, organic acids

B. Essential oil, tannins, glycosides

B. Steroid saponins, essential oil, organic acids

25. Life form of Valerian officinalis:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

26. Life form of cyanosis blue:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

27. Motherwort belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae B. lamiaceae(Laminaceae) G. Ericaceae

28. In the plant Mentha piperita (peppermint), the raw materials are:

A. Leaves B. Grass C. Flowers D. Roots

29. Peppermint raw materials are harvested:

A. From a wild plant B. From a cultivated plant

B. From wild and cultivated plants

30. The drug "Menthol" is obtained from raw materials:

A. Peppermint B. Scotch pine

B. Eucalyptus vulgaris D. Common bilberry

31. From mint raw materials get:

32. Raw mint contains:

A. Essential oil (menthol), flavonoids B. Essential oil (thymol),

flavonoids

B. Essential oil (cineole), flavonoids

33. Peppermint Life Form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant V. shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

34. The leaves are oblong-ovate or lanceolate, the edge is serrate with uneven sharp teeth, thin, brittle, the smell is strong, specific - this is raw material:

A. Mint B. Melissa V. Motherwort

35. Does not grow in the territory Sverdlovsk region in the wild:

A. Peppermint B. motherwort

B. cyanosis blue B. Valeriana officinalis

36. Life form of lemon balm:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

37. In the plant Melissa officinalis (melissa officinalis), the raw material is:

A. Roots B. Leaves B. Grass G. Rhizomes with roots

38. Chemical composition of raw melissa officinalis:

A. Essential oil (cineole), flavonoids

B. Essential oil (menthol), flavonoids

B. Essential oil (citral, linalool), flavonoids

39. Raw melissa officinalis has the effect of:

A. Sedative, improves digestion, hypotensive, antispasmodic

B. Sedative, astringent, cardiotonic.

B. Hypotensive, diuretic, antiarrhythmic.

40. Melissa officinalis belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae B. Lamiaceae (Lamiaceae) G. Ericaceae

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that affect cardiovascular system»:

1. The plant Digitalis purpurea (purple foxglove) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

2. The plant Gnaphalium uliginosum (sweet cudweed) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

3. In the plant Adonis vernalis (spring adonis), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

4. In the plant Crataegus sanguinea (blood red hawthorn), the raw materials are:

5. In the plant Convallaria majalis (May lily of the valley), the raw materials are:

6. Medicinal plants whose raw materials have hypotensive action:

7. Source for obtaining the drug "Korglikon":

A. digitalis purpurea B. convallaria majalis(May lily of the valley) V. Crataegus sanguinea

8. Lily of the valley leaves contain:

A. Triterpene saponins, flavonoids B. Cardiac glycosides,

saponins

9. The alkaloid reserpine contains:

A. Periwinkle small B. Rauwolfia serpentine

V. belladonna vulgaris G. May lily-of-the-valley

10. Raw cottonwort is used as:

11. Raw cottonwort was received - aerial parts of the plant, together with roots, collected during the flowering period:

A. Quality raw materials B. Raw material needs work, cut stems up to 20 cm

B. The raw material needs to be improved, the roots must be removed D. The raw material cannot be accepted

12. May lily of the valley leaves are harvested:

A. During the budding period B. During flowering C. After flowering D. During

13. Raw cottonwort is harvested:

A. During the budding period B. During the flowering period C. After flowering D. During

14. Raw materials containing cardiac glycosides are dried:

B. At a temperature of 50-60 degrees

B. At a temperature of 40-50 degrees. G. At a temperature of 70-80 degrees.

15. Dried hawthorn flowers:

16. Grass cudweed swamp dried:

17. Raw cottonwort contains:

A. Flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins

B. Flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, essential oil

B. Tannins, alkaloids, vitamins

18. Rauwolfia snake harvest:

A. Grass B. Kidneys V. Roots G. Flowers

19. Fruits of prickly hawthorn are dried:

20. Life form of cudweed marsh:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. perennial herbaceous plant

V. shrub

21. Life form of May lily of the valley:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

22. Blood red hawthorn life form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub or tree

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

23. The drug "Vinpocetine" is obtained from raw materials:

A. Rauwolfia serpentine B. Woolly foxglove

V. periwinkle minor G. May lily of the valley

24. From the raw materials of May lily of the valley receive:

A. Liquid extract B. Tincture C. Infusion D. Decoction

25. May lily of the valley belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Liliaceae (liliaceae)

26. Blood red hawthorn belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae(pink) B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae D. Liliaceae

27. Dryweed marsh belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Asteraceae (Asteraceae)

28. Raw cottonwort from a pharmacy is released:

A. Prescription B. Without a prescription

29. Raw hawthorn blood red from the pharmacy is released:

A. Prescription B. Without a prescription B. Raw materials are not released to the population

30. Raw materials of spring adonis are harvested:

A. At the beginning of flowering B. During the flowering period before the fruit shedding

B. Throughout the summer

31. Raw adonis spring dried:

32. Raw adonis spring contains:

A. Saponins, flavonoids B. Alkaloids B. Cardiac glycosides, saponins

33. Life form of spring adonis:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. perennial herbaceous plant

B. Shrub or tree

34. Spring Adonis belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. ranunculaceae (buttercups)

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that affect the function of the urinary system":

1. Folia Uvae-Ursi (bearberry leaves) harvest:

2. Raw horsetail is harvested from the species:

A. Polevoy B. Lesnoy V. Lugovoi G. Bolotny

3. The leaves are dense, leathery, entire, oval with pinnate venation, with dark glands below - this is folia:

A. Uvae ursi B. vitis idaeae(common lingonberry) B. Vincae minoris G. Menthae

4. Leaves obovate, narrowed towards the base, short-petiolate,

entire, leathery, mesh venation, dark green color, lighter below - this is folia:

A. Uvae ursi (bearberry com.) B. Vitis idaeae B. Vincae minoris D. Eucalypti

5. An analogue of the pharmacological action for the fruits of common juniper:

A. Mint leaves B. Weed cudweed herb B. Birch buds D. Hawthorn fruit

6. Diagnostic signs of horsetail herb:

A. The branches are directed obliquely upwards, 4-5 faceted, without a cavity

B. Twigs horizontal, 3-sided

B. Twigs re-branch, down

G. The branches are directed obliquely upwards, 4-sided, hollow inside

7. Bell at the highlander bird:

A. Brown, appressed-hairy, with long cilia along the edge

B. Naked, silvery, dissected

B. Brown, naked, with short cilia along the edge

8. Pharmacological action of Flores Cyani (cornflower flowers):

A. Hemostatic B. Diuretic C. Tonic D. Sedative

9. Plants, the raw materials of which are used as agents that affect the function

urinary system:

10. Bearberry leaves have the effect of:

11. The plant Arctostaphylos uva ursi (common bearberry) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

12. The plant Vaccinium vitis idaea (lingonberry com.) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

13. In the plant Equisetum arvense (horsetail), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

14. In the plant Betula pendula (drooping birch), the raw materials are:

15. The plant Polygonum aviculare (highlander bird) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

16. The plant Juniperus communis (common juniper) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Buds C. Roots D. Fruits

17. In the plant Centaurea cyanus (blue cornflower), the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots G. Flowers

18. Folia Vitis idaeae (lingonberry leaves) harvest:

19. Raw bearberry dried:

20. Raw lingonberries are dried:

21. Raw mountaineer bird is harvested:

A. During the flowering period

22. The chemical composition of the raw material of bearberry:

A. Phenolic glycosides, tannins of the pyrogall group

B. Phenolic glycosides, tannins of the pyrocatechol group

23. Chemical composition of raw lingonberry:

A. Phenolic glycosides, tannins of the pyrogall group

B. Phenolic glycosides, tannins of the pyrocatechol group

24. Raw mountaineer bird dried:

25. Chemical composition of raw mountaineer bird:

A. Flavonoids, silicic acid, vitamin K, tannins

B. Phenolic glycosides, tannins, vitamin K

B. Essential oil, triterpene saponins, flavonoids

26. Pharmacological properties of the herb knotweed bird:

27. Dry birch buds:

A. At a temperature of 35-40 degrees. B. Outdoors or cool

premises

B. In warm rooms

28. Birch buds contain:

A. Essential oil, flavonoids, resinous substances

B. Phenolic glycosides, tannins

B. Flavonoids, vitamins, saponins

29. Pharmacological properties of birch buds:

30. Raw horsetail harvested:

A. During the flowering period B. During the summer C. Late growing season D. Early spring

31. Raw horsetail dried:

32. Chemical composition of raw horsetail:

A. Flavonoids, silicic acid B. Phenolic acids and their glycosides

B. Essential oil, resinous substances, flavonoids

33. Raw juniper is harvested:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period B. In the period of full maturation for the 2nd year

34. Raw juniper dried:

A. At temperatures up to 30 degrees. B. At temperatures up to 40-50 degrees.

B. At temperatures up to 50-60 degrees.

35. Raw juniper contains:

A. Essential oil, resinous substances, sugars, organic acids

B. Flavonoids, vitamin K, organic acids

B. Phenolic glycosides, organic acids

36. Pharmacological properties of common juniper raw materials:

37. Raw cornflower blue is harvested:

A. During the flowering period B. During the summer C. At the end of the growing season

38. Raw materials for blue cornflower are:

A. Flower baskets B. Marginal funnel-shaped flowers and partially tubular

39. Pharmacological properties of blue cornflower raw materials:

B. Diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic

40. Pharmacological properties of raw materials kidney tea:

A. Diuretic, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory

B. Diuretic, anti-inflammatory

B. Diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic

41. Life form of bearberry:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

42. Life form of lingonberry:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

43. Life form of warty birch:

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. tree

44. Life form of common juniper:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

45. Life form of highlander bird:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

46. Life form of horsetail:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Evergreen shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

47. Blue cornflower life form:

A . annual herbaceous plant B. evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

48. Cornflower blue belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Asteraceae (Asteraceae)

49. Common lingonberry belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Ericaceae (Ericaceae)

50. Highlander bird belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. polygonaceae(buckwheat) B. Lamiaceae D. Ericaceae

51. Common juniper belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae B. cupressaceae(cypress) G. Ericaceae

52. Length of horsetail herb:

A. Up to 20 cm B. Up to 25 cm B. Up to 30 cm G. Up to 40 cm

53. The length of the grass mountaineer bird:

A. Up to 20 cm B. Up to 25 cm C. Up to 30 cm G. Up to 40 cm

54. Raw materials used in urolithiasis:

55. The composition of the drug "Fitolysin" includes raw materials:

A. Highlander bird

B. blue cornflower

B. common juniper

G. Common lingonberries

56. Raw materials of kidney tea are harvested:

A. From a cultivated plant B. From a wild plant

B. From cultivated and wild plants

57. On the territory of the Sverdlovsk region does not grow wild:

A. Highlander bird B. Orthosiphon staminate B. horsetail

58. Raw materials of bearberry were received - dense leathery leaves of an obovate shape with a serrated edge and reticulate venation, the color is dark green above, lighter below:

A. Quality raw materials

B. Drying conditions violated

B. Raw materials are rejected according to the indicator " External signs raw materials"

59. Raw lingonberries arrived - dense leathery leaves of an elliptical shape,

entire, blackened on both sides:

A. Quality raw materials B. Violated the terms of the collection of raw materials

B. Violated the rules for collecting raw materials D. Violated the temperature of drying raw materials

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that affect the function of the respiratory system":

1. The plant Ledum palustre (marsh rosemary) is harvested:

A. Shoots B. Leaves C. Roots D. Buds

2. In the plant Inula helenium (elecampane high), the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Rhizomes and roots

3. In the plant Plantago major (large plantain), the raw materials are:

A. Flowers B. Roots B. Leaves D. Fruits

4. In the plant Origanum vulgare (oregano com.), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Fruits

5. In the plant Pinus silvestris (common pine), the raw materials are:

A. Flowers B. Kidneys C. Leaves D. Fruits

6. In the Viola tricolor plant (tricolor violet), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Flowers

7. In the plant Glysyrrhiza glabra (licorice), the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Fruits

8. In the plant Anisum vulgare (common anise), the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Fruits

9. In the Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot) plant, the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Roots B. Leaves G. Flowers

10. In the plant Thymus serpyllum (creeping thyme), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Fruits

11. Folia Farfarae (coltsfoot leaves) harvest:

A. During the flowering period B. After flowering in the first half of summer

B. During the fruiting period D. Throughout the summer

12. Raw materials of wild rosemary are harvested:

A. During the budding period B. During fruit ripening

B. During the flowering period D. During the summer

13. Grass and seeds of which plant are allowed for harvesting, but have different

pharmacological action:

A. Thermopsis lanceolata(Thermopsis lanceolate) B. Althaea officinalis B Thymus

14. The length of oregano herb is normalized:

A. Up to 15 cm B. Up to 20 cm H. Up to 30 cm D. Up to 25 cm

15. At the wild rosemary they prepare:

A. Aerial part B. Tops up to 20 cm long

B. Non-lignified shoots of the current year

16. Source for obtaining the drug "Glycyram":

A. Althaea officinalis B. Bergenia crassifolia C. Origanum vulgara D. Glycyrrhisa glabra (licorice)

17. Raw materials have expectorant and diuretic effects:

18. Raw anise is used as:

21. Medicinal raw materials received - whole and partially crushed leaves of coltsfoot with petioles up to 3 cm long, bare green above, white-felt below:

A. Quality raw materials

B. Raw material needs work, remove partially crushed leaves

B. Raw material needs work, trim leaf petioles

D. Raw materials are not eligible for acceptance

22. All raw materials are released from the pharmacy, except for:

A. Radices Althaeae B. Herba Origani C. Folia Plantaginis D. Semina Thermopsidis (Thermopsis seeds)

23. All raw materials are released from the pharmacy, except for:

A. Radices Althaeae B. Herba Origani C. Folia Plantaginis D . Herba Thermopsidis (Thermopsis Herb)

24. Life form of Thymus serpyllum (creeping thyme):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

25. Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot) Life Form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

26. Life form of Thermopsis lanceolata (lanceolate thermopsis):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

27. Life form of Origanum vulgare (common oregano):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

28. Life form of Inula helenium (elecampane high):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

29. Life form of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

30. Life form of Viola tricolor (violet tricolor):

A. Annual herbaceous plant V. shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

31. Life form of Plantago major (large plantain):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

32. Life form Ledum palustre (marsh wild rosemary):

A. Annual herbaceous plant V. shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

33. The period of harvesting raw elecampane high:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period

B. In autumn, during the period of fruit ripening D. March to November

34. The period of harvesting the herb of lanceolate thermopsis:

A. During the summer B. During flowering and fruiting

B. During the flowering period before the appearance of fruits

35. The period of harvesting raw materials of plantain large:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period

B. During fruit ripening D. During budding

36. The period of harvesting raw thyme:

A. During the summer B. In the autumn B. During the flowering period D. During the period of sap flow

37. The period of harvesting raw oregano:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period

B. In autumn, during the period of fruit ripening D. During the budding period

38. The period of harvesting raw materials of tricolor violet:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period

B. In autumn during fruit ripening D. At the beginning of flowering

39. Ways of drying raw thyme:

40. Methods for drying raw licorice:

41. Methods for drying raw materials of wild rosemary:

42. Methods for drying the raw material of tricolor violet:

43. Methods for drying raw materials of plantain large:

44. Methods for drying raw oregano:

45. Methods for drying raw coltsfoot:

46. Methods for drying raw elecampane high:

47. The presence of fruits in the raw materials of wild rosemary:

A. Allowed B. Not allowed

48. The rest of the petiole of the leaves of the coltsfoot:

A. Up to 3 cm B. Up to 5 cm B. Not standardized

49. The presence of fruits in the raw materials of violet tricolor:

A. Allowed B. Not allowed

50. The rest of the petiole of the leaves of plantain large:

A. Up to 3 cm B. Up to 5 cm B. Separately, the petiole is not standardized

51. Raw thyme is threshed:

A. Before drying B. After drying

52. The rest of the branch from the raw material of forest pine:

A. Up to 1mm B. Up to 3 mm C. Up to 5 mm D. Not standardized

53. Presence of fruits in the herb of lanceolate thermopsis:

A. Allowed B. Not allowed

54. Raw anise ordinary contains:

A. Essential oil (anethole), fatty oil, proteins

B. Essential oil, alkaloids, tannins

B. Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids

55. Raw wood pine contains:

A. Essential oil, resinous substances, organic acids

B. Essential oil, flavonoids, vitamins

B. Triterpene saponins, organic acids, starch

56. Raw machka yellow contains:

A. Alkaloids (thermopsin) B. Alkaloids (glaucine) B. Alkaloids (codeine)

57. Raw oregano contains:

A. Essential oil (thymol), organic acids, flavonoids

B. Essential oil (menthol), organic acids, flavonoids

B. Essential oil (alantolactone), organic acids, flavonoids

58. Herb lanceolate thermopsis contains:

A. Essential oil (anethole), tannins, flavonoids

B. Alkaloids (thermopsin), flavonoids

B. Alkaloids (cytisine), flavonoids

59. Raw wild rosemary contains:

A. Essential oil (ledol), tannins, flavonoids

B. Essential oil (thymol), organic acids, saponins

B. Alkaloids, organ

- 68.86 Kb

State budget educational institution

Higher professional education

"Novosibirsk State Medical University"

Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation

(GBOU VPO NSMU Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia)

Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany

COURSE WORK

Medicinal plants and medicinal herbal raw materials,

astringent

Completed by: Volkova Alina Sergeevna

student of the 3rd year of the 1st group

Faculty of Pharmacy

Checked by: teacher

Novosibirsk 2011

Introduction ______________________ ______________________________ ___3

Main part of work:

Classification tannins _______________________ ___5
Physical and Chemical properties ______________________ ____9
Localization of tannins in plants and their biological role __________________________ ________________________12

Characteristics of LRS

Oak bark ______________________________ _______________14
Badana rhizomes _____________________ __________________17
Rhizome serpentine ______________________________ _______19
Burnet rhizomes and roots _________________________ ___21
Bird cherry fruits ______________________________ ___________23
Blueberry fruits, blueberry shoots ________________________ ____25

Modern methods of standardization of medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins ______________________ __33

Conclusion ____________________ _____________________________ 35

List of used literature ____________________ _________36

Introduction

Relevance of the topic. “Currently, the range of herbal medicines in Russia is more than 40%. Medicinal plant materials (MPR) containing tannins are widely used to obtain drugs that have astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory effects.

Shredded HR containing tannins is dispensed from pharmacies without a prescription for the preparation of infusions and decoctions at home. MPS must be standardized and meet the high standards of pharmacopoeial requirements.

Relevant is the development and improvement of methods for the identification of VP, including crushed and powder, determination of the content of active substances; creation of drafts of modern regulatory documentation for VP containing tannins.”

Goal of the work. To study medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

chemical composition, its standardization and application.

Main body of work

General characteristics of the class of chemical compounds

Tannins are a group of plant high molecular weight polyphenols with a molecular weight of 500-3000, capable of forming strong bonds with proteins, alkaloids and salts. heavy metals, besieging them, as well as having an astringent effect.

"The name "tannins" has developed historically, thanks to the ability of these compounds to tan the raw skin of animals, turning it into a durable skin that is resistant to moisture and microorganisms." This ability of tannins is based on the interaction with the skin protein - collagen, leading to the formation of structures that are resistant to decay processes. Polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of less than 500 do not have tanning properties, but are precursors of tannins. They are called tannins. "They are found in vegetables and fruits and give them an astringent taste." In order not to confuse such substances with genuine tannins, they are often referred to as "food tannins" or "tea tannins". And polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of more than 3000 do not tan the skin, since they do not penetrate between the fibrils.

The term "tannins" has 2 hypotheses of origin: from the French. "tanner" - "to tan the skin" and from the alleged word "tan" - tanning bark. Initially, this was the name of a mixture of substances extracted with water from the bark and oak wood, at present, the term "tannins" is used to name hydrolysable tannins, as well as especially industrially significant Chinese and Turkish tannins.

“Tanning, characteristic of all tannins, is a complex physical and chemical process in which the phenolic groups of tannins interact with collagen molecules. The final stage of this process is the formation of a stable cross-linked specific structure due to the occurrence of hydrogen bonds between collagen molecules and phenolic groups of tannins. But such bonds can only form when the molecules are large enough to attach adjacent collagen chains and have enough phenolic groups to cross-link."

Classification of tannins

Tannins are derivatives of pyrogallol, pyrocatechol, phloroglucinol and other phenolic compounds.

There are 2 classifications of tannins:

According to G. Procter (1894) - based on the nature of the decomposition products of tannins at 180-200 degrees Celsius

Pyrrogallic

Pyrocatechin

According to G. Povarnik (1911) and K. Freidenberg (1920) - based on chemical nature tannins and their relation to hydrolyzing agents

hydrolysable

Condensed

hydrolysable tannins

These are mixtures of esters of phenolcarboxylic acids with sugars and nonsaccharides. In aqueous solutions, they are hydrolyzed under the action of acids, alkalis and enzymes on fragments of phenolic and non-phenolic nature (phenolic fragments are gallic, metadigallic, ellagic, hexahydroxydiphenic, quinic, chloragenic, etc. acids, and the non-phenolic fragment is most often glucose monosaccharide)

"Hydrolysable tannins are in turn subdivided

Gallotannins
Ellagotannins
Non-saccharide esters of carboxylic acids

Gallotannins are esters of hexoses (usually D-glucose) and gallic acid. There are mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and polygalloyl ethers.

Representatives: 1) D-glucogallin isolated from rhubarb root and eucalyptus leaves 2) Chinese tannin obtained from galls (growths) of Chinese sumac 3) Turkish tannin isolated from Turkish galls formed on dyed oak leaves.

“Ellagotannins are esters of D-glucose and hexahydroxydiphenic, hebulic and other acids that have a biogenetic relationship with ellagic acid.

They are complex in structure and are found mainly in tropical and subtropical plants.

Found in pomegranate fruit peel, eucalyptus bark, walnut peel, oak bark, alder seedlings.

Gallotannins and ellagitannins can occur simultaneously in plants.

"Non-saccharide esters of carboxylic acids are esters of gallic acid with quinic, hydroxycinnamic (chlorogenic, coffee, hydroxycinnamic) acids, as well as flavans."

Representatives: 1) galloyl esters of quinic acid were found in the bark of angustifolia oak.

2) Esters of gallic acid and catechins are found in tea leaves, for example - catechin gallate. Theogallin is isolated from green tea leaves.

Hydrolysable tannins are found in the leaves of sumac and skumpia, in the fruits of alder, in the rhizomes of burnet, bergenia.

This group of tannins is widely used in medicine, but it is a good breeding ground for microorganisms.

condensed tannins

"These are compounds that form condensation products that do not decompose under the action of acids, alkalis, enzymes." Under the influence of acids, they are even more compacted and form more complex water-insoluble, amorphous compounds - flobaphenes.

These substances are mainly polymers of catechins (flavan-3-ol) or leucocyanidins (flavan-3,4-diol) or copolymers of these two types of flavonoid compounds. All fragments are connected to each other. friend s-s connections. Unlike hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins contain few carbohydrates.

There are 2 hypotheses of the mechanism of formation of condensed tannins.

According to K. Freidenberg

Condensation is accompanied by rupture of the heterocycle (-C 3 -) and leads to the formation of linear polymers or copolymers of the "heterocycle ring - ring A" type with a large molecular weight. In this case, condensation is considered not as an enzymatic process, but as a result of the influence of heat and an acidic environment.

According to D. Hathway

Polymers are formed as a result of oxidative enzymatic condensation, which can proceed both in the head-to-tail type (ring A - ring B) and in the tail-to-tail type (ring B - ring B). It is believed that this condensation occurs during the aerobic oxidation of catechins and flavan-3,4-diols by polyphenol oxidases, followed by the polymerization of the resulting o-quinones. For example, tail-to-tail polymerization.

Most often in plants, oxidative polymerization of catechins occurs in dead parts (bark, wood), as well as condensation under the action of enzymes (in leaves).

Condensed tannins are found in the bark of oak, chestnut, blueberries, bird cherry, in the needles of coniferous trees, in the rhizome of the serpentine, cinquefoil.

On the division of plants according to this classification, one can speak only with some approximation, since only very few plants contain one group of tannins. Much more often, the same plant contains condensed and hydrolysable tannins together, usually with a predominance of one or another group. In addition, the composition of the mixture of these tannins includes simple phenols: resorcinol, pyrocatechin, free phenolcarboxylic acids (gallic, ellagic).

Often the ratio of hydrolysable and condensed tannins changes greatly during the vegetation of the plant and with age.

Physical and chemical properties

Tannins are amorphous compounds of yellow or yellow-brown color, odorless, astringent taste, hygroscopic.

1. They dissolve well in water with the formation of colloids, in ethyl and methyl alcohols, acetone, ethyl acetate, butanol, pyridine.

2. Insoluble in non-polar solvents: in chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether.

3. Optically active

4. Easily oxidized in air

5. Able to form strong intermolecular bonds with proteins and other polymers (pectic substances, cellulose).

6. Under the action of the tanase enzyme and acids, hydrolysable tannins break up into parts, and condensed ones become larger.

7. Easily bind to alkaloids, salts of heavy metals, cardiac glycosides.

8. Precipitated by solutions of protein and alkaloids.

Description

Goal of the work. To study medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Collect and analyze information about medicinal plants and medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins.
Explore characteristics raw materials,
chemical composition, its standardization and application.

Main part of work:
General characteristics of the class of chemical compounds __________4
Classification of tannins ________________________________5
Physical and chemical properties ________________________________9
Distribution in the plant world _______________________ 10
Localization of tannins in plants and their biological role
Characteristics of LRS
Oak bark _____________________________________________14
Badana rhizomes _____________________________________________17
Rhizome serpentine _____________________________________19
Burnet rhizomes and roots ____________________________21
Bird cherry fruits _______________________________________________23
Blueberry fruits, blueberry shoots ____________________________25
Alder seedlings (alder cones) ____________________________30
Modern methods of standardization of medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins ____________________________33

Conclusion_________________________________________________35
List of references _____________________________36

Astringents- This chemical compounds, which have the ability, when interacting with the protein of cells, tissues, tissue fluids of the body to cause surface coagulation of proteins and form dense albuminates that protect nerve endings from irritation and further pain.

Organic Astringents:

tannin;
oak bark (contains tannin);
tanalbin;
hypericum herb;
sage leaves;
blueberry fruits;
cherry fruits, etc.

Inorganic binders (heavy metal salts):

bismuth nitrate basic;
bismuth citrate;
dermatol;
xeroform;
alum potassium alum;
Burow's liquid (aluminum acetate);
zinc sulfate;
copper sulfate;
silver nitrate;
protargol;
lead acetate.

Astringent application

Organic astringents are used for inflammation of the stomach, intestines, gastrointestinal bleeding, catarrh of the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat and pharynx. Outwardly they are prescribed for the treatment of skin burns, for rinsing the mouth and throat with stomatitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, etc.

Tanalbin deserves special attention in this series. It is a product of the interaction of tannins from the leaves of skumpia (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) and sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fam. cymaphytes (Anacardiaceae) with protein (casein). The fundamental idea of creating such a complex is to "protect" active principle drug from contact with surface tissues oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and stomach. After administration, it enters the stomach, where, under the action of of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, the protein part of the complex is cleaved off, and the active tannin molecules reach the intestines, where they exert their astringent effect. Therefore, tanalbin is used only orally for the treatment inflammatory diseases intestines.

Salts of heavy metals, in addition to the astringent action, have other types pharmacological activity, which directly depend on the effective concentration of the substance (Table 1).

In addition, it should be noted that the strength of the pharmacological activity of salts of heavy metals directly depends on the degree of ionization of the molecule and on the type of anion with which the salt is formed. This dependency clearly seen in the example of zinc preparations: zinc sulfate and zinc oxide.

Zinc sulfate easily dissociates into ions:

ZnSO, -> Zn2+ + SO,2

As a result, free zinc ions are actively in contact with proteins and exert their pharmacological effect. In addition, the resulting anion of sulfuric acid, which belongs to the class of strong acids, makes an additional contribution to the overall effect of the drug. Therefore, zinc sulfate has all the activities listed in Table 1, and its concentration is from 0.5% to 2%.

At the same time, zinc oxide does not undergo ionization, and therefore it has only an astringent effect at a concentration of 25-50%.

Table 1

The spectrum of pharmacological activity of salts of heavy metals

Current concentration	Effect	Mechanism effect	Target applications
0,5-1 %	Antibacterial	Blockade of thiol enzymes of bacterial cell metabolism	Antiseptic measures
1-2%	Astringent	Reversible coagulation of surface proteins with the formation of a protective film	Inflammatory lesions mucous surface tissues
3-5 %	Annoying	Chemical stimulation nerve endings	Distracting action
5-10%	Cauterizing	Irreversible protein coagulation penetrating deep tissue layers	Removal of papillomas, warts and other neoplasms on the skin

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

There is no HTML version of the work yet.
You can download the archive of the work by clicking on the link below.