Nutrition and diet for limb dystrophy. I
Nutritional dystrophy is a disease caused by a long-term or insufficient caloric and protein-poor diet that does not correspond to the body’s energy expenditure. The development of nutritional dystrophy is promoted by cold, large exercise stress and emotional stress. The pathogenesis of nutritional dystrophy is complex. When undernourished, the body uses up its fat reserves first; Glycogen reserves in the liver and muscles also decrease. In the future, the body spends its own. Are developing, internal organs, endocrine glands. In the later stages of the disease, signs appear vitamin deficiency. Subjective signs of nutritional dystrophy: increased pain in the muscles of the legs and back, fatigue.
Objectively - progressive weight loss, decrease in body temperature. The skin is dry, flaky, pale with a yellowish tint and decreased appearance. The subcutaneous fat layer is absent, the muscles are atrophic. A number of patients develop gradually increasing swelling. Initially, it is noted that it is unstable. The slightest movement physical stress cause increased heart rate. In the later stages of nutritional dystrophy, bradycardia may change. deaf.
Nutritional dystrophy (lat. alimentarius - related to nutrition) is a disease of malnutrition. It was described in the past under various names: edema disease, hunger disease, hunger edema, etc. The term “nutritional dystrophy” was proposed by therapists who worked in Leningrad during the siege (1941-1942).
Etiology. The cause of nutritional dystrophy is protein starvation; additional factors- cold, physical and neuropsychic stress.
Pathological anatomy. With a pronounced picture of nutritional dystrophy subcutaneous tissue does not contain fat (cachexia), muscles and bones atrophy. The heart is reduced in size, its muscle fibers are thinned (brown atrophy), sometimes with symptoms of dystrophy. Atrophic changes expressed throughout the digestive tract - from the tongue to the large intestine, as well as in the liver, pancreas, and to a lesser extent in the lymphatic and hematopoietic system. In the kidneys and especially in the brain, atrophy is slightly expressed. Inflammatory and dystrophic processes (usually secondary) depend on additional complications.
The pathogenesis is complex. Initially, malnutrition is compensated by the burning of the body's fat and carbohydrate reserves, and later, the breakdown of its own proteins (muscles, parenchymal organs) occurs. Protein starvation leads to multiple metabolic and functional disorders of the endocrine, autonomic and central nervous systems. Hypoproteinemia is constantly detected. The content of sugar and cholesterol in the blood decreases. In the terminal period, autointoxication matters (increased breakdown of tissue proteins).
Clinical course. Subjective signs are characterized by increased ("wolf") appetite, excruciating hunger, increasing weakness, fatigue, dizziness, muscle pain, paresthesia, chilliness, thirst, increased need in table salt. Objectively - emaciation (up to 50% of weight), dryness and wrinkling of the skin (takes the form of parchment), pale yellow complexion, atrophy of skeletal muscles, hypothermia (35-36°). There are cachectic (dry) and edematous forms of nutritional dystrophy. The latter is more benign. Hydrophilicity of fabrics is characteristic of all clinical options nutritional dystrophy. In some patients, edema develops early, increases rapidly, combined with polyuria, but also 1 can easily pass. In later stages of the disease, edema usually occurs against a background of exhaustion, is persistent, and is often accompanied by the accumulation of fluid in the cavities (the so-called ascitic form). Early edema is caused by changes in the permeability of vascular membranes, late edema is caused by hypoproteinemia.
With nutritional dystrophy, bradycardia is observed, followed by tachycardia in the later stages, arterial and venous hypotension. The speed of blood flow is slowed down. Heart sounds are muffled; its dimensions have not been increased. In severe cases, the ECG shows low voltage B waves, a decrease in the S-Gasoelectric interval or negative T waves. Changes in the respiratory system resemble the picture of senile emphysema. From the gastrointestinal tract, there is sometimes a burning sensation in the tongue, distortion of taste, dyspeptic complaints, flatulence, constipation, heaviness in the epigastric region. Gastric secretion sharply decreases, the evacuation of food from the stomach is accelerated. The liver and spleen are not enlarged. Renal function is preserved; in the later stages, polyuria, pollakiuria, nocturia, and sometimes urinary incontinence are noted. Severe anemia of the hypochromic or hyperchromic type is observed only in protracted forms of nutritional dystrophy with diarrhea, vitamin deficiencies, and infectious complications. On the part of white blood - a tendency to leukopenia, in severe cases - lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia. ROE is within normal limits, in case of complications - accelerated. Decreased function of the gonads (amenorrhea, infertility, early menopause), adrenal glands (adynamia, hypotension), thyroid gland (lethargy, decreased basal metabolism, weakened intelligence, tendency to persistent edema), pituitary gland (polydipsia, polyuria). Changes in the nervous system are expressed in the form of movement disorders (amia, lethargy, sometimes convulsions), sensory disturbances (muscle pain, paresthesia, polyneuritis). The psyche of patients is disturbed: in early stages- increased excitability, irritability, rudeness, aggressiveness, in later stages - inhibition, indifference. Acute psychosis with hallucinations is sometimes observed.
Based on severity, mild (I degree), moderate (II) and severe (III) forms of the disease are distinguished. The course of nutritional dystrophy can be acute or chronic. Acute forms nutritional dystrophy, which usually occurs without edema, is observed more often in young people of asthenic build. In this case, death sometimes occurs in a state of coma, with hypothermia, convulsions, and relaxation of the sphincters.
The outcomes of nutritional dystrophy are recovery, transition to a protracted or recurrent form, death. Clinical (visible) recovery is much faster than actual (biological) recovery. The disease takes a protracted course with the development of complications or intercurrent infections. Death can be slow (extinction of life during complete exhaustion body), accelerated (if another disease is associated) and sudden (instant, without warning, cardiac arrest).
Complications. The most common are tuberculosis, dysentery and pneumococcal infections.
The diagnosis of nutritional dystrophy is simple in the presence of pronounced objective symptoms and an appropriate medical history. Nutritional dystrophy must be differentiated from tuberculosis, cancer, chronic dysentery, pituitary cachexia, Addison's disease, brucellosis, sepsis, Graves' disease, Cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus; edematous forms of nutritional dystrophy - with lesions of cardio-vascular system and kidneys.
The prognosis depends on the degree of malnutrition and the possibility of improving nutrition. The prediction is less favorable for men, young people and asthenics. Complications dramatically worsen the prognosis.
Treatment. Physical and mental rest is necessary. In severe cases (stage III), strict bed rest and warming the body with heating pads are prescribed. The amount of calories in food is increased gradually; first, about 3000 calories are prescribed, then 3500-4000 calories. Small meals, at least 5 times a day. The basis of nutrition is easily digestible protein diet(up to 2 g of protein per 1 kg of body weight) containing all the necessary amino acids. In severe forms - feeding through a tube. Liquids should be limited to 1-1.5 liters per day, and table salt to 5-10 g. Sufficient fortification of food is necessary, and in case of hypo- or avitaminosis (scurvy, pellagra) - appropriate vitamin preparations. Seriously ill patients are prescribed glucose (40% solution intravenously, 20-50 ml per day). At II and III stages Fractional transfusions of blood (75-100 ml every 1-2 days), blood plasma and blood-substituting solutions should be performed. For concomitant anemia - iron supplements, campolon, antianemin, vitamin B12. For diarrhea, keep good nutrition, but the food is given pureed, prescribed hydrochloric acid with pepsin, pancreatin, sulfonamides (sulgin, phthalazole) or antibiotics (synthomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline). Comatose states require emergency assistance: warming with heating pads, injection into a vein of glucose (40% - 40 ml every 3 hours), alcohol (33% -10 ml), calcium chloride (10% - 10 ml), injections of lobeline, camphor, caffeine, adrenaline. Coffee, hot sweet tea, wine inside.
Prevention comes down to good nutrition, which acquires special meaning during war or natural disasters due to possible difficulties in the delivery of food. It is necessary to ensure minimum standards proteins, for which casein, soy, gelatin, and yeast are introduced into food; Maximum fortification of food is required. With significant weight loss - a lighter work schedule, increased rest and sleep time, and timely hospitalization.
Instructions
If dystrophy is of a nutritional nature, i.e. appeared as a result of prolonged diets, fasting or insufficient food intake, then the doctor, in addition to prescribing vitamins, enzymes, stimulants and dietary supplements, will recommend the patient to radically change his approach to nutrition.
In order to get rid of dystrophy, you need to eat at least 5 times a day. The diet must be complete and must include the required amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. It is important to eat more fruits and vegetables, drink more fluids and especially green tea. As food additives turn on egg powder and brewer's yeast.
Suffering from dystrophy should go for walks more often fresh air, walking, and gradually include it in your daily routine physical exercise. You can study in gym twice a week for half an hour. After some time, the intensity of training and its duration should increase.
Since dystrophy can appear even in the mother, it is necessary to balance your diet and maintain correct image life - eliminate bad habits and stick to a normal daily routine. Afterwards, a woman should definitely consult a doctor about organizing proper feeding.
If dystrophy develops as a result of defects of the gastrointestinal tract, no half-measures, unfortunately, will help get rid of it. In this case it is necessary surgery.
Muscular dystrophy (this term refers to a group various diseases muscles) is hereditary. It is believed that there are still no drugs or medical devices that would slow down this progressive disease. All efforts of doctors in this case are aimed at combating possible complications. This is, first of all, a spinal deformity that develops due to weakness of the back muscles, as well as. Predisposition to pneumonia is due to weakness of the respiratory muscles. Such patients are observed by general practitioners and neurologists. In this case, good nutrition is also important. Eating boiled chicken meat is very beneficial.
Besides treatment medicines massage is used. Some experts claim that rubbing butter into the muscles is effective for patients with muscular dystrophy. To do this, take the cream that is formed when milk settles, whip it, and rub the person with the resulting oil. For 20 minutes, rub the oil into the back and spine, then for 5 minutes into the back of the thigh and lower leg, then (movements from bottom to top). After this procedure, the patient is wrapped in a sheet and wrapped. He must rest for at least an hour. This massage is carried out every morning for 20 days. Then a 20-day break and repeat the entire course twice more.
Muscular dystrophy
Some hereditary diseases lead to progressive muscular dystrophy.Some forms of dystrophy begin to develop in early childhood, others begin in middle and old age.
At least 7 hereditary diseases are known to cause dystrophy.
The achievements of modern science make it possible to diagnose some forms of dystrophy even before the birth of a child. The disease is caused by inherited gene defects. Research conducted by scientists has shown that proper nutrition can relieve some of the unpleasant symptoms.
1) vitamin E and products containing this vitamin;
2) selenium, since the combination of vitamin E and selenium contributes to an increase in muscle strength in people with this disease;
3) phosphatidylcholine contained in lecithin helps slow down degeneration nerve fibers in patients with muscular dystrophy. This substance is found in soybean oil;
4) coenzyme Q10 helps increase strength and endurance;
5) calcium.
Muscle weakness (myopathy)
There are many causes of myopathy: hereditary diseases, nervous disorders, multiple sclerosis, polio, muscular dystrophy, disruption of the ability of energy stations inside the cell (mitochondria) to produce energy, etc.The exact cause of the disease can only be established as a result of serious medical examination. There are many causes of the disease, and it is necessary serious treatment, but nutrition also plays an important role in improving the condition of a sick person.
Biologically helps with muscle weakness active substances containing vitamins and minerals. It is necessary to take magnesium, calcium, vitamins B2, C, K, E.
muscle cramps
Cramps are sudden involuntary muscle contractions. muscle cramps can occur in various diseases (epilepsy, tetanus, rabies, hysteria, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, neuroses, influenza, pneumonia, measles, etc.), due to a deficiency of minerals, low calcium and potassium content, hyperventilation, pregnancy, low blood sugar, diabetes, low or increased activity thyroid gland, etc.A properly formulated diet helps with cramps. It should consist of approximately 30% protein foods (fish, chicken, lean meat, dairy products, egg white), 40% - from vegetables that do not contain starch, fruits. Another 30% should be fats and oils; in addition, it is necessary to take vitamins (B2, B6, E) and minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium).
It is advisable to reduce the consumption of sugar and sugar-containing products (sweets, chocolate, cakes and other confectionery products). It must be remembered that a diet with increased content proteins and phosphorus. Sweet carbonated drinks (Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, Fanta, etc.) contain a lot of phosphorus.
Headache
There are many causes of headaches: encephalitis, sinusitis, intracranial hematomas, abscesses, traumatic brain injuries, tumors, neuroses, diseases of internal organs and blood, pathological processes in the face and head, altitude sickness, adrenal tumors and much more. Headaches may occur with increased blood pressure and hypertensive crises, with allergic reactions. Some women suffer from headaches during menstruation.The causes of headaches can be febrile conditions with increased body temperature or viral infections. A headache may signal an incipient tumor or brain cancer, a dangerous condition blood vessels. Stress can lead to headaches, as well as low content blood sugar, too much or too little caffeine, magnesium deficiency.
In children headache almost always means the onset of an infectious disease. Children's headaches should never be ignored.
You should pay attention to an “unusual” headache when the pain is too severe or lasts longer than 1-2 days, if it appeared after severe hypothermia, or if the cause of such severe pain cannot be explained.
If you suffer from chronic headaches caused by known causes, you should contact Special attention for your food.
Headache can be caused overconsumption protein foods, foods rich in sugars, alcoholic beverages, canned food and cooked sausages, abuse of coffee, foods and medications containing copper, magnesium deficiency. In addition, headaches can occur when you take headache medications too often or in excess, because overuse of these medications depletes the brain's supply of natural painkillers.
Essential fatty acids, vitamins E and B6 help reduce the frequency and severity of headaches.
Migraine
Migraine is a disease of the vessels of the brain. Manifested periodic attacks throbbing pain, mainly in one side of the head. Migraines are based on disturbances in the response of brain vessels to stimuli, which can be: excitement, smells, lack of sleep or excessive sleep, staying in a stuffy room, mental fatigue, alcohol, sexual excesses, menstruation, changes in weather and temperature, hypothermia, intake oral contraceptives and much more.Migraines are often accompanied hypersensitivity to the light, nausea, vomiting. As a rule, migraines appear at certain intervals and become more frequent when emotional stress. Women suffer from migraines more often than men.
Eating food can trigger an attack certain products such as chocolate, mature cheeses, citrus fruits, caffeine, sausages, chicken liver, alcoholic drinks, complex sauces, foods rich in starch, sour cream, red wine, canned meat, nuts, sweets, sugar and sugar substitutes. Therefore, nutritional correction brings tangible relief from migraines. In children, food allergies (to chocolate, nuts, cheese, etc.) can cause migraines.
Migraine neuralgia (or “cluster headache”) is a disease similar to migraine, but much more severe in its course. Appears very suddenly severe attacks pain lasting from 15 minutes to 3 hours. Sometimes it begins during sleep, while the nose is clogged and stuffy, the eyes are watery. The attacks may recur several times during the day and then disappear for a long time.
The victims of cluster headaches are usually men. Sometimes the pain is so severe that a person cannot stand it and commits suicide. Cluster headaches can be triggered by alcohol, nitrates, vasodilators, and antihistamines.
Enuresis
Enuresis - involuntary urination during night sleep. It is found mainly in children under 10 years of age (sometimes up to 14 years of age). Boys get sick 2-3 times more often than girls. This disease is associated with dysfunction of the central nervous system and is usually accompanied by deep, sound sleep.B.Yu. Lamikhov, S.V. Glushchenko, D.A. Nikulin, V.A. Podkolzina, M.V. Bigeeva, E.A. Matykina
Metabolic problems can cause serious disruption in the development of a child, and even in the body of an adult. Unfortunately, body dystrophy today is almost the same problem as obesity. In some cases, this is the result of a struggle with overweight, in some it is a question of poor nutrition, in others it is the result of treatment, consumption toxic drugs. In addition, metabolic disorders can occur due to advanced liver diseases, digestive tract and so on.
Body dystrophy
Causes of dystrophy in children
The worst thing is body dystrophy in a child. The causes of dystrophy are rarely caused by whim on the part of the baby, most often it is poor nutrition or lack of nutrition. The changes that occur during the development of body dystrophy in a child will remain with him for the rest of his life. Moreover, people who deliberately bring themselves to such a state are also rarely able to restore their normal weight and metabolism.
Treatment of body dystrophy
How do they try to restore the normal course of things during body dystrophy?
If body dystrophy was caused by a disease - tuberculosis, immunodeficiency virus, ulcer and others, then you first need to eliminate the action of pathogenic factors, and only then begin treatment. Most often, diseases that can provoke a reaction similar in strength to body dystrophy are not completely treated. Therefore, if possible, they try to simply restrain them a little.
After this, the body is saturated essential vitamins and substances that he must produce himself.
When treating body dystrophy, the patient has his own diet. He eats up to eight times a day in small portions, this allows the body to cope and at least partially digest food. Although in this matter, everything depends on the stage of neglect of the problem of body dystrophy.
In case of complex types of body dystrophy, the patient is hospitalized for treatment, nutrition is administered through a dropper, using ready-made nutrients. However, you can’t keep a person like that for long.
Modern drugs can greatly brighten up metabolic problems in the body during body dystrophy, but there are options when dystrophy is completely irreversible.
After body dystrophy has been removed from critical condition It takes a long time for a person to recover, and it rarely works out to the end. Therefore, treatment and fight against this problem will continue until the end of his life, although he is guaranteed to be slim and thin.
Nutritional dystrophy
Today the problem of excess weight torments huge quantities people. However, few people know that this problem provokes the development of another – starvation dystrophy (nutritional dystrophy). People want to lose weight so badly that those who have the willpower simply starve themselves. The diagnosis after such a diet sounds like this: nutritional dystrophy of the edematous or dry type. It is also called protein-free edema, starvation edema, nutritional depletion. All names of body dystrophy have the same diagnosis plus human stupidity.
In the struggle for ideals, women and men are ready to bring themselves to starvation. Of course, this is an exaggeration, but nutritional dystrophy causes irreversible changes in the body, in particular in metabolism, which many cannot restore later. And then the person will be treated for the rest of his life. And if this is a woman, then she risks not only ruining her health but also saving herself the opportunity to have children.
Forms of nutritional dystrophy
- The cachetic form of the disease is dry nutritional dystrophy. It is characterized by a lack of vitamin B2, the development of stomatitis and other damage to the mucous membrane, and pneumonia.
- Edema form nutritional dystrophy. It is characterized by a lack of vitamin C, the development of dysentery, the continued development of diseases of the mucous membranes, and the formation of edema of the internal organs due to a lack of protein.
Causes of nutritional dystrophy
How can a patient develop nutritional dystrophy, and how does nutritional dystrophy appear externally at first?
If a person eats food portions not exceeding 100-200 g two or three times a day, then he runs the risk of developing nutritional dystrophy.
If what he eats does not contain normal amount vitamins, microelements and fiber, then he risks developing body dystrophy.
If meat, dairy products, carbohydrates and most of the fiber are excluded from the diet, then he will definitely develop dystrophy.
After such nutrition, a patient with nutritional dystrophy begins to suffer from nails, hair, and skin. Nails lose shape, density, and transparency. Hair becomes dull, limp, and may begin to fall out. The skin dries, redness and irritation develop.
With nutritional dystrophy, tooth sensitivity increases, problems begin with the integrity of the oral mucosa - periodontitis, gingivitis, stomatitis. Systemic intestinal malfunctions may begin.
A person falls sharply protective function and he is at great risk of contracting serious viral and infectious diseases.
Fashionistas should think three or four times before embarking on dubious experiments. Health does not have the ability to return after resuming the usual diet, so attention to yourself is attention to your future.
Dystrophy body is a pathology in which the metabolic process is disrupted, which inhibits the normal growth, development and functionality of the body. This disorder can be diagnosed in people of any age category, but dystrophy is more common among children. There are several types and degrees of this pathological process. Types and degrees of dystrophy
Dystrophy is classified according to several factors, including the form of manifestation and time of occurrence. Also, depending on the factors that provoked this disorder, primary and secondary forms of dystrophy are distinguished.Forms of manifestation of dystrophy
The form of manifestation of dystrophy implies the nature of the pathological changes in the body that develop as a result of this disorder. Based on this factor, 3 forms of dystrophy are distinguished.
The forms of dystrophy are:
- Hypotrophy. Characterized by insufficient weight in relation to body length and age of the patient.
- Hypostature. With this form, there is a uniform lack of body weight and height.
- Paratrophy. This pathology manifests itself overweight in relation to body length.
Types of dystrophy by time of appearance
According to the time of occurrence, dystrophy can be prenatal ( intrauterine) and postnatal ( extrauterine). The prenatal form of dystrophy develops at the time of intrauterine development, as a result of which the child is born with congenital pathology. Postnatal dystrophy occurs after birth and belongs to the category of acquired diseases. There is also a combined form of dystrophy, in which deviations in weight are a consequence of factors that acted both in intrauterine development, and after birth.
Primary and secondary forms of dystrophy
The primary form of dystrophy develops as an independent pathology under the influence of various ( most often nutritional) factors. The secondary form of this disorder results from various diseases, which inhibit the normal absorption of food, which leads to metabolic disorders.
Degrees of dystrophy
There are 3 degrees of dystrophy, the main difference of which is the intensity of the symptoms of this disease. Also, the degrees of the disease differ among themselves according to the weight deficit that is diagnosed in the patient. To determine the degree of the disorder, the actual weight of a person is compared with that which he should have in accordance with age and gender.
Lack of weight, characteristic of various degrees dystrophies are:
- first degree– weight deficit varies from 10 to 20 percent;
- second degree– lack of weight can range from 20 to 30 percent;
- third degree– underweight exceeds 30 percent.
Causes of dystrophy in children
The causes that provoke body dystrophy in people are divided into two categories. The first group includes factors under the influence of which prenatal, that is, congenital dystrophy develops. The second category includes circumstances against which postnatal, acquired dystrophy occurs.Causes of prenatal dystrophy
Congenital dystrophy develops under the influence of negative factors that disrupt healthy formation and fetal development.
The causes of the congenital form of dystrophy are as follows:
- The main cause of this form of the disorder is toxicosis, which affects a pregnant woman.
- Conceiving a child before the age of 20 or after 40 years also significantly increases the likelihood of congenital dystrophy.
- Regular stress, lack of balance and healthy elements in the diet, smoking and other deviations from healthy image life during pregnancy are also among the causes of this disorder.
- Prenatal dystrophy can be provoked by the expectant mother's work in hazardous work, which is accompanied by increased noise levels, vibrations, and interaction with chemicals.
- Diseases of a pregnant woman play a major role in the development of congenital dystrophy ( impaired functionality endocrine system, heart disease, various chronic infections).
- Incorrect attachment of the placenta, disorders placental circulation and other deviations from the norms normal course Pregnancies can also cause intrauterine dystrophy.
Factors that create an optimal environment for the development of acquired ( extrauterine) dystrophies are divided into internal and external.
Internal causes include pathologies, as a result of which the digestion and absorption of food is disrupted.
Internal causes of extrauterine dystrophy are:
- various deviations in physical development;
- violations of the number or normal structure of chromosomes;
- endocrine system disorders;
- abnormalities of the central nervous system;
- immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS).
Another, large group internal reasons Dystrophies form diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which are more typical for adult patients.
Diseases that provoke dystrophy in adults are:
- oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
- polyps of the stomach or intestines of single or multiple types;
- gastritis ( inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa);
- pancreatitis ( inflammatory disease of the pancreas);
- cholecystitis ( inflammation of the gallbladder walls);
- cholelithiasis ( formation solid formations in the gallbladder).
External causes of acquired dystrophy are:
- Nutritional factor. Is the most significant reason this form of dystrophy. In the case of children, the disorder develops due to a lack of breast milk, incorrectly selected formula for artificial feeding, and late introduction of complementary foods. In adults, it provokes dystrophy an insufficient amount calories ( for example, due to strict diets), unbalanced diet, predominance or lack of fats/proteins/carbohydrates.
- Toxic factor. Constant influence of poor ecology, food poisoning or other forms of intoxication, long-term use medications - all these factors can cause dystrophy.
- Social factor. Lack of attention from adults and frequent quarrels between parents cause stress and can provoke dystrophy in children. In adult patients, the disorder may develop against the background of unsatisfactory emotional state due to work, problems in personal life.
Symptoms of body dystrophy ( weight)
Symptoms of dystrophy can vary from minor signs ( slight decrease in appetite) before serious problems with health ( mental and/or physical development delays). TO common features This disorder includes loss of appetite, weight loss ( Children are also characterized by stunted growth), bad dream, fatigue. Intensity of manifestation common symptoms depends on the severity of dystrophy. Also, some stages of dystrophy are characterized by specific manifestations that are unusual for other stages.Signs of the first degree of dystrophy
The initial form of dystrophy is manifested by a decrease in appetite, problems with sleep, lack of calm. These signs do not appear strongly and not regularly. The elasticity of the skin can be reduced, and weak muscle tone can also be observed. Mild stool problems may be present, such as constipation or diarrhea. If a child suffers from dystrophy of the first degree, he may suffer from infectious diseases more often than his peers. Weight deviations at this stage vary from 10 to 20 percent. At the same time, it is visually difficult to distinguish underweight from ordinary thinness. Distinctive characteristic weight loss at the initial stage of dystrophy is thinness in the abdomen.
Signs of the second degree of dystrophy
At this stage, all the symptoms that were present at the beginning of the disease become more pronounced and appear more often. Patients sleep poorly, move little, often refuse to eat. The tone of the skin and muscles is greatly reduced, sagging of the skin, dryness, and sagging appear. Thinness on the abdomen increases to such an extent that the ribs begin to be strongly visible. In addition to the abdomen, arms and legs begin to lose weight. Children suffering from second-degree dystrophy get sick at least once a quarter colds. Weight deviations can be from 20 to 30 percent, children are also 2 to 4 centimeters stunted.
Other symptoms of the second degree of dystrophy are:
- feeling of nausea, vomiting;
- frequent regurgitation ( in children);
- undigested foods may be present in the stool;
- beriberi, which is manifested by dry skin and hair, brittle nails, cracks in the corners of the mouth;
- problems with the thermoregulation of the body, in which the body quickly overheats and / or cools down;
- disorders of the nervous system in the form of loudness, nervousness, restlessness.
For dystrophy last stage characterized by marked changes in the appearance and behavior of the patient. Also, in the third degree, numerous pathologies develop from various systems body. Lack of weight exceeds 30 percent, children are stunted by 7 to 10 centimeters. By a person's appearance, one can immediately determine the presence serious violations metabolism. The subcutaneous fat layer is absent throughout the body, dry, flabby skin stretches over the bones. Also skin lose elasticity and resistance, as a result of which deep folds form throughout the body. All this makes a person look like a mummy.
Other symptoms of late stage dystrophy may manifest themselves as follows:
- Appetite is greatly impaired or absent altogether. Abnormal bowel movements become constant, and frequent vomiting may also be present.
- On the face, due to a decrease in the fat layer on the cheeks, the cheekbones protrude forward and the chin is pointed. Deep cracks form in the corners of the mouth, and the mucous membranes of the eyes are dry.
- Weak muscle tone is manifested by a distended abdomen ( Abdominal muscles weaken), sunken buttocks, hanging folds of skin over the knees. The skin takes on a grayish tint, and due to the lack of vitamins, peeling of the skin may occur.
- Body temperature increases in waves, then drops below standard values. The patient's extremities are cold.
- The immunity of such patients is reduced, which is why they often develop inflammatory processes in the lungs ( pneumonia), kidneys ( pyelonephritis). Often patients with the third stage of dystrophy suffer from dysbiosis.
- There are disturbances in heart rate and other pathologies of the heart muscle. Breathing becomes weak and intermittent.
- In children, physical and mental development. In advanced cases, already acquired skills may be lost. In adults, reflexes decrease and a depressed state predominates.
Nutrition for dystrophy
Diet correction is the main method of treating dystrophy. The specifics of the diet depend on a number of factors, among which the most important are the degree of exhaustion of the body and the state of the patient’s gastrointestinal tract.
With dystrophy, there is a deficiency of certain nutrients, so the goal of diet therapy is to restore the deficiency necessary for the body resources. At the same time, the patient’s digestion of food is difficult due to impaired digestive function. In this regard, a rapid increase in the amount of food consumed can provoke a deterioration in the patient’s condition. Therefore, diet therapy for dystrophy consists of 3 stages. When implementing each stage of the diet, you must follow strict rules.
Nutrition rules for dystrophy
There are a number general rules dietary therapies that should be strictly followed in the treatment of this disorder. Apart from general provisions There are also specific recommendations for organizing your diet ( provided by a doctor), depending on the form and degree of dystrophy. Compliance with general rules and medical recommendations will allow for effective diet therapy and speed up the patient’s recovery.The general rules of diet therapy for dystrophy are as follows:
- Reducing pauses between meals. The number of meals and the duration of breaks between them depends on the degree of dystrophy. In the first degree, the frequency of meals should be at least 7 times a day. With the second degree of dystrophy, there should be at least 8 meals, with the third degree - at least 10. These recommendations are relevant for the first stage of the diet. At subsequent stages, the number of meals is gradually reduced, and, accordingly, the pauses between them are increased.
- Power control. With dystrophy, it is necessary to control the body's reaction to the food consumed. To do this, you need to keep a diary in which you should note the qualitative and quantitative composition of the meal. You also need to enter data about the patient’s stool and urination ( number of trips to the toilet, composition and appearance urine and feces).
- Regular analysis. For grade 2 and 3 dystrophy, you regularly need to take a coprogram ( stool analysis). The analysis will allow you to assess the digestive ability of the gastrointestinal tract and adjust diet therapy if necessary.
- Regular weighing. To assess the effectiveness of diet therapy, you must weigh yourself at least 3 to 4 times a week. The diet is considered effective if, starting from stage 2, weight begins to increase by 25 - 30 grams per day.
Products that need to be removed from the menu are:
- modified fats ( margarine, sandwich butter);
- some animal fats ( lard, rendered fat, lard);
- canned vegetables, pickles, marinades;
- any types of meat and fish prepared by smoking, drying, drying;
- alcohol, as well as drinks containing gases, caffeine, stimulants ( found predominantly in energy drinks).
Stages of diet for dystrophy
The diet for this disorder includes three stages. First, an unloading stage is carried out in order to restore the functionality of the digestive system. In addition, unloading the diet allows you to remove from the body substances that have accumulated as a result of impaired metabolism. Also at the first stage, the body’s reaction to certain food products is determined. The second stage of the diet is intermediate and is aimed at gradually getting the body used to normal nutrition. The final stage of diet therapy is to provide the patient with all the necessary nutrients for speedy recovery. The duration of each stage depends on the form of dystrophy and the characteristics of the patient.The first stage of the diet for dystrophy
The first stage of diet therapy ( adaptive) is aimed at determining the effect of certain foods on the digestive system. Conclusions about how well a particular product is absorbed and whether it causes complications such as diarrhea and other signs of intolerance are made based on entries from a food diary.
Determination of food tolerance lasts 2–3 days for first-degree dystrophy. With grade 2 dystrophy, this stage takes from 3 to 5 days, with grade 3 – approximately 7 days. In order to determine how well the consumed products are processed and absorbed, the patient’s diet must be reduced.
The rules for reducing the diet at the first stage of the diet are as follows:
- at initial form dystrophy, the diet is reduced by 30 percent of the daily norm;
- for grade 2 dystrophy, the volume of food consumed should be 50 percent less;
- with grade 3 dystrophy, the amount of food is reduced by 60–70 percent of the standard norm.
The amount of nutrients necessary for the functioning of the body is replaced by increasing the volume of fluid consumed. Natural vegetable decoctions and herbal teas can be used for this. In some cases, to replenish the deficiency of salts and electrolytes, the use of drugs such as Oralite and/or Rehydron is indicated. In severe forms of dystrophy it is prescribed intravenous administration albumin solution ( squirrel) or other nutritional fluids.
The second stage of the diet for dystrophy
The second stage of the diet is called reparative, and its goal is to smoothly transfer the body to normal mode nutrition. At this stage, the volume and calorie content of food consumed gradually increases. You need to have meals 1–2 times less often than in the first stage of the diet.
quantitative and high-quality composition The diet for grade 2 and 3 dystrophy is determined by the doctor. The doctor determines the amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates required for the body, taking into account the patient’s age and existing body weight deficiency. In the first degree of dystrophy, the volume and composition of meals is determined by the condition and taste preferences patient. The duration of the second stage is approximately 3 weeks.
Third stage
The final stage of the diet continues until the patient’s normal body weight is restored and digestive processes are normalized. The third stage is characterized by increased food intake. At the same time, the number of meals is reduced in comparison with the second stage per meal, and the quantity and calorie content of foods increases.
Foods for dystrophy
In case of dystrophy, foods with high nutritional value should be included in the menu. The diet includes both natural products and special medical nutrition. Daily menu should include a balanced composition of proteins ( 1 part), fats ( 1 part) and carbohydrates ( 4 parts). In some cases, if there is a deficiency, for example, of protein, the doctor increases the amount of protein products in the patient’s diet.Natural products that should be included in therapeutic diet, are:
- Squirrels. For dystrophy, the diet should include easily digestible proteins, which contain sufficient amounts of amino acids. The most high-quality protein is found in meat ( veal, chicken, rabbit). To save nutritional value It is recommended to steam the meat. For young children, meat can be pureed. Enough protein is found in eggs, cottage cheese, and lightly salted cheese. Be sure to include fish in the menu if you have dystrophy ( mackerel, herring, tuna), since in addition to protein it contains many healthy fatty acids.
- Fats. To replenish the norm of animal fats, the diet should include fish and meat of medium fat content, and egg yolk. A lot of animal fat that is beneficial for the body is contained in butter and cream. The required volume of vegetable fats should be provided using vegetable oil ( sunflower, olive), nuts ( not recommended for small children), seeds ( flax, half sunflower).
- Carbohydrates. To provide the body with the necessary amount of carbohydrates, the diet of a patient with dystrophy must include fruit juices, vegetable purees, and natural honey. If you have a carbohydrate deficiency, it is recommended to take sugar syrup, which is prepared from 150 milliliters warm water and 100 grams of sugar.
The types of enpits are:
- Protein. This medicinal product It consists of 44 percent protein and is used to enrich the diet with complete protein that is easily digestible. This enpit is made from products such as milk, cream, sugar. In addition, the powder is enriched with vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B6.
- Fatty. Indicated in the absence of subcutaneous fat layer. The product contains a balanced composition healthy fats, whose share is 39 percent. Made from whole milk, cream, corn oil and various vitamins.
- Low fat. It is recommended in cases where it is necessary to minimize the amount of fat consumed, but at the same time it is necessary to ensure sufficient protein intake. The fat content of this enpit is 1 percent, as it is produced from skim milk.
Nutrition for dystrophy in infants
For babies ( children under one year old) who have been diagnosed with dystrophy, there are separate recommendations for choosing products. Babies under 3 months of age should be fed breast milk. At severe shortage weight, it is recommended to use protein and mineral supplements to enrich the composition of breast milk. These can be pre-samp, semper additives. If breast milk is absent, the child must be fed with adapted infant formula.An important condition for dystrophy is the timely introduction of complementary foods. In some cases, it is recommended to introduce “adult” foods into the baby’s diet at an earlier stage.
- 3 months. From the age of three months, it is recommended that infants be given an egg yolk, which should be hard-boiled.
- 4 months. From this age, vegetables should be introduced into the child’s diet, which should be prepared in the form of puree.
- 5 months. After the child turns 5 months old, meat should be gradually introduced into his menu ( chicken, turkey, veal), from which puree is prepared ( twisted twice in a meat grinder or blender).
- 6 months. After six months you should include in your diet dairy products. This could be a special children's kefir, yogurt for children, a specialized mixture of agu-2.
How to deal with poor appetite?
Weak appetite is a common phenomenon with dystrophy. In a healthy person, the desire to eat arises when the stomach is empty. With dystrophy, the process of digesting food slows down, so the person does not feel hungry. Sometimes when trying to eat something, patients develop vomiting, which is a kind of defense mechanism. There are several methods of appetite stimulation that can be used by patients with dystrophy.Ways to increase appetite are as follows:
- Before a meal, the patient needs to eat a dish or drink a drink that enhances the secretion of digestive enzymes. To do this, you can use juice from sour fruits or berries, pickled or salted vegetables ( A little). You can also drink 50 - 100 milliliters of strong meat broth before eating. To improve appetite, meat broth can also be given to small children from 3 to 4 months, 1 to 2 teaspoons.
- If you have a weak appetite, your diet is of great importance. You need to eat at certain times, and you shouldn’t have snacks between meals.
- A significant role in stimulating appetite is played by the appearance of the dish, table setting, and calm atmosphere. You should eat in the company of relatives and friends, since the example of other people who eat with appetite has a positive impact.
- During the hot season, appetite decreases as the body loses a lot of fluid. In such cases, some time before meals, it is recommended to drink some cool water, juice or kefir. You should also not have a traditional meal at lunchtime, when the temperature reaches its maximum, but move it to a later time.
Nervous dystrophy ( anorexia nervosa)
There is no such disease as dystrophy nervosa, but this definition is often used to refer to the disorder anorexia. This fact is explained by the fact that dystrophy and anorexia have similar symptoms (weight loss, poor appetite, nervous system disorders). However, the reasons anorexia nervosa differ in many ways from the factors that provoke dystrophy. Causes of Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa belongs to the category of mental disorders and is manifested by deviations in the patient’s behavior, as a result of which he loses a lot of weight. If, in dystrophy, weight loss is a consequence various pathologies or malnutrition, then with anorexia a person deliberately limits himself in food intake.People with this disease often suffer from low self-esteem and begin to lose weight in order to increase their own self-worth. Experts note that the true cause of anorexia is serious personal problems, and controlling your own weight is an attempt to cope with these difficulties.
In most cases, anorexia nervosa develops in adolescence. The disease can be provoked by a lack of popularity among the opposite sex or ridicule from peers. Sometimes this mental disorder appears against the backdrop of a teenager’s desire to live up to his idol. Anorexia is often a child’s protest against excessive parental care. Most often, conflicts between daughter and mother manifest themselves this way. Anorexia nervosa is most common in economically developed countries, where thinness is widely promoted as a sign of an ideal.
How does anorexia nervosa manifest?
In order to achieve the ideal weight from the patient’s point of view, he begins to limit himself in food. On initial stages diseases, a person excludes traditional “culprits” from his diet overweight– fats and carbohydrates. Gradually the patient begins to refuse the use of other vital necessary products. Often with anorexia, deviations from standard norms in behavior. Thus, patients can swallow food without chewing it, hide food from themselves, and eat with small utensils.In addition to dieting, people suffering from anorexia often use laxatives, exercise vigorously, or resort to other methods of losing weight.
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
As with dystrophy, treatment involves eliminating both the symptoms and the causes of the disease. Only if, in case of dystrophy, the process of digestion and assimilation of food is corrected, then in case of anorexia, work is done with the patient’s thoughts and beliefs. Therefore, the main therapeutic method for anorexia is psychotherapy.To eliminate body weight deficiency in anorexia nervosa, diet therapy is prescribed.
In some cases, intravenous administration of various drugs is indicated. Before use, you should consult a specialist.
Doctor of II category
