Plant raw materials with a choleretic effect. Medicinal raw materials that affect the liver and bile ducts

Disturbances in the outflow of bile in the body provoke diseases internal organs, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, general deterioration of health. Only timely treatment prevents the development of complications.

Choleretic agents for stagnation of bile stimulate its production, accelerate the excretion process, and normalize the functionality of the digestive system. Their use is also advisable for preventive purposes.

What is bile and bile stagnation?

Bile- biologically active liquid, which is the end product of the activity of hepatocytes. It has a special smell, an extremely bitter taste, yellow, green and brown shades.

From the moment of formation to hatching there are 3 stages:

If bile does not enter the intestinal tract and stagnates, doctors diagnose cholestasis - stagnation of bile.

As a result, lipid metabolism is disrupted, cholesterol and glucose accumulate in the blood, stones form in the gallbladder, and the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases.

Causes of stagnant processes

Stagnation of bile can be localized at any of the sites of secretion movement. Hepatic congestion occurs due to structural changes in the liver and damage to the organ by pathogenic microorganisms.

In the gallbladder and ducts, pathological accumulation of bile occurs due to the following reasons:

Chronic diseases of the digestive system predispose to the development of secondary ailments. Bile stagnation is one of the most common complications.

Among the risk factors that predispose to the development of any of the above reasons, it is worth highlighting: abuse of fatty and sweet foods, as a result - excess weight, addiction to alcoholic beverages and drugs, sedentary lifestyle, resection of the gallbladder.

Symptoms of bile stagnation

The pathological accumulation of bile secretion, due to the inhibition of their further progress, is fraught with characteristic symptoms:

• discolored stool, dark urine;
• skin itching caused by the accumulation of bile acids in the blood plasma;
• intestinal disorders or constipation;
• paroxysmal dull pain in the upper quadrant of the abdomen on the right, rarely - colic;
• heartburn followed by the formation of bitterness, dry mouth and unpleasant odor;
• feeling of nausea and vomiting.

Contraindications

If symptoms characteristic of cholestasis are detected, it is strictly prohibited:

• self-medicate - considering serious violations in the functioning of the digestive system, incorrectly chosen treatment tactics can seriously aggravate the pathological process;
• use choleretic drugs before an ultrasound scan, since the presence of stones is a strict contraindication;
• take alcohol and potent medications that negatively affect the liver;
• include fatty, fried, sour, cold foods in your diet.

Treatment

Medicines for bile stagnation and biliary dyskinesia are divided into several groups:

1. Natural remedies provide the safest effect on the body with minimal likelihood of side effects. They are low in cost and are available in the form of syrups, alcohol tinctures, tablets, and tea mixtures.
2. Synthetic, despite their artificial origin, provide a more pronounced therapeutic effect.
3. In addition, medicines containing bile extracts from animals are of particular importance., these are Allohol, Hologon, Liobil, Hologon, Holenzim. They improve peristalsis, make bile less thick, and some of them contain real enzymes produced by the pancreas.

Classification of choleretic drugs

The classification of drugs for bile stagnation is based on the chemical structure of each drug and their therapeutic effect. They affect the body differently, so they are prescribed by a gastroenterologist on an individual basis.

In total there are 5 main types:

1. Choleretics- stimulate the production of bile by hepatocytes.
2. Cholespasmolytics- relax the gallbladder muscles, eliminate spasms.
3. Cholekinetics- weaken the walls of the bile ducts and increase the tone of the gallbladder.
4. Hydrocholeretics. Increase the percentage of water content in bile.
5. Litholytic drugs. Dissolve already formed stones in the gallbladder.

Choleretics

These agents activate the synthesis process, which significantly increases the production of bile.

Depending on their composition, choleretics are divided into 3 groups:

• True- the products are based on animal extracts: pancreatic tissue, intestinal lining, animal liver or real bile. These include Liobil, Cholenzym, Hologon, Allohol.
• Synthetic- the active substances are compounds obtained as a result of organic synthesis. Medicines of this series have complex action on the body: provide a choleretic effect, suppress inflammation, relieve spasms, kill bacteria, improve digestion. The most famous representatives: Tsikvalon, Osalmid, Nikodin.
• Vegetable- include exclusively natural ingredients. Hofitol contains artichoke extract, Holosas - rosehip, Flamin - immortelle, Febichol - turmeric, Berberis-Gommacord - barberry. Each of the drugs supports the healthy functioning of the liver, normalizes the viscosity of bile and the level of its production. Complex means provide best effect, these are Travochol, Holagol, Urolesan.

Cholespasmolytics

Their purpose is appropriate for suppressing painful spasms bladder and weakening of the muscle tone of the bile ducts. This removes the obstacle to the excretion of concentrated bile.

Cholespasmolytics are always included in the symptomatic treatment of cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, intestinal, biliary or renal colic, duodenal ulcers and other pathologies. Divided into 3 groups:

1. Synthetic- Mebeverine, Papaverine, No-shpa.
2. Vegetable- tincture of valerian, arnica, lemon balm, St. John's wort, elecampane.
3. Anticholinergics- acetylcholine blockers: Atropine, Platiphylline, Besalol, Bellalgin.

Cholekinetics

A special group of drugs that simultaneously relax the muscles of the biliary tract and increase the tone of the gallbladder. This ensures the expulsion of bile and its free passage to the duodenum.

Cholekinetics have invaluable help for cholecystitis of any form, inflammation of the liver tissue and bile ducts.

The most popular pharmaceutical drugs:

• Sorbitol;
• Holosas;
• Flamin;
• Magnesia;
• Mannitol.

Hydrocholeretics

One of the effective ways to reduce the thickness of bile is to increase the percentage of water in acids. Hydrocholeretics have this ability.

These include:

• mineral water with a high content of alkalis: Borjomi, Polyana Kvasova, Essentuki, Narzan;
• sodium salicylate;
• medicines based on valerian - tablets, tinctures.

Besides therapeutic effect, aimed at diluting thick bile, prevents the formation of stones.

Choleretic drugs with litholytic action

Litholytic therapy involves medicinal dissolution of existing stones and removal of remnants. The preventive effect is no less pronounced - while taking this type of choleretic drugs, the formation of stones in the gallbladder is impossible.

There are two main active ingredients and, having the necessary effect:

• Methyl tert-butyl ether;
• Chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids - Ursosan, Livodex, Choludexan, Ursolite, Exhol.

Choleretic herbal preparations

The domestic pharmaceutical market offers many types of drugs for bile stagnation of plant origin.

All kinds of herbs and berries not only have a choleretic effect, but also eliminate the inflammatory process, help reduce spasms, and normalize the functioning of the abdominal organs.

These include: corn silk, calamus root, spotted milk thistle, bloodroot, hawthorn, St. John's wort, caraway, pine, common dandelion, birch, knotweed, tansy, celandine, rose hips, oats, basil, aloe, radish root and juice, thistle.

There is an opinion that medicines of natural origin are highly safe and therefore suitable for self-treatment. This kind of behavior is dangerous.

Only the attending physician after thorough examination may recommend any of the following drugs:

• Tanacehol;
• Urolesan;
• Flamin;
• Holemaks;
• Hofitol;
• Berberis plus and others.

The main indications for the use of choleretic agents from natural components are cholecystitis, which characterizes inflammation of the gallbladder, impaired bile production, acute and chronic pancreatitis. The latter is diagnosed with inflammation of the pancreas.

This disease in most cases is an inevitable consequence of bile stagnation.

Brief instructions for taking choleretic drugs

To achieve maximum effectiveness from the prescribed medicine, you should strictly follow several important rules:

• all choleretic drugs must be taken on an empty stomach, at least 30-60 minutes before meals;
• take tablets, syrups or tincture as usual clean water, in some cases, it is permissible to dilute liquid forms with unsweetened tea or juices;
• an hour after taking a portion of the medicine, you need to eat, otherwise intestinal upset is inevitable: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting;
• the minimum course of treatment is two weeks or more; failure to comply with the duration and frequency of use of the choleretic drug reduces the effectiveness of therapy.

At chronic course illness, the need to constantly maintain the functioning of the bile ducts and gallbladder, treatment is carried out in courses with the same frequency, but no more than 4 times a year.

The most effective drugs for bile stagnation

Of all the choleretic drugs presented in modern pharmacies, several of the most popular drugs stand out:

1. Allohol. A product with natural ingredients, made on the basis of dried bile, extracts of garlic, nettle and activated purified carbon. Has a complex effect on the digestive system, rarely provokes side effects, has few contraindications: acute gallbladder and liver disease. The average cost of 50 tablets is 45 rub..


2. Holenzyme. A medicine from a number of true choleretics, consisting of pancreatic enzymes and natural bile of cattle. It is successfully used not only for stagnant processes, but also for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Negative side effects are possible only if you are individually intolerant to the drug. Pharmacy price varies from 160 to 200 rub.. per package.
3. Odeston. A synthetic medicine with the active ingredient hymecromone. Relaxes the bile ducts, suppresses spasms, prevents cholesterol crystallization with subsequent stone formation. May have a negative effect on the gastric mucosa, so simultaneous use is recommended. enveloping agents. In Russian pharmacies, 50 Odeston tablets can be purchased for an average of 500 rub.
4. Flamin. Herbal medicine with immortelle extract. The active substance helps to contract the gallbladder and weaken the muscle tone of the ducts, which ensures the unimpeded removal of bile. Not prescribed for hypertensive patients, allergy sufferers and ulcer patients. Average cost - 160 rub.. for 30 tablets.
5. Oxafenamide. Thanks to the active substance osalmide, synthesized artificially, choleretic, cholekinetic, analgesic and choleretic effects are provided. Strictly contraindicated in case of jaundice, ulcerative lesions gastrointestinal organs, obesity and structural changes in the liver. It is possible to develop an allergic reaction - redness, itching, rash. Oxafenamide and its direct analogues can be purchased at a cost from 450 to 530 rub..
6. Gepabene. Combined remedy from the fruits of milk thistle and fume grass. Stabilizes the functioning of the liver, the formation and excretion of bile. Sometimes it provokes increased diuresis. Refers to a number of expensive choleretic drugs - from 400 rub. for one package.
7. Hofitol. The artichoke extract on which the drug is made suppresses inflammation and facilitates the excretion of bile into the small intestine. Prohibited for use in cases of cholelithiasis and severe diseases of internal organs. The duration of treatment is 14 days. Behind 300 rub. you can buy 60 tablets of Hofitol.

Potent medications can have a negative impact on a child’s, not yet formed, body. Based on this, the treatment of bile stasis in children differs significantly from adults.

If the cause of the pathology is an abnormal structure of the bile ducts, the only solution is surgery.

In other cases, the doctor focuses on dietary nutrition and the use of medications:

• true choleretics- Allohol;
• choleretics synthetic origin - Osalmid and its direct analogues;
• plant choleretics- Hofitol, Flamin, Holemaks;
• cholekinetics- magnesium sulfate, Valerian tablets, Cormagnesin;
• cholespasmolytics- Papaverine, No-shpa, Spasmonet.

The dosage and frequency of administration of the choleretic agent is determined individually for each child, based on body weight. Natural and relatively safe hydrocholeretics for children are mineral waters with alkalis - Essentuki, Borjomi, Narzan, etc.

Of the many types of plants with a choleretic effect, the following can be recommended for children:

• common dandelion,
• pharmaceutical chamomile,
• juniper,
• knotweed

Choleretic drugs during pregnancy

During pregnancy, treatment of bile stagnation is carried out with extreme caution: it is important to prevent increased contractile activity of the uterus, penetration of the active substance to the fetus through the placenta, and also not to provoke a significant deterioration in well-being.

Most herbal choleretics and antispasmodics are considered the safest:

• Holenzyme;
• Flamin;
• Berberis;
• Cormagnesin;
• Valerian;
• Holagol.

Take your own infusions from various choleretic herbs Absolutely forbidden. By affecting the body of a pregnant woman and directly on the fetus, they can provoke irreversible consequences.

At the discretion of the attending physician, it is permissible to use only ready-made herbal preparations. The dosage regimen, dosage and course duration are usually standard.

Such choleretic drugs include:

• Hofitol;
• Odeston;
• Eufillin;
• Febichol;
• Drotaverine;
• Atropine.

The use of choleretic drugs for certain diseases

Stagnation of bile quite often occurs against the background of other acute or chronic diseases:

• biliary dyskinesia,
• cholecystitis,
• pancreatitis.

In this case, treatment should be aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. Symptomatic therapy is no less important, but without eliminating the key cause, the improvement in well-being will be temporary.

Biliary dyskinesia

The disease is characterized by impaired motility of the gallbladder and, as a consequence, a malfunction of the bile ducts.

It occurs most often in women of thin build, no more than 40 years of age. There are two main forms of dyskinesia:

1. Hyperkinetic, in which there is increased tone of the gallbladder.
2. Hypotonic when muscle tone is weakened.

Given the different specifics of the development of the disease, in two cases different medications are prescribed.

With the hyperkinetic type, the following will help normalize the functioning of the digestive system:

• All types of cholekinetics- Flamin, Sorbitol, Holemaks, Holos, Berberine-Gommacord. Used over a long period of time until complete recovery.
• Any cholespasmolytics- Drotaverine, Papaverine, Bellalgin, valerian. They are prescribed in a short course at the beginning of drug treatment, then used once, if necessary, to relieve pain.

The hypotonic form of dyskinesia involves the use of the following medications:

• All types of choleretics- Allohol, Febichol, Lyobil, Flacumin, Tanacechol, etc. The course duration can reach 2-2.5 months.
• Hydrocholeretics- mineral waters with a high content of alkalis. There are no restrictions on the quantity or timing of use.
• Myotropic antispasmodics- Odeston, Duspatalin. Suitable in the first days of therapy. The duration of use of such products should not exceed 2 weeks.

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis- inflammation of the walls of the gallbladder with subsequent changes in the physical and biochemical properties of bile.

The disease is divided into 2 main types:

• calculous
• stoneless.

The latter accounts for only 20% of all cases.

The absence of stone formations in the gallbladder makes it possible to use the following means for treatment:

• Choleretics of all types- Allohol, Lyobil, Tsikvalon, Osalmid, Urolesan, etc. Synthetic substances oxafenamide and hymecromone, along with a choleretic effect, effectively eliminate spasms. Drugs based on cyclovalone have a powerful antimicrobial effect. These features are taken into account when drawing up a therapeutic complex.
• Cholekinetics- Holemaks, Magnesia, Sorbitol, Berberine plus. Significantly facilitate the removal of bile to the duodenum.
• Cholespasmotics- No-shpa, Metacin, Odeston. They effectively combat pain and promote overall well-being.

When stones are detected during ultrasound, among choleretic drugs, only those with a litholytic effect are allowed for use: Urdox, Livodex, Exchol, Ursolite, etc. They contain ursodeoxycholic acid, which dissolves stones. Also, for the calculous type of cholecystitis, cholespasmolytics are indicated.

Pancreatitis characterizes the inflammatory process in the pancreas. Key reason there is a deterioration in the excretion of digestive juice and gland enzymes into the small intestine. Comprehensive treatment must include choleretic agents, which help improve digestive processes.

The following medications will be most effective:

• Allohol;
• Holenzyme;
• Hofitol;
• Ursosan;
• Holosas;
• Liobil.

Cholespasmolytics, such as Papaverine, Mebeverine, Drotaverine, will help relieve acute pain, but it is not recommended to use them before visiting a doctor.

Tubazh

Tubage is a simple medical procedure that helps cleanse the body of stagnant bile, accumulated toxins and improve the functioning of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Carrying it out at home is most comfortable, but before you begin, you should consult a doctor.

Strict contraindications for tubing:

• period of exacerbation of chronic diseases of the digestive system;
• the presence of single or multiple stones in the gallbladder.

The preparatory stage involves a three-day refusal of spicy, fried, fatty foods and those foods that provoke flatulence. At the beginning of the procedure, you must take a special cleansing solution.

There are 3 equivalent options:

1. A glass of warm alkaline water (Narzan, Borjomi, Essentuki) with 2 tbsp. l. the drug Holosas in the form of syrup.
2. Dissolved 1 tbsp. l. magnesium sulfate powder in one glass of warm boiled water.
3. Sorbitol solution - 1 tbsp. l. Mix the product with a glass of warm water.

After drinking a glass of the prepared solution, you need to lie on your right side and place a warm heating pad on the hypochondrium area. Over the next 2 hours, colic and loose stools will occur. In this way, bile stagnation is eliminated, toxic substances are eliminated and the general condition is normalized.

Folk remedies for bile stagnation

Traditional medicine is often a good alternative to pharmaceutical drugs. It is accessible, less expensive, and preparing infusions does not require special knowledge.

However, like any other medicines, herbs have many contraindications and side effects, and therefore require prior consultation with a doctor.

Recipes for effective choleretic decoctions:

Choleretic herbs for bile stagnation

The most common herbs that have a choleretic effect:

Cost of drugs

Prices for choleretic drugs vary within from 40 to 500 rub.. per package. The formation of cost is primarily influenced by the manufacturer. Imported goods always more expensive than domestic ones.

The following list contains the most popular medications for bile stagnation with average price per package, arranged in order from cheap to expensive:

1. Allohol - 45 rub..
2. Tanacehol - 80 rub.
3. Holos - 140 rub..
4. Flamin - 160 rub..
5. Holenzym - 180 rub..
6. Hofitol - 300 rub.
7. Gepabene - 400 rub.
8. Odeston and Oxafenamid - 500 rub.
9. Ursosan - 1500 rub.. for 50 tablets of 500 mg.

When selecting analogues for expensive drugs, it is important to take into account whether the drug belongs to a specific group: choleretics, cholekinetics, cholespasmolytics or litholytic agents.

Diet is the best remedy for bile stagnation

Regardless of the form, stage and severity of the disease, along with drug treatment must be shown diet No. 5.

Gastroenterologists have developed several key rules, the combination of which provides a gentle regime:

• completely eliminate fatty foods;
• avoid eating too cold or hot dishes, food should be warm;
• give up carbonated and alcohol-containing drinks;
• enrich the diet with dairy products, raw and baked fruits, and vegetables;
• Boil, stew, steam all dishes;
• eat at least 5 times a day in small portions, preferably at the same time.

Compliance with the dietary table is necessary throughout the entire course of treatment. After finishing it, return to to the usual way life follows gradually. However, to minimize the development of relapse or the transformation of the acute form into a chronic one, it is recommended to adhere to proper nutrition for life.

Choleretic products

The following groups of products have a choleretic effect to varying degrees:

• vegetables- tomatoes, beet, carrots, white cabbage;
• fruits- apples, peaches, plums, oranges;
• berries- cranberry, rose hip, sea buckthorn;
• dried fruits- dried plums, apricots, figs;
• greenery- artichoke, celery, dill, rhubarb, spinach leaves;
• seasonings- chicory, ginger root, turmeric;
• freshly squeezed juices vegetables, berries and fruits.

The following products should be strictly prohibited:

It is important to monitor the daily calorie content of all dishes eaten - no more than 2500 kcal.

Conclusion

To improve the digestive system, restore the functioning of the liver, bile ducts and gallbladder, an integrated approach is required:

• organization of proper nutrition,
• maintaining an active lifestyle,
• the use of choleretic and other types of drugs,
• prescribed by the attending physician,
• drinking alkaline water or herbal teas.

The desired effect will only be ensured by strict adherence to all recommendations.

gastro911.com

The role of bile in the functioning of the body

A person has a small sac under the liver called the gallbladder. It is he who serves as an accumulating vessel from where the release occurs biological fluid during the arrival of food. As soon as food enters the stomach, a substance is released from the gall bladder, which then passes into duodenum and simplifies the mechanism of food digestion.

The main functions of bile secretion:

• stimulation of food digestion, improvement of intestinal motility;
• promotes better absorption nutrients, vitamins;
• breakdown of fats and removal of various toxins and other breakdown products.

The liquid itself is dark brown, yellow or greenish color, but tastes bitter. If the functioning of the gallbladder is disrupted and bile stagnation occurs, this disorder can be identified by a number of specific symptoms:

• bitterness in the mouth (even on an empty stomach);
• vomiting of bile is possible, which usually occurs when the stomach is empty (signals a strong accumulation of secretions);
• pain in the right hypochondrium;
• nausea;
• itching of the skin and feet;
• yellow skin tone;
• periodic swelling in the neck and chin area;
• problems in the throat (soreness, hoarseness, belching);
• whitish coating on the tongue;
• discomfort in the heart area (especially after eating);
• chronic fatigue;
• nervous state and exacerbation of fears (mainly at night).

Ignoring the symptoms can only worsen the disease and lead to consequences such as the appearance of sand and stones in the bladder.

Causes of the disease

The main harmful factors that directly affect the functioning of the gallbladder include:

• increased nervousness,
• instability of the emotional background;
• consumption of cholesterol foods;
• unbalanced diet, lack of a rational eating regimen;
• very low physical activity;
• excess weight;
• taking specific medications;
• weak abdominal muscles.

Here I would like to separately examine the cause of a violation of the outflow of bile, such as a bend in the gallbladder. Choleretic drugs are also prescribed for this diagnosis. But first, about the pathology itself.

So, bending of the gallbladder is a common pathological condition of the anatomical shape of the organ. As a result, a dysfunction of the organ occurs - decreased synthesis and deterioration of secretion excretion, stagnation of bile, etc.

The bend can be congenital (the onset of pathology occurs in the fifth week of pregnancy, when this organ is formed in the embryo) or acquired. And if in the first option it is hardly possible to do anything to prevent the pathology, then in the second it is often the person himself who is to blame.

Causes of acquired inflection in an adult:

• enlargement of the digestive organ or those located close to it (kidneys, liver);
• bladder hypermobility;
• disrupted (or complete absence) diet - either fasting or overeating;
• eating fatty, spicy and smoked foods;
• bending under the influence of physical activity, in particular lifting weights, a fixed state in a sitting position, abruptness of movements;
• obesity;
• use alcoholic drinks(especially carbonated ones);
• prolapse of internal organs with sudden weight loss (due to diets, among other things).

Usually, for disorders caused by this reason, no lists of symptoms are identified. But if the deformation of the organ is obvious, then the signs include:

• constipation/diarrhea;
• loss of appetite;
• attacks of nausea/vomiting;
• heartburn/belching;
• bitterness in the mouth;
• pain in the right hypochondrium;
• bloating and heaviness after meals;
• increased sweating.

In this case, a dull pain can radiate not only to the right side, but also to the collarbone, spine and even to the cervical region.

The degree of excess also varies, and depending on the severity of the condition, symptoms may intensify. Only a specialist can make an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment of bile stagnation

When there is a malfunction in the functioning of the gallbladder and the removal of its secretions, it is necessary to consult a doctor to determine the cause of the disease and eliminate it.

As medical practice shows, specialists use complex therapy, combining diet, physical culture and taking choleretic drugs.

The medications are intended to eliminate pain syndromes, simplify the mechanism of substance release, prevent relapse of the disease, and block secondary pathologies.

Prescribed choleretic drugs for bile stagnation are classified into three groups:

• Cholespasmolytics;
• cholekinetics;
• choleretics.

Each group listed is prescribed depending on the mechanism of action of the active substances, as well as depending on the method of administration of the medicine.

Group of cholespasmolytics

Medicines in this group have different origins and are aimed at reducing spasms (tone) in the gallbladder and bile ducts (including intrahepatic ones), facilitating the excretion of bile into the intestines.

These choleretic drugs are prescribed for stagnation of secretions and are intended to:

• reduce spasms of the biliary tract;
• reduce sphincter spasms;
• eliminate pain in the liver area;
• improve the process of bile excretion when certain areas are spasming.

Cholespasmolytics are usually prescribed as immediate relief for various diseases of the liver and nearby organs. Such drugs are taken in short courses. Their main goal is to relieve pain during increased activity. smooth muscle digestive tract. indications for use:

• cholelithiasis;
• hepatic colic;
• impaired motility of the biliary tract;
• cholangitis;
• cholestasis;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• painful spasms due to enlarged tumors.

In this group, drugs are divided into subgroups:

• herbal - “Holagol” and various tinctures: mint, St. John’s wort, lemon balm, calendula flowers, arnica, elecampane, etc.;
• artificial (synthetically derived) - “Papaverine”, “Aminophylline”, “Duspatalin”, “Drotaverine”, as well as their analogues;
• anticholinergics (drugs that block or weaken the effects of acetylcholine, which is responsible for the presence of arousal nervous system) - “Atropine”, “Metacin”, “Platifillin”, “Besalol”, “Spazmolitin”.

Group of cholekinetics

Choleretic drugs of this group are designed primarily to restore the function of contraction of the bile ducts, thereby restoring the increased tone of the bladder. Such drugs are prescribed for chronic forms of cholecystitis and hepatitis, gastritis (provided that the level of hydrochloric acid secretion is zero or reduced), before duodenal intubation.

Which of this group is prescribed for bile stagnation? Choleretic drugs “Berberis plus”, “Sorbitol”, “Xylitol”, “Holosas”, “Flamin”, “Mannitol”, “Magnesia”.

Group of choleretics

• cholestasis;
• bowel dysfunction (constipation);
• chronic form of liver disease (steatosis, hepatitis);
• chronic inflammatory processes and dyskinesia of the bile ducts.

Choleretics are also divided into subgroups depending on their origin:

• True - these drugs include extracts of natural bile from animals, plant extracts and biological active substances of animal origin. The most famous remedies: “Hologon”, “Aplokhol”, “Cholenzim”, “Liobil”.
• Artificial (they are based on components that were bred chemically) are combined drugs that have antibacterial, antispasmodic and antiphlogistic effects. Representatives of this subgroup: “Osalmid”, “Cyqualon” and “Nicodin”.
• Herbal (with choleretic effect) - aimed at reducing the viscosity of bile secretion, activating its secretion and release. At the same time, they affect the functioning of the liver, bringing it to normalization. The list of choleretic herbal preparations in this subgroup is quite large, but the most popular are “Hofitol”, “Febihol”, “Insadol”, “Travokhol”.

They also distinguish the species medicinal drugs, which are designed to reduce the index of bile supersaturation with cholesterol. Such drugs are prescribed mainly to prevent the formation of gallstones, in addition, they help dissolve existing ones. Prominent representatives of this group: Ursolit, Ursodex, Urdox and Livodex.

Also, choleretic drugs are divided according to the method of application, regardless of the group. Here the gradation occurs according to the principle of taking the medicine, that is:

• on an empty stomach, 15-30 minutes before meals (this category includes all drugs, tinctures, decoctions of plant origin) - can stimulate the secretion of food glands;
• during meals - drugs with gastric juice substitutes;
• after meals - preparations with bile substitutes.

Moreover, a very important nuance here will be the time period for taking medications. It is recommended to drink the product at the same time. Don’t worry: each drug has its own instructions for use, which clearly outline the algorithm for taking it.

Therapy for an acquired disease

If the bend is congenital, there is no particular need for therapy. The patient can even live with this diagnosis all his life and not experience any discomfort. But a person with an acquired form of the disease necessarily needs treatment.

In case of inflection, choleretic drugs are prescribed with antispasmodic and choleretic effects. Only a doctor can select an effective treatment program taking into account the course of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient. In this case, the program must be comprehensive and include, in addition to medications, physical therapy, physical therapy and a special diet.

What medications should I take for biliary inflection? There are a lot of choleretic drugs, so we will list only those that doctors usually prescribe to their patients:

• "Gepabene." The main goal is to support liver function, remove bile secretions, and relieve pain.
• “Allohol” - it is based on cattle bile, nettle and garlic extracts, which stimulate the production of fluid in the gallbladder and improve the function of the ducts.
• "Flamin" is a complex drug that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, choleretic, analgesic and antispasmodic effects.
• "Odeston" - excellent remedy, which relieves pain syndromes, promotes the release of bile secretions, but has side effects and contraindications, which must be taken into account before starting to use the drug.
• "Hofitol" - helps organize liver protection, eliminate bile stagnation, and also relieves pain.

Ursofalk (and its analogues) are among the choleretic drugs often prescribed for congestion in the gallbladder. But it is usually taken in cases where gallstones are detected.

Choleretic drugs for children

It is worth considering that the treatment of gallbladder diseases in an adult will differ significantly from the treatment of children. And not every drug is suitable here.

At all, medical practice tries to exclude cases where children under 12 years of age are prescribed medications to improve the flow of bile. By the way, just like pregnant women. But if the situation is such that drug therapy will bring more benefit than harm, they resort to taking medications. The doctor will calculate the dosage individually based on the baby’s body weight and condition.

So, if there are problems with gall, a small patient will be bothered by symptoms almost similar to those observed in adults, namely:

• loss of appetite;
• the presence of a whitish coating on the tongue;
• loose stools/constipation;
• nausea and vomiting;
• belching with an unpleasant odor;
• bitterness in the mouth;
• very poor tolerance to physical activity;
• headaches, fatigue and apathy;
• pain in the right side and so on.

If after the examination the illness is confirmed and the baby cannot avoid taking medications, it is still worth knowing which choleretic drugs are not prohibited for him. The choice is not so small.

For example, Holaflux is a herbal choleretic drug that is prescribed for chronic forms of cholecystitis, disruption of the bladder and its ducts. Helps facilitate the flow of bile. This medicine is produced in the form of a herbal mixture so that it can be prepared as a tea (which makes it very easy for the baby to take the medicine). The instructions for use confirm its safety, since the drug has no side effects.

But the herbal preparation “Holagogum” can be prescribed both to eliminate the main symptoms and during recovery after therapy. Available in capsules, which promotes rapid dissolution of the active ingredients directly in the stomach.

What else helps the outflow of secretions during stagnation? A good choleretic drug is Allohol. Also a natural remedy. Affects liver function, improving bile release. In addition to plant components, it contains dry animal bile.

"Holenzym." A combination drug that contains enzymes that promote digestion. Its composition includes, just like the previous drug, dry animal bile mixed with herbs.

"Flamin." This drug is simply a favorite of many parents who confirm its effectiveness. The herbal preparation includes immortelle, which stimulates the release of fluid from the bladder. The forms of its release simply have no boundaries: ointments, tablets, teas, suspensions. Parents also emphasize that this medicine Still, it is worth taking for 5 years.

Barberina tablets are contraindicated only for pregnant women. Release herbal remedy in tablets containing the active substances of barberry roots and leaves. Choleretic agent with antispasmodic effect.

"Odeston" is prescribed to children aged 10 years and older. A wonderful herbal medicine that comes in tablet form. Its task is not only the synthesis and release of bile secretions, but also the prevention of the formation of cholesterol plaques.

Medicines for pregnant women

In cases where a woman is carrying a fetus, choleretic drugs for stagnation in the liver are selected with the exception of the possibility of stimulating uterine contractions. An equally important nuance is the possibility of drug transport across the placental barrier.

Doctors usually prescribe the following drugs: Holosas, Atropine, Papaverine; magnesia and valerian are also in demand.

Forms of release of drugs

The bulk of choleretic drugs taken for stagnation of bile in the gallbladder are presented in the form of tablets and herbal preparations. But there are other dosage forms: suspensions and powders.

The group of suspensions includes the following drugs:

• “Holosas” is produced in the form of a viscous syrup of a brown (dark yellow) hue. The suspension has a very pronounced rosehip aroma, since the active substance of the drug is the fruits of this plant. Excipient: sucrose. The drug is contained in dark glass bottles of 130 and 300 ml.
• "Ursofalk" - homogeneous suspension white, which has a persistent lemon aroma. The presence of small air bubbles is acceptable. The active substance is ursodeoxycholic acid. It goes on sale in dark glass bottles, volume - 250 ml.
• “Hofitol” is a thick water-based solution that contains field artichoke leaf extract ( active substance). Has an orange aroma. The medicinal solution is also sold in dark glass containers with a volume of 120 ml;
• "Holagol" is a medicine in the form of drops that are taken orally. The volume of a dark glass bottle containing drip solution, equal to 10 ml. The kit includes a dropper dispenser. The drug contains several active ingredients, such as: essential oils mint and eucalyptus, frangulomodin, turmeric root, magnesium salicylate. The peculiarity of these drops lies in the method of taking the drug - before meals you need to drop up to 10 drops per 1 piece of refined sugar (and so on three times a day). At severe colic the dose can be increased to 20 drops at a time.

What other choleretic drugs exist? When bile stagnates in the gallbladder, doctors often prescribe medications in powder form, for example:

• "Decholin" is a drug in the form of a colorless powder that is highly soluble in water. It tastes bitter. The volume of the sachet is 5 g. You can also find 5-20% solutions for intravenous injections. The solution has a slightly alkaline reaction. Able to increase bile secretion within 3 minutes, maintaining its effect for about 3 hours.
• "flamin" - small granules various shapes light yellow color(gray with a yellow tint is allowed). It is odorless, but has a slightly perceptible specific aroma. The granules are contained in paper packages weighing 1.38 grams. The active substance is flamin (sandy immortelle flowers).

Regardless of the form of the drug produced, it is strongly recommended to consult a specialist before starting therapy. Only a qualified doctor can prescribe a suitable choleretic drug that will help cope with the disease. Finally, we list the most popular remedies, based on patient reviews.

The best choleretic drugs

A person suffering from bile stagnation tries to eliminate the cause of his feeling unwell. Sometimes you can cope with folk remedies, but more often it happens that people do not pay attention to the body’s signals and ignore the first symptoms. In advanced cases, an integrated approach with the use of medications is required. Certainly, we're talking about about the safest and most effective choleretic drugs. When there is stagnation of bile in the liver or gall bladder, Alloloch is often prescribed first from the entire range. Its advantage is its low price, but this does not reduce its effectiveness. The popularity of the product is due to its natural composition with the addition of animal bile. In addition, “Alloloh” improves the digestive process as a whole.

"Odeston" is also popular, despite the fact that it belongs to the category synthetic products. Its active substance is hymecromone, which affects the mechanism of bile release. Prevents the formation of stones in the bladder. But you should be careful when using it, as the drug has a number of contraindications.

But “Flamin” is the idol of those who give preference to natural and herbal preparations based on various herbs. Its advantage is that it acts in several directions at once: it improves the production of bile, tones the gallbladder, eliminates spasms in the ducts, is able to dilute secretions, and has an antibacterial effect. Positively affects the entire functioning of the digestive system. But it has some contraindications, which should also be taken into account and discussed with a specialist before starting therapy.

Any of the listed choleretic drugs can normalize the outflow of secretions and the activity of the gallbladder as a whole. But will this effect last? It depends on your luck. Don't get treatment hoping for chance! If you find yourself with symptoms indicating bile stagnation, contact a medical facility as soon as possible for timely and professional help.

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Immortelle sand flowers GF XIII FS.2.5.0007.15

Helichrysi arenarii flores Instead of Global Fund XI, issue. 2, art. 9 (amendment No. 2 of September 22, 1999)

Collected and dried baskets of the wild perennial herbaceous plant Helichrysum arenarium, family. Asteraceae - Asteraceae.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Corymbose inflorescences, consisting of 20 - 35 small baskets, or parts of these inflorescences, sometimes separate baskets and flowers. The baskets are spherical or slightly elongated in shape, single or several together, 4–7 mm in diameter each, with remnants of white-tomentose peduncles (axial parts of the inflorescence) no more than 1 cm long. The flowers are located on a bare receptacle and are surrounded by numerous loosely pressed involucre leaves. All flowers in the basket are tubular, bisexual, with a tuft; the bends of the corolla are five-toothed. The 3–4-row involucre of the basket consists of imbricated, petal-shaped, loosely pressed, convex leaves of lemon-yellow color. The involucre leaves are dry, membranous, shiny, heterogeneous in shape: the outer ones are broadly lanceolate; internal – linear. All involucre leaves have a membranous edge and a brownish or greenish-gray stripe in the middle. The receptacle of the baskets is flat or slightly convex, finely pitted. The flowers of the basket, as a rule, are morphologically distinguishable and are divided into median and marginal.

The marginal flowers are few (usually 5–7), pistillate or bisexual, with a long narrow perianth tube; The corollas are thread-like in shape, five-toothed, lemon-yellow in color.

The middle flowers are numerous, small, 1.5 - 2 times smaller than the marginal ones; bisexual, the tubes of their corollas are 5-toothed and with 3 to 4 additional less pronounced teeth, usually yellow or orange.

The color of the involucre leaves is lemon-yellow, sometimes with reddish-orange tips, the flower corollas are lemon-yellow or orange; peduncles and leaves – gray, greenish or brownish-gray. The smell is weak, aromatic. The taste of the water extract is spicy-bitter.

Tansy flowers GF XIII FS.2.5.0031.15

Tanaceti vulgaris flores Instead of Global Fund XI, no. 2, art. eleven

Collected at the beginning of flowering and dried inflorescences (flowers) of the perennial wild herbaceous plant tansy – Tanacetum vulgare, family. Asteraceae - Asteraceae.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Parts of a complex corymbose inflorescence and individual flower baskets. The baskets are hemispherical in shape with a depressed middle, 6–8 mm in diameter, and consist of small tubular flowers: the marginal ones are pistillate, the middle ones are bisexual. The receptacle is bare, inhollow, slightly convex, surrounded by an involucre of imbricated lanceolate leaves with a membranous edge. These leaflets are simple, sessile, pinnately divided, from 0.5 to 1.0 cm long, noticeably pubescent upon closer examination. Peduncles are furrowed, glabrous, less often slightly pubescent. The color of the flowers is yellow, the involucre leaves are brownish-green, the peduncles are light green. The smell is peculiar. The taste of the water extract is spicy and bitter.

Columns with corn silks GF XI, vol. 2, art. 31

STYLI CUM STIGMATIS ZEAE MAYDIS

Collected during the period of cob ripening and dried columns with stigmas of the cultivated annual herbaceous plant corn - Zea mays, fam. bluegrass - Roaceae.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Soft silky threads (columns), collected in bunches or partially entangled, at the top of which there are two-lobed stigmas. The columns are somewhat curved, flat, 0.1-0.15 mm wide, 0.5-20 cm long, stigmas are short, 0.4-3 mm long. Columns without stigmas are often found.

Color brown, brown-red, light yellow. The smell is weak and peculiar. Taste with mucilaginous sensation.

Chitotel's grass GF XI, vol. 2, art. 47

HERBA CHELIDONII

Grass collected during the flowering phase of the perennial herbaceous plant Greater Celandine - Chelidonium majus L., fam. poppy - Papaveraceae.

External signs. Whole raw materials. Whole or partially chopped leafy stems with flowers and fruits varying degrees development, pieces of stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. The stems are slightly ribbed, sometimes branched, hollow at the internodes, slightly pubescent, up to 50 cm long. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, pinnately dissected with 3-4 pairs of crenate-lobed segments. The buds are obovate with two pubescent sepals that fall off when the flower opens. Flowers 4-8 in axillary umbellate inflorescences on peduncles that lengthen during fruiting. Corolla of 4 obovate petals, many stamens. The fruit is an oblong, pod-shaped, bivalve capsule. The seeds are numerous, small, ovoid with a pitted surface.

toxic coldogia

Lecture No. 8

subject:plants containing alkaloids

Alkaloids (from Arabic, alkali - alkali) - a group of nitrogen-containing - organic compounds predominantly of plant origin, with alkaline properties. Most of them in their pure form - solids. These are oxygen-containing alkaloids. Oxygen-free - liquids (nicotine, anabasine).

The molecular structure of alkaloids reveals some common features: A tertiary amino group is linked by a chain of two to three (rarely four) saturated carbon atoms to another tertiary amino group, a secondary alcohol or ether group, or to an unsaturated ring. It goes without saying that the molecules of these complex substances contain other rings and substituents, however, it is the group described above that is responsible for their pharmacological and toxicological effects (Albert, 1971). Alkaloids in their pure form are poorly soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents (in alcohol, chloroform).G. A. Khmelnitsky and others.

In plants they are usually found in the form of organic salts (lactic, citric, malic succinic, oxalic) and less often inorganic (sulfuric, phosphoric) acids, which, as a rule, are highly soluble in water.

Chemically, most alkaloids are derivatives of heterocyclic compounds: pyridine (atropine, anabasine, nicotine, coniine), quinoline (quinine), isoquinoline (papaverine), phenanthrene (morphine), indole (strychnine), purine (caffeine), etc. There are also acyclic alkaloids (ephedrine, colchicine). Some alkaloids are obtained synthetically.

In the plant world, alkaloids are very widespread. Currently, there are about 700 of them. Moreover, some plant families are rich in alkaloids (poppy, legumes, nightshade), while in others (Rosaaceae) they are not found at all.

Most alkaloids are found in individual plants, but there are plants that contain several (there are more than 20 alkaloids in poppy seeds, and about 30 alkaloids in cinchona bark).

The same alkaloids can be found in plants of different families (ephedrine is found in plants of the ephedra, yew, malvaceae families), but more often in different plants one family (atropine - in henbane, datura, night belladonna, scopolia).

Most researchers believe that alkaloids are normal products of plant metabolism. However, they are distributed unevenly: in some plants they accumulate predominantly in the seeds, in others in the leaves and stems, in others in the roots and rhizomes. The concentration of alkaloids varies significantly, from parts per thousand to 10% per dry matter, which depends on the stage of vegetation, climatic conditions, the nature of the soil in which the plants grow, and even the time of day.

Many alkaloids have high biological activity, affecting vital functions in different ways. important functions organisms of animals and humans, which explains their use in small doses for medicinal purposes. In more high doses they are of toxicological interest.

In some areas of the country, about half of animal poisonings from plants are caused by alkaloids; Acute poisonings are more common, chronic poisonings are less common.

A great contribution to the study of plants containing atkaloids was made by domestic scientists F. I. Giese (1781 - 1821) and A. P. Orekhov (1881 - 1939).

Toxicoses caused by alkaloid-containing plants have general principles of laboratory diagnosis and partial treatment. All alkaloids from feed or postmortem material are extracted from acidified, then alkalized aqueous extracts chloroform followed by their group detection or identification.

Thanks to some common chemical properties alkaloids, first aid for poisoning is based on precipitating them with tannin, washing the stomach (forestomachs) with a solution of potassium permanganate and a suspension of activated carbon, followed by the administration of saline laxatives. Then, depending on the nature of the poison or change physiological functions specific antidotes and pathogenetic treatment are prescribed to the body.

Plants containing atropine group alkaloids

Datura common

DaturastramoniumL. Solanaceae family - Solanaceae - an annual herbaceous plant up to 1.5 m high. The stem is branched, the flowers are large, white, with an unpleasant odor, have a tubular pentagonal calyx and a funnel-shaped corolla. The leaves are petiolate, large, deeply notched-toothed. The fruit is a large four-lobed capsule covered with thorns; seeds are kidney-shaped, flattened, black.

Widely distributed in different zones of the USSR and throughout the globe. Prefers soils well fertilized with nitrogen. It grows in wastelands, neglected fields, on the territory of livestock farms, in gardens and orchards, along roadsides. Propagated by seeds.

Poisonous beginnings .

All parts of the plant are poisonous, but especially the leaves and seeds. Contains alkaloids hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine (hyoscine) - up to 0.7%. All alkaloids are very stable and are preserved when plants are dried and green mass is ensiled.

Henbane black

HyoscuamusnigerL. Solanaceae family - biennial herbaceous plant

30-150 cm high. The stem is erect, branched, glandular and fluffy. The leaves are large, notched-toothed, the lower ones are petiolate, the upper ones are stem-embracing. The flowers are large, dirty yellow with purple streaks. The calyx is five-toothed. The fruit is a two-lobed capsule with a lid. The seeds are small, round or kidney-shaped, flattened, light brownish-gray in color, reminiscent of poppy seeds. The whole plant has bad smell.

Widely distributed throughout the USSR. It grows in wastelands, roadsides, and is found in fields and vegetable gardens. Propagated by seeds. Millet and poppy seeds clog.

About 20 species of henbane are known around the globe, including white henbane - N. albus, pale henbane - N. pallidus, tiny henbane - N. pussillus, net henbane - N. reticulatus.

Poisonous beginnings .

All parts of the plant are poisonous; they contain (0.18-0.50%) alkaloids hyoscyamine, hyoscine (scopolamine), atropine, which are preserved when the plant is dried and ensiled. In addition, some glycosides have. Toxicity is primarily due to hyoscyamine and atropine, but hyoscyamine is approximately 2.4 times more toxic.

Belladonna vulgaris

(belladonna, “sleepy stupor”) - AtropabelladonnaL. Solanaceae family - Solanaceae - perennial ferruginous-fluffy herbaceous plant up to 2 m high. The stem is branched at the top. The leaves are oval or ovoid, of different sizes, pointed at the apex; the flowers are bell-shaped, drooping, brown-violet, mostly solitary. The fruit is a black shiny berry. The seeds are kidney-shaped, brown with a hard, wrinkled skin. The plant has an unpleasant odor.

It grows wild in the forests of the Carpathians, Crimea and the Caucasus. Cultivated in Ukraine and Krasnodar region. Propagated by seeds and annual roots.

Poisonous beginnings .

Belladonna contains the alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, duboisine and some others.

Pathogenesis.

The alkaloids of dope, henbane and belladonna have an M-cholinolytic effect, which is responsible for the paralysis of the parasympathetic nervous system they cause, leading to a sharp disruption of the function of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system and organs of vision.

In addition, atropine and hyoscyamine in large doses cause excitation of the central nervous system, which is replaced by inhibition and paralysis. Scopolamine, on the contrary, inhibits the cerebral cortex and medulla oblongata, causing weakening of breathing until it stops. In lactating animals, alkaloids are excreted in milk, giving it toxic properties.

.

Animals usually do not eat fresh plants due to their unpleasant, repellent odor. When hay is contaminated with dried plants, the likelihood of animal poisoning increases, since there is no smell. There have been cases of poisoning of cattle with silage mixed with datura and henbane, and of poultry after eating waste grain contaminated with henbane seeds. Horses and cattle are most sensitive. Poisoning of horses occurs from 120-180 g of dried henbane, and of cattle from even smaller quantities. With a content of 0.18-0.20% alkaloids, pigs can eat Datura seeds without harm at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight.

Adding dope seeds from 1 to 6% to the feed only causes a lag in weight gain and a decrease in broilers.

Symptoms

The leading sign of animal poisoning is strong general agitation, especially in horses, which is sometimes accompanied by aggressiveness. At the same time, there is a desire to move forward, as a result of which animals can injure themselves and others. This condition is aggravated by farsightedness associated with severe dilation of the pupils and spasm of accommodation. A characteristic shine to the eyes appears. There is caution in movements, an uncertain, constrained gait. The heart rate increases, the heartbeat beats, and arrhythmias appear. Breathing at the beginning of the disease is frequent, then shallow and rare. In ruminants, intestinal motility also slows down, which leads to tympany and the absence of defecation. This is also facilitated by dry mucous membranes. Diuresis stops. An increase in body temperature cannot be ruled out.

Gradually, trembling of individual muscle groups and convulsive contraction appear. The head and neck are thrown back. Before death, adynamia develops. In acute cases, death occurs within 4-6 hours from respiratory arrest.

With more long term excitement gives way to general depression, severe weakness, lack of response to external stimuli, inability to move and even stand.

not typical. Sometimes minor inflammatory phenomena of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and dystrophic changes in the myocardium are found.

In case of forced slaughter, animal meat can be used for human food only after it has been tested for residual amounts of alkaloids; internal organs are disposed of.

Diagnostics

is based on a thorough history taking into account the clinical picture, botanical analysis of feed, detection of alkaloids with their subsequent identification. Sometimes they resort to bioassay on cats, dogs or rabbits.

Particular importance should be given to the condition of the pupil (mydriasis), dry mucous membranes, absence of bowel movements and diuresis.

Treatment.

As a functional antidote, it is necessary to administer a solution of prozerin subcutaneously in therapeutic doses (0.02-0.05 for large animals), which weakens the anticholinergic effect of absorbed alkaloids. In order to bind and remove poisons from the stomach, wash it as quickly as possible with a 0.5% solution of tannin or introduce activated carbon through a tube, followed by washing with a 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate, after which saline laxatives are prescribed. To maintain cardiac activity and respiration, intravenous glucose, subcutaneous caffeine-sodium benzoate, cordiamine, and ephedrine hydrochloride are prescribed.

During the initial period of strong agitation, sedatives (chloral hydrate) are indicated.

Prevention

is to prevent animals from feeding these plants through systematic weed control, inspection of pastures and hayfields.

Other alkaloid-containing plants

Hemlock spotted

(spotted burn, head, stink) - Corriummaculatum L. celery family - Apiaceae - biennial herbaceous plant 60-200 cm high with a powerful white taproot. The stem is covered with a bluish coating, and in the lower part - with red-brown spots. The leaves are thrice pinnately dissected, the lower ones are petiolate, the upper ones are sessile with sheaths. The flowers are white, small, collected in complex umbels of 12-20 rays, having common involucres (unlike the poisonous veka). The fruit is light brown, two-seeded. When rubbed, the leaves emit the smell of mouse urine.

It grows in places of high moisture, on uncultivated lands, wastelands, abandoned vegetable gardens, roadsides throughout the European part of the country, in the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Propagated by seeds.

There are 4 known species of hemlock, common in Europe, Siberia and Asia Minor.

Poisonous beginnings.

All parts of the plant contain the alkaloids coniine, coniceine, N-methylkoniine, conhydrin and pseudoconhydrin in varying concentrations. The first three of them are liquid because they do not contain oxygen. Most of the plant contains coniine and coniceine. The highest content of alkaloids is in unripe seeds (up to 2%), less in mature ones (up to 1%), and in leaves (up to 0.5%). When plants are dried, some of the alkaloids evaporate, but are retained in the silage.

Pathogenesis.

Hemlock alkaloids are highly soluble in water and easily absorbed by mucous membranes. After absorption, coniine causes paralysis of the central nervous system, the endings of motor and sensory nerves, having a nicotine- and curare-like effect. In this case, a sharp disorder of respiratory function occurs.

Animals usually avoid eating hemlock in the pasture due to its unpleasant odor. However, in case of severe hunger or in a mixture with green mass, it may be ingested in toxic doses. The most common poisoning of cattle is the toxic dose for which is 3-5 kg ​​of green plant. Ducks die from 50-70 g of seeds. There have been cases of sheep poisoning.

One of the main causes of household poisoning in people is that hemlock seeds are mistaken for dill seeds, and the stems are mistaken for the edible stems of angelica. Lethal dose coniine for humans - 0.15 g.

Symptoms

Hemlock poisoning is usually acute.

A short time after eating, an unsteady gait appears, gradually turning into complete paralysis of the limbs, the animals lie with their heads outstretched, do not respond to external stimuli, saliva flows from the mouth, the tongue falls out of the oral cavity. At the same time, breathing becomes heavy, the pulse is weak and rapid, the body temperature is below normal, the pupil is dilated. Fibrillar twitching of individual muscle groups is observed.

In ruminants, hemlock poisoning causes tympany. Exhaled air and involuntary urine have an unpleasant odor from the plant. Progressive respiratory depression ends with respiratory arrest.

In case of non-fatal poisoning, animal recovery usually occurs within a few days.

Pathological changes

in acute cases are uncharacteristic; in subacute poisoning, signs of gastroenteritis are detected.

Diagnostics

based on an analysis of clinical symptoms and botanical composition feed and grazing areas. In this case, the specific smell of urine and exhaled air is of particular importance during the life of the animal. The diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory detection of alkaloids in the feed or stomach contents of a sick animal.

Treatment.

The stomach is washed with a 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate, followed by the administration of activated carbon, saline laxatives, and tannin.

To normalize muscle tone, subcutaneous administration of a 0.1% solution of proserin is indicated. When cardiac activity and breathing are weakened, glucose solution, caffeine-sodium benzoate, corazol, ephedrine hydrochloride, and adrenaline hydrochloride are prescribed intravenously.

Prevention

common to all poisonous plants.

A k o n i t y

Some of the most poisonous plants in the world. This is a genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the buttercup family - Ranunculaceae. About 80 species are known; About 50 species are found in the USSR. Of greatest toxicological interest are Djungarian aconite, Karakol aconite and pharmaceutical aconite. The toxicology of these plants has been well studied thanks to the works of A. A. Aldashev (1964) and V. M. Serov (1975).

Dzhuigarsky aconite

(Djungarian fighter) -Aconi-tumsoongoricumStaft.- herbaceous plant up to 290 cm high. The stem is densely leafy. The rhizome consists of a chain of fused tubers. The leaves are distinguished by a wide structure of palmately dissected lobes. An inflorescence of blue-violet flowers in the form of a brush. It grows in the subalpine and alpine zones of the Tien Shan and the basin of Lake Issyk-Kul. Propagated by seeds.

Karakol aconite

(Issyk-Kul root) - AconitumkarakolicumRapes. - herbaceous endemic plant 150-200 cm high. The stem is densely leafy in the middle part. The leaves are palmate, tightly pressed to the stem. The flowers are irregular, collected in a raceme of dark purple color, there are 5 sepals. The fruit is collected from leaflets that are filled with seeds.

It grows mainly in high mountain pastures in the eastern part of the Issyk-Kul depression. Propagated by seeds and division of bushes.

Pharmacy aconite

(blue fighter, wolf-fighter, blue buttercup) - Aconitumnapellus L. - herbaceous plant up to 150 cm high. The stem is straight, simple or branched.

The root consists of two turnip-shaped tubers, from which many small roots arise. The leaves are palmately dissected, large, on long stalks. The flowers are irregular, blue-violet in color. The fruit consists of 3-5 oval leaflets filled with 3-6-sided brown or black seeds. Propagated by seeds. Grows in the mountains of Europe, Siberia and the Caucasus. Often found as an ornamental plant.

Poisoning of animals by other types of aconites is also possible: Thalass aconite - Aconitumtalassi-cumM. Pop., Kyrgyz aconite - AconitumkirghisorumAid.etKasch, high aconite - Aconl-

turnexcelsumRchb., round-leaved aconite - AconitumrotundifoliumKar. etKir.

Poisonous beginnings .

Main active principle All aconites are the alkaloid aconitine (acetylbenzoilaconine), which is found in all parts of plants. In some species, other alkaloids were found - aconifine, zongorin, caracolin, caracolidine (in Karakol aconite), zangorin, norzorgorin, acetylzongorin (in Djungarian aconite), talatisin, tala-tizamine, talatisidine, isothalatisidine (in talatisidine aconite) and etc. They are distributed unevenly in the plant. Thus, the above-ground parts of Karakol aconite contain from 0.2 to 1%, and the roots - from 0.7 to 4% of the total alkaloids (Serov, 1975).

Toxicological significance and doses.

In places where aconites are widely distributed in pastures (Central Asia), cases of poisoning of sheep, and less often of cattle and horses, are quite common, since animals eat them relatively easily. Plants are poisonous in fresh and dried states. Poisoning in adult sheep occurs after eating up to 250 g of green mass of Karakol aconite, i.e., when a total of alkaloids are ingested at a dose of 12-15 mg/kg body weight. The absolutely lethal dose of sulfuric acid salts when administered subcutaneously is 1.0-1.5 mg/kg, which indicates the extremely high toxicity of these alkaloids. The lethal dose of other types of aconite is slightly higher.

Pathogenesis.

Despite the fact that the high toxicity of aconites has been known for a long time (alkaloids were discovered by the French chemist Peschier in 1820, and isolated in their pure form by German toxicologists Geigor and Hesse in 1838), the mechanism toxic effect they have not been studied enough. Alkaloids are easily absorbed through all routes of introduction into the body and first cause stimulation and then inhibition of cholinergic receptors. In addition to blocking the N-cholinoreactive systems of skeletal muscles, alkaloids have a ganglion-blocking effect, as evidenced by a pronounced hypotensive effect and impaired motor function of the rumen in sheep.

Symptoms

poisoning is characterized initially by severe anxiety, profuse salivation, bouts of vomiting, frequent bowel movements and urination. Breathing becomes heavy, frequent, with wheezing.

Cardiac activity weakens, which is manifested by a weak, frequent pulse and arrhythmia. The pupil first constricts and then expands. Increasing general weakness leads to the fact that animals fall and cannot get up. Fibrillations of individual muscle groups appear, followed by attacks of clonic-tonic convulsions, during which body temperature rises by 1 -1.5 °C.

Tympany develops in ruminants. Pain and tactile sensitivity is gradually lost. During one of the attacks of convulsions, the animal dies from respiratory arrest a few hours later.

Pathological changes

not typical. There are pinpoint hemorrhages under the epicardium and pulmonary edema. With a prolonged course - the phenomenon of acute gastroenteritis. In the case of forced slaughter of animals, the internal organs are disposed of (a case of a person getting sick after eating the liver of a pig poisoned with aconite is described), and the meat is used as conditionally suitable.

Diagnostics

is based on an analysis of the clinical picture, botanical composition of pasture and feed, as well as laboratory confirmation of the presence of alkaloids. It is necessary to exclude poisoning from plants containing alkaloids of the atropine group and hellebore.

Treatment.

In the initial period of poisoning, saline laxatives with plenty of water, activated carbon are prescribed orally, and you can also wash the stomach (forestomachs) with a 0.5% solution of tannin or a 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate. You can introduce a mixture of fresh milk with a 0.2% solution of potassium permanganate. To eliminate symptoms associated with respiratory and cardiac dysfunction, caffeine sodium benzoate, atropine sulfate and cardiac glycosides are administered subcutaneously in therapeutic doses. Specific methods no treatments have been developed.

Prevention

is to prevent feeding aconites to animals.

Lobel's Hellebore

VeratrumlobelianumBernh of the lily family - Liliaceae" is a perennial herbaceous plant, height 100-150 cm. The rhizome is perennial, massive. The stem is annual, cylindrical, hollow inside, bare at the bottom, and fluffy at the top. Leaves are alternate, broadly lanceolate, covering most of the stem , fluffy below. The flowers are yellow-green, collected in an apical paniculate plexus. The fruit is a three-locular multi-seeded brownish capsule containing light brown shiny oblate seeds. It grows everywhere in Europe and northern Asia in forests, on damp mountain meadows. Only about 50 are known species of hellebore; in the USSR there are 8 species, among which white hellebore - V. albumL., black hellebore - V. nigrumL., Dahurian hellebore - V. dahuricum L. are of toxicological interest.

Poisonous beginnings.

The above-ground part of hellebore contains up to 2% of the total alkaloids, consisting of protoverathrins A and B, jervin, pseudojervin, rubijervin, germerin, veralosinin and some others. Hellebores, growing in the regions of Central Asia, do not contain or contain little of the highly toxic protoveratrin, which explains their relatively low toxicity compared to plants in other regions of the country. In Kyrgyzstan, it is eaten by horses without harm.

Toxicological significance and doses.

Poisoning of animals is more common when kept in stalls, when they receive hay or silage mixed with hellebore. Sometimes poisonings become widespread. There are reports that hellebore dried on the vine in the fall in hay does not pose a danger to animals.

On a pasture, young plants pose a danger, 400-800 g of which can cause poisoning of large animals. The lethal dose of raw rhizome is 1 g/kg body weight for a horse and 2 g/kg for a cow. Horses are the most sensitive. Cases of poisoning of cattle, sheep and poultry have been described.

Pathogenesis.

Hellebore alkaloids have a pronounced local irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes, which explains the use of its preparations as ruminators and emetics. After absorption, the action of alkaloids is to some extent reminiscent of the action of aconitine. After short-term excitement, persistent paralysis of the central and peripheral nervous system occurs. In this case, intracardiac conduction is disrupted, small arteries dilate and small veins become smeared, but blood pressure decreases.

Symptoms

A short time (1-2 hours) after eating hellebore, the animals are first observed to be very restless, then general excitement is observed, followed by depression. In horses - severe salivation, vomiting; sometimes discharge of stomach contents through the nose, profuse sweating, frequent urination, trembling of body muscles; breathing is difficult, cardiac activity is weakened, the pupils are dilated, and there is a loss of pain and tactile sensitivity. In cattle and sheep - agitation, salivation, diarrhea, vomiting, profuse sweating, muscle tremors, decreased body temperature, increased heart rate and breathing. Death occurs from suffocation during one of the seizures.

In the gastrointestinal tract - strong degree hyperemia of the mucous membranes with hemorrhages. There is congestion in the internal organs. In the lungs - symptoms of edema; Dystrophic changes in the liver and kidneys are also expressed.

Diagnosis,

Taking into account the specificity of clinical signs and the results of botanical analysis of feed, it does not present any particular difficulties.

Treatment

is aimed at removing the contents of the stomach (forestomachs) by washing with a 0.5% solution of tannin, activated carbon and subsequent administration of saline laxatives. In ruminants, rumenotomy is indicated. Caffeine-sodium benzoate and atropine sulfate are administered subcutaneously (but not at the onset of the disease); intravenously - calcium chloride, glucose solution or Ringer-Locke solution.

Prevention

consists of careful control of pastures and hayfields.

Lupine

Lupinus is a genus of annual and perennial mainly herbaceous plants of the legume family - Fabaceae. About 200 species are known. In the USSR - only cultivated species: narrow-leaved or blue lupine (L. angustifolius), yellow lupine (L. luteus), white lupine (L. albus), variable lupine (L. mutabilis) and perennial lupine (L. poluphyllus). The stem is erect, 100-150 cm high. Root system rod-shaped, branched, penetrates deeply into the soil. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, palmately compound. Flowers of different colors, collected from a vertical brush. The fruit is a bean containing 3-5 (sometimes

more) seeds, different in size, shape, color and surface pattern. Propagated by seeds.

Poisonous beginnings.

All parts of the plant contain toxic alkaloids lupinine, lupanine, lupinidine, sparteine, hydroxylupanine, angustofoline, which are highly soluble in water and thermostable. The highest content of alkaloids is in the seeds, so lupine is especially dangerous for animals during and after ripening. It is known that the green mass of lupine contains approximately 5-10 times less alkaloids than the grain, and the straw contains 4-5 times more than the green mass.

Toxicological significance and doses.

Among grain legumes, lupine has the most pronounced ability for nitrogen fixation - during the growing season on an area of ​​1 hectare, it accumulates in its mass up to 150-200 kg of nitrogen, a lot of phosphorus, potassium and other substances. In addition, lupine is rich in protein. In green mass the protein content exceeds 20%, in grain - 40%. On sandy and sandy loam soils it gives high yields of green mass and grain. However, toxicity to animals somewhat limits its spread.

Based on the amount of alkaloids in the seeds, lupins are divided into alkaloid-free (up to 0.025%), low-alkaloid (from 0.025 to 0.1%) and alkaloid or bitter (more than OD%). For feed purposes, only non-alkaloid and low-alkaloid seeds are sown, and the seed should not contain more than 5% of alkaloid-containing seeds; bitter lupins - only as green manure. Grain, green mass, haylage, silage, as well as grazing on the field after harvesting pose a danger to animals, especially in cases where variety renewal has not been carried out on the farm for more than four years. It is believed that the toxic dose of alkaloids for cattle is about 20 mg/kg of body weight, and the lethal dose is up to 30 mg/kg. The safe level of alkaloids in seeds and pods is up to 0.06%. However, there have been cases of mass poisoning of animals with green mass with an acceptable content of alkaloids, when lupine was the main food and the animals ate it in large quantities.

IN Lately Many works have appeared confirming that chronic poisoning (lupinosis) is

It is caused by mycotoxicosis, which occurs in animals after eating lupine containing fungal toxins.

Pathogenesis.

Lupine alkaloids have a toxic effect on the central and peripheral nervous system, causing short-term excitation followed by paralysis of the centers, including respiration and cholinergic receptors of the motor nerves. In addition, they have hepatotoxic and photosensitizing effects.

Cows and heifers always develop ketosis. In chronic poisoning (lupinosis), the liver is predominantly affected as a result of loss of zinc and increased accumulation of copper and selenium. Prophylactic administration of zinc salts significantly weakens lupine toxicosis. In animals that have recovered from the disease, sensitivity to lupine increases and persists for more than a year.

Symptoms

In acute cases, after short-term anxiety and excitement in animals, deep depression sets in. They stand for a long time with their heads bowed, sometimes resting against a feeder or wall. There is no appetite from the first day of the disease. There is a disorder of defecation - first constipation, then diarrhea. Cardiac activity and breathing gradually weaken. Body temperature is usually elevated. One of the most characteristic symptoms is pronounced-| yellowishness of the mucous membranes. Exhaustion gradually develops. Death occurs from asphyxia on the 2-5th day.

Chronic poisoning is characterized by decreased appetite, increasing general depression, yellowness of the mucous membranes, sharp decline| milk productivity in cows; in summer, after exposure to the sun, subcutaneous swelling occurs, turning |. Into foci of necrosis. Gradual emaciation turns into cachexia.

Pathological changes.

At the autopsy of corpses, the first thing that strikes the eye is the pronounced yellowness of the mucous membranes and internal organs. The liver is enlarged, flabby, with symptoms of fatty and protein degeneration; V chronic cases- enlarged, dense, with an uneven surface (cirrhosis).

Fatty degeneration of the kidneys and adrenal cortex, flabbiness of the heart muscle, and focal pulmonary edema are noted. Mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal

tract and bladder in a state of hemorrhagic inflammation.

Diagnostics

is not particularly difficult. Anamnesis, analysis of all circumstances, the clinical picture of the animal’s disease and the complex of pathological changes are of decisive importance. The diagnosis is confirmed by the detection of lupine alkaloids in laboratory conditions.

Treatment

based on the fastest possible conversion of alkaloids in the stomach into insoluble salts by introducing dilute acetic or hydrochloric acids. Alkaline solutions are contraindicated.

Used as laxatives Castor oil. To improve cardiac activity and respiration, caffeine-sodium benzoate, intravenous glucose and a 30% sodium thiosulfate solution are administered subcutaneously.

In case of chronic poisoning, it is necessary to exclude lupine from the diet and carry out symptomatic treatment.

Prevention

poisoning is to carefully follow the instructions for using lupine for feed purposes. First of all, it is necessary: ​​do not allow seeds containing more than 5% alkaloid-containing grains to be sown; carry out variety renewal on farms at least once every four years; the green mass of lupine should not account for more than 30% of the diet in terms of nutritional value; silage of green mass should be carried out only in a half mixture with other crops; feed grain, straw and silage only after determining their alkaloid content; plow the areas after harvesting, preventing livestock from grazing on them; Avoid feeding lupine feed to animals that have recovered from lupinosis for at least two years.

Trichodesma gray

Trichodesmaincanum (Bunge) of the borage family - Borraginaceae - is a perennial herbaceous plant 30-80 cm high with branched stems. The leaves are broadly lanceolate, pointed, densely pubescent; the flowers are large and blue. The fruit consists of four wrinkled seeds (nuts) of gray-brown color connected to each other. Grows in the foothills and mountainous regions of the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It infests pastures and is a quarantine weed of grain crops. Propagated by seeds.

Poisonous beginnings.

All parts of the plant contain highly toxic alkaloids trichodesmin, incanine and their N-oxides. In seeds, the content of alkaloids reaches 3% or more; in green parts - up to 1%. Alkaloids are very resistant to temperature - 180 ° C does not destroy them (Shevchenko, 1972). Stillage from contaminated grain retains toxic properties.

Toxicological significance and doses.

Trichodesmotoxicosis of animals and birds occurs after prolonged feeding of contaminated hay, grain fodder and stillage from such grain. Under natural conditions, the plant is not eaten. In the past, people suffered from a disease called “toxic encephalitis” from eating contaminated grain products. In farm animals, poisoning is known as “suilyuk”. Of the domestic animals, the most sensitive are pigs, then horses, donkeys; of birds - chickens, then ducks and geese, and to a lesser extent turkeys. Ruminant animals are more resistant to alkaloids. Poisoning of pigs, horses, chickens and, less commonly, cattle occurs. Pigs got sick and died after feeding seeds at a dose of 0.1-0.2 g/kg body weight (Shevchenko, 1972).

A. M. Vilner (1974) cites data from other authors that cattle became ill from a dose of 0.5 g/kg body weight, sheep - from 1-2; horses - from 0.1 g/kg and even after daily feeding of 3 g of seeds.

The presence of up to 0.5% of trichodesma seeds in the feed causes the death of sows on the 8-15th day, and with 1%, death is observed on the 5-6th day of feeding.

The milk of lactating cows, as well as meat after the slaughter of sick animals, contains alkaloids, which precludes their use for human food and animal feed.

Pathogenesis.

Trichodesma alkaloids have a pronounced cumulative effect, which determines the long latent period of poisoning - from several weeks to several months.

According to N. X. Shevchenko (1972), their sensitizing effect with subsequent allergic reactions cannot be ruled out. At the same time, blood pressure drops sharply, the content of hemoglobin and red blood cells decreases, neutrophilic leukocytosis increases with a shift of the nucleus to the left, carbohydrate,

protein and mineral metabolism, the overall reactivity of the body and reproductive ability sharply decrease. Liver dysfunction is irreversible.

Symptoms

Trichodesmotoxicosis is chronic.

Gilts may have a subacute course.

Pigs become depressed, refuse to feed, nervous phenomena, possible vomiting, immobility, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, sometimes mixed with blood), increased body temperature, and stunted growth.

In horses and cattle, the symptoms are similar - progressive emaciation with complete preservation of appetite, first some general agitation and even aggressiveness (in horses), then depression and developing paralysis, weakening of cardiac activity and breathing, coughing, lacrimation and salivation, impaired coordination of movement , deposition. Death occurs from respiratory arrest during convulsions.

In birds - depression, lack of appetite, emaciation, cessation of egg laying.

In young animals of all species, deformation of the joints and curvature of the limbs, lameness, and impaired coordination of movements are observed.

Pathological changes.

In the internal organs and in the brain there are pronounced hemodynamic disorders, manifested by vascular hyperemia, edema, and numerous extravasations; protein and fatty degeneration, foci of necrosis, proliferative reactions. The mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract is in a state of catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation. Softening of the epiphyses of bones with symptoms of osteoporosis.

Diagnostics

comprehensive, taking into account data from the anamnesis, clinical and pathological picture, the results of testing feed and pathological materials for the presence of alkaloids.

For early diagnosis Trichodesma poisoning in horses, a 5-minute run test is recommended ( sharp increase and difficulty breathing) and detection of high levels of bilirubin in the blood.

Treatment

not developed. Satisfactory results were obtained after a course of treatment, including intravenous administration of calcium chloride in combination

with methenamine and digitalis tincture. In prolonged cases, treatment is ineffective.

Prevention

consists in a categorical prohibition of the use of contaminated grain fodder in animal feeding and for sowing purposes, compliance with appropriate agricultural technology for growing grain crops, destruction of weeds with herbicides from the 2,4-D group, wider use of biological methods of combating trichodesma and grain cleaning by flotation 15% - pure sodium chloride solution.

Heliotrope pubescent

Heliqtropiumlasio-carpumTisch. etMey. borage family - Borragina-ceae - annual herbaceous plant 20-50 cm high. The stem is branched, the leaves are pubescent, elliptical petiolate. The flowers are small, regular, white, collected in curls. The fruit is a nut. It is widespread as a weed in vegetable gardens, orchards, and fields of wheat, barley, alfalfa, and melons in the republics of Central Asia and Azerbaijan. There are also cases of poisoning of sheep with heliotrope pilosa - N. dasycar-pumLdb., heliotrope Olga -N. OlgaeBge., heliotrope arguziaceae - N. arguzioidesKar. etKir., elliptical heliotrope - N. ellepticumLedeb.

Poisonous beginnings .

All types of heliotropes contain the alkaloids heliotrine, lasiocarpine and their N-oxides. Green plants of heliotrope pubescent contain up to 0.5% of the total alkaloids, and seeds - up to 1%. Heliotrope hairy-necked, according to D. M. Muratova (1970), in dry years can accumulate up to 4.9% of the total alkaloids, and in early period during the growing season, leaves contain up to 2%, stems - up to 0.62%; As plants develop, the level of alkaloids in seeds increases.

Toxicological significance and doses.

Poisoning of farm animals and birds occurs mainly when feeding them grain feed contaminated with heliotrope seeds. However, D. M. Muratov (1970) reports that sheep in dry years willingly eat the entire plant, which is the reason for their poisoning.

Birds are most sensitive to alkaloids, then pigs and sheep, and to a lesser extent other animal species.

Toxic doses of seeds (per 1 kg of body weight) are: for pigs from 1 g and more, for sheep 2 g. The total lethal dose of seeds for lambs is 274-279 g, for adult sheep 294-310 g. Death occurred after 3-6 months depending on the daily dose. There is information that seeds are toxic to chickens in a dose of 0.1 g/kg body weight or more. Grain feeds containing 1-2% heliotrope seeds pose a danger to other animal species. Eating bread products from contaminated seeds leads to the so-called heliotropic toxicosis in humans, manifested by ascites, hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver.

Pathogenesis.

Heliotrope alkaloids have a selective hepatotoxic effect, the pathogenesis of which has not yet been fully elucidated. Alkaloids have a pronounced cumulative effect. Under their influence, the function of the liver is sharply impaired, which becomes a specific copper accumulator (its level increases 10-20 times).

In the final period of poisoning, hypercupremia develops, leading to hemolysis of red blood cells and the development of jaundice. With the appearance of clinical signs of poisoning, the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and leukocytes decreases, the ESR increases, the activity of transaminases and blood aldolase increases, the level of bilirubin increases, and the protein content decreases.

Symptoms

The first signs of poisoning appear depending on the daily intake of alkaloids in the body - after 1 -1"/2 months and even after 1 - 2 years. At first, mild depression, loss of appetite, slight yellowness of the visible mucous membranes are expressed, then within a few days the condition worsens , there is a complete refusal of food and water, depression, staleness, pain in the liver, exhaustion, trembling of the body muscles, impaired coordination of movements. These phenomena sometimes occur in more short time, which can be considered as an acute course of poisoning, and for a longer period - as a chronic course, characterized by increasing jaundice and exhaustion. Before death - clonic-tonic convulsions. Chickens have cachexia and depression. The prognosis is unfavorable even if contaminated feed is excluded from the diet as soon as the first signs of poisoning appear. The mortality rate reaches 100%.

Pathological changes.

In acute cases, the blood is dark cherry in color, semi-coagulated, the volume of the kidneys, spleen, abomasum, gall bladder and lungs is increased. In the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract there are extravasates of various shapes and sizes. The liver is yellow-ocher in color, the kidneys are flabby.

Histologically - phenomena of stagnation in the liver, swelling of the walls of blood vessels and perivascular spaces, fatty and protein degeneration of the liver and kidneys. In chronic cases, dystrophic changes with focal necrosis of hepatocytes and yellowness of the mucous membranes are more pronounced.

In chickens, there is accumulation of a significant amount of fluid in the thoraco-abdominal cavity and necrotizing hepatitis.

Diagnostics

is based on anamnesis, analysis of the clinical and pathological picture, laboratory confirmation of the presence of alkaloids using paper chromatography according to V. M. Serov (1964).

Treatment

symptomatic. In acute cases, gastric lavage with a suspension of activated carbon, subcutaneous administration of caffeine-sodium benzoate, intravenous glucose, vitamin therapy are indicated - ascorbic acid, cyanocobalamin, a nicotinic acid.

Prevention

is to prevent animals from eating heliotrope plants and grain fodder contaminated by them.

I. F. Absalyamov (1979) obtained good results when feeding sheep daily for preventive purposes 70-100 mg of ammonium molybdate and 20 g of sodium sulfate for 30-40 days.

Poppy self-seeding

PapaverrhoeasL. poppy family - Papaveraceae - an annual herbaceous plant 25-50 cm high. The leaves are pinnate with jagged edges, covered with hairs, just like the stems. The flowers are bright red, large, on long stalks. The fruit is an obovate or club-shaped capsule. Propagated by seeds. Widely distributed as a weed of many crops in the European and southern parts of the USSR, the Caucasus and Altai. Conditions for poppy are especially favorable in Central Asia.

Also of toxicological interest are the peacock poppy - P. pavonicum, the orange poppy - P. crose-um, the oriental poppy - P. orientale, the Tien Shan poppy - P. tianschanicum, etc.

Poisonous beginnings

Alkaloids readin and reagenin, the sum of which in the above-ground part reaches 0.24%.

Toxicological significance and doses.

Cases of poisoning of horses, cattle and sheep have been described after feeding hay or straw mixed with poppy seeds, especially fruit pods, which pose a danger to animals in their immature state. They can contaminate grain waste. Ripe seeds are not poisonous.

Pathogenesis.

Alkaloids of field poppy have a selective effect on the central nervous system, acting similarly to alkaloids of poppy somniferum - P. Somniferum, which has been studied much better as pharmacological agent. In some animal species (cattle) they cause strong excitement, in others (horses, sheep) - depression.

Symptoms

poisoning is characterized in cattle by anxiety, turning into agitation with symptoms of aggressiveness and subsequent trembling of individual muscle groups. Excitement is replaced by drowsiness, turning into deep sleep with a complete loss of sensitivity and reflexes. In sheep, there is severe depression, salivation, seizures, coma and rumen tympany, which is often the cause of death.

Pathological changes

not typical. In the internal organs there is venous stagnation, the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines are inflamed. In case of forced slaughter, the meat is used as conditionally suitable, and the internal organs are disposed of.

Diagnostics

based on an analysis of anamnesis, clinical picture and autopsy results. Of particular importance is the detection of immature poppy buds in the contents of the stomach (forestomachs).

Treatment

symptomatic. Gastric lavage with a 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate, administration of activated charcoal and saline laxatives are indicated. To stimulate breathing and cardiac activity, caffeine-sodium benzoate is prescribed subcutaneously, or cititone or lobeline hydrochloride. In this case, the animals are placed in a place protected from sunlight.

Prevention

consists of systematically combating the infestation of fields with different types of poppy.

Ephedra horsetail

EphedraequisetinaBunge of the conifer family - Gnetaceae - is a perennial, strongly branched shrub 1 - 1.5 m high. It has articulated branches with scale-like leaves. The flowers are small. Seme-

na - juicy false berry of orange-red color. It grows on rocky slopes and pebbles in Central Asia and the Caucasus.

Common ephedra

(Kuzmicheva grass, ephedra) - E. vuigarisRich. The coniferous family - Gnetaceae - is a small branched shrub up to 20 cm in height. The branches are segmented and grooved. The leaves are represented only by short sheaths. The flowers are small, unisexual. The fruit is a red coneberry. Grows in the desert regions of Central Asia, the Caucasus, Crimea, Siberia and Far East. Ephedra average - E. intermedia, ciliated ephedra - E. ciliata and some other species are also of toxicological interest.

Poisonous beginnings

Alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, as well as other bases. All of them are found in different forms in different proportions. Their highest content was found in green shoots - up to 3.11%, less - in lignified branches -. up to 0.79 and ripe fruits - 0.56%.

Toxicological significance and doses.

Sheep and goats are most susceptible to ephedra poisoning when they eat large quantities of green branches in early spring or in winter after snowfalls, when all vegetation except ephedra is hidden under snow.

Suckling lambs and kids are especially sensitive to alkaloids, poisoning of which is observed during the grazing period of their mothers. It has been experimentally proven that adult sheep die from 37-45 kg of ephedra in 20-29 days, and lambs die from 4-11 kg in 15-24 days (Vilner, 1974). Poisoning of animals appears only after a certain period of time from the start of grazing, which indicates their accumulation in the body. Poisoning is chronic. However, imported sheep from places where ephedra does not grow are more sensitive to it, as a result of which their poisoning is acute after a relatively short incubation period.

Pathogenesis.

Due to the fact that ephedrine is an indirect adrenergic agonist, its effect on the body is associated with stimulation of the central and sympathetic nervous system, like other adrenergic agonists - adrenaline, norepinephrine and phenamine. Hence the characteristic symptom complex. After a short period of stimulation of vital functions, more a long period their inhibition

due to depletion of mediator reserves at adrenergic synapses.

Symptoms

are characterized first by refusal of food, depression, falling behind the herd, and unsteadiness of gait. After some restlessness, the animals lie down on the second or third day and do not get up again. In this case, attacks of tonic convulsions periodically appear, turning into constant swimming movements of the limbs. The head is thrown back, the pupils are usually dilated, the pulse and breathing are frequent, atony of the forestomach and intestines. The prognosis is unfavorable. Death occurs 3-4 days or slightly later from the onset of the disease.

Pathological changes

not particularly characteristic. The corpse is swollen, rigor mortis is well expressed. There is congestion in the vessels of the brain and internal organs. In the chest cavity and in the respiratory tract there is serous-hemorrhagic exudate. Expressed catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. The contents of the proventriculus contain sprigs of ephedra. In the heart - thinning of the walls and expansion of the cavities, under the epi- and endocardium - hemorrhages.

In case of forced slaughter, meat is allowed to be used as conditionally suitable.

Diagnostics

is based on the analysis of anamnestic data, clinical picture and autopsy results, as well as on the detection of ephedrine in the contents of the rumen by paper chromatography.

Treatment

practically not developed. In acute cases, the administration of saline laxatives with a suspension of activated carbon, intravenous glucose solution with the addition of 1-2 ml of corglycone, as well as saline blood substitutes for several days in a row are indicated.

Prevention.

With the emergence of cases of poisoning, animals are transferred to stall housing, which stops the death of animals after 7-10 days. It has been noted that daily feeding of animals with hay or good-quality straw significantly prevents the massive incidence of disease in animals.

Leafless barnyard grass

(anabasis) - Anabasisaphylla L. family of gonopodiaceae - Chenopodiaceae - perennial subshrub 30-80 cm high. Stems are bare, die off at the base every year. Numerous branches of articulation

Stubborn, leaves in the form of short scales, flowers small, yellowish-greenish, collected in the form of spike-shaped inflorescences. The fruit is juicy. It grows on salt marshes, sands, and rocky slopes of the foothills, standing out as lush greenery against the background of burnt grass.

Distributed in the southeast of the European part of the country, in Central Asia, Transcaucasia, and Kazakhstan.

There are 9 species of barnyard grass growing in Kyrgyzstan, of which the best studied are the leafless barnyard grass and the Tien Shan barnyard grass - A. tianschanica. All of them are of toxicological interest.

The poisonous principles are the alkaloids anabasine, aphylline, aphyllidine, lupinine and others, which are found mainly in green shoots. The content of alkaloids depends on the nature of the soil, the stage of vegetation (mostly before and at the beginning of flowering), climatic conditions and even on the color of the plants. Various authors have established the amount of alkaloids in green shoots to be up to 3-5%, and in some specimens up to 12.2% of anabasine (Serov, 1984).

Toxicological significance and doses.

Barnyard grass poses a danger mainly to sheep, but cases of poisoning have also been described in cattle. This occurs in pastures with sparse vegetation. Salt starvation of animals predisposes to poisoning. Blackberry has a salty taste due to its content of up to 0.66% table salt. The lethal dose of anabasis for sheep is 70-150 g per head, and the amount of alkaloids is 40-60 mg/kg body weight (Serov, Egoshin, 1971).

Pathogenesis.

It is known that anabasine, like nicotine, excites in small doses, and in large doses blocks nicotine receptors of central interneuron synapses, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla and carotid glomeruli. Hence - a sharp violation of the regulatory function of the central and peripheral nervous system. It is no coincidence that anabasine sulfate is used as a highly effective insecticide in plant protection. There is evidence that anabasine has a pronounced teratogenic effect when feeding plants containing it to pregnant pigs.

Symptoms

In sheep, 2-3 hours after eating barnyard grass, depression, profuse salivation, and trembling of skeletal muscles appear. Cardiac activity is sharply disrupted - tachycardia, arrhythmia, breathing - first frequent, superficial, then rare and arrhythmic. Hypotony, then atony and rumen tympany. Animals die in comatose from respiratory arrest.

In cattle, the clinical signs of poisoning are similar, except that in the initial period there is sometimes strong agitation. Death occurs within 12-24 hours.

In sheep, poisoning is more acute.

Pathological changes

not typical. The corpse is swollen, there are congestion in the internal organs, point extravasations under the epicardium and endocardium, catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. In case of forced slaughter in the initial period of poisoning, the meat is sold as conditionally suitable; in case of slaughter in a comatose state, it is subjected to technical disposal.

Diagnostics

except general principles, includes chromatographic determination of anabasine in the contents of the stomach and in internal organs according to V. M. Serov.

Treatment

symptomatic. Prescribe saline laxatives with activated carbon, gastric lavage with a 0.5% solution of tannin, subcutaneous injection of caffeine-sodium benzoate, intravenous glucose with the addition of 1-2 ml of 0.06% solution of corglycone.

Prevention

poisoning, in addition to the general principles, includes the mandatory feeding of animals with table salt, especially before pasture.

The main function of the gallbladder is to secrete bile. However, when it is produced in insufficient quantities or cannot be eliminated by the digestive system, you need to take choleretic herbs. An experienced doctor should make the appointment, because different herbal preparations are selected for each disease.

What herbs are choleretic?

Many medicinal herbs have a corresponding effect. There is no exact list, but for convenience they are grouped according to the principle of action on the body:

1. Increased tone. The muscles of the gallbladder and liver contract under the influence of the herbal mixture, and bile is evacuated into the intestines. Such formulations are not suitable for patients with gallstones - there is a risk of blockage.
2. Liquefaction. Herbs promote the accumulation of water in the body, can dilute bile, and help it exit naturally.
3. Improving the composition of bile. This collection simultaneously improves the composition of bile and ensures production and timely outflow. It contains useful acids, flavonoids, tannins, and vitamins. As a result, the gallbladder and liver begin to function fully.
4. Antispasmodic property. A decoction of herbs has an analgesic effect, the muscles of the organ relax, and the volume of bile excreted through the intestines increases.

For each group there are choleretic drugs of plant origin that help produce bile. Some of the products have contraindications for use, so it is recommended to undergo examination before taking them. This will help the doctor determine accurate diagnosis, decide on additional methods of therapy and choose a collection of choleretic herbs to treat the disease.

Choleretic herbs - list

Many herbs used as folk choleretic remedies are well known to everyone. They grow in all regions of our country. Here is a list of choleretic herbs:

• mountain arnica;
• sand immortelle;
• elecampane tall;
• calamus root;
• Potentilla gossamer;
• stinging nettle;
• corn silk;
• common dandelion;
• milk thistle;
• tansy;
• greater celandine;
• sagebrush;
• peppermint;
• yarrow.

Leaves and fruits of some trees and shrubs - birch, barberry, rose hips - have a similar effect. Availability of plants allows you to buy choleretic fees at the pharmacy or make them at home. Each has its own period, but generally they can be collected from the beginning of June to the end of August. Dry on a flat surface in the shade, avoiding sunlight.

Choleretic fees

Plants are used individually for treatment, but cholekinetic compositions consisting of several components are more often used. They are selected based on many years of research. Popular choleretic herbs (or phytohepatols) include:

• No. 1. Contains: immortelle - 4 parts, peppermint, coriander seeds, trifoliate - 2 parts each. Suitable for the treatment of cholecystitis, cholangitis, hepatitis.
• No. 2. Contains: immortelle – 40%, mint, yarrow, dandelion – 20% each. Used to stimulate the outflow of bile after gall bladder surgery.
• No. 3. The drug contains: tansy – 8%, calendula, mint, yarrow – 23% each. Prescribed when chronic cholangitis, cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia.

Use 2-3 times/day, ½ cup of infusion 20-30 minutes before meals. The advantage of pharmaceutical drugs is that they are inexpensive, sold in bags, have instructions with detailed description composition and contraindications. At home, herbs are measured by eye. To prepare, you need to pour 2 tbsp. l. collect 0.5 liters of boiling water, let it brew for an hour.

Choleretic herbs for bile stagnation

If the outflow of bile is poor, it cannot enter the ducts, the person feels pain in the right side near the ribs, and a bitter taste in the mouth. If treatment is not started in time, gallstones will form. There are known choleretic herbs that are excellent for helping with bile stagnation:

1. Common dandelion. It has an anti-inflammatory and diuretic effect. Use a decoction of the roots. Contraindicated for: large gallstones, colitis, gastritis and hemorrhoids.
2. Corn silk. Help prevent stagnation of bile at the very beginning of the disease. Cannot be used in the presence of stones, varicose veins veins, pregnancy, thrombosis.
3. Birch leaves. Helps gently relieve spasms, inflammation, and relax the bile ducts. Use with extreme caution during pregnancy.

Choleretic herbs for gallstones

Once calculi or stones are detected, treatment should be chosen more carefully. You should not take diuretics, which will provoke the movement of formations along the biliary tract and damage them. The doctor will tell you which collections of choleretic herbs are suitable for gallstones. Infusions that are more effective than others are:

1. Calamus marsh. Combines with immortelle and St. John's wort. Contraindicated in pregnant women suffering from nosebleeds.
2. Wormwood. A decoction and alcohol tincture of wormwood will do. Can be used with horsetail. It is forbidden to use in patients with thrombophlebitis, stomach ulcers, and excess weight.
3. Peppermint. Helps reduce the size of the stone or dissolve it. Added to mixtures with lemon balm and chamomile. Contraindications: hypertension, breastfeeding, allergy to the plant.

Choleretic herbs after gallbladder removal

Surgery to remove the gallbladder, or cholecystectomy, is performed when the organ does not respond to medication. After the procedure, the patient must follow diet No. 5. To prevent stagnation of bile in the ducts, it is recommended to take the following choleretic herbs when the gallbladder is removed:

1. Corn silk.
2. knotweed or bird knotweed. Prevents recurrent stone formation, acts as a strong antiseptic. Do not use during pregnancy, thrombophlebitis, diseases of the bladder and kidneys.
3. Milk thistle improves liver function. Diseases for which it should not be used: liver, renal colic, diarrhea, pancreatitis, individual intolerance.

Choleretic herbs for cholecystitis

Suitable infusions of the same plants that are used for stagnation of bile and pharmaceutical preparations number one and three. In addition, other choleretic herbs will help with cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder): immortelle, calendula, sage, wormwood, chamomile, oats. The main condition when choosing plants for medicinal composition– their antispasmodic and antiseptic effects.

Choleretic herbs for biliary dyskinesia

During this disease, the motor function of the gallbladder and ducts is impaired. The doctor prescribes choleretic herbs for biliary dyskinesia:

1. Horseradish. Use alcohol tincture fresh leaves.
2. Angelica officinalis. Brings quick results together with mint leaves, sage, caraway fruits.
3. Choleretic tea. Take 1 part lemon balm, 2 parts mint, buckthorn bark, immortelle flowers, 5-6 parts rose hips. Take with 1 tsp. honey

Choleretic herbs for inflected gallbladder

The bending of the gallbladder occurs as a result of inflammation. The bile can no longer be discharged as before. Therefore, you need to take the following choleretic herbs when the gallbladder is bent:

• fennel;
• chamomile;
• gentian;
• phytohepatol No. 3.

Choleretic for children

For diseases associated with the excretion of bile in a child, a different strategy is used. Children's body reacts more acutely to improper treatment, so you need to select a drug together with a pediatrician. Contraindication for use is age under 12 years. The dosage is chosen to be half that of an adult. Recommended choleretic herbs for children:

• knotweed;
• dandelion;
• juniper fruits;
• pharmaceutical camomile.

Herbal choleretic tablets

All types of herbal choleretic tablets combine the combined action of a choleretic agent, which helps stimulate the formation of bile, and a cholekinetic agent, which promotes its excretion. More often than others, doctors prescribe natural remedies:

• Allohol;
• Flamin;
• Tanacehol;
• Choleritin.

Video: herbs for the liver and gallbladder

Often, when treating the digestive system, they resort to choleretic drugs made from plant components. The benefits of these medicinal herbs great. Many of the plants grow in large quantities in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. therefore, you can collect them yourself. The procurement period generally lasts from May to mid-September. You need to dry the raw materials in a well-ventilated room, protected from sunlight. You can also purchase ready-made choleretic preparations and medications at the pharmacy, which are based on dry or aqueous natural ingredients.

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  Mechanism of action of herbs

  The mechanism of action of choleretic herbs is based on stimulating the formation of bile in liver cells.

  Bile is a bitter liquid (secretion) that is yellow, dark green or brown in color. The role of bile in the body is difficult to overestimate. It is mainly related to digestion. Bile acids promote the transition of gastric to intestinal digestion, emulsify organic substances, improve the motor function of the small intestine, promote the formation of mucus and hormones endocrine system, secretin, prevents cell adhesion to bacteria, viruses, and ribosomes. Bilirubin, cholesterol, and steroids are excreted through bile. Bile is involved in the process of activating enzymes necessary for the breakdown of proteins.

  The gallbladder is an organ of the digestive system, a reservoir into which secretions from the liver enter. The bile released from the bladder is needed by the intestines to break down fats, activate enzymes and for further absorption of important nutrients. But sometimes it happens that the outflow of secretions is difficult. Lithogenic (unbalanced) bile causes the formation of stones, infectious diseases, toxic lesions liver, metabolic disorders. There is a need to stimulate the choleretic function of the internal organ.

  In folk and traditional medicine, to stabilize disorders of the digestive system, it is recommended to take choleretic herbs, herbal mixtures and ready-made preparations based on plant extracts. Their effects on the body can be as follows:

  • antibacterial;
  • anti-inflammatory;
  • painkillers;
  • antispasmodic;
  • diuretic;
  • choleretic;
  • liquefying.

  Medicinal plants and herbs are used for the following pathological conditions and diseases:

  They are also used to cleanse the body of toxins and prevention after removal of the gallbladder.

  Thick bile in the gallbladder - causes and treatment

  List of choleretic medicinal plants

  Herbs recommended for stagnation of bile, lack or deficiency of certain acids, come in two types of action. The first group includes plants that stimulate the production of this greenish, bitter liquid by liver hepatocytes. The second is choleretic agents, which promote the excretion of bile, since the long-term influence of bile acids on the mucous surface of the digestive tract organs causes chronic diseases of the stomach and esophagus.

  The list of medicinal plants with various choleretic properties is very extensive. Therefore, herbs with the same properties are conventionally divided into several subgroups.

  

  Cholekinetics

  They stimulate the outflow of bile, increase the reflex mechanism of bladder duct cells during dyskinesia and atony of internal organs:

  • corn silk;
  • cassia;
  • birch leaf;
  • yellow gentian;
  • buckthorn;
  • fumaria officinalis;
  • artichoke;
  • garlic;
  • burdock;
  • nettle;
  • sagebrush;
  • three-leaf watch;
  • calendula (flowers);
  • coriander fruits.

  

  Hepatoprotectors

  They protect liver cells from various types of damage and also contribute to its restoration:

  • milk thistle (seeds);
  • fumaria officinalis;
  • Sophora;
  • pumpkin;
  • wheatgrass;
  • parsley;
  • osbekia thorny;
  • licorice;
  • thistle:
  • dandelion;
  • dog-rose fruit;
  • calamus root;
  • white cinquefoil.

  Herbal analgesics

  These herbs relieve pain:

  • common flax;
  • the wrestler is tall;
  • oregano;
  • anise;
  • immortelle;
  • black nightshade;
  • tamarisk;
  • rough cornflower;
  • meadow geranium;
  • knotweed;
  • chamomile;
  • St. John's wort;
  • red clover.

  Cholespasmolytics

  Relaxes the muscles of the bladder and bile ducts, improves the removal of bile secretion:

  • lemon balm;
  • fennel;
  • chicory;
  • tansy;
  • tricolor violet;
  • Bay leaf;
  • St. John's wort;
  • calendula (flowers);
  • sage;
  • dope;
  • belladonna;
  • elecampane tall (roots);
  • valerian (roots).

  Herbs against gallstones

  These are plants that prevent the appearance of gallstones, dissolve those already formed, promote their fragmentation and removal:

  • sunflower (root);
  • dandelion (yellow flowers);
  • echinacea;
  • thyme;
  • catnip;
  • peppermint;
  • strawberries (berries);
  • celandine;
  • dill;
  • knotweed;
  • lingonberry (leaves).

  Herbal treatment is carried out under the supervision of a specialist. He will select individual choleretic components for each specific situation, taking into account concomitant diseases.

  When not to take medicinal herbs

  Improper preparation and uncontrolled ingestion of these drugs can cause harm to health and lead to negative consequences. Therefore, preparations from choleretic herbs have a number of contraindications.. These include:

  • individual intolerance to the plant and drugs based on it in adults and children;
  • acute drug or alcohol intoxication of the liver, poisoning;
  • viral hepatitis;
  • biliary colic (when the ducts are blocked);
  • acute cholecystitis;
  • pregnancy, breast-feeding(GW).

  It is not recommended to give herbal preparations with a strong choleretic effect to children under 12 years of age. It is better to use choleretic herbs, that is, a set of herbs in which the effect of some active components is softened by others. But such a fee should be selected by a pediatrician after the diagnosis has been established. With gallbladder dysfunction, young children benefit from daily consumption of foods with a biliary effect: carrots, cabbage (cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli), tomatoes, onions, dill, parsley, vegetable oils. After consultation with the doctor, children are allowed to take tea drinks based on rosehip, peppermint, dill, chamomile and cinquefoil.

  The first symptoms indicating improper gallbladder function are pain under the right rib, bloating, bitter taste in the mouth, heartburn, and belching. Untimely treatment can lead to the formation of calculi (stones) in the gallbladder - therefore, it is so important to identify pathology in the functioning of the organ at an early stage and begin treatment.

  Preparations based on choleretic herbs are prescribed by doctors for the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. This is due to the properties of medicinal herbs to relieve attacks of pain, alleviate the symptoms of an ongoing disease, and stop the emergence of new complications and pathologies.

  Liver diseases

  

  Types of liver diseases

  Herbs have long been known to help treat diseases of internal organs. In traditional medicine recipes, preparations for the liver necessarily include:

  1. 1. Pumpkin seeds - contain linoleic and oleic fatty acids, essential oils, vitamins B and C.
  2. 2. Milk thistle fruits - accelerate the process of formation of liver cells, prevent the destruction of cell membranes; it contains a complex of microelements, vitamins, and various unique effective biological substances.
  3. 3. Artichoke seeds - improve metabolism, reduce bad cholesterol, reduce the viscosity of bile. They contain a large amount of vitamins, organic acids, vegetable fats, proteins, carbohydrates.

  Extracts of some plants are used in modern drugs. These medications have few contraindications, have a positive effect on digestion, thin bile, and improve the production of protein from amino acids. Such medicines with herbal active ingredients include:

  • Karsil - biological extracts from the fruits of milk thistle;
  • Gepabene - fumifera, milk thistle;
  • Hofitol - field artichoke;
  • Tykveol - pumpkin seed oil;
  • Galstena - milk thistle, celandine.

  While breastfeeding

  Women during breastfeeding should closely monitor not only their diet, but also their intake. medicinal drugs. This also applies to herbal natural medicines. Relatively safe herbs for breastfeeding are:

  • nettle - increases immunity and hemoglobin, increases prolactin levels, helps improve the nutritional qualities of breast milk, saturates it with vitamins, stops bleeding, eliminates constipation;
  • chamomile - normalizes digestion, soothes, lowers body temperature;
  • fennel - relieves spasms, improves digestion, lactation;
  • calendula - has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Holemaks - rose hips (fruit);
  • Kholosas - rose hips;
  • Hepaphytol - artichoke.

  After gallbladder removal

  

  When the gallbladder is removed, the patient experiences postcholecystectomy syndrome. This is due to disruption of the functioning of all organs, since after removal of the bladder - the reservoir in which the bile was stored - the secretion is constantly thrown into the duodenum, which leads to an exacerbation of all chronic diseases. For the first six months after removal, you must adhere to a strict diet. After time, the patient is recommended to take herbal infusions of choleretic herbs:

  • Collection No. 1: coriander (dried fruits), peppermint, immortelle (flowers), trifoliate.
  • Collection No. 2: yarrow, chamomile, mint, calendula, tansy (flowers).

  If desired, can be used for treatment medical supplies based on herbal extracts:

  • Tanacehol - tansy flowers;
  • Flamin - flowers of sandy immortelle;
  • LIV-52 - common chicory, Gallic tamarisk, black nightshade, yarrow, western cassia;
  • Allohol - garlic.

  Cholelithiasis

  
  

  With stones in the gall bladder and bile ducts, the outflow of secretion is disrupted, which causes infections and inflammatory processes in the organ. If there are large stones, blockage of the bile ducts is possible, and then surgical treatment cannot be avoided.

  But if surgery is contraindicated, ready-made herbal mixtures are used to dissolve the stones: knotweed, celandine, dandelion (root), corn silk, tricolor violet, St. John's wort, anise (fruit), coriander (fruit). Three tablespoons of vegetable raw materials need to be poured into 600 ml of boiling water. Leave for half an hour. Filter. Take 200 ml of warm infusion three times a day.

  Also, for gallstones, it is useful to drink infusions and decoctions: parsley (herbs, roots), dill (fruits), mint, wheatgrass, liquid extract corn silk, buckthorn (root), bay leaf, chamomile.

  Bubble bend

  
  

  A bend in the gallbladder appears due to inflammatory processes in the organ or as a result of other chronic diseases. It leads to the occurrence of adhesions, changes in the composition of secretion and deformation of the organ itself.

  When the gallbladder is bent, it is useful to take strong decoctions and infusions: yellow gentian (rhizomes, roots), calendula flowers, peppermint, corn “hairs”. It is useful to drink from 100 to 200 ml of pumpkin juice and eat it in any form.

  Other recipes

  For the treatment of liver and gallbladder diseases in folk medicine effective recipes are used. They help to quickly cope with the symptoms that appear and alleviate the patient’s condition:

  1. 1. Infusion of birch leaves: grind into powder. You should get 2 tbsp. l. Pour boiling water in a volume of 500 ml. Let it brew for 10 minutes and then strain. This is a daily dose - take four times a day. The decoction is effective for chronic cholecystitis.
  2. 2. Effective choleretic infusion: take three tablespoons of immortelle, corn silk, and peppermint. The herbal mixture is poured with 500 ml of boiling water. Leave for 10-15 minutes, filter. Take 50 ml four times a day. The infusion is recommended for any disease of the gallbladder and liver (except those indicated as contraindications).
  3. 3. Water infusion: 40 g of immortelle, 30 g of trefoil (watch), 10 g of peppermint, 10 g of coriander fruit, pour boiling water (400 g) and leave for 30 minutes. Course - three times a day, 125 ml. The infusion promotes the outflow of bile secretion.
  4. 4. Cold infusion of immortelle flowers: pour 15 g of immortelle flowers with boiled, cooled water. Let it brew for 8 hours, take 125 ml four times a day. The infusion is effective for various liver diseases.
  5. 5. Decoction of corn silk: pour 3 teaspoons of raw material into 250 ml of boiling water, heat for 30 minutes over low heat, without bringing to a boil. Add boiled, cooled water to the broth in a 1:1 ratio. Take 50 ml four times a day. The decoction has an effective choleretic effect.
  6. 6. Universal decoction of dandelion roots: one tablespoon dried roots Pour 250 ml of boiling water over the plants and boil for about one minute. Let it brew for one hour, filter. Drink 125 ml twice a day.
  7. 7. Decoction of knotweed: simmer one tablespoon of the herb in a water bath for about 30 minutes, let it brew for 20 minutes. Drink a tablespoon 3-4 times a day. The drug is effective for the inflammatory process in the gallbladder.