Pneumonia in animals. Pathological anatomy of the respiratory organs inflammatory lesions of the respiratory organs inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

Pneumonia is an inflammatory disease of the lung parenchyma with inconsistent clinical symptoms that can vary from subtle or chronic to acute and violent. In many cases, the respiratory complications caused by pneumonia are potentially life-threatening, so treatment should begin before the causative agent is identified.

Etiology.

There are many causes that can cause pneumonia, so in all cases where a presumptive diagnosis of pneumonia is made, an attempt should be made to find out its etiology.

The emergence and development of pneumonia is due to a complex of environmental factors and features of the immunobiological reactivity of the body. In the occurrence of specific pneumonia, the leading role belongs to the pathogen (viruses, mycoplasmas, bacteria, fungi, etc.). In the etiology of nonspecific pneumonia, a decrease in the body's resistance as a result of exposure to debilitating adverse environmental factors is of decisive importance: hypothermia, dampness, drafts, etc.

Pneumonia can be viral in nature and result from a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. In dogs, these are diseases such as canine distemper, adenovirus type 2, canine herpesvirus; in cats - herpesvirus type 1, poxvirus. With clinically mild infectious pneumonia, it is appropriate to study the immune status of the animal, and in particular, to conduct tests for immunodeficiency viruses and

Bacteria are often involved in the pathological process in pneumonia. Bacterial infection is secondary to other lung lesions, although it has been suggested that Bordetella bronchiseptica may be the primary agent in young animals.

Fungal infections, including histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptomycosis, have also been described as causative agents of isolated cases of pneumonia.

Aspiration pneumonia develops as a result of foreign bodies and food masses entering the bronchi. It is a complication of diseases of the esophagus, such as megaesophagus, narrowing of the esophagus, autonomic dystonia, and other diseases in which there is dysphagia, persistent belching, and sometimes too much force-feeding, administration of drugs or barium can lead to the development of aspiration pneumonia.

Symptoms.

Typical are temperature, increased respiratory rate with shortness of breath during exercise or at rest, initially dry and then wet cough, discharge of exudate and mucus from the nasal cavity, fatigue. Auscultation may reveal labored breathing with murmurs, crackling, and wheezing in the lungs.

Diagnostics.

It should be carried out in order to determine the size and nature of the lesion, which depend on the cause that caused the disease.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of the history and clinical symptoms of the disease, x-ray examination of the lungs, as well as the results of biochemical and general clinical blood tests. Transtracheal washing with cytology and culture or bronchoalveolar lavage confirms the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia.

The presence of mucopurulent nasal discharge, abnormal lung murmurs, and characteristic lung appearance on chest x-ray support the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection.

Treatment of pneumonia in most cases is aimed at controlling the secondary bacterial infection, as well as identifying and possibly eliminating the cause of the disease. Depending on the underlying cause of the disease, animals are prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Therapeutic efficacy is significantly increased if the antibacterial agent is selected taking into account the results of a laboratory study of the sensitivity to it of microflora isolated from tracheal mucus or inflammatory foci of the lungs of a sick animal.

Depending on the nature and degree of lung damage, symptomatic therapy is widely used in the complex of therapeutic measures: expectorants and substances that thin the secret, inhalations, thermal procedures.

Bronchodilators may be used, especially with generalized lung involvement. To facilitate the removal of mucus from the lower respiratory tract, percussion or massage tapping movements, mucolytic drugs for splitting bronchial and pulmonary exudate are recommended.

The condition of dogs and cats is considered unstable if they have tachypnea and dyspnea at rest, a rise in temperature above 40 C, leukocytosis with an increased number of immature neutrophils, extraneous murmurs in the lungs during auscultation. In such cases, hospital monitoring of the sick animal with immediate infusion and antibiotic therapy is recommended.

The prognosis in each individual case depends on the cause of the disease and on the severity of lung damage.

Respiratory diseases are among the formidable pathologies that can threaten the health and life of pets. Pneumonia in cats can be especially dangerous, which is not only characterized by a rather severe course, but can also lead to the development of various complications, which in themselves are “not sugar”.

basic information

As you probably know, pneumonia is called inflammation of the lungs. However, in nature, such a "canonical" flow is extremely rare. Most often, the bronchi are involved in the inflammatory process. Scientifically, this is already bronchial pneumonia: it occurs most often in cats. However, within the framework of this article, we will not overload the material with unnecessary terminology.

Predisposing factors

In what cases is the probability of the disease higher? First, an extremely negative role in the development of pneumonia belongs to banal hypothermia. Under these conditions, conditionally pathogenic microflora "unfolds" in full, causing the development of the disease. In addition, the risk group includes cats with chronic or acute bronchitis, which at any time can "reborn" into something more serious. It is not recommended to feed cats frozen foods and drink water directly from the tap, as this also often leads to serious consequences.

The most important role is played by proper and nutritious nutrition. If there are too few vitamins and microelements in the cat's diet, its immunity will inevitably be weakened. Accordingly, the same hypothermia may be more likely to lead to the development of severe pneumonia or bronchitis. Constant exposure to dusty and damp rooms will also not lead to good, sooner or later causing an unpleasant pulmonary pathology. Ingestion of some foreign bodies or liquids into the lungs often leads to the development of the disease (aspiration pneumonia in cats).

Classification

This disease has been known for a very long time, and therefore scientists managed to create a truly comprehensive classification.

Pneumonia in dogs - signs, diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia

Unfortunately, we often begin to think about the well-being of our pets only if something is clearly wrong with their health. This is very dangerous, as sometimes even professional veterinary care may not be able to help. Fortunately, such serious pathologies are not so common, but pneumonia in dogs often manifests itself so suddenly that every dog ​​breeder should know about its main signs.

What is it, why does it occur?

This is the name of pneumonia, or an inflammatory process that captures not only the pulmonary alveoli, but also the bronchial mucosa. In dogs, this pathology occurs quite rarely, but each case is very dangerous, since the owners do not always immediately understand the seriousness of the situation. What causes pneumonia in animals? Here are the main factors:

The type of exudate is purulent, serous. Croupous pneumonia is also distinguished: in dogs this variety is quite rare, but the disease in this case is extremely difficult, with a fairly high risk of death. By the way, what is it? This is the name of the most severe pathology, when the walls of the vessels become so permeable that fibrin begins to flow from the blood into the lumen of the alveoli. At the same time, the condition of the animal is so severe that without professional veterinary care, the dog can die in just a couple of days. In the photo, such animals look extremely emaciated, extremely weakened.

Diseases of cattle

Purulent pneumonia

Purulent pneumonia develop from catarrhal, with their complication of pyogenic microbes or the introduction of microbes into the lungs from purulent foci of other organs (metastatic purulent pneumonia). This inflammation can be diffuse or in the form of various sizes of abscesses containing creamy pus, separated from the lung tissue by a demarcation line, and in a chronic course - by a connective tissue capsule. Often, a red rim of perifocal inflammation is seen around the capsule. Under the microscope, the abscess consists of degenerated, in varying degrees of decay, leukocytes, remnants of molten lung tissue and a colony of microbes. Pus is delimited from healthy tissue in the initial stages by a shaft of leukocytes and lymphoid cells, then fibroblasts appear and gradually a capsule is formed from them. The inner layer of the capsule contains many leukocytes and is called the pyogenic membrane wound.

Ichorous inflammation of the lungs is observed with aspiration of foreign bodies, ingestion of drugs, etc. It develops in the same way as a complication of other inflammations (usually fibrinous) in the presence of dead tissue, which gets putrefactive microbes, causing its decay. Ichorous foci are brown in color, emit an unpleasant odor, their mass is semi-liquid, delimited from the surrounding tissue by a red or greenish rim.

In animals, mixed pneumonia is often observed. In one lung or part of it, two types of inflammation can be found. The combination of serous with fibrinous, fibrinous with purulent, purulent with ichorous, catarrhal with purulent, etc. In some cases, this is due to different pathogens, in others - different duration of the process, and in others - unequal conditions for supplying inflamed tissues with oxygen, nutrients, that is, a different state of blood and lymph circulation.

Productive pneumonia observed in chronic diseases: tuberculosis, actinomycosis. The areas of the lungs are dense, with a bumpy surface, white or light gray in color. On the cut, they are granular, consisting, as it were, of a large number of merged nodules. Under the microscope, the alveoli are filled with lymphoid, epithelioid, and giant cells.

Purulent pneumonia in animals

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PNEUMONIA

pneumonia there are lobular (limited, lobular) - catarrhal (bronchopneumonia), purulent (metastatic), interstitial (interalveolar), hypostatic (congestive), atelectatic, mycotic (fungal), putrefactive (gangrene of the lungs), aspiration, silicosis (dusting of the lungs with flint dust) , anthracosis (dusting of the lungs with coal particles) and lobar (spilled) - croupous, contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, epidemic pneumonia of cattle, etc. However, catarrhal pneumonia is the most common, accounting for more than 80% of all pulmonary diseases. Let's stop on consideration of this pneumonia.

The economic losses due to this disease consist of an increase in the cost of paying for feed, a decrease in animal weight gain, death, culling, the cost of treating patients, etc.

Etiology. Catarrhal pneumonia in most cases is a secondary disease that accompanies other diseases. The factors contributing to the occurrence of catarrhal pneumonia are the weakening of the body during anemia, rickets, dyspepsia, colds, inhalation of polluted air, etc. It usually accompanies dog distemper, hemorrhagic septicemia of sheep, foot and mouth disease, tuberculosis, helminthiases, etc.

The leading microflora in catarrhal inflammation of the lungs is the one that is constantly in the respiratory tract, or the so-called conditionally pathogenic. Foreign bodies entering the alveoli lead to the development of a special catarrhal inflammation of the lungs, called aspiration pneumonia.

Symptoms. In sick animals, general depression, weakness, loss or decrease in appetite, an increase in overall body temperature by 1-2 ° C (in old and malnourished animals may not be present), cough, nasal discharge, hard breathing, initially dry, and after 2 -3 days wet rales in the lungs. Chronic catarrhal pneumonia is often accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular and digestive systems, kidneys, liver.

With a favorable course, the disease can end in 15-20 days, in chronic cases it can last several months. The prognosis for catarrhal pneumonia depends on the underlying disease, as well as on the age of the animals. With aspiration pneumonia, due to the possible development of lung gangrene, it is unfavorable.

Treatment. The animal is given rest in a warm, ventilated room, given substances that improve digestion. Antibiotics with a wide spectrum of activity are used from the very beginning or they are chosen after subtitling for sensitivity to them by the microflora of the respiratory tract. You can simultaneously prescribe sulfanilamide preparations (norsulfazol, sulfadimezin, sulfazol, sulfantrol) at 0.02-0.05 g per 1 kg of animal weight. To prolong the action of norsulfazole, it is recommended to use a 30% emulsion of it in fish oil. It is used for calves at the rate of 1 ml per 1 kg of their weight once a week. In addition, a 50% solution of novarsenol is prescribed for the conjunctiva, 5 drops 2 times a day for 3 days in a row, nitrated 10% blood of a mother or a healthy horse is injected subcutaneously at the rate of 1 ml per 1 kg of animal weight 2-3 times per day for 5 consecutive days. Piglets are subcutaneously prescribed horse blood serum at the rate of 0.5 ml per 1 kg of animal weight for 2 days in a row in combination with antibiotics and sulfonamides. With a weakening of cardiac activity, camphor oil, caffeine, and glucose are administered. Hypovitaminosis is eliminated by prescribing vitamins A, D, C, E. Novocaine blockades are shown (see Bronchitis), and after lowering the temperature, irradiation of the chest with ultraviolet (PRK-2, 4, 5, 7, 8 lamps; EUV) and infrared rays ( sollux lamps, infrared lamps, Minina), mustard plasters, warm wraps, diuretics. For mass treatment of sick animals in the conditions of industrial livestock complexes, hydroaeroionization is used, as well as antibiotic aerosols.

Prevention follows from the causes that cause catarrhal pneumonia, and is similar to that which is carried out with bronchitis.

Pneumonia in dogs

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung. All breeds of dogs and all ages are affected. According to the nature of the spread of the pathological process in the lungs, pneumonias are divided into lobar (focal, lobular) and lobular (focal, lobular). Lobar pneumonia is characterized by a relatively rapid spread of the inflammatory process, covering the entire lung or individual lobes.

Types of pneumonia

Of the dogs, hunting dogs are more susceptible to pneumonia. Pneumonia is especially severe in puppies, as well as in older dogs.

According to the type of exudate formed, pneumonia can be purulent, serous, fibrinous.

Causes of pneumonia in dogs

When pathogens (streptococci, staphylococci, mycoplasmas, chlamydia, and others) enter the respiratory tract, pneumonia develops in dogs.

With normal resistance of the dog's body, the body successfully copes with them. But one has only to weaken the immunity of the dog, these microorganisms activate their activity and penetrate into the lung tissue. The weakening of the body's resistance in dogs is the result of a number of predisposing factors:

• Temperature changes. Walks with dogs in winter, especially for smooth-haired breeds, should be short.
• Poor conditions for keeping the dog (dampness and drafts).
• Poor-quality and inadequate feeding (lack of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, macro- and microelements.).
• Contact with infected dogs.
• Injuries in the chest area.
• Weakness of the immune system (lack of immunoglobulin in the body).
• Diseases associated with impaired metabolic processes in the body (diabetes, uremia).
• The use of certain drugs (aspirin, digoxin).
• Infectious tracheobronchitis.
• Chronic sinusitis, pharyngitis and tonsillitis.

Features of the development of pneumonia in dogs

The course of pneumonia in dogs, regardless of the forms and causes, has three stages:

• The primary stage of the disease lasts an average of five days. Pneumonia at this stage has mild symptoms. The general condition of the dog is often satisfactory.
• Secondary stage - lasts no more than 10 days. In this stage, there is a rapid manifestation of all the symptoms of pneumonia.
• Final stage. At this stage, either the dog recovers or dies as a result of irreversible changes in the lung tissue.

The course of pneumonia in dogs is mild, moderate and severe. Inflammation in a dog can be acute or chronic.

The acute course of pneumonia can be caused by - traumatic injury to the respiratory tract and chest, pulmonary edema, filling the lungs with liquid or blood, burns of the respiratory tract as a result of the dog inhaling smoke or chemical fumes, and sudden hypothermia of the dog.

Pathogenesis. Under the influence of adverse factors leading to inflammation of the bronchi and pulmonary lobules, their edema, venous congestion in the capillary network. The barrier function of the bronchial epithelium is reduced, conditions are created for the development of conditionally pathogenic microflora. In the lumen of the bronchi and alveoli, exudate accumulates, local foci of atelectasis are formed, in which purulent microflora can multiply with the formation of foci of abscess formation and necrosis. Against the background of inflammation, redox processes and metabolism are disturbed, leading to a breakdown in trophism, blood and lymph formation, and the function of the bronchi and pulmonary alveoli. In the initial stages of the disease, serous, serous-catarrhal or catarrhal inflammation occurs. As a result of the absorption of toxins and decay products from the foci of inflammation into the blood and lymph, intoxication of the body is observed, gas exchange is disturbed due to a decrease in the respiratory surface of the lungs, and the degree of saturation of organs and tissues decreases.

Symptoms of pneumonia in dogs

Pneumonia in a dog is accompanied by:

• Cough. A sick dog coughs very loudly, while experiencing severe pain. In the future, the dog's cough becomes muffled and soft.
• A sharp increase in body temperature. The dog refuses to eat, but at the same time, because of thirst, he willingly drinks water.
• Fever. There is an alternation of high and normal body temperature in a dog. The fever wears the dog down. The dog loses its appetite (anorexia).
• Dehydration.
• Increased heart rate (tachycardia).
• Shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. Visible mucous membranes are cyanotic, the tongue is protruding from the mouth.
• It is difficult for the dog to lie on the side of the affected lung.

Auscultation of the lungs reveals large-medium and fine bubbling rales. With percussion of the lungs, a focus of dullness.

differential diagnosis. Pneumonia in a dog must be differentiated from - bronchitis, tracheobronchitis, inflammation of the nasal mucosa (runny nose in dogs), pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, lung abscess.

Treatment for pneumonia. A sick dog is prescribed a diet with a high content of proteins and energy. Treatment of pneumonia in dogs, especially in severe cases, is preferably carried out in a hospital veterinary clinic. If this is not possible, then treatment under the supervision of a veterinarian is carried out at home. The course of treatment is carried out within 2 weeks.

The main task in the treatment of pneumonia is to stabilize their condition and rid the body of the pathogen as completely as possible.

A course of antibiotic therapy is carried out, in which there is a direct effect on the cause that led to pneumonia. Before using an antibiotic in a veterinary laboratory, a culture of a microorganism is isolated from sputum (by inoculation on nutrient media to identify the causative agent of the disease and determine its sensitivity to a particular antibiotic). In the treatment, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used, including modern cephalosporins. At the same time, gram-positive cocci are affected by gentamicin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxil, flemoxin, solyutab, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim - sulfadiazine, first-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone), as well as macrolides (sumamed, vilprafen). Gram-negative rods - amikacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline. Anaerobic bacteria - ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, clindamycin and second and third generation cephalosporins.

Mycoplasma and chlamydial pneumonia in dogs are treated with tetracycline antibiotics - doxycycline, macrolides - sumamed, vilprafen, and fluoroquinolones - ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin.

Legionella pneumonia is treated with macrolides and fluoroquinolones.

Pneumonia caused by Escherichia coli is treated mainly with cephalosporin antibiotics.

The course of antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated types of pneumonia should last at least 10 days. Treatment of mycoplasmal, chlamydial and legionella pneumonia, even with a good condition of the dog, should be at least a month.

Before you start using antibiotics in veterinary clinics, they test for allergic sensitivity of the dog's body to them.

Physiotherapy. This procedure is carried out in order to stimulate a better separation of sputum from the lungs. Of these procedures, veterinarians perform chest massage. Massage is done as long as the dog is coughing.

With respiratory failure, which in dogs occurs with severe pneumonia, oxygen therapy is prescribed.

With diarrhea, vomiting, shortness of breath and starvation in a hospital, a sick dog is given infusion therapy, by introducing rehydration solutions, droppers are administered to the dog intravenously.

When the general condition of the dog improves, it should not be taken outside. Otherwise, such a walk can cause a relapse of the disease in the dog or a sharp deterioration in the condition of the animal.

Cough suppressors should not be treated. Periodically, it is necessary to carry out a special massage by tapping several times a day. Chest x-rays should be done regularly.

Prevention of pneumonia. Prevention of pneumonia should be based on the prevention of the causes that can cause pneumonia in a dog.

Pet owners should carry out timely treatment of diseases that can provoke pneumonia in a dog. Eliminate areas of chronic infection in the dog's body. To strengthen the immune system of the dog's body. Avoid contact with animals with pneumonia. Carry out timely vaccination of dogs against viral infections that are common in your area.

They are divided into lobular (limited, lobular), which include bronchopneumonia (catarrhal pneumonia), purulent (metastatic, characterized by involvement in the pathological process in the form of small foci of individual lobes of the lungs, or all lungs and abscess of the lungs), hypostatic (congestive), mycotic (fungal), putrefactive (gangrene of the lungs), atelectatic, aspiration, silicosis (when the lungs are dusted with silicon dust), anthracose (when the lungs are dusted with coal dust), gasoline and some others, and lobar (spilled), which include croupous ( fibrinous) pneumonia, contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, epidemic pneumonia in cattle, etc. However, bronchopneumonia, accounting for more than 60% of all pulmonary diseases, as well as purulent, hypostatic, mycotic, putrefactive and lobar pneumonia, are the most common. Among lung diseases, pulmonary emphysema also has a significant distribution in animals.
The economic damage caused by lung diseases consists of an increase in the cost of paying for feed, a decrease in the productivity of animals, working capacity, death, culling, the cost of treating patients, etc.
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA (CATARIAL PNEUMONIA) -
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
The disease is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and alveoli, accompanied by the formation of catarrhal (mucous) exudate and filling them with bronchi and alveoli. The pathological process has a lobular (focal) character. Initially, the bronchi and lobules of the lung are affected, after which the inflammation can cover several lobules, segments and even lobes of the lungs, as a result of which the disease will be characterized as small-focal, large-focal or confluent pneumonia.
Bronchopneumonia is widespread among animals of all kinds, in all geographical areas, and especially in young animals during periods of weaning, growing, and fattening. In large livestock farms and industrial complexes, especially when veterinary and sanitary rules for keeping animals are violated, the disease can become widespread, and the number of cases can reach 30-50%.
Etiology. Bronchopneumonia is mostly a secondary disease that accompanies other diseases. It has a polythyological basis and arises as a result of a complex effect on the body of various kinds of adverse factors, in particular, weakening of the immune status of animals as a result of stress, hypothermia, overheating, inhalation of polluted air, inadequate feeding, etc. The disease usually accompanies canine distemper, hemorrhagic septicemia of sheep, foot and mouth disease, tuberculosis, helminthiases, etc.
It is also believed that a significant role in the occurrence of bronchopneumonia against the background of the above causative factors is initially played by opportunistic, constantly present in the respiratory tract or incoming viral and bacterial infection, and the viral factor - - P is the starting (initial), and microbial, arising against this background, continuing and intensifying the pathological process, in many cases determining, and often ending in a negative way,
Of the viruses, these are most often influenza, parainfluenza, rhinotracheitis, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, etc., and from the bacterial flora, pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci, proteus, and also mycoplasmas are usually isolated? Fungi.
The reasons may also be the ingress of foreign particles and food masses into the alveoli, often leading to the development of a special catarrhal inflammation of the lungs, called aspiration pneumonia, and sometimes the disease occurs as a result of the development of the process with laryngotracheitis.
Pathogenesis. Bronchopneumonia is considered as a general disease, manifested by a violation of all systems and functions of the body, but with the localization of the process in the lungs.
Under the influence of etiological factors, the functioning of the bronchi and alveoli occurs. In the submucosal layer of the bronchial shell, spasm initially occurs, and then paresis of the capillaries and, against this background, blood stagnation, as a result of which swelling and hemorrhages occur in the lung tissue.
In the initial stages of the disease, this is accompanied by catarrhal or seno-catarrhal inflammation. As a result, a non-coagulating exudate, consisting of mucin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, bronchial epithelial cells and microflora, enters the lumen of the bronchi and alveoli. In the future, the organization of exudate, carnification of the lung tissue, induration, calcification of the resulting pneumonic foci and the collapse of the bronchi and lung tissue occur.
In the acute course of the disease, the superficially lying lobes of the lungs are first affected. The interlobular connective tissue acts as a barrier to the transition of inflammation from the affected lobules to healthy ones, although in the future this function may be lost.
In a chronic course, the process can be transformed into a lobar one due to the fusion of individual foci of inflammation into large areas and present itself as a confluent (lobar) pneumonia. Complications (more often in pigs) can be in the form of adhesive pleurisy and pericarditis, as well as emphysema. X "
As a result of absorption from the foci of inflammation into the lymph and blood of toxins from the decay products of dead tissues, intoxication of the body can occur, usually accompanied by a varying degree of temperature increase. You of the body (remitting fever), impaired functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous and other systems of the body.
hack, the quantitative and qualitative indicators of erythopoepi-
In particular, there is a delay in the maturation of erythrocytes, an increase in the number of old cells, and a decrease in the content of hemoglobin in one zriguocyte. In varying degrees, but more often by 2-3 times, oxygen consumption per unit mass of the animal is reduced, and the degree of saturation of arterial blood with oxygen decreases to 70-80% instead of 97-98%, resulting in tissue gas exchange disorder. Disorders of the digestive and nervous systems are accompanied by a decrease in appetite and dystonia of the gastrointestinal tract, general weakness, decreased efficiency, and productivity of animals.
Symptoms. In sick animals, depression, weakness, loss or decrease in appetite are expressed, an increase in the general body temperature by
1-2°C (may not be present in old and malnourished animals), cough, nasal discharge, hard breathing, mixed dyspnea, initially dry, but after
2-3 days wet rales in the lungs. Percussion establishes limited areas of dullness, bordering on areas of normal pulmonary percussion sound and found mainly in the region of the apical and cardiac lobes of the lungs. With deeply located foci of inflammation in them, there may be no changes in percussion sound.
With a confluent form of the disease, the data of auscultation, percussion are similar to those that occur with croupous pneumonia in the stage of hepatization. As a rule, there are tachycardia and increased second tone.
The manifestation of the disease largely depends on the age and type of animals. So, in horses and sheep, it is characterized by a relatively rapid spread of the pathological process in the lungs compared to that observed in pigs and cattle. In young and old animals, bronchopneumonia is usually more severe. The disease is often accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular, digestive and nervous systems, as well as kidneys, liver and other organs with their characteristic manifestations.
pathological changes. When opening the chest, the most characteristic changes are found in the lungs and bronchi. The lungs are incompletely collapsed and are usually dark red with a grayish bluish tint. In their parenchyma and under the pleura there may be hemorrhages. In the affected areas, they are compacted, airless and protrude above neighboring areas. Their cut surface is smooth, and when pressure is applied to it, a bloody or grayish liquid flows out. The interstitial tissue of the affected part of the lungs is expanded, saturated with serous exudate, gelatinous. In the center of the inflammatory foci, bronchial lumens are visible, often filled with exudate. Wedge-shaped atelectatic (collapsed) foci of a meat-like consistency are always found. Vicarious (compensatory) almost always occurs next to the affected areas, and in cattle and interstitial emphysema. There may also be purulent or curdled foci of various sizes.
Microscopy reveals expansion of the capillaries of the pulmonary septum, protruding into the lumen of the alveoli, which contain serous exudate with a significant amount of exfoliated epithelial cells, leukocytes, erythrocytes and microbes. With bronchopneumonia of aspiration origin, there may be purulent or gangrenous areas.
Dry or exudative pleurisy is often found, as well as an increase in bronchial lymph nodes. Of the nonspecific changes in the chronic form of the disease, there are malnutrition, myocardial, liver, kidney dystrophy, and muscle atrophy.
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Based on the given clinical symptoms, taking into account the anamnesis, etiological factors and relevant special research methods, the diagnosis is not difficult to make.
Hematological research methods establish the presence of neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, monocytosis, accelerated ESR, a decrease in reserve alkalinity, a decrease in the catalase activity of erythrocytes, and a decrease in the level of hemoglobin saturation of arterial blood with oxygen.
However, the most objective and most accurate method of diagnosing the disease is an X-ray examination. With it, in the initial stages of the disease, homogeneous foci with uneven contours are easily found in the apical and cardiac lobes. In patients with chronic confluent (diffuse) forms of bronchopneumonia, diffuse, extensive, densely shaded areas of the lungs are detected radiographically. At the same time, the border of the heart and the contours of the ribs at the sites of the lesion do not differ. For the mass diagnosis of bronchopneumonia in calves, sheep, pigs in general, and especially on large livestock farms, R. G. Mustakimov proposed a fluorographic method.
In especially necessary cases, a biopsy from the affected areas of the lungs, bronchography, bronchophotography, examination of tracheal mucus, nasal discharge, and other research methods are used to make and clarify the diagnosis.
In the differential diagnostic respect, it is necessary to exclude bronchitis, other pneumonias, especially croupous, as well as infectious and invasive diseases accompanied by damage to the respiratory tract and lungs, in particular, contagious pleuropneumonia, diplococcal infection, -1 asterellosis, salmonellosis, mycoses, mycoplasmosis, respiratory viral infections , dictyocaulosis, metastrongylosis, ascariasis, etc.
With bronchitis, there is no or slight (by 0.5-1 ° C) increase in overall body temperature, there are no areas of dullness in the lungs, and an X-ray examination reveals only an increase in the pattern of the bronchial tree and the absence of foci of shading in the lungs.
Croupous pneumonia is excluded by its characteristic sudden onset, staging, constant type of fever, lobar foci, fibrinous discharge from the nose. Other pneumonias are ruled out according to their characteristic symptoms and using special research methods.
Forecast. Due to the diversity in the development and course of bronchopneumonia, a definite prognosis can be difficult to make. At the same time, with a favorable course of the disease, timely and appropriate treatment, the respiratory tract and alveolar tissue are released from catarrhal exudate to a normal state, which is accompanied by recovery of animals in 7-10 days. In other cases, the affected lobes can merge into large foci, and the inflammation becomes purulent-necrotic (gangrenous) in nature and is accompanied by the formation of abscesses in the lungs, complications of pleurisy and pericarditis. In these cases, the prognosis is usually poor, and it is better to kill the animals. _ Treatment. Must be complex. Animals are provided with rooms in a warm, ventilated room, prescribed drugs and feed that improve digestion. Antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity are used from the very beginning, or they are chosen after titration for sensitivity to them by the microflora of the respiratory tract. At the same time, sulfanilamide preparations can be prescribed at the rate of 0.02-0.05 g per 1 kg of animal weight. To prolong (lengthen) the action of sulfonamides, in particular, norsulfazole, it is recommended to use a 30% emulsion of it in fish oil. It is prescribed to calves at the rate of 1 ml per 1 kg of their weight once a week. In addition, a 50% solution of novarsenol is instilled (applied) on the conjunctiva, 4-5 drops 2 times a day, 3 days in a row, cited 10% blood of a mother or a healthy horse is injected subcutaneously at the rate of 1 ml per 1 kg animal weight 2-3 times a day, 5 days in a row. Piglets are subcutaneously prescribed horse blood serum at the rate of 0.5 ml per 1 kg of animal weight for 2 days in a row in combination with antibiotics and sulfonamides. Apply a quartz lamp (Fig. 84).
Intrapulmonary injections of antibiotic solutions in the generally accepted dosage are effective, and they are injected into the healthy part of the lung to a depth of 2.5-3 cm at the front edge of 6-8 ribs, 8-10 cm above the line of the shoulder joint. It should be noted that calves, and it is logical to assume

Rice. 84
The use of a quartz lamp in the treatment of a horse

“° and other species of animals of different ages, tolerate this method of therapeutic intervention is difficult.
Hypovitaminosis is eliminated by prescribing vitamins A, B, C, E, etc. Shown are novocaine blockades, expectorants (see Bronchitis), and ¦ ¦ after normalization of body temperature - irradiation of the chest with ultraviolet rays (lamps PRK-2, 4, 5, 7 , 8, EUV) and infrared (lames-“Y sollux, infrared, Minina and other sources of this spectrum), mustard plasters, warm wraps, diuretics.
With a weakening of cardiac activity, heart drugs are prescribed
at doses appropriate to the type of animal. Cattle, horses and sheep are shown intratracheal injections of solutions of antibiotics or sulfa drugs, in particular solutions of penicillin or sxytetracycline at the rate of 10-15 thousand units per 1 kg of animal weight in 5- | ml of distilled water or isotonic sodium chloride solution, xO / o-e aqueous solutions of sulfadimesine or norsulfazol at the rate of 0.04-gt; l05 g of dry matter per 1 kg of animal weight. Before the introduction of these ra-: thieves, the trachea is irrigated with 5-10 ml of a 5% solution of novocaine, which is injected slowly over 0.5-1 minute.
Calcium gluconate, suprastin, tavegil, pipolfen are recommended orally 2-3 times a day as anti-allergic and reducing the permeability of the walls of venous vessels for the entire period of treatment, with the development of edema .. soft and intravenous injections of calcium chloride in appropriate doses depending on age and type animals.
Bronchial dilating drugs (bronchiolytics) and proteolytic enzymes are shown, which are used intratracheally or in the form of aerosols in combination with antimicrobial and other drugs.
Recently, in Armenia, for the treatment of calves with bronchopneumonia, it is recommended to carry out corrective therapy once within 7 days with intramuscular administration of hydrocortisone at a dose of 1 mg per 1 kg of animal weight in combination with aerosol therapy with a mixture including norsulfazol, eleutherococcus extract, iodinol, glucose, pepsin and mineral water "Fables".
In the region of the Southern Urals, which is an endemic (insufficient) zone for a number of mineral elements (biogeochemical province), the following scheme is recommended for the treatment of bronchopneumonia in calves: intratracheal 3% menthol 5 ml 2 times a day for 5 days; intramuscularly ampicillin sodium salt 15 mg per 1 kg of animal weight 3 times a day for 5 days. At the same time, microelements per 100 kg should be included in the diet; and mass in doses: cobalt chloride - 30 mg, manganese sulfate - 45 mg, potassium EODID 10 mg, zinc sulfate - 45 mg for 30 days. *
There are reports of the effectiveness of the treatment of piglets with bronchopneumonia by using thymogen at a dose of 3-5 mg per 1 kg of animal weight intramuscularly, once during the first days of the disease, against the background of complex therapy.
For the mass treatment of animals, hydroaeroionization is used, as well as aerosols of various drugs in specially equipped rooms, as well as in stationary or mobile cells. Prevention. It follows from the causes that cause bronchopneumonia. Particular attention is paid to the protection of animals from hypothermia and overheating and avoid excessive accumulation of ammonia and other harmful gases, dustiness of the premises. It is important to use methods to strengthen the resistance and immunological reactivity of the body (especially when animals are kept in groups), the use of immunoglobulins, convalescent sera, early diagnosis and timely
treatment of sick animals.
To do this, in particular for calves, it is recommended to prescribe the immunomodulators prodigiosan and sodium nucleonate in the form of aerosols at doses of 0.4-0.5 μg per 1 kg of animal weight and 5 μg, respectively. The working solution of sodium nucleonate is prepared in a 10% solution of glycerin 1.5-2% concentration, prodigiosan - in an isotonic solution of sodium chloride with the addition
10% glycerin.
This method is especially effective during periods of age-related immunodeficiencies. Single treatments are carried out in the first 3 days after birth, then double treatments at 2 weeks and 2 months of age.
PURULENT PNEUMONIA - PNEUMONIA PURULENTA
The disease is characterized by purulent inflammation of the lungs as a result of the drift (metastasis) of a purulent onset from other pathological foci of the body. According to the involvement of the lungs in the pathological process, it can be in the form of disseminated (point) foci and abscess. Animals of all kinds get sick.
Etiology. Basically, this is a secondary disease that occurs as a complication of septic processes of various origins: pyosepticemia, purulent inflammation of the uterus, myt, pharyngitis, ulcerative endocarditis, abscesses, purulent wounds, abscesses, surgical interventions, etc.
Pathogenesis. In all cases, pyemic lesions clog certain blood vessels of the lungs with the formation of hemorrhagic infarctions and pyemic nodules (metastatic form), from which necrotic foci can occur in the lung tissue, from the fusion of which large lesions are formed (lung abscess). ^
This is usually accompanied by the development of sepsis, in varying degrees (usually severe) weakness of the cardiovascular system, loss of strength and frequent death of animals from general sepsis. about
Symptoms. The most characteristic are shortness of breath, painful cough, refusal to feed. In the future, with the development of abscesses in the lungs, the animal's condition deteriorates sharply, the fever increases to 40-41 C, characterized by daily fluctuations in body temperature and in most
animal perspiration.
Auscultation reveals weakening of respiratory sounds, wheezing, bronchial or amphoric breathing. In cases of an abscess rupture, the animal's condition usually improves somewhat, a purulent or mucopurulent fluid, often fetid, flows out of the nose. It contains elastic fibers, particles of lung tissue. There are signs of pleurisy.
gt;
In the presence of small foci, percussion does not establish deviations of the J~ norm, and in cases of large foci (abscesses), dullness or tympanic sound is observed, indicating the development of vicarious emphysema of the lungs. When a large abscess ruptures and empties, the percussion sound may be metallic. With complications to the pleura, auscultation may give pleural friction noises, and percussion may be painful.
pathological changes. In the lungs, single or multiple abscesses are found, mostly superficial, ranging in size from a pea to a walnut, the inner surface of which is villous, the surrounding tissue is compacted and does not contain air. Quite often, whole lobes of the lung are hepatized, the cut surface of which is dotted with small hersto-yellow spots. Over time, they can be encapsulated in a connective tissue membrane with a curd mass inside. The pleura in places of superficially located foci is affected by serous-fibrinous or purulent inflammation.
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The presence of a purulent process in the lungs in most cases can only be assumed. It can be rewritten. suffer from chronic pneumonia, purulent pleurisy and other lung diseases, which themselves may be secondary.
X-ray examination has the most important diagnostic value; from I, for the final diagnosis of the disease, all the clinical symptoms and the course of the disease should be taken into account.
In the differential diagnostic relation, the other should be excluded. le diseases of the respiratory system on the basis of their characteristic clinical manifestations and special research methods.
Forecast. With the development of general sepsis and collapse - unfavorable. In other cases - doubtful. With the possibility of eliminating the underlying disease, the prognosis may be favorable.
Treatment. Sick animals are provided with good maintenance, antistreptococcal serum, autohemotherapy, immune preparations, oral ASD-2, subcutaneous hydrolysates are prescribed, antibiotics, sulfanilamide and cardiac drugs are prescribed. Heat is shown on the chest.
Prevention. It follows from the etiology and consists mainly in the prevention of lung diseases and the timely treatment of patients.
ATELEKTATIC PNEUMONIA - RNEIMOY1A ATE1.ESTAT1CA
Occurs as a result of atelectasis (falling) of individual sections of the lungs and is usually focal (lobular). It is more common among sheep and about 3-4 times less common in other animal species. Hypotrophics are predominantly ill.
Etiology. The disease develops more often against the background of chronic bronchitis, erybronchitis, pneumosclerosis, and predisposing factors are
e-weakening of breathing, reduced ventilation of the lungs, lack of movement, general weakening of the body. '
Pathogenesis. Due to insufficient ventilation of the lungs that occurs due to the indicated reasons, especially when viscous contents accumulate in the bronchi, certain sections of the lungs become clogged, the air from the alveoli resolves, they collapse and atelectasis of the corresponding section of the lung occurs. This is accompanied by a weakening of the lymph flow in it, a decrease in the immune status of the lung tissue, the reproduction of conditionally pathogenic microflora of the respiratory tract in it, and an increase in its pathogenic properties. This causes congestion of the lungs, and then inflammation (pneumonia) with its characteristic development, course and influence on the functioning of other body systems, especially the cardiovascular system.
Symptoms. Initially, the signs of the disease are mild, and it can go unnoticed or one can only assume its presence. In patients, the inflammatory response is slow and sluggish. Progressive emaciation and general weakness are noted. Body temperature does not always rise. The respiratory rate gradually increases, mixed shortness of breath appears. Expectoration is difficult, nasal discharge is rare. The results of auscultation and percussion are close to those of bronchopneumonia, but are less pronounced. With a deep location of atelectatic foci, auscultation and percussion data will be negative. The most objective and accurate information is given by fluoroscopy, in which usually there are foci of shading in the anterior and middle lobes of the lungs.
pathological changes. In atelectatic areas (alveoli), swelling, degeneration and desquamation of the epithelium occur, and in small bronchi there is a mucous secretion, often with signs of decomposition, bronchopneumonia, proliferation of peribronchial, perivascular and interstitial connective tissue. There is also resorbed affected lung tissue with lung atrophy.
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. It is put on the basis of anamnesis, clinical symptoms and special research methods, however, X-ray and laboratory blood tests are especially informative. Establish the presence of pneumonic foci, anemia, moderate leukocytosis, elevated ESR.
In differential diagnostic terms, according to their characteristic features and special methods, chronic bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, pulmonary emphysema, pleurisy, as well as infections and invasions are excluded.
Forecast. Often doubtful or unfavorable. The course of the disease is usually long, it can last up to 2 months. During this time, the disease can be complicated by abscess and gangrene, followed by death. In cases of scarring of the atelectatic area of ​​the lungs, the animals recover, but their working capacity and productivity decrease.
Treatment. Eliminate etiological factors. Animals are provided with good zoohygienic conditions and adequate feeding.
In order to improve and normalize the immune status in sick animals, they are prescribed appropriate immune preparations in certain doses - immune globulins, thymogen, thymalin, ASD-2, protein hydrolysates. Autohemotherapy, alcohol therapy, rubbing of the chest are shown. Drug treatment is used, which is aimed at restoring bronchial patency, suppressing microflora and activating the cardiovascular system. For this, expectorants are prescribed (see Bronchitis), in particular ammonium chloride, terpinhydrate, broncholithin, inhalations with menthol and other drugs. In cases of exacerbation of the process and an increase in body temperature, antibiotics, sulfa drugs, proteolytic enzymes are prescribed, as in bronchopneumonia. Of the physiotherapeutic procedures, irradiation with mercury-quartz lamps and sollux, diathermy of the lungs in the affected areas, heating pads, and warm wraps are recommended.
Prevention. Comply with the rules of keeping, feeding and exploitation of animals. Active exercise, natural and artificial ultraviolet irradiation, respiratory gymnastics of the lungs are shown, the essence of which is to hold the breath for a short time by closing the nasal openings, which contributes to a subsequent deeper breath, better filling of the bronchi and alveoli with air. This manipulation is recommended mainly for horses and lambs.
Mycotic pneumonia - PNEUMONYKOSIS
The disease occurs due to damage to the bronchi and alveoli, mainly by mold fungi. It occurs in animals of all species and different age groups.
Etiology. Molds are almost always found in the respiratory tract, where they enter with the inhaled air. However, they cause pathological processes only in those cases when favorable conditions for their life activity arise in the airways for them. Favorable conditions include, first of all, the presence of a large amount of secretion or decay products in pathological conditions of the respiratory system, in particular with catarrhal inflammation of the bronchi, bronchiectasis, .-. avernas in the lungs, etc. Prolonged breathing of a large number of fungal spores is especially dangerous for animals. In the case when animals have had respiratory tract lesions and their immune status is reduced, favorable conditions for the onset of the disease also develop. Particularly dangerous as pathogens of pathological processes in the respiratory system are fungi of the species Aspergillus and in particular Aspergillus limigatus and Aspergillus niger. They cause severe mass diseases of the respiratory apparatus in animals and specifically pneumonia.
Fungi enter the respiratory tract of animals mainly when they are fed severely affected, especially dry food, or when using the same litter. It is believed that dusty and moldy hay is considered as a causal factor in the development of bronchitis, pneumonia, and then emphysema, bronchoconstriction and bronchial asthma in animals.
Pathogenesis. Mushrooms caught in the bronchi irritate the mucous membrane and cause catarrhal inflammation. Feeding on exudate and multiplying, they release toxic substances, under the influence of which pathological processes occur. Then they germinate into the mucous membrane of the bronchi and lung tissue, necrotize them, which is accompanied by the development of focal pneumonia, often with focal necrosis, and sometimes with the formation of caverns.
It is also believed that along with this, fungi sensitize the mucous membrane of the bronchi and cause their spasm. This causes the occurrence of asthmatic attacks with the subsequent development of emphysema.
Symptoms. In most cases, the disease proceeds in a chronic form and bears little resemblance to the symptoms of pneumonia. At the same time, already in the first period of the disease, gradually increasing microbronchitis, emphysema, and severe shortness of breath, which is usually asthmatic in nature, are observed. Later symptoms appear
bronchopneumonia.
The general condition of the sick animal worsens, while shortness of breath increases, fatness decreases. Auscultation of the lungs reveals a wide variety of wheezing and increased or decreased breathing. Percussion of the chest reveals foci of dullness, and in rare cases of an acute course of the disease, usually accompanied by the formation of cavities, and the sounds of a cracked pot. Patients have a fever. In the nasal discharge, a large number of various fungi are microscopically detected.
pathological changes. Nodules ranging in size from a hemp seed to a pea are scattered on the surface and in the thickness of the lungs. Often they are stuck together, resulting in the formation of dense foci, sometimes large. They consist of a cheese-like or crumbly mass surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. In the center of these nodules are mushrooms. These foci are separated from the surrounding healthy lung tissue by a rim of hemorrhagically inflamed and hepatized lung parenchyma. Microscopy reveals that the fibrinous-catarrhal walls of the bronchi and the parenchyma of the lungs have sprouted mycelium of fungi.
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Putting it on is usually difficult. Anamnestic data, characteristic clinical symptoms, pathological anatomical information and the results of microscopic examination of feed and nasal discharge are taken into account.
When differentiating from other similar diseases, bronchitis, other pneumonias and pulmonary emphysema of a different origin are excluded according to their characteristic symptoms, and special research methods are also used.
Forecast. Most often unfavorable, due to the death of animals or the development of bronchial asthma and emphysema in them.
Treatment. Not always effective. However, positive results are sometimes obtained from the use of antibiotics, nystatin, sodium salt, levorin, amphotericin, alfoglukamin in the form of aerosols, since other methods of introducing them are ineffective due to the fact that they are poorly soluble in water. Inhalations of sodium bicarbonate, turpentine, ichthyol are shown. It is recommended to give animals an oral solution of iodine preparations according to the prescription: 5% iodine solution - 10 ml, potassium iodide 2.0 g, distilled zoda - 60 ml in doses appropriate for the age and type of animal 2 times a day. Sulfonamide preparations and autohemotherapy are shown. ^ ^
" Prevention. Special attention must be paid to the timely
storage of hay and grain fodder, preventing it from getting wet and thus creating a favorable environment for the reproduction of fungi. Do not allow feeding without special treatment of moldy feed and the use of bedding material affected by fungi. Comply with zoo-hygienic conditions for keeping animals.
Putrefactive PNEUMONIA (LUNG GANGRENE) - PNEUMONIA FUTRIDA (GANGRENA PULMONUM)
The disease is characterized by putrefactive decay of necrotic lung tissue under the influence of putrefactive microflora. The disease is rare and occurs mainly in horses and cattle.
Etiology. The disease is caused by putrefactive microflora, which can enter the lungs through aspiration, aerogenic and hematogenous (metastatic) routes. In the first case, this occurs due to a disruption in the functioning of the pharynx and thus a violation of the act of swallowing and penetration into the lungs of irritating drugs, when they are forcibly given, when vomit, mucus, saliva, pus, foreign bodies contaminated with microflora enter the lungs. In the aerogenic way, the microflora can penetrate into the lungs by inhaling the air polluted by it, and by the hematogenous way, when it is brought into the lungs by emboli from gangrenous foci of various parts of the body.
Pathogenesis. These, as well as other etiological factors, cause an inflammatory reaction initially in the bronchial mucosa, and then the process passes to the walls of the bronchi, peribronchial and alveolar tissue. As a result, an inflammatory focus of a catarrhal, subsequently croupous, putrid, and in cases where a purulent infection is mixed in, then a purulent-putrefactive nature, which eventually turns into gangrene of the lungs, occurs. Serous edema occurs along the periphery of such a focus. Gangrenous foci are localized more often in the ventral and cranial areas of one or both lungs. Less common is a diffuse form of the disease.
With the decay (melting) of the lung tissue, the gangrenous focus turns into a brown, fetid semi-liquid mass containing decomposition products of protein, fat, elastic fibers of the lung tissue, cocci, bacilli, purulent cells, which, when released through the nose, form cavities in the lungs. In addition to the bronchi and lungs, the gangrenous process, with a superficial location of the sites, can also capture the pleura. In this case, perforation of the gangrenous focus is accompanied by sepsis. The collapse of the lung tissue occurs so quickly that the demarcation zone (roller) around the lesion does not have time to form. The absorption of toxic products into the blood causes an increase in the overall temperature of the body by 1.5-2 C.
Symptoms. The earliest and most characteristic signs of lung gangrene are at first a sweetish-sugary, and later on a sharply fetid smell of the air exhaled by a sick animal. He's being caught
not only near the animal, but also at a distance from it. This smell is so strong that it fills the entire room where the sick animal is located, and remains in it for more than a day after the animal is removed from it. In cases where the focus is closed and does not communicate with the lumen of the bronchi, this symptom is absent.
Then there is a bilateral discharge from the nose of a red-brown or greenish color, especially plentiful after coughing and lowering the head. Microscopic examination reveals lung tissue fibers, pigments, fat drops, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and various microbes. After boiling such outflows, treated with a 10% solution of caustic potassium, subsequent centrifugation and microscopic examination of the sediment, elastic fibers characteristic of lung gangrene are found, reflecting the alveolar structure of the lung tissue. In the expiration, there is often an admixture of blood, due to violations of the integrity of the blood vessels. The disease is usually accompanied by a prolonged wet cough and shortness of breath.
Almost always, lung gangrene is accompanied by a high body temperature of a remitting type, severe sweating, severe weakness, depression, disorders of the cardiovascular system, manifested by a drop in blood pressure, a small, frequent, thready and arrhythmic pulse.
There are noticeable deviations from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting from the ingestion of putrefactive secretions from the lungs. Animals
they refuse food, their digestion is upset, they often have vomiting, profuse diarrhea.

Schematic representation of pneumonia with the formation of a cavity a - larynx; b - trachea; c - bronchi; g - lung tissue containing air; e - pneumonic focus, located at the surface of the lungs; e - pulmonary cavity, connecting with the bronchus; g - bronchial branch filled with exudate.

On the part of the blood, anemia and leukocytosis are noted, and disorders of the central nervous system can be manifested by stupor, stupor, coma, monoplegia, paresis, convulsions.
Of the complications are pleurisy, pulmonary bleeding, pneumothorax, which significantly worsen the condition of the animals.
Auscultation and percussion do not always give the appropriate results, depending on the location and extent of the pathological process. So, centrally located small gangrenous foci do not give any symptoms, but the gangrenous focus, located superficially and complicated by a cavity, can be easily established (Fig. 85). In particular, auscultation gives sounding wheezing and bronchial breathing, and percussion is determined by a tympanic sound with a metallic tinge or the sound of a cracked pot.

When gangrene is complicated by pneumothorax, pronounced shortness of breath occurs, and percussion gives a tympanic sound in the vast space of the corresponding half of the chest.
pathological changes. With gangrene of the lungs, they are quite characteristic and differ in variety and variegation. First of all, the presence of foci attracts attention. They are of various sizes and are localized mainly in the cranial and ventral areas of one or both lungs. Sometimes the process covers large areas of lung tissue.
In cases of melting of the gangrenous focus, a foul-smelling liquid is found that contains decomposition products of proteins, fat, microflora, detritus and tripel phosphate crystals (Fig. 86). After the release of such areas, caverns remain in their place, the inner surface of which is rough and covered with a brand, ichorous, fetid mass. Against the background of healthy lung tissue, gangrenous foci are painted in a dirty brown or dirty yellow color. The lung tissue surrounding the gangrenous focus is hyperemic, edematous and in a state of catarrhal
or croupous inflammation. ^
In rare cases, a demarcation roller is formed along the perimeter of the gangrenous focus, and in these cases, the focus is sequestered and isolated by a gray connective tissue calloused capsule.
Putrid inflammation occurs in the bronchi. Their lumen is filled with a fetid, putrid mass, and the mucous membrane is colored dirty gray-red, sometimes with a greenish tint.
In those places where the pathological process is localized in the superficial areas and reaches the pleura, putrefactive-purulent pleurisy is found. Pneumothorax may occur.
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. They are based on anamnesis, clinical and special studies. At the same time, lung gangrene can be definitely diagnosed only after the appearance of a characteristic putrid odor of exhaled air and the corresponding microscopic structure of the nasal discharge with fragments of lung tissue. It should also take into account the presence of high remitting fever, the results of auscultation, percussion and X-ray examination.
When differentiating gangrene of the lungs, putrefactive bronchitis, gangrenous lesions of the upper airways, as well as diseases of the liver and teeth, must be taken into account. With putrid bronchitis, there are no fragments of lung tissue in the nasal discharge, there is no remitting fever. The results of auscultation and percussion are negative. Other diseases are excluded on the basis of special research methods.
Forecast. Generally considered unfavorable. It depends on the prevalence of the process in the lungs and the state of the immune status (resistance) of the sick animal. The cure and recovery of animals with gangrene of the lungs, according to numerous observations, is a rare phenomenon and can be in cattle and omnivores. This is due to the fact that the putrefactive process that began in the lungs develops very quickly and the speed of its spread outpaces the formation of a demarcation (limiting) zone (roller).
Treatment. First of all, it is aimed at stopping putrefactive decay in the lungs. For this, broad-spectrum antibiotics, sulfonamides are used in doses appropriate for the species and age of animals. The immune preparations thymogen, thymolin, etc., ASD-2, autohemotherapy, blood transfusion, injections of official camphor solutions in average doses 3-4 times a day, intravenous 5% solution of novarsenol, intravenous injections of alcohol with saline can be useful. in a ratio of 1:3. At the same time, symptomatic treatment is used and appropriate conditions for feeding and keeping animals are observed.
Prevention. Taking into account the low effectiveness of the treatment of animals with gangrene of the lungs, preventive measures are important. The main ones are the minimal use of forcible giving of drugs through the mouth. In its implementation, care must be taken so that an unsuccessful swallow does not occur. It is not recommended to perform this manipulation in diseases of the pharynx. Animals should be treated in a timely manner for pneumonia, which can cause lung gangrene.
CROUPOSA (FIBRINOSA) PNEUMONIA - PNEUMONIA CROUPOSA S. FIBRINOSA
The disease is characterized by acute croupous (fibrinous) inflammation of the lungs, spreading to entire lobes of the lungs (lobar pneumonia) and a staging course. Mostly horses are ill, less often other species of animals.

Etiology. It is caused by various microorganisms, and is also a secondary disease in a number of infectious diseases. In some species of animals, it can be an independent disease. _
It is believed that croupous pneumonia is caused by pathogenic microflora, and is also a consequence of an emerging allergic organism. It is caused by virulent strains of pneumococci and diplococci. In particular, staphylococci, streptococci, pasteurella and other microflora are isolated from the nasal expiration and respiratory tract. However, pain in this regard is not specific. In addition, the occurrence of lobar pneumonia is associated with an increase in the allergic reaction caused by strong stress factors. These include hypothermia, inhalation of hot smoky air, highly irritating gases, corrosive
M0HGe” The development of the inflammatory process is very fast. It often begins in the depth of the lobe of the lung, where it enters Mgt; U™sh ° P ° ^ 'and then quickly spreads along the continuation, covering large areas, and is accompanied by sweating into the cavity of the alveoli of hemorrhagic fi - different exudate. Cranial, ventral, and central areas are more often affected sequentially, easily "", and in some cases also caudal and dorsal. The spread of the inflammatory process in the lungs (Fig. 87) occurs in three ways - bronchial, hematogenous. lymphogenous, There are also atypical forms of croupous pneumonia with a relatively slow spread of the process and coverage of limited areas of the lungs. ^

In a typical course of the disease (without medical interventions), the development of the pathological process is characterized by stages, which consists of four consecutive stages.
1. The stage of inflammatory hyperemia (blood rush), lasting up to one day. At this stage, the pulmonary capillaries are overflowing with blood, the permeability of their walls is disturbed, as a result of which the alveolar epithelium swells and exfoliates. Liquid, sticky exudate with an admixture of leukocytes and a large number of erythrocytes accumulates in the alveoli and bronchi.
2. Stage of red hepatization. It comes at the end of the first or beginning of the second day of illness and lasts approximately 2-3 days. At this stage, the exudate in the alveoli and bronchi coagulates and the affected lobe of the lung becomes airless and has a red color.
Such a section of the lung on the cut is similar to the surface of the cut of the liver, in connection with which this stage was called "red hepatization",

Rice. 87
Schematic representation of croupous inflammation of the lungs a - pneumonic focus in the left lung; b - pnezmonic focus in the right lung.

That is, red hepatization of the lung. Such a lung is enlarged and much heavier than a normal one. A segment of a lung is higher than water in specific gravity and sinks in it. The duration of this stage is 4-6 days.
3. Stage of gray hepatization. Subsequently, the fibrinous exudate undergoes fatty degeneration and the lung acquires a gray color. Therefore, this stage is called "gray hepatization", that is, gray hepatization of the lung. The duration of this stage is 4-6 days.
4. In the future, there is a liquefaction of the exudate, which occurs under the influence of enzymes released during the breakdown of blood cells. There is also the absorption of exudate into the lymphatic system, its discharge when coughing and thus the release of the alveoli and bronchioles from it. As a result, the alveoli are filled with air, which is accompanied by the restoration of pulmonary gas exchange. In this regard, this stage of the development of the pathological process is called "permission". The duration of this stage, according to various sources, is 2-5 days.
Thus, the total duration of all four stages of lobar pneumonia is 10-12 days.
With this pneumonia, as a result of the pathological condition of large areas of the lungs and intoxication of the body with inflammatory products and microbial toxins, the functioning of all components of the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive systems, as well as the kidneys, liver and other organs is disrupted.
The materials cited about such a staging of the development of lobar pneumonia and a change in the stages of its course are really rare, more often they are interspersed, combined, dispersed. In this regard, for the convenience of consideration, characteristics and detailing of lobar pneumonia, the following forms of its atypical course have been identified.
1. Abortive. With it, the inflammatory process can stop (interrupt) at any of the four stages. This circumstance is associated with the general condition of the animals, primarily due to their immune status, the nature of the external conditions, as well as the timely effective treatment of sick animals.
2. Creeping. This form of croupous pneumonia is characterized by the fact that the inflammatory process spreads through the lung gradually with the capture of its new sections with the passage of four successive stages of the disease.
So, if the first stage ends in the original section and the second stage begins, then the first stage begins in the second, adjacent one. Then, in the first section, the second is completed and the third stage begins, in the second the first is completed, and in the subsequent third, the first stage only begins, etc. In the normal course of the disease, the pathological process immediately captures the entire lung and all four stages pass successively in it.
3.Central. It is characterized by the fact that in the resulting pathological focus, all four stages of the disease arise and proceed sequentially, but the atypicality lies in the fact that this focus is located deep in the lungs (center). In this case, it is not available for detection by most of the existing research methods.
4.Double-sided. With it, both lungs are affected, although in most cases (typical) croupous pneumonia is unilateral, that is, with damage to one lung.
5. Areactive or adynamic. It occurs mainly in malnourished and old animals and is characterized by all the attributes of a typical course of lobar pneumonia, with the exception of an increase in the general body temperature (fever), due to a weakening of the immunological status in such animals.
Symptoms. Lobar pneumonia usually occurs suddenly and is accompanied by severe chills, a significant sharp increase in body temperature, depression of the animal, weakness, depression and loss of appetite. The pulse is quickened and tense, breathing is quickened, the skin is dry, hot, the temperature on it is unevenly distributed. The mucous membranes are hyperemic and icteric. The fever is of a constant type and is kept at a high level, the body temperature is usually 41-42 ° C, regardless of the time of day and other factors. The heart beat is pounding, the second tone is strengthened.
At the beginning of the disease, the cough is dry and painful, and then becomes deaf and wet. In the stage of red hepatization, a bilateral discharge from the nose of a brown or reddish color of fibrinous exudate is characteristic. In the first and fourth stages of the course of the disease, hard vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, wet rales and a percussion sound with a tympanic shade are heard. In the stages of red and gray hepatization, dry rales, bronchial breathing or the absence of respiratory noises in the areas of hepatization and areas of dullness or dullness with an arcuately convex line located in the upper third of the lung field are found (Fig. 88).

At present, there is no unequivocal opinion on the origin of the arcuate line of blunting. As the exudate resolves and the animal recovers, the dull percussion sound is replaced by a dull one, then normal (pulmonary).
In cases of a favorable course of the disease and timely medical assistance, the disease lasts 10-12 days, although the process can also be interrupted at the stage of hyperemia or red hepatization.
When lobar pneumonia occurs in severe form, especially in horses, it is often accompanied by symptoms of toxicosis and cardiovascular insufficiency, manifested by tachycardia, extrasystole, splitting and deafness of tones, a drop in blood pressure, cyanosis of the mucous membranes, and with electrocardiography - a decrease in amplitude or negative T tooth.
In atypical forms of the disease, which are more common in cattle, sheep, debilitated and malnourished animals, clinical manifestations can be very diverse. The duration of the disease can be different and range from several days to several weeks and be accompanied by relapses, and fever can take on a remitting character.
pathological changes. The stage of inflammatory hyperemia is characterized by an increase in the volume of the affected areas of the lungs. They are swollen, red-blue in color, on the cut and when pressed, a foamy reddish liquid is released from them. Pieces of such sections of the lungs do not sink in water.
In the second and third stages, respectively, of red and gray hepatization, the affected areas of the lungs are airless, dense and resemble the liver in consistency. On the cut, their granularity is expressed, they sink in water. In the stage of red hepatization, the clotted fibrinous exudate is red, and in the stage of gray hepatization, it is gray or yellowish due to fatty degeneration and the presence of leukocytes. In the fourth stage (resolution), the lung resembles the spleen in consistency and color.
The heart is relaxed, its right half is filled with blood, the muscle is flabby, easily torn, the liver and kidneys are usually in a state of cloudy swelling and fatty degeneration. The mediastinal lymph nodes are enlarged, the meninges are filled with blood. In the affected areas of the lungs, there may be abscesses and necrotic foci.
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. It is based on the data of anamnesis, clinical symptoms and special research methods. The main ones are the suddenness of the onset of the disease, an acute course, a constant type of fever, a staging of the course, an extensive zone of dullness in the region of the lungs during percussion with a characteristic arcuate line in the upper part.
When examining the blood of a sick animal, leukocytosis is detected, and in the leukogram, an increase in the number of stab cells and the presence of young ones, as well as lymphopenia, eosinopenia, a sharply increased ESR, an increase in globulin and a decrease in albumin protein fractions. In plasma, a large amount of fibrin, direct bilirubin and often granular erythrocytes.
The exudate from the nasal discharge contains a lot of fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes and microbes. An x-ray examination establishes extensive foci of shading in the central, cranial and ventral regions of the lungs. This is especially clearly manifested in the stages of red and gray hepatization.
In the differential diagnosis, infectious diseases are excluded, accompanied by symptoms of lung damage; in particular, contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, peripneumonia and rhinotracheitis of cattle, infectious pneumonia of sheep and goats, pasteurellosis and swine influenza, etc. This is carried out taking into account the epizootic situation and a complex of various kinds of laboratory and other studies. Exclude pneumonia of a lobular nature, which, unlike croupous, usually proceeds easier, with less pronounced clinical manifestations and
do not have stages.
Pleurisy, pneumothorax and hydrothorax are excluded on the basis of auscultation, percussion, thermometry, puncture of the pleural cavity and the results of fluoroscopy.
Forecast. In young and strong animals with a typical course of the disease, the prognosis is favorable. In severe forms of it and the failure to provide medical assistance, as well as in old and weakened animals, it is unfavorable. The death of animals occurs against the background of progressive hypoxia, asphyxia, paralysis of the respiratory center or cardiovascular insufficiency.
Treatment. Due to the fact that croupous pneumonia accompanies a number of infectious diseases, sick animals are considered as suspicious in terms of infection. They are isolated, and the room in which they were disinfected and other animals are not placed there until an accurate diagnosis is established. Balance the diet and create appropriate sanitary and hygienic conditions.
Drug therapy involves primarily the suppression of the bacterial flora. This is achieved by prescribing maximum doses of novarsenol, antibiotics and sulfanilamide preparations, which are used in accordance with instructions, instructions and various reference materials. It is important to preliminarily determine the sensitivity of the pulmonary microflora to the drug used by laboratory tests. At the same time, means of pathogenetic, substitution and symptomatic therapy are shown.
Given the fact that allergic factors are essential in the etiology of lobar pneumonia, antiallergic agents are indicated, in particular sodium thiosulfate, a 10% solution of calcium chloride, and inside suprastin, tavegil or pipolfen.
Glucose solutions with ascorbic acid, saline sodium chloride solution and hexamethylenetetramine in therapeutic doses are used as antitoxic drugs.
In the presence of cardiovascular disorders, caffeine is used, intravenous camphor-alcohol solutions, in particular camphor serum according to Kadykov, and other cardiac drugs, and in case of hypoxia, oxygen therapy is performed.
In order to accelerate the resorption of exudate in the resolution stage, expectorants and diuretics are indicated in the complex of therapeutic agents.
Simultaneously with antimicrobial drugs in the first days of the disease, a unilateral blockade of the lower cervical sympathetic nodes is used alternately every other day on the right and left sides, rubbing the chest walls with irritating drugs - turpentine, 5% mustard alcohol, menthol ointment, etc. Banks and mustard plasters, conduct heating of the chest with incandescent lamps, heating pads, make warm wraps, use other means of physiotherapy.
Upon the onset of clinical recovery, animals are kept in the hospital for another 10-12 days under supervision in order to prevent relapses of the disease.
As the general condition of the animals improves and body temperature normalizes, the use of drugs, especially by parenteral route, and injections are reduced. In the chronic form of the disease and its complications, autohemotherapy, ASD-2, immune preparations (thymogen, thymolin, etc.), ionotherapy, symptomatic treatment, etc. are indicated.
Prevention. Great importance is attached to it, and it is aimed primarily at observing sanitary and hygienic conditions, feeding conditions and operating modes, especially for sports and working animals. In particular, it is necessary to prevent their hypothermia, to avoid drinking cold water immediately after work, to carry out sanitation of the premises in a timely manner, appropriate treatment of animals and instruction of the attendants.

Pneumonia in animals, or inflammation of the lungs and bronchi, a disease that is accompanied by the formationm of exudate and filling gaps in the lung tissue.According to the nature of inflammation, there are: serous, hemorrhagic, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, putrefactive, mixed.

According to the localization of the pathological process:

Alveolitis - several alveoli are affected;

Acinous pneumonia - lesions on the terminal branches of the bronchi;

Lobular - damage to several lobules of the lung;

Drain, lobar and segmental - with the defeat of an entire lobe of the lung;

Total - the most severe form of pneumonia, when the entire lung in an animal is involved in the pathological process.

Most often, croupous pneumonia and bronchopneumonia (catarrhal inflammation) are recorded.

Forms of pathology

primary form pneumonia occurs when the animal is hypothermic, especially in the heat in cold water or when drinking ice water, as well as feeding frozen food. The prerequisites for the occurrence of pneumonia are poor maintenance and feeding, lack of vitamins and minerals.

secondary form- occurs as a complication after infectious and some non-communicable diseases. Especially secondary pneumonia in cats is recorded in chronic infections of the respiratory tract (chronic bronchitis), or in animals with a weakened immune system.

Nonspecific(catarrhal) bronchopneumonia is a disease that affects all kinds of animals, especially young animals. The bronchi and parenchyma of the lung tissue are involved in the process of the disease, with the formation of serous-catarrhal exudate and the filling of the alveoli and bronchi with it.

Pneumonia in dogs and cats occurs for the same reasons as bronchitis. It often accompanies bacterial and viral respiratory infections such as infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza, viral diarrhea, adenovirus infection, and many others.

Factors that contribute to the onset of the disease:

Non-observance of zoohygienic norms and rules of keeping and feeding;

stress factors;

Deficiency of essential nutrients.

Pneumonia in cats symptoms.

High temperature against the background of general oppression of the animal. On the second day, rapid breathing, coughing, wheezing are clearly manifested. There are outflows from the nose of a mucopurulent nature. Cyanosis of the mucous membranes manifests itself with a lack of oxygen.

Pneumonia in dogs symptoms

The disease has an acute onset. The dog has a fever, chills, and the nose is dry and hot. Lethargy, shortness of breath and fatigue are accompanied by shortness of breath and increased heart rate. It is difficult for the dog to lie down, so he sits for more time so that the air in the lungs passes easier.

A painful cough develops, anorexia and a rapid progression of the disease, especially when the whole lung is affected. In this case, only a few hours remain to save the dog, because due to progressive inflammatory processes, shortness of breath develops and the general condition of the animal as a whole is very poor.

General symptoms

Catarrhal bronchopneumonia often proceeds in an acute form and is relatively easy. I note a slight fever and an increase in body temperature up to 41 degrees. The animal coughs, there is a slight shortness of breath and wheezing. General condition - weakness and depression, lack of appetite and mucous discharge from the nasal openings.

Catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia is characterized by acute and subacute course with cough, remitting fever and high fever. When listening, crepitant noises, wheezing in the lungs, focal or confluent dullness are noted. On radiography, shading of the apical and cardiac lobes and bronchial tree can be seen. The chronic course passes without a high temperature, and clinical signs appear slightly. Such animals lag behind in growth and development.

Treatment of pneumonia

As a rule, antimicrobial agents are used that regulate nervous trophism, relieve intoxication and eliminate oxygen starvation. There is a need for drugs that contribute to the adjustment of acid-base and water-salt metabolism, as well as improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system and increase the body's immunobiological response.

Be sure to sick animals provide peace and improved conditions of detention and eliminate all external factors that contributed to the onset of the disease. The use of UHF, diathermy, heating with incandescent lamps, UV irradiation, expectorants, cardiac and other means is effective.

Frequently Asked Doctor Questions.

What research methods will be carried out when making a diagnosis - pneumonia?

Mandatory clinical examination of the animal, laboratory tests, X-ray, rhinoscopy and, if necessary, bronchoscopy.

How quickly can pneumonia be cured?

It all depends on the degree of neglect of the pathological process. If the disease is “caught” at the very beginning of its manifestation, then the healing process will be relatively short. During the transition to the chronic form, periodic recurrences of the disease occur over a sufficiently long period.

Veterinary center "DobroVet"

Etiopathogenesis.

Inflammation of the lungs resulting from inhalation of water. food, vomit. Aspiration occurs in drowning animals, in diseases of the central nervous system, obstruction of the esophagus by a foreign body, loss of consciousness, anesthesia with a full stomach, at the time of swallowing. Severe aspiration pneumonia is rare. A severe course of the disease occurs with high acidity of the aspirated masses.

Aspiration pneumonia can be found in all types of animals, especially when the probe is incorrectly placed in the animal's trachea.
Patients with reduced consciousness, who are under general anesthesia, in a state of syncope, or severe metabolic diseases (eclampsia) are risk groups.
You can also aspirate mineral oil, clumsily given as a laxative. Inhalation of plants or foreign bodies can also cause pneumonia, especially in hunting dogs.

Susceptibility: Cows, Sheep, Goats, Horses, Pigs, Dogs, Cats

Symptoms.
At the first moment, the phenomena of hemodynamic shock rapidly increase in the animal, but then, when the airways are released, the condition improves. Further, the picture becomes similar to ordinary bronchopneumonia.
The localization of radiographic opacities in the lungs is determined by the position of the dog's body at the time of aspiration. The most typical are caudoventral opacities.

Clinical signs:
1. Agalaxia, lack of milk secretion;
2. Anorexia (lack of appetite, refusal to eat);
3. Auscultation: Abnormal lung or pleural sounds, rales: wet and dry, whistles; 4. Paleness of visible mucous membranes;
5. Sudden death;
6. Hemoptysis (blood in sputum);
7. Purulent discharge from the nose;
8. Dyspnoe (difficulty breathing, with an open mouth);
9. Cough;
10. Fever, pathological hyperthermia;
11. Mucoid, serous, watery nasal discharge;
12. Subnormal body weight, weight loss, emaciation;
13. Weight loss
14. Increased frequency of respiratory movements, polypnea, tachypnea, hyperpnea;
15. Oppression (depression, lethargy);
16. Cyanosis

Treatment.
These phenomena always occur urgently, therefore, if possible, the doctor himself performs emergency measures or instructs the owner by phone about first aid. At the first moment, the animal is placed in a head-down position, and 2-3 minutes after the main mass of the foreign body has swelled, 3 sharp lateral compressions of the chest are performed to push out the remnants.
With deep aspiration, the aspirated masses are aspirated from the trachea and main bronchi using a probe. Then a 4.2% solution of sodium bicarbonate is injected there, thus washing the airways twice.
In addition, broad-spectrum antibiotics, bronchospasmolytics and glucocorticoids are prescribed. With the phenomena of intractable shock, the prognosis is unfavorable.