Parasites in the human body: symptoms. Ectoparasites - what are they? How to get rid of parasites on the surface of the body of humans and animals? Bovine and pork tapeworm

Worth knowing! Depending on the location, worms are divided into luminal ones, living in the lumen of the intestines, and bile ducts and other abdominal organs. More than a hundred varieties are known. And on tissue, living in tissue various organs: lymphoid nodes, lungs, muscular system.

Symptoms

Diagnosis is not always quick and effective. The patient himself may not be aware of the presence of pests in the body. It is not uncommon that the symptoms of microbial invasions are identical to the symptoms of various diseases.

Every individual species worms, the symptoms of which are general, at the acute stage of helminthic infestation begin to manifest characteristic signs.

There are many signs by which it is possible to determine the presence of helminthiases:

Complex therapy should be carried out taking into account the type of worms living in the human body. It often consists of taking medications anthelmintic drugs, as well as use as adjuvant therapy funds traditional medicine.

Treatment with medications

For drug therapy of helminth infections, long-known and also the latest anthelmintic drugs are widely used:

To combat intestinal nematodes, Wormil, Zentel, Nemazol are prescribed. These drugs treat enterobiasis, ascariasis and mixed invasions.
Infections resulting from bites blood-sucking insects and mites carrying eggs and larvae of nematodes are treated with Mectizan, Cesol.
For effective treatment sexual schistosomiasis, praziquantel is used, in parallel using enzyme preparations, which increase the activity of the main active ingredient.
Against pathogens that provoke schistosamiasis, experts quite often recommend vansil and biltricide.
Often, with a diagnosis of helminthiasis caused by cestodomy, treatment is carried out with the drug fenasal, which is considered the best antiteniarinhoz agent, as well as an extract of male fern, dichlorosal.
To get rid of roundworms, which are the pathogen of ascariasis, levamisole (decaris) is widely used, which paralyzes muscular system worm and promotes rapid elimination from the intestines.
IN medical practice, for the destruction of roundworms, often and with good therapeutic effect Pyrantel is used, which was originally developed for veterinary use.

One of the most famous and safe anthelmintic drugs is pumpkin seeds and a triad consisting of fruits clove tree, wormwood and unripe shell walnut. Certain types worms that are treated medications, are also susceptible to the anthelmintic effects of some potent drugs traditional medicine.

Application traditional methods using medicinal herbs, is a powerful therapeutic effect that has been tried and tested for generations.

At the first signs of infection with worms, it is advisable to contact medical assistance. The course of treatment prescribed by a specialist must be completed in full and not interrupted, and, of course, adhere to personal hygiene standards and food culture.

The variety of helminths that can live in the human body amounts to hundreds of species. Getting rid of most types of worms is quite simple; you just need to know which type you need to fight.

Biological features . Worms are divided into three types: tapeworms, roundworms, and flukes.

Roundworm

Helminths move freely in the human gastrointestinal tract without attaching to the walls. They do not remain in the stool after defecation, so primary diagnosis complicated.

An adult female can lay up to a thousand eggs during her 24-hour stay in the intestine. The larva from a mature egg matures within one month. If a person swallows a mature worm larva, infection occurs.

The eggs of these helminths for a long time may be present in the soil, which is why such hazardous factors that contribute to infection: eating raw water from a river, water supply, any body of water, unwashed vegetables and fruits, insufficiently thermally processed food. Also contributes to roundworm infestation by working in unsanitary conditions.

The risk group also includes gardeners and farmers who are constantly in contact with the ground. Ascaris eggs can also be found in children's sandboxes.

You can also identify the following symptoms of the disease: pallor skin and mucous membranes, yellowing of the sclera, loss of appetite, loss of body weight, pain in the abdomen, intestines, muscles, digestive disorders, nausea, vomiting, tendency to colds, weakness, shortness of breath, sleep disturbances, allergic reactions, fatigue, apathy.

Pinworms

These are small worms measuring up to 12 millimeters in length. They feed on intestinal contents and blood. As a rule, they live in the cecum, parts of the small and large intestines.

The source of infection is a sick person. The eggs that the female lays can land on linen, skin, objects, and be carried by flies and cockroaches. Entry into the body occurs by swallowing eggs during food intake or inhaling them with dust particles. Repeated self-infestation often occurs. When scratching the anal area, helminths get under the patient's nails.

After fertilization, the female moves to the area anus to lay eggs there. One individual can lay up to 13 thousand eggs at a time. After this, the worm dies and dries up.

The main symptom that indicates the presence of pinworms in the body is itching in the anal area, which usually appears at night. Some infected people may experience problems with appetite, stool disorders, and abdominal pain. In severe cases, headaches, fatigue, and sleep problems appear. When pinworms enter the female genital organs, inflammatory processes develop, the symptoms of which are similar to gonorrhea. Sometimes worms can provoke enterobiasis appendicitis.

Various anthelmintic drugs are used to treat enterobiasis. The most common and popular are Vermox, Pirantel, Vormil.

Giardia

Unprotected lamblia quickly die outside the human body. Infection occurs when a cyst enters the body - a special form of microorganism that is resistant to external environment.

Actively multiplying in the intestines, lamblia partially blocks parietal digestion, inhibits motor activity intestines, impairs the absorption of nutrients. Dysbacteriosis develops, allergic reactions and biliary dyskinesia appear.

For a long time, giardiasis occurs without symptoms. With mass infection, the following signs appear: gastritis, duodenitis, heaviness in the left hypochondrium, belching, heartburn, watery stool. At the same time, it is noted severe exhaustion. Sometimes body temperature rises, weakness, joint pain.

This is a rather “tricky” disease that requires special diagnostic examinations. It is impossible to diagnose yourself. To eliminate Giardia in the body, the following drugs are prescribed: Metronidazole, Delagil, Tinidazole, Aminoquinol.

Often one course of medication is not enough. In this case, another 2-3 courses are prescribed, but of a different drug. Sometimes combinatorial treatment is used. At the same time, it can be activated fungal flora in organism. Therefore, you will also need an appointment antifungal agents.

It is not enough to just kill Giardia in the body. It is necessary to fight all manifestations. A strict low-carbohydrate diet is prescribed, symptomatic drugs(antispastic, analgesic, sedative).

It is worth noting that sometimes recovery from lamblia occurs spontaneously.

Bull and pork tapeworm

These two types of helminths are quite similar to each other. This flatworms, which enter the human body with contaminated animal meat. The size of a pork tapeworm reaches three meters, a bull tapeworm - up to 10 meters. Helminths have a segmented body. The posterior segments contain eggs. When ripe, they break off and come out.

Infection with pork tapeworm is more dangerous for humans. For a bull, the final owner is always a person. And for pork it can be either final or intermediate. In the latter case, not only the intestines, but also various internal organs can be affected.

Toxocara

The length of the worm is about 30 centimeters. Once in the human body, Toxocara produces larvae that are carried through the bloodstream to organs and tissues.

There are three main forms of toxocariasis: visceral (liver, lungs, the cardiovascular system), hidden and ocular. In the latter case, most often the eye has to be removed. There are also less common forms, such as cutaneous, neurological (the brain and nerves are affected).

Sometimes toxocariasis goes away on its own, since the Toxocara larvae cannot mature in the human body. But granulomas (encapsulated larvae) remain in the organs, causing toxic damage and inflammation.

Treatment of this disease can be surgical and conservative. Cryopexy and laser coagulation used when it is possible to remove ocular toxocara.

The most common medicines, used to treat toxocariasis, are Albendazole, Mebendazole, Medamin. Medicines effectively fight migrating toxocara, but cannot cope with granulomas in tissues and organs. In such cases, surgical intervention is required.

The patient is also prescribed symptomatic medications - antiallergic, immunostimulating, anti-inflammatory.

Tape wide

After entering the human body, the tapeworm develops in about 20-60 days. And only after this period the first signs of infection appear. The disease caused by tapeworm is called diphyllobothriasis.

Developing in the human intestine, the tapeworm sticks to the walls. The body of the worm consists of large quantity segments (up to several thousand). Nutrients The helminth is sucked out of the intestines over the entire surface of the body. Therefore, its presence in the human body is always accompanied by general exhaustion, dyspeptic symptoms, abdominal pain, vitamin deficiency, anemia and other symptoms.

In addition, the patient must undergo a course of treatment for anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency. For this purpose, iron supplements and vitamin injections are prescribed. Prebiotics and probiotics may also be prescribed for recovery. intestinal microflora and eliminating symptoms of dyspepsia.

Echinococcus

The definitive host of Echinococcus is animals. Man acts as an intermediate. Invasion occurs through contact and household contact - through contact with animals, eating dirty vegetables, fruits, and water.

Orally, the worm eggs enter the intestine, where the embryo emerges from the oncosphere. It is absorbed into the blood and transported to other organs. They undergo the stage of larval development in the form of a bubble with a diameter of about 5 centimeters. The cavity is filled with liquid. Daughter bladders can form inside the mother bladder. Thus, the weight of the resulting cyst can reach tens of kilograms. It can grow for several decades.

Echinococcal cysts disrupt the functionality of the affected organs, and if they rupture, anaphylactic shock, which often ends lethal outcome. In this case, echinococci spread through the bloodstream throughout the body and secondary multiple echinococcosis develops.

The most common is echinococcosis of the liver. It is accompanied by weakness, pain, nausea, and an itchy rash. Liver abscess often develops with specific symptoms jaundice.

With echinococcosis of the lungs, patients are worried about shortness of breath, hemoptysis, and pain.

Patients also take these drugs after prompt removal cysts for the prevention of contamination. In addition, patients are prescribed symptomatic medications - antihistamines, hepatoprotectors, antitussives and others.

There is a delay in physical and mental development. It is not so easy to identify the cause of the malaise, although it often “lies” in plain sight.

A significant number of adults are at risk because they professional activity associated with the processing of raw materials infected with helminths.

The peculiarity of this situation is that often the symptoms are very mild and without special research It is difficult to detect the presence of pests.

round;
tape;
flukes.

Given these circumstances, a person needs to support those who are beneficial and suppress pests.

Roundworms

The eggs laid by the roundworm are protected by a durable shell that can withstand destructive influences of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Most often, people become infected by eating unwashed vegetables and fruits.

Developing into a sexually mature individual, the larva secretes toxic enzymes that cause irritation of the intestinal mucosa.

An adult pinworm is able to penetrate into the deeper layers small intestine and pierce right through it. In such situations, it develops serious disease called peritonitis.

When it enters the body, the following symptoms appear:

headache and dizziness;
constant abdominal pain;
sleep disorder

By appearance these fins, or larvae, are white bubbles and resemble millet groats.

After about three months, the tapeworm is already capable of producing offspring. This type of pest reaches a length of ten meters or more.

Reaching the intestines, the eggs begin to develop into larvae, which have six hooks for fixation.

They are carried throughout the bloodstream different organs and are most often established in the liver and lungs.

Alveococcus takes the form of a multi-chambered bladder called larvocyst. These larvocysts are able to grow through liver tissue and become similar to cancer metastases.

The blood supply to the liver tissue is disrupted, necrosis begins, representing serious danger for human health.

Fluke worms

Particularly dangerous flukes include the following species:

cat fluke;
fasciola;
schistosome.

Among human diseases, liver pathologies are more common than lesions of other organs. Flukes got their name due to their anatomical structure.

The cat fluke most often settles in gallbladder and pancreatic ducts.

The fluke enters the human body along with fish that is not sufficiently salted or boiled.

People affected by this pest have a sharp rise in temperature, an unreasonable cough, and rashes appear on the body. If not accepted emergency measures, then the person may die.

Fasciola enters the body when drinking unboiled water. If allowed by the patient, it causes chronic jaundice.

This fact is explained by the fact that big number people started visiting tropical countries where this pest is widespread.

Prevention measures

To prevent pests of any kind from entering your body, it is enough to follow basic hygiene rules and sanitary requirements for food products.

Children should be kept under constant supervision younger age, especially in summer period when leaving for the country or to the sea.

Today there is no need to eat raw meat or fish, including stroganina. This atavism should be left in the past forever, so as not to expose your body to undue risk.

1. Round and flat worms.

Chinese fluke;
cat fluke;
liver fluke.

pinworms;
roundworms;
intestinal eels;
whipworm;
trichinella;
trichostrongylids;
hookworms.

2. Cestode infestations.

bovine tapeworm;
dwarf tapeworm;
pork tapeworm;
wide tape;
echinococcus;
rat tapeworm.

How dangerous are worms to humans?

Meanwhile, other types of worms do not just settle in the intestines and “steal” everything necessary from a person valuable microelements. They actively multiply and affect other vital human organs and systems. In addition to the heart muscle, liver and lungs great harm worms can cause damage to the brain and blood vessels. Worms can even affect the eyes.

Main routes of infection by worms

You can protect yourself and your loved ones from the disease if you know how helminths of a particular type enter the body. This is the only way to do everything in a timely manner necessary measures and minimize the risk of infection. The main routes of transmission of infection are known to be:

1. Infection occurs through soil and water. When walking on the ground bare feet the risk of eggs being brought inside increases several times. An untested source of drinking and in common cases even water from a public water supply can contain worm larvae.

2. Helminth eggs enter the body along with animal products. The result of helminthic infestations is insufficient or poor-quality processing of meat, fish, seafood, and eggs. People who prefer exotic Asian cuisine are at risk of becoming infected with worms. Base heh, sushi, sashimi – raw fish and meat.

Worms can also pass from one infected person to another. There are several ways of transmitting helminthic infestations:

through unwashed hands (for example, when shaking hands, hugging);
when using shared utensils;
when wearing someone else's underwear;
group application individual funds personal hygiene by several people.

Pinworm eggs most often pass from person to person, which often end up under the nail plates, lingering there for a long time. The prevalence of this type of worms in children is explained by neglect elementary rules cleanliness. A child can simply put his hands in his mouth or bite his nails, so pinworms have no difficulty in penetrating a new human body. The task of parents at this stage is to promptly recognize the signs of helminthiasis and prevent the development of helminthic infestations in their baby by immediately starting to treat the disease.

Symptoms of the acute stage of helminthiasis

As a rule, the first symptoms of helminth damage appear after various terms. In addition, the course of helminthiasis can be divided into 2 stages:

1. acute stage(lasts on average no more than two months after the incubation period);

hyperemia of the skin;
burning sensation and itching;
small rashes on the surface of the epidermis or mucous membranes;
slight enlargement of lymph nodes;
local swelling;
pain in the sternum (up to attacks of suffocation);
vomiting and constant nausea;
diarrhea or constipation.

In addition, complications of the appearance of other creatures in the body may include the following: dangerous pathologies such as pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, hepatitis, etc.

Reliable confirmation of the presence of helminths in internal organs is the eosinophil count in clinical analysis blood. Increased value These particles are caused by dysproteinemia - a violation of the normal numerical proportion between protein fractions.

Types of symptoms with chronic form disease

They represent different kinds drugs that can specifically affect a specific type of worm. More strong drugs from worms are medicines wide range action and are excellent in the treatment of combined helminthiasis. Both those and others are considered toxic, have a mass side effects and contraindications. The use of such drugs should be carried out with extreme caution only after medical advice.

albendazole;
mebendazole;
pyrvinium embonate;
pyrantel;
piperazine;
levamisole;
carbendacim.

The dosage regimen and dosage of a particular medicine should be drawn up exclusively by a specialist. This will help avoid allergies and serious types of side effects. For some types of helminth infections, treatment must be repeated. This is often due to the fact that during the first therapy, most of the adult worms were neutralized, but some forms of larvae and helminthic eggs still remain in the patient’s body. If you do not treat again, the worms will return again.

Basic preventive measures

The history of helminthology goes back thousands of years.

The term "helminth", which is ubiquitous today, was introduced by Hippocrates.

Now there are more than 100 thousand species.

All this variety of helminths are classified as lower worms of the scolecida type (lat. Scolecida).

They are divided into four classes:

flatworms are a class of cestodes ( tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes);
roundworms, including one broad class of nematodes;
spiny-headed worms;
annelids.

Among cestodiases the following diseases are distinguished:

Of the trematodes, the following helminthiases are often diagnosed:

A separate group includes the so-called protozoal diseases caused by the presence of unicellular protozoa: amoebas, malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes, lamblia, toxoplasma, trichomonas.

However, in the tissues of children, people with immunodeficiency, diseases digestive tract, endocrine system further transformation of worm larvae into adult males and females occurs.

Their life activity is accompanied by:

violation metabolic processes;
vitamin deficiency;
deficiency of minerals and proteins;
forming a response allergic reaction, which is fraught with the development of autoimmune processes;
negative impact toxic waste products of helminths.

To remove some helminths, you can use folk remedies(pumpkin seeds, cleansing enemas with garlic and soda, taking infusions with celandine, ginger root, tansy and others medicinal plants). But in the presence of severe and massive infestations, herbs, homeopathic drops and herbal supplements cannot be used. It takes a long time to kill the worms. drug therapy, and help in restoring the basic functions of the digestive tract.

The development of helminthiasis can be prevented only by following certain preventive measures.

Tissue damage by helminths is accompanied by numerous pinpoint hemorrhages. This causes anemia, weakness, fatigue, and decreased performance. Due to disruption of metabolic processes and absorption of vitamins and minerals, the condition of the skin, nails, and hair worsens. A person quickly loses weight and suffers from frequent viral and infectious diseases.

Patients complain about:

shortness of breath;
change in heart rate;
feeling of lack of air;
feeling of discomfort and heaviness in the chest.

Accession inflammatory process may cause pericarditis or myocarditis. These diseases are accompanied by increased body temperature and severe pain in the area of the heart.

In the climate of our country, epidermal helminthiases are relatively rare. As a rule, they develop against the background of damage to the intestines and other internal organs.

The patient usually complains of:

pain of varying intensity and discomfort in the abdominal area;
diarrhea, which can be replaced by constipation, this is especially typical during initial stages infection;
admixture of mucus and blood in the stool;
the occurrence of painful spasms simultaneously with the urge to defecate;
decreased or lack of appetite;
flatulence, bloating.

As a result of disruption of the digestive glands, a person constantly feels heaviness in the stomach. In some cases, a ball of roundworms can cause intestinal obstruction.

The penetration of worms into the hematopoietic system is accompanied by disturbances throughout the body. Moreover, such invasion sometimes does not manifest itself in the form external symptoms. However, due to the destruction of red blood cells and other shaped elements frequent headaches, dizziness, drowsiness occur, despite following the daily routine, constant weakness, exercise intolerance.

Relatively recently, some private clinics announced that a new safe method to combat worms - bioresonance therapy. The principle of this treatment is based on the laws of physics. According to the theory of the developers of this method, each cell of our body is not motionless in one place, but is in a mode of constant vibration, emitting electromagnetic waves. Their length is individual for each internal organ.

The advantages of bioresonance therapy include safety and painlessness. However, the clinical effectiveness of this treatment method has not been proven, and the treatment equipment does not have the appropriate certificates. But the impact electromagnetic waves will not cause any harm and will not cause complications.

There are actually not so many medications used to get rid of helminths and protozoa. The dosage of medications, the regimen and duration of their use are selected by the doctor depending on the patient’s age, the severity of the invasion and the presence of concomitant pathologies.

With relatively mild helminthic infestations advised to use traditional medicine recipes. These products can be easily prepared at home, and the components are sold at any pharmacy.