Drugs for the treatment of lung cancer.  Traditional treatments for lung cancer

Cancer is a malignant disease in which uncontrolled growth occurs in the tissues of the lungs. tumor cells.

Lung cancer can be provoked by bad ecology, smoking, heredity and other factors.

According to WHO statistics, lung cancer is the leading cancer in terms of mortality. Every year, about 1.3 million cases are diagnosed on the planet, and despite modern drugs for the treatment of lung cancer, only one in five lives another six months after diagnosis, others die earlier.

Such indicators are largely due to the fact that patients ignore the ailment, turning to the doctor in the later stages of the disease.

Timely diagnosis is a big step towards the successful treatment of any disease. As for oncology, in the early stages of lung cancer, an operation is prescribed when the affected part of the organ or the entire organ is removed.

If there are contraindications to the operation (diabetes, myocardial infarction, heart or kidney failure), then the attending physician will prescribe radiation therapy.

Cancer treatment with pills

Chemotherapy, as a cure for cancer, is prescribed only in the case of small cell sarcoma. This is an aggressive form of the tumor, which is prescribed for the treatment toxic substances- platinum compounds, vepezid, adriamycin, fluorouracil.

This treatment can stop the further growth of cancer cells. The impact is complex on the body - active ingredients drugs penetrate the bloodstream, spread throughout the body, affecting pathological cells in the lung and other organs. Chemotherapy is prescribed in the form of tablets and intravenous injections.

In addition to an individually selected medicine for lung cancer, a doctor may prescribe radiation exposure in parallel for more effective impact on cancer cells. Good therapeutic effect give drugs such as: doxorubicin, taxotere, avastin.

When prescribing drugs, the doctor takes into account the side effects that may occur, and contraindications. Medicines for nausea and vomiting, other drugs may be prescribed. Usually, chemotherapy is given before surgery or after, depending on the condition of the patients, the stage of cancer, the presence of metastases, etc.

Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of lung cancer

The antitumor drug for lung cancer, cyclophosphamide, disrupts the genetic structure of cancer cells, activating chemical processes in them. As a result, cancer cells cannot multiply. Compared to other drugs, cyclophosphamide less inhibits thrombopoiesis (formation of platelets).

The drug is prescribed for lung cancer, lymphosarcoma, tumors of the kidneys, bones. The regimen and dosage are selected individually by the oncologist. Among adverse reactions more common nausea and vomiting, which can be reduced by injections of chlorpromazine. Other side effects are hair loss, bone pain, cough. Contraindications for admission: anemia, hepatic or cardiac pathology, cachexia.

Cancer treatment in the lung with prednisolone

The composition of the tablets is an analogue of adrenal hormones. Prednisolone is an anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and detoxifying drug.

It is prescribed not only for oncological diseases, but also for rheumatism, asthma, allergic reactions, polyarthritis. Among the side effects are more often noted: failure of the menstrual cycle, excessive hair growth, decreased libido and immunity, increased blood glucose, osteoporosis, etc. The drug is contraindicated in case of acute infections, psychosis, hypertension, stomach ulcers, pregnancy.

Hydroxyurea for lung cancer

The drug belongs to the group of immunomodulators and anticancer drugs. The drug inhibits the spread of cancer cells. It is prescribed for a tumor in the lung, uterus, head.

Side effects include: skin rashes, dyspeptic disorders, inflammation of the mucosa digestive tract, inhibition of hematopoiesis. Hydroxyurea is contraindicated in anemia, pregnancy, thrombocytopenia, kidney dysfunction.

Before prescribing to the patient how to treat lung cancer, the doctor will full examination to avoid aggravating the situation. In addition to traditional medicines and procedures, doctors often recommend traditional medicine to patients.

In particular, they are resorted to when they want to increase the effectiveness of treatment or have a negative attitude towards traditional methods, even when official medicine dropped her hands. Below are well-known traditional medicine recipes that can help in the fight against cancer.

red pepper treatment

Peppers contain a unique substance called capsaicin. It is an alkaloid that can kill cancer cells. ethnoscience recommends that at the first symptoms of cancer in the lung, start taking an extract from red capsicum.

It is not difficult to prepare it: 1.5 kg of pepper is washed, finely cut (wearing gloves) along with seeds, transferred to glass jar volume of 1.5 liters. The crushed raw materials are poured with oil, preferably olive or linseed, grape. The jar is closed with a lid and left in the refrigerator for a week, shaking the contents a couple of times a day.

At the end of the period, the extract is filtered and bottled. Take 1 tsp. 5 times a day, after 10-15 minutes you can eat. The tincture is drunk with milk or kefir to protect the mucosa. You can eat a piece of bread.

After a few days, patients notice a decrease pain, reduction of manifestations of cough. The course of treatment is several bottles of tincture.

white mistletoe for cancer

Naturopaths suggest using mistletoe in combination with corn whiskers. For treatment, raw mistletoe is collected during the flowering period. All you need is grass, the flowers are dangerous. Whiskers of corn are harvested in summer. Herbs are dried in the shade.

To prepare the infusion, you need to take 1 tbsp. l. shredded plants. Raw materials are poured into a jar, pour 1 liter of boiling water and insist for an hour. Take the infusion three times a day for 1 glass. The course is about six months, after which a break of the same duration is made. Then the course is repeated.

Therapeutic badger fat

long time ago coughing treated with badger fat, it can also help with lung cancer in a severe stage. There are different types of treatment. The easiest option is to take 1 tsp. fat three times a day before meals. In the last stage of cancer, characterized by a breakdown and hemoptysis, a more effective remedy must be made.

100 g of badger fat is mixed with good cognac in a volume of 50 ml and the same amount of aloe juice, 50 g of mashed garlic is added. The resulting mixture is taken 5 times a day, 1 tbsp. As soon as the symptoms begin to subside, the dosage is halved. The course is until complete recovery.

How are soda treated for cancer

Depending on the stage of development of the disease, one of the appropriate therapy options is used. For prevention and treatment at an early stage, the simplest recipe is suitable - 1 tsp. soda diluted in a glass warm water. This solution is taken twice a day for 3 days. During this time, presumably, the acid is excreted from the body. Then a 10-day break is made and such a 3-day course of taking soda is repeated.

If a patient is diagnosed with stage 1-2 lung cancer, another method of treatment is suitable: take 1 tsp. soda and honey, dissolved in a cup of warm water.

Twice a day, take this portion for 10 days, until the blood and lymph acquire a slightly alkaline form in which the fungus does not survive.

If the tumor has moved to the 3-4 stage of development, the patient is recommended to use a mixture of 1 tsp daily. soda and a similar volume of natural honey. This will help destroy cancer cells.

Hemlock and celandine in the treatment of cancer

Traditional medicine confirms that celandine has antitumor properties. For an effective result, it is necessary that the plant comes into contact with cancer cells, which cannot be achieved in the case of lung cancer.

You can take celandine tincture, strictly following the recommended dosage. To prepare the infusion, take 1 tbsp. celandine and pour a glass of boiling water, leave to cool completely. Use the remedy for 2 weeks three times a day, 1 tbsp. before meals, then another 2 weeks, 2 tbsp. After a 4-week course, a break of 10 days follows, then the treatment is repeated.

Another recipe is to dig up a plant, rinse and scroll through a meat grinder, squeezing medicinal juice. Take 1 tbsp. juice and diluted with 250 ml of alcohol. Take tincture 4 times a day before meals, 1 tsp. The course of treatment is a month, then a break of 10 days and the treatment is repeated.

Hemlock, like celandine, is poisonous plant Therefore, it should also be taken strictly according to the scheme recommended by the doctor. Hemlock reduces intoxication of the body, stops tumor growth, gives energy to fight diseases.

An alcohol tincture is prepared from a hemlock: 5 tbsp. dry chopped grass pour 0.3 liters of alcohol. Liquid insist 2 weeks in a dark place. The course of treatment lasts 2 months. On day 1, take 1 drop, on day 2 - two, etc., until the dose reaches 30 drops. As soon as the month is over, they begin to reduce the dosage in the reverse order.

Before starting treatment with hemlock, it is advisable to cleanse the body of toxins and toxins by taking water with apple cider vinegar.

Honey with propolis for the treatment of tumors

Bee products are an invaluable gift of nature that can cure many diseases. Honey, propolis are able to increase immunity, promote cell regeneration.

Propolis is used as a 20% tincture, taking 40 drops diluted in 0.5 glass of water. Course - 3 months. Another option for using propolis for cancer is to chew and swallow 2 g of the substance three times a day. The course is about 1.5 months.

At the same time, in the morning it is recommended to take 1 tsp. honey before meals. In the evening, before meals, take a tincture of birch buds. After a month of treatment, they take a break, then return to therapy. The total period of treatment with honey and propolis is 2-3 years.

The fight against cancer in any of its manifestations must be clearly built, verified to the smallest detail. You can not miss a single detail, because cancer is an insidious disease that can quickly lead a person to death.

Treatment continues until complete recovery. If after a while the symptoms no longer bother, this does not mean that it is time to end the treatment.

Temporary improvement can sometimes hide the further spread of malignant cells throughout the body. The tumor may develop for years asymptomatically, treatment can last a long time. You need to be patient, follow all the recommendations of the doctor and believe in recovery.

Psychological attitude has an impact on the fight against diseases. Experts note best effect from drugs in those patients who did not give up, but tried with all their might to recover.

Bronchogenic carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the lung epithelial tissue bronchi of various sizes. Depending on the place of occurrence, it is divided into central and peripheral.

Symptoms:

A quarter of all patients with lung cancer have no symptoms at all. In their case, the cancer is diagnosed incidentally while performing for other reasons. The rest of the patients develop some symptoms due to the direct influence of the primary tumor, the effect of metastatic tumors in other parts of the body, or malignant disorders of hormones, blood, and other body systems. Symptoms of primary lung cancer include coughing, coughing up blood, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

The appearance of a cough in a smoker should raise the issue of lung cancer.

     * that does not go away or worsens over time should be examined by a doctor.
      * Coughing up blood occurs in significant amount patients with lung cancer.
      * Chest pain is a symptom of about one quarter of people with lung cancer.
      * usually occurs due to partial lung blockage.
      * Wheezing and may signal blockage or inflammation in the lungs, which may be caused by cancer.
      * Repeated respiratory infections, such as or , may be a sign of lung cancer.

Symptoms of metastatic skin rashes depend on the location and size of the tumor. Approximately 30-40% of people with lung cancer have some symptoms of metastatic disease.

Lung cancer most often spreads to the liver, adrenal glands, bones, and brain.

      * Metastatic lung cancer in the liver usually causes no symptoms.
      * Metastatic lung cancer in the adrenal glands also usually causes no symptoms at the time of diagnosis.
      * Bone metastasis is most common in small cell carcinoma.
      * Lung cancer that spreads to the brain can cause vision problems, weakness on one side of the body, and/or seizures.

Paraneoplastic cancer syndromes:

      * Thickening of the phalanges of the fingers
      * Osteogenesis along the legs and arms
      * - low level of erythrocytes and high level calcium or low sodium levels in the blood
      * Other effects: muscle weakness, skin rashes and brain degeneration
      * Weight Loss
      * Fatigue
      * Low Sodium
      * When to See a Doctor

Causes of occurrence:

Lung cancer is most associated with household habits, environmental factors, lifestyle and working conditions.
Bad influence ( carcinogenic effect) on lung tissue many chemical substances: polycyclic aromatic carbohydrates (tars, cokes, gases), some simple organic compounds (vinyl chloride, chloromethyl ethers). Some other inorganic compounds and substances such as lead, arsenic, chromium, cadmium. Especially a lot of lead is found in the soil near the central highways, because. it is found in large quantities in the exhaust gases from cars.
Also elevated level the incidence of lung cancer in miners, workers in the steel, woodworking, metallurgical industries, ceramic asbestos-cement and phosphate production. Also proven influence in the formation of lung cancer and ionizing radiation.
That is why the incidence of lung cancer is much higher in developed industrial countries.

Treatment:

For treatment appoint:

Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is the most effective therapy in small cell lung cancer, which can stop the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy is also used to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Chemotherapy is called systemic treatment, as the drugs enter the bloodstream, pass through the entire body and kill cancer cells both inside and outside the lung. Some chemotherapy drugs are taken by mouth, while others are given intravenously. Extensive research and clinical trials have examined the efficacy of various chemotherapy drugs. Some of them are used alone, others in combination with additional drugs. Certain medications may be used before or after surgery. The oncologist will select the optimal treatment for the individual patient. The main drugs used in chemotherapy include:

      * Carboplatin
      * Cisplatin
      * Docetaxel
      * Erlotinib
      * Etoposide
      * Gemcitabine
      * Irinotecan
      * Paclitaxel
      * Pemetrexed
      * Topotecan
      * Vinorelbine
      * Gefinitib. This drug is used to treat lung cancer, but recent studies have shown that its use does not improve survival rates. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that patients taking this drug continue their treatment and consult with their oncologist.
      * Bevacizumab – intravenous drug, which prevents the formation of blood vessels that transfer nutrients to the tumor and promote the growth of cancer cells. Studies have shown that co-administration of bevacizumab with certain other forms of chemotherapy can prolong life. Bevacizumab is approved for use in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel for the treatment of non-small cell cancer. However, check with your doctor as this drug has serious side effects.
Most chemotherapy drugs cause side effects. The doctor may prescribe drugs to control

IN modern world Every year the number of patients with lung cancer is steadily increasing. This terrible disease does not spare anyone. In most cases, lung cancer is treated with chemotherapy, which targets harmful cells. For this, strong medications are used, taken both intravenously, intramuscularly, and in the form of tablets. Treatment is selected by the doctor individually for each patient.

The drugs prescribed for chemotherapy are prescribed both as a complex and one at a time, but on different ones, are used in different combinations and are subjective for each case.

Drugs for the treatment of lung cancer

The most popular drugs for chemotherapy are:

1. Irinotecan;
2. Paclitaxel;
3. Topotecan;
4. Erlotinib;
5. Naibol Pemetrexed;
6. Gefinitib.

Gefinitib is a fairly well-known drug. Despite wide publicity in terms of efficiency, studies have shown that this drug does not increase survivability. Recommendations for use are to avoid abrupt discontinuation.

Bevacizumab is administered intravenously to stop the growth of cancer cells. Considered highly effective. IN joint application with drugs such as Paclitaxel and Carboplatin shows high results.

It is worth noting that vomiting drugs are also added to chemotherapy. The doctor selects the optimal treatment and the most gentle medications.

British scientists have been testing and developing for many years, thanks to which a new generation of drug has appeared. In fact, it is a hybrid of two drugs - Vandetanib and Selumetinib. The principle of their action is to block the nutrition of cancer cells. The absence of additional sources for growth and existence suppresses the viability of infected cells and contributes to their death. The drug is currently being tested in humans. For this, forty people with various stages of lung cancer were selected. At the moment, tests show only positive results.

ASD fraction 2

The drug ASD fraction 2 has recently become widely known. This is based on the results this remedy has shown in veterinary medicine when used in cancer patients.

It is worth noting! To date, the ASD 2 fraction does not have a license from the Ministry of Health for use in humans. However, there is a myth that this drug cured lung cancer in the mother of Lavrenty Beria.

The SDA 2 faction appeared in 1947, in the USSR. It was developed at the All-Union Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine. At the heart of the drug - subjected high temperature frog tissue, later replaced by meat and bone meal.

The developer was a scientist by the name of Dorogov, after whom the medicine was named: an antiseptic - Dorogov's stimulator (ASD). A special characteristic of the drug was its wound healing function.

In modern medicine, the drug fraction ASD 2 is made from animal tissues that have a long lifespan. The structure of the drug is similar to the structure of the cell, it easily penetrates tissues, maintains hormones at a certain level. In general, the effect of this drug on the body is positive.

The main benefit is maintaining immune system, fighting cancer cells, restoring the body's ability to resist disease, lack of side effects. Application is possible both internally and externally.

Of the shortcomings - strong bad smell and the need to drink plenty of fluids.

Do not forget that the drug does not have permission for use in the treatment of people, and the responsibility for its use lies strictly with the patient.

Dexamethasone for lung cancer

When, it is effective to use in reducing weakness. Sriram Yennurajalingam of the University of Texas conducted studies showing that there was a significant difference between placebo and dexamethasone.

The study involved 94 cancer patients of a certain category. They had more than three symptoms of reduced weakness in lung cancer, as well as a score of four out of ten on the Edmont Symptom Scale. The subjects were divided into two groups of 41 and 43 people.

The first group was given a placebo, and the second dexamethasone. The drug and placebo were used for two weeks. The results showed that the group in which the drug was used showed significantly higher results in improving the state of fatigue against the background of chronic diseases and improving the quality of life.

After two weeks, the level of physical condition in patients taking dexamethasone became markedly better than those taking placebo. These studies enable patients with lung cancer to beat the decline in cancer weakness.

Painkiller for lung cancer

One of the most serious companions of oncology is pain. It appears, as a rule, at the third or fourth stage of the development of the disease. Drugs for the treatment of lung cancer with an analgesic effect are aimed at prolonging the period of physical and mental activity of the patient. The cause of pain, most often lies in the growth of the tumor, but it can also be a side effect of the treatment. The right pain reliever will quickly relieve pain syndrome.

The following painkillers are used for lung cancer, aimed at reducing pain:

• adjuvant agents in combination with non-narcotic analgesic;
• adjuvant agents in combination with a non-narcotic analgesic and a weak opioid of the codeine group;
• adjuvant agents in combination with a non-narcotic analgesic and a strong opioid of the morphine group.

Non-narcotic analgesics are aimed at suppressing mild to moderate pain. Severe pain is blocked by narcotic analgesics.

Basic rules for taking drugs:

• the medicine is prescribed by the doctor based on the individual characteristics of the patient, as well as the strength of the pain;
• taking drugs must be done after a strictly defined period of time, regardless of pain;
• reception scale - from weak to strong;
• the use of tablets, suppositories, drops.

The beginning of therapy involves the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For example, Ibuprofen, Piroxicam, etc. They block slight pain, and using them with narcotic drugs will help to cope with severe pain.

With an increase in pain syndrome, a weak opiate is introduced. For example, codeine. Sometimes I use a combination of codeine and aspirin. Severe pain is relieved by narcotic drugs such as morphine, buprenorphine, which act on the central nervous system. However, often such therapy does not bring results and the pain becomes unbearable. In this case, it is carried out complex treatment these drugs, as well as a scheme for replacing one drug with another.

So, in our time, lung cancer is one of the most dangerous oncological diseases. Hundreds of scientists around the world are working on the development of a drug that can cure a deadly disease. Lately, pharmaceuticals are increasingly using drugs that can prolong life, and, in other cases, cause remission of the disease.

The use of any drug should be carried out with the permission of the doctor in strict accordance with his recommendations for dosage, the same measure applies to the use of painkillers.

Informative video

The lungs are two porous internal organs that take in oxygen when we inhale and release it. carbon dioxide while exhaling. Lung cancer is recognized as the most common form of cancer. The disease affects men and women equally. dies of lung cancer every year more people than from oncological pathologies rectum, prostate, ovaries and mammary glands (combined).

Heavy smokers are in the main risk group. The risk of disease increases with time and with the increase in the number of cigarettes smoked. When quitting smoking, even if following addiction continued for many years, the risk of developing cancer is significantly reduced.

Types

Doctors distinguish two main types of lung cancer. The classification criterion is the type of cancer cells under a microscope. First of all, the disease is divided into:

• Small cell lung cancer is diagnosed mainly in heavy smokers and is quite rare.
• Non-small cell lung cancer is a generalized term for several types of pathology that are similar to each other. This squamous cell carcinoma lung, the treatment of which has its own nuances, as well as adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma.

Before visiting a doctor

If you are concerned about specific signs and symptoms, start with a visit to a therapist. If he suspects non-small cell or small cell lung cancer, another specialist will treat you, but you will need a referral anyway. At integrated approach Doctors of various specializations are involved in the treatment of oncological diseases in the process:

• oncologists - specialize directly in the treatment of cancer;
• pulmonologists - are engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases;
• radiation oncologists, or radiation therapists - control adherence to the prescribed course of radiotherapy;
• thoracic surgeons - operate on the lungs;
• palliative care specialists treat symptoms.

Preparing for a consultation

Since the duration of medical consultations is often limited (and the patient may have to familiarize himself with a large amount of information that is new to him), it is better to prepare for a visit to a specialist in advance. Doctors give the following recommendations:

• Ask if any action needs to be taken before the consultation. In some cases, it is required, for example, to limit the consumption of certain foods.
• Consistently write down any symptoms you experience, even if they seem to be in no way related to the suspicion of lung cancer. Also indicate when each of the possible signs diseases.
• Record in writing all significant biographical details. Modern treatment lung cancer is complex, and doctors may need information about your recent stresses and significant lifestyle changes.
• Make up full list medicines and vitamins that you regularly take. It would be useful to include biologically active food additives, including fortified ones, in the list.
• Gather everything medical documents. If you had an x-ray or chest scan ordered by another doctor, try to get a copy of the x-ray and bring it to your consultation.
• Consider bringing a relative or friend with you. Sometimes it can be difficult to immediately absorb all the information received during a visit to the doctor. A family member or friend may remember or record things that escape your attention.
• Make a list of questions for the doctor so you don't forget anything.

Questions for a specialist

The medical consultation does not last long, so it is better to prepare a list of questions in advance so as not to miss a single detail of interest to you. Just in case, it is advisable to rank the questions in order of importance: from the most burning to those that are not key. If you are interested in lung cancer treatment, the list might look like this:

• What type of lung cancer was diagnosed?
• Is it possible to look at the results of an X-ray or a CT scan that showed signs of cancer?
• What is causing the symptoms?
• At what stage is the disease?
• Do I need to undergo additional examinations?
• Has the cancer spread to other internal organs?
• Which lung cancer treatments are right for me?
• What are the side effects of each of these methods?
• What kind of treatment do you recommend?
• Does it make sense to quit smoking?
• What if I don't want to be treated?
• Are there ways to relieve the symptoms of the disease?
• Can I sign up for a clinical trial?
• Do you have brochures or printed materials to take home to review? What sites on the Internet do you recommend?

Feel free to ask any other questions that come to mind during the consultation with a specialist.

What will the doctor say

The doctor will ask you his own questions, and it is advisable to prepare for the answers in advance: this will save a lot of time during the visit. So, the specialist is likely to be interested in the following information:

• When did you first notice the onset of symptoms?
• Are the signs of the disease continuous or only intermittent?
• How intense are your symptoms?
• Is your breathing accompanied by sneezing?
• Is there a cough that feels like a clearing of the throat?
• Have you ever been diagnosed with emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
• Are you taking medication to relieve shortness of breath?
• What do you think causes your condition to improve?
• What do you think is causing your condition to worsen?

Screening

Some organizations recommend people with increased risk lung cancer patients, think about undergoing an annual computed tomography (CT) scan in order to timely diagnose disorders. If you are over 55 and smoke or have smoked in the past, it is a good idea to discuss the benefits and risks of regular lung cancer screening with your doctor.

The results of some studies suggest that early diagnosis of the disease is the key to a complete cure. On the other hand, computed tomography often reveals the presence of benign tumors and others, much less dangerous ailments However, doctors naturally suspect lung cancer and refer the patient for invasive testing, exposing them to unnecessary risk and anxiety.

Diagnostics

Treatment of stage 4 lung cancer with metastases is a difficult task, focused primarily on alleviating the patient's symptoms. Is it possible to completely cure the disease? Yes, but only on condition early diagnosis. If the doctor suspects lung cancer, he prescribes diagnostic studies to detect pathologically altered cells and exclude other diseases and conditions. Most often used following methods diagnostics:

• Imaging studies. An x-ray of the lungs may reveal the presence of an abnormal collection of cells in the form of a mass or nodule (growth). Scanning by computed tomography allows you to determine the presence of small tumor foci that may go unnoticed on x-rays.
• Cytological examination of sputum. If you are suffering from incessant wet cough, examination of sputum under a microscope will help to identify pathologically altered (cancerous) cells in the discharge.
• Biopsy. This study is the extraction of a sample of abnormal tissue for laboratory analysis.

stages

After confirming the diagnosis, the doctor will determine the stage of development of the oncological disease. On its basis, it is planned further treatment lung cancer.

Studies aimed at determining the stage of cancer usually include imaging procedures - they allow you to determine the presence or absence of metastases. These are computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and bone scintigraphy (bone scanning). Some of these procedures have contraindications, so your doctor should prescribe imaging studies.

Distinguish next steps diseases:

• I. Cancer cells are found only in the lung, they have not spread to The lymph nodes. The tumor usually does not exceed 5 cm in diameter.
• II. The tumor is larger than 5 cm in diameter. In some cases, it retains a small size, but the pathological process extends to nearby structures: the chest wall, diaphragm, and the lining of the lungs (pleura). The cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.
• III. Treatment of lung cancer at this stage is much more complicated. The tumor may acquire more larger size and capture other internal organs located near the lungs. In some cases, the tumor remains relatively small, but cancer cells are found in distant lymph nodes.
• IV. The pathological process went beyond one lobe and captured the second or distant internal organs and parts of the body. The treatment of stage 4 lung cancer with metastases is aimed primarily at relieving symptoms and ensuring the longest possible life expectancy for the patient.

Treatment

Lung cancer treatment is prescribed by a doctor, but the patient has full right participate in the choice of specific methods and medicines. Therapy depends on general condition health, type and stage of disease, and patient preference. As a rule, it is necessary to apply two or more methods of combating the disease at once in order to ensure high efficiency therapy. The main treatments for lung cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted drug therapy.

In rare cases, patients refuse the prescribed treatment. Withdrawal is usually dictated by the following considerations: sometimes the side effects of some fairly aggressive methods exceed the potential benefits of therapy. Such patients are offered possible options relief of symptoms of the disease, such as pain or shortness of breath.

Surgery

During surgery, the doctor removes the cancerous tumor and part of the surrounding healthy tissue. Treatment of stage 4 lung cancer excludes the possibility of surgery. In the earlier stages of the disease, the surgeon may resort to the following procedures:

• wedge resection. During this operation, the doctor removes a small fragment of the lung in which the cancer tumor, along with some healthy tissue.
• segmental resection. The surgeon removes a larger piece of the lung, but not the entire lobe.
• Lobectomy - removal whole share one lung.
• Pneumoectomy (pulmonectomy) is a surgical operation to remove the entire lung.

If lung cancer treatment is indicated with surgical intervention, the doctor will most likely remove the lymph nodes from the chest, as they may show signs of spreading cancer.

The operation always entails some risks - for example, bleeding or infection is possible. In any case, breathing problems can be expected after surgery. If only a piece of the lung is removed, the remaining tissue will grow over time and allow for easier breathing. You may need to learn special breathing exercises.

Chemotherapy

Treatment of lung cancer with chemotherapy involves the use of specific drugs to destroy pathologically altered cells. Often, the doctor prescribes several drugs for intravenous administration or oral administration (in the form of tablets) at the same time. Medicines are taken in courses for several weeks or months at short intervals - the body needs time to recover.

Chemotherapy completes the treatment that began with surgery: the drugs kill the remaining cancer cells. Sometimes medications are taken before surgery to reduce the size of the tumor and make it easier for the surgeon. In some cases, chemotherapy is included in the complex treatment of stage 4 lung cancer and is used to reduce pain.

Radiation therapy

Radiotherapy is irradiation with high-power energy streams, such as X-rays. The procedure can be carried out using external or internal radiation sources. In the second case, radioactive material is placed in needles or catheters and introduced into the body in the immediate vicinity of the tumor focus.

Radiation treatment for lung cancer may be considered as an alternative to chemotherapy after surgery. In addition, radiotherapy is indicated as the primary treatment option when tumor resection is not possible. surgically. In the advanced stages of the disease, radiation is used to reduce pain and relieve other symptoms of lung cancer.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy is relatively new method treatment of oncological diseases, which consists in taking medications that act on certain abnormalities in cancer cells. Among them are:

• "Bevacizumab". This drug interferes with the extra blood flow needed to feed the tumor. As you know, the blood vessels passing through the accumulation of cancer cells supply the tumor focus with oxygen and nutrients and thereby contribute to the growth of pathological neoplasms. "Bevacizumab" is prescribed simultaneously with chemotherapy, when the treatment of lung cancer with metastases folk remedies does not give the expected effect. The drug is an ideal tool for the complex therapy of non-small cell lung cancer, however, its use carries the risk of some side effects (bleeding, thrombosis, increased blood pressure).
• Erlotinib. This drug blocks chemicals that promote the growth and division of cancer cells. Erlotinib is prescribed for non-small cell lung cancer with specific genetic mutations. To determine the effectiveness of this tool, a preliminary cytological examination of pathologically altered cells is necessary. Possible side effects such as skin rash or diarrhea. The most intense effect of the drug was noted in non-smoking patients.
• "crizotinib". This remedy blocks chemical compounds that allow cancer cells exceed the normal in size and life expectancy. The drug is also recommended for those diagnosed with non-small cell cancer lungs. Treatment, reviews of which are received regularly, consists in preventing the development of further genetic mutations in abnormal cells. When using Crizotinib, nausea or visual disturbances are possible.

Alternative medicine

Patients with cancer often have high hopes for the treatment of lung cancer with folk remedies. Stage 4 cancer (however, like any other) is not amenable to any methods alternative medicine, however, folk remedies can help relieve pain experienced by the patient and other symptoms of the disease. Thus, the possibilities alternative medicine can be combined with more conservative methods treatment. The doctor will help you choose the best option. Most often, patients consider the following alternative methods of fighting lung cancer:

• Acupuncture. During the session, the specialist places small needles at specific points on the different parts body. If you've been diagnosed with left lung cancer, acupuncture treatment can help relieve pain and lessen the side effects of conventional therapy. While acupuncture can certainly be used to treat the symptoms of cancer, there is no evidence that it directly affects the tumor and the spread of cancer.
• Hypnosis. Professional hypnosis is a type of therapy in which a specialist puts the patient into a trance-like state. This state contributes to the relaxation of the whole organism, and the patient at the same time receives a psychological setting for pleasant and positive thoughts. Hypnosis is used to eliminate increased anxiety, neurogenic nausea and pain syndrome.
• Massage. This is a technique in which the specialist manually applies pressure on the skin and muscles of the patient. Massage relieves the anxiety and pain associated with lung cancer patients.

Prevention

There are cases when both traditional therapy and the treatment of lung cancer with folk remedies are ineffective. The 4th stage of the disease is most often detected when primary diagnosis and for many patients complete cure By this point, it already seems impossible. It is always easier to prevent a disease than to fight it later. The following preventive measures for lung cancer are known:

• do not smoke;
• avoid passive smoking;
• check the level of radon in the home;
• avoid exposure to carcinogens at work;
• eat more fresh fruits and vegetables;
• play sports more often.

Drug treatment is prescribed in two cases: small cell sarcoma, the last stage of non-small cell pathology.

About the disease

Lung cancer is a malignant neoplasm that develops in one or both parts of the lungs. paired organ. The main reason for the degeneration of normal cells and their uncontrolled division is considered to be the ingestion of tobacco smoke, as well as some other chemicals.

Types of oncological processes:

• non-small cell - characterized prolonged cough in the early stages;
• small cell - occurs in 25% of cases, is characterized by an aggressive course, rapid, almost asymptomatic development of metastases.

Learn more about the disease and the causes of its development in this video:

Preparations for injection

Avastin

One of the first drugs that prevents the growth of blood vessels. This stops the supply of nutrients and oxygen to malignant tissues. The oncological process passes from an aggressive stage to a chronic one.

It is used in the treatment of lung cancer as an adjunct to chemotherapy.

• sensitivity to bevacizumab;
• kidney and liver problems;
• childhood;
• pregnancy and lactation.

Possible risk of intestinal perforation, hemorrhage, loss of visual acuity, occurrence arterial hypertension and thromboembolism.

Produced in the form of a concentrate for the preparation of a solution. Introduced by drip intravenously. The dosage depends on the weight of the patient and the method of therapy. The cost of 1 bottle with a dosage of 100 mg / 4 ml rubles.

Taxotere

The drug has a cytostatic, antitumor effect. Made from plants. The action consists in the accumulation of tubulin, which disrupts the process of division of cancer particles. Effective in non-small cell lung cancer. The medicine can be combined with other drugs.

• sensitivity to docetaxel;
• severe liver problems;
• childhood.

Possible adverse reactions in the form of infections, allergies, loss of nails, skin rashes, stomatitis, nausea, taste disturbances, muscle weakness, heart failure, shortness of breath, edema in the body.

The vial may contain 20, 80, 160 mg of docetaxel as a concentrate. The cost is 20 microns.

Doxorubicin

The drug has an antibacterial and antitumor effect. It was isolated from a fungal culture. Negatively affects the DNA of malignant cells. It is used for small cell pathology of the lungs. It can be introduced into the body intravenously, intraarterially.

• sensitivity to one of the components;
• kidney problems (severe);
• acute viral infections;
• arrhythmia;
• cystitis and infections in the bladder.

The drug leads to a large number adverse reactions from hematopoiesis, digestion, circulation, vision, skin, urinary and nervous system.

Available in bottles of 5, 25, 50 ml. The average cost is 550 rubles.

This article lists the signs of lung cancer in men.

Carboplatin

An antitumor agent. Used in lung cancer. The dosage depends on the type of treatment, the condition of the body. The substance is administered by injection.

• sensitivity to carboplatin;
• kidney pathology;
• significant recent blood loss;
• pregnancy, lactation;
• childhood.

The main side effects of the drug, which includes platinum, include problems with hearing and vision.

The drug is produced in the form of a concentrate of 5, 15, 45, 75 ml. The average cost of rubles.

Pills

Therapy for lung cancer with pills is often combined with chemotherapy, although it is possible to use them in an independent form. Each drug has its own characteristics in dosage, contraindications, side effects.

Erlotinib

The antitumor agent is capable of inhibiting the growth of malignant particles, and has an effect on normal cells.

During the treatment of non-small cell lung oncology, 1 tablet per day is required. The effectiveness of treatment is 2 times higher than with chemotherapy.

• sensitivity to erlotinib;
• disorders in the liver and kidneys (severe forms);
• pregnancy and feeding;
• childhood.

Most often, such side effects like diarrhea, stomatitis, nausea, skin rashes, shortness of breath, infections, fatigue, depression.

Under trade name Tartseva 30 tablets of 150 mg cost rubles.

Afatinib

The substance belongs to the antitumor. It is a potent irreversible growth factor receptor blocker. malignant neoplasms. It is used for non-small cell lung cancer. The recommended dose is 40 mg once a day, the maximum dose is 50 mg per day.

Contraindications are associated with sensitivity to afatinib, childhood, pregnancy and lactation, liver problems.

The cost of 30 tablets of 40 mg called Giotrifruble.

Crizotinib

The main active substance belongs to selective low molecular weight inhibitors. It is used for widespread non-small cell oncoprocess in the lungs. The capsules must be swallowed whole.

Take 1 capsule per day in two stages. Treatment is designed for a long period as long as it has a positive effect.

Contraindications for use are the same as for previous drugs.

Side effects (most common):

• nausea;
• vision problems;
• diarrhea or constipation;
• swelling;
• pain in the joints, chest;
• multiple cysts on the kidneys.

Produced in the form of Xalkori capsules, the cost of 60 pieces is 250 mg each.

ceritinib

The drug is produced under the brand name Zykadia. The main substance slows down the growth of pathological particles, blocks the mutagenic protein in them. It is used for non-small cell pathology of the lungs with multiple metastases. Take 5 capsules once a day. The medicine must be swallowed whole with water.

The drug does not combine well with many antitumor and antiviral substances, antibiotics.

Contraindications are associated with sensitivity to the active substance, childhood, pregnancy and lactation.

The cost of 150 capsules of 150 mg is an average ruble.

In the comments to this article, reviews about the results of chemotherapy for lung cancer.

Cyclophosphamide

The substance disrupts the stability of cell DNA. It begins to act, getting into malignant tumor. It is used for small cell pathology of the lungs. The drug may be administered different ways, including through oral cavity. Treatment regimens are very different from each other.

• anemia;
• extreme degree of exhaustion;
• serious condition due to diseases of the liver, kidneys, heart.

Side effects as in chemotherapy, such as vomiting, hair loss, dizziness. The cost of 50 tablets is 1700 rubles.

Prednisolone

The substance is characterized by anti-inflammatory action. It is used for diseases of the respiratory system, including malignant ones. The doctor prescribes the dosage individually.

Contraindications for use are associated with sensitivity to the main component and the presence of a fungal infection.

• decreased tolerance to glucose;
• nausea;
• bradycardia;
• hallucinations;
• convulsions;
• vision problems;
• osteoporosis.

The cost of 100 tablets of 5 mg of Romanian production is 110 rubles.

Hydroxyurea

The substance belongs to antimetabolites. On molecular level reduces the size malignancy stops its growth. It is used when it is impossible to treat lung cancer by surgery.

The dosage is prescribed individually by the doctor. The capsule is swallowed whole or its contents are dissolved in water and drunk.

Contraindication to use is sensitivity to the main component, thrombocytopenia, pregnancy and lactation.

• drowsiness;
• dizziness;
• anemia;
• pulmonary edema;
• stomatitis;
• problems with the gastrointestinal tract;
• problems with urination;
• fragility of nails, hair.

The average cost of 100 capsules of 500 mg.

Prednisolone-Darnitsa

The drug is an analogue of hydrocortisone. Provided effects:

• anti-inflammatory;
• antiallergic;
• immunosuppressive;
• antishock.

It has the same properties as Prednisolone from other manufacturers. The cost of tablets of 5 mg is 130 rubles.

Experimental Methods

Absolutely effective methods have not yet been created for the treatment of oncological processes in the lungs. Many therapies are under development, but due to the fact that lung cancer often proceeds very quickly and aggressively, experimental methods are offered to patients.

Medicine PD173074

The drug is at the stage of testing its effectiveness. It prevents the formation of blood vessels around malignant neoplasms. Experiments in test tubes gave positive result. Experiments on mice confirmed the effectiveness of the drug. In the future, it could be applied to humans. The substance is administered orally.

Anti-cancer diet Linomel

The anti-cancer diet was developed by German biochemist Joanna Budwig. The scientist has been researching the problem of cancer in the last stages for about 30 years and came to the conclusion about the need for proper nutrition.

The research results were quite successful. The diet led to a decrease in the tumor, the patients got better. Today, the diet is recognized in the world, it is used in Western Europe as a treatment for oncology and other diseases.

The basis of the diet is the daily intake of at least 100 grams of freshly prepared low-fat cottage cheese and 5 grams of cold-pressed flax oil. The technique was patented under the name Linomel. The amount of flaxseed oil varies depending on the degree of the disease - the more advanced the form of cancer, the more oil you need to take.

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Free legal advice:

Treatment options for lung cancer

Lung cancer is a malignant neoplasm that develops from the epithelial tissue of the bronchi. This is the most common oncological disease in the world: the number of patients with this diagnosis is growing every year.

Although modern medicine constantly improves existing methods of cancer therapy and develops new methods of treatment, mortality from this pathology continues to be quite high. Effective cancer treatment is possible only if the disease is detected in time. A competent treatment regimen and strict adherence by patients to medical recommendations are also important.

• All information on the site is for informational purposes and is NOT a guide to action!
• Only a DOCTOR can make an EXACT DIAGNOSIS!
• We kindly ask you DO NOT self-medicate, but make an appointment with a specialist!
• Health to you and your loved ones! Do not give up

Radiotherapy

Treatment with ionizing radiation is usually carried out after surgery. The bed of the removed tumor focus is exposed to radiation and lymphatic vessels. Radiotherapy is used as an independent type of treatment in case of inoperable form of lung cancer or in the presence of medical contraindications to surgery (for example, cardiac or respiratory failure, advanced age).

Sometimes patients themselves refuse the operation: in this case, the use of radiation therapy is a necessary measure. Radiotherapy involves exposure to focused X-ray or gamma radiation (other charged particles are sometimes used). Cancer cells, which are in a state of high mitotic activity, are especially sensitive to the action of radiation.

Radiation therapy adversely affects the DNA of tumor cells, disrupting the processes of division and growth. At the same time, the cells of malignant neoplasms are not restored, which helps to achieve a significant reduction in the size of the tumor.

Radiation therapy has the greatest effect in patients with small cell lung cancer. Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer is best done by other methods, since this type of neoplasm is not very sensitive to radiation.

Modern oncology is constantly improving radiotherapy devices, developing clinical dosimetry methods and using the latest technologies to increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy and reduce the harm of radiation to healthy tissues.

New in the treatment of lung cancer - the use of ablation doses of radiation. This method can be attributed to radical surgery, but technologically it refers to radiotherapy and non-invasive methods of treatment, since an incision and anesthesia are not required.

The technique is called Cyber ​​Knife - radiation is directed with an accuracy of several millimeters. Thus, healthy tissues are not exposed to radiation.

However, sparing latest techniques are not used in all medical institutions: in Russia, the CyberKnife technique is not widely used. In connection with this circumstance, the side effects of radiotherapy cannot be ignored.

Video: Lung cancer treatment with the CyberKnife system

Most patients experience fatigue, apathy and loss of energy during the course of treatment and immediately after it. After radiation therapy sessions, patients need more time for nighttime sleep and daytime rest, at the same time, doctors advise to stay active as much as possible.

Other side effects may also occur:

• hair loss (most common) this phenomenon is temporary);
• skin irritation (dryness, itching, redness and hypersensitivity);
• loss of appetite;
• esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus);
• radiation pneumonitis (occurs a few months after exposure and manifests itself in the form of cough, shortness of breath and fever).

Everything about the treatment of stage 4 lung cancer in this article.

Surgical treatment of lung cancer

Surgical effects in lung cancer are divided into radical and palliative. With a radical surgical intervention, the primary tumor focus and lymph nodes with metastases are excised. Often, surgery is combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Surgery is not possible in all cases.

There are a number of contraindications to operations:

• the spread of the malignant process to neighboring tissues, excluding the technical possibility of surgical intervention;
• Availability distant metastases, which makes the resection of the primary focus pointless;
• heart failure in a patient;
• serious pathologies of internal organs.

During the surgical operation, the chest is opened and part of the lung is resected (lobectomy) or the lung is completely removed (pneumonectomy or pulmonectomy). Operations are performed under general anesthesia.

The patient is prescribed hospitalization (stay in the hospital lasts several weeks or months). After the operation, the patient's condition may be unstable: symptoms such as shortness of breath, pain, difficulty breathing develop. There is a risk of complications in the form of bleeding and infection.

There is an opportunity to avoid surgery for some forms of cancerous tumors - modern methods of treatment in Moscow, St. Petersburg, clinics in Israel and Europe will help to do without traditional surgical intervention and associated complications.

The following techniques are used to remove tumors:

• cryotherapy - freezing tumor cells liquid nitrogen(a special cryoscope device is used, which is inserted into the lungs through a small incision and freezes the malignant neoplasm);
• electrocoagulation - cauterization of the tumor with an electric current.

Chemotherapy

How independent method Chemotherapy is used to treat non-small cell cancer (glandular, squamous cell) when surgery and radiation are contraindicated. Drug therapy also performed in combination with radiation therapy(for small cell carcinoma). Chemotherapy is carried out in the form of courses at intervals of several weeks.

The following medications are prescribed:

Potent drugs for the treatment of lung cancer are not prescribed for severe conditions of patients. Drug treatment helps to reduce the size of the primary tumor focus and metastases, but the complete disappearance of tumors is very rare.

Immunotherapy

Immune (or biological) therapy for lung cancer aims to stimulate and activate protective systems person. The development and spread of malignant neoplasms is curbed with the help of tumor growth inhibitors. Such drugs ("Erlotinib", "Gefitinib") act on the receptors of cancer cells and prevent their division.

Another type of immunotherapy is exposure to monoclonal antibodies. These drugs react with cancer cells and disrupt the chemical processes of their life. A drug such as Bevacizumab, in combination with the chemotherapy drug Cisplastin, is used to treat all types of cancerous tumors.

Photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic treatment is an organ-preserving method of exposure based on the accumulation of a photosensitizing substance in tumor cells and its subsequent destruction under the action of laser radiation.

Together with the photosensitive substance, cancer cells are also destroyed.

The laser emitter is inserted into the lungs using a bronchoscope. Only cancer cells are affected: healthy tissues remain untouched by the laser.

How many people live with stage 4 lung cancer will tell this section.

Prices for chemotherapy for lung cancer are reflected here.

Palliative care

Palliative care is used when other medical options have been exhausted or significantly limited. Essentially, this symptomatic treatment aiming to improve the quality of life of the patient and reduce the signs of the disease.

Palliative care uses:

• anesthesia;
• psychotherapy;
• blood transfusion;
• anemia treatment;
• body detoxification;
• palliative surgery and chemotherapy.

Symptomatic treatment allows you to fight cough, hemoptysis, pain syndrome, pneumonia and other pathologies associated with advanced cancer. Methods of palliative therapy are individual and depend on the patient's condition.

Video: Treatment of lung cancer

Cost of treatment

Prices are given in rubles.

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The information on the site is provided for informational purposes only, does not claim to be reference and medical accuracy, and is not a guide to action.

Do not self-medicate. Consult with your physician.

Medicines for lung cancer

Reasons for development

To begin with, it is important to understand the factors that provoke the appearance of this lung cancer. The main cause of disease is the inhalation of dangerous carcinogens.

Smoking

Smoking is the cause of lung cancer

In almost all cases, the disease is related to smoking, or rather, to the effect on the body of tobacco smoke, which includes these carcinogens. The more cigarettes smoked, the higher the chance of getting sick. If a person gives up this bad habit in a timely manner, then this becomes the most effective method reduce the risk of lung disease at any age. It is worth saying that even those people who are passive smokers (that is, they only inhale tobacco smoke) are no less at risk of getting lung cancer.

When there is at least one smoker in the family, then someone can also be at risk of developing the disease, and this risk is increased by 30%, unlike in a family where there is no people who smoke. If a person's diet is unbalanced, and there is no fresh vegetables or fruit, then negative effect tobacco smoke only exacerbates the situation.

The development of lung cancer is highly dependent on the bad habit of smoking, however, it is not the most important factor. The lung tumor ailment also arises from a polluted environment. Thus, in industrial areas where mining and processing work is carried out, the population is more likely to be exposed to cancer than people in rural areas.

Also among the causes of the development of lung disease can be:

• contact with arsenic, asbestos, cadmium, radon and other hazardous chemicals;
• radiation exposure
• chronic inflammatory diseases(tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis and others).

The most susceptible to cancer are workers in the phosphate, woodworking, ceramic asbestos-cement industries, miners, personnel in the metallurgical industry and workers in the steel industry. Ionizing radiation also has a strong effect on human body and endangers.

Types and signs of lung cancer

As far as where the neoplasm is located, cancer is classified into such varieties as central and peripheral. Depending on the structure, sarcomas can be squamous (in half of the situations), large-celled and small-celled. Such features play an important role in the choice of treatment for lung sarcoma.

Regarding the symptoms, it should be said that they depend on the size of the tumor, the nature of metastasis and exacerbations. Central cancer characterized by hemoptysis, cough and shortness of breath. In its turn, peripheral cancer can be recognized by hoarseness and spontaneous aphonia. In addition, if the neoplasm has developed in the right side of the lung, then swelling of the neck and face, nausea, drowsiness and loss of consciousness rapidly appear.

General signs of the disease:

• Cough is a symptom of lung cancer

pain in the chest;

cough;

a sharp decrease in body weight;

dyspnea;

hemoptysis;

skin rashes;

anemia;

osteogenesis of the legs and arms;

brain degeneration;

fatigue;

muscle weakness;

low sodium levels.

If a person has most of the symptoms, then this should be a cause for alarm and seeking help from a specialist. It is important to note that the oncological disease of lung cancer, the symptoms of which are quite non-specific, that is, many diseases of the respiratory system are characterized by such signs. Therefore, unfortunately, a large number of people do not immediately pay attention to this and do not think about the consequences.

According to statistics, among the inhabitants of Russia, the disease of lung cancer accounted for about 15% of the total number of oncological diseases, while the form of a malignant tumor remains the most common. In the predominant part, the disease occurs in men, and with all this, almost all patients are active smokers. Despite the fact that the latest drugs are being developed to treat lung cancer, and medical technology is progressing, the treatment of such a disease remains a difficult task.

Methods of treatment

If a disease of lung cancer is detected in a timely and early stage, then the therapy will involve surgical intervention, during which the neoplasm will be removed from the patient by surgery, one part of a lung or the entire organ. At the same time, surgical intervention of sarcoma, even at the initial stage, will be impossible due to many contraindications, among which are hepatic, respiratory, cardiac and renal failure, as well as early heart attack myocardium and diabetes. In the case when the specialist forbade the surgical intervention, then radioactive irradiation of the sarcoma (radiation therapy) is prescribed.

Chemotherapy and drugs

Chemotherapy (therapy large doses drugs) during lung cancer is attributed only when the patient has small cell sarcoma. This form is quite aggressive and involves strong toxic agents. These include complex compounds of platinum, adriamycin, vepezid, fluorouracil.

This method of treatment is most effective in small cell lung disease, because it has the ability to stop the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy is also prescribed in the last stage of non-small cell lung cancer.

This method of treatment is also sometimes called complex treatment, because the active substances enter the bloodstream, and then are transported throughout the body and remove cancer cells both outside and inside the lung. Chemotherapy agents can be administered intravenously or orally.

Often, in order to achieve a better result of therapy, chemotherapy is combined with radioactive irradiation of the neoplasm. This combination of treatments helps to slow down the growth and reproduction of cancer cells. By using powerful drugs (eg Avastin, Taxotere, doxorubicin), good therapeutic results can be achieved.

Tablets are also used as a treatment, among the most effective are the following:

• Cyclophosphamide. (Antineoplastic agent).
• Prednisolone. (Glucocorticosteroid).
• Hydroxyurea. (Antineoplastic drug).
• Carboplatin. (Antineoplastic agent).
• Prednisolone-Darnitsa. (Hormon preparation for systematic use).

Chemotherapy for lung cancer

It should be noted that the predominant part of chemotherapy drugs (including tablets) can provoke side effects in patients. The oncologist may prescribe medications to control vomiting and nausea. Chemotherapy takes place before surgical intervention or immediately after it in order to eliminate cancer cells. A large number of clinical trials is based on the study of the effectiveness and the possibility of a variety of combinations of drugs on different stages lung cancer. Each patient on an individual basis should be consulted regarding such drug combination options. Also radioactive therapy is prescribed in combination with chemotherapy to treat specific types of sarcomas.

Pain in metastases

The difference between lung cancer is the accompanying intense musculoskeletal pain. Metastases of the neoplasm cause the patient to permanent order take painkillers for lung cancer. Among such drugs, specialists most often prescribe acetaminophen, various opioid narcotic drugs (morphine, omnopon, tramadol, promedol), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, ibuprofen, and others).

To date, COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) blockers are also actively used. Among these, the use of Celebrex can be noted. The drugs of this group do not differ in the appearance of side effects in the form of effects on the gastric mucosa, bleeding, and others. However, if the patient uses such drugs for a long time, he will get used to it and the subsequent blocking properties will be lost. To avoid this, you can temporarily replace such drugs with pain medications during lung cancer, or find an alternative method of pain relief.

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Modern treatment of lung cancer

The lungs are two porous internal organs that take in oxygen when we inhale and release carbon dioxide when we exhale. Lung cancer is recognized as the most common form of cancer. The disease affects men and women equally. More people die each year from lung cancer than from rectal, prostate, ovarian, and breast cancers (combined).

Heavy smokers are in the main risk group. The risk of disease increases with time and with the increase in the number of cigarettes smoked. By quitting smoking, even if the addiction has continued for many years, the risk of developing cancer is significantly reduced.

Doctors distinguish two main types of lung cancer. The classification criterion is the type of cancer cells under a microscope. First of all, the disease is divided into:

• Small cell lung cancer is diagnosed mainly in heavy smokers and is quite rare.
• Non-small cell lung cancer is a generalized term for several types of pathology that are similar to each other. This is squamous cell lung cancer, the treatment of which has its own nuances, as well as adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma.

Before visiting a doctor

If you are concerned about specific signs and symptoms, start with a visit to a therapist. If he suspects non-small cell or small cell lung cancer, another specialist will treat you, but you will need a referral anyway. With an integrated approach to the treatment of oncological diseases, doctors of various specializations participate in the process:

• oncologists - specialize directly in the treatment of cancer;
• pulmonologists - are engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases;
• radiation oncologists, or radiation therapists - control adherence to the prescribed course of radiotherapy;
• thoracic surgeons - operate on the lungs;
• palliative care specialists treat symptoms.

Preparing for a consultation

Since the duration of medical consultations is often limited (and the patient may have to familiarize himself with a large amount of information that is new to him), it is better to prepare for a visit to a specialist in advance. Doctors give the following recommendations:

• Ask if any action needs to be taken before the consultation. In some cases, it is required, for example, to limit the consumption of certain foods.
• Consistently write down any symptoms you experience, even if they seem to be in no way related to the suspicion of lung cancer. Also indicate when each of the possible signs of the disease appeared.
• Record in writing all significant biographical details. Modern lung cancer treatment is complex, and doctors may need information about your recent stresses and significant lifestyle changes.
• Make a complete list of medications and vitamins that you regularly take. It would be useful to include biologically active food additives, including fortified ones, in the list.
• Collect all medical documents. If you had an x-ray or chest scan ordered by another doctor, try to get a copy of the x-ray and bring it to your consultation.
• Consider bringing a relative or friend with you. Sometimes it can be difficult to immediately absorb all the information received during a visit to the doctor. A family member or friend may remember or record things that escape your attention.
• Make a list of questions for the doctor so you don't forget anything.

Questions for a specialist

The medical consultation does not last long, so it is better to prepare a list of questions in advance so as not to miss a single detail of interest to you. Just in case, it is advisable to rank the questions in order of importance: from the most burning to those that are not key. If you are interested in lung cancer treatment, the list might look like this:

• What type of lung cancer was diagnosed?
• Is it possible to look at the results of an X-ray or a CT scan that showed signs of cancer?
• What is causing the symptoms?
• At what stage is the disease?
• Do I need to undergo additional examinations?
• Has the cancer spread to other internal organs?
• Which lung cancer treatments are right for me?
• What are the side effects of each of these methods?
• What kind of treatment do you recommend?
• Does it make sense to quit smoking?
• What if I don't want to be treated?
• Are there ways to relieve the symptoms of the disease?
• Can I sign up for a clinical trial?
• Do you have brochures or printed materials to take home to review? What sites on the Internet do you recommend?

Feel free to ask any other questions that come to mind during the consultation with a specialist.

What will the doctor say

The doctor will ask you his own questions, and it is advisable to prepare for the answers in advance: this will save a lot of time during the visit. So, the specialist is likely to be interested in the following information:

• When did you first notice the onset of symptoms?
• Are the signs of the disease continuous or only intermittent?
• How intense are your symptoms?
• Is your breathing accompanied by sneezing?
• Is there a cough that feels like a clearing of the throat?
• Have you ever been diagnosed with emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
• Are you taking medication to relieve shortness of breath?
• What do you think causes your condition to improve?
• What do you think is causing your condition to worsen?

Screening

Some organizations recommend that people at increased risk for lung cancer consider having an annual computed tomography (CT) scan to diagnose problems early. If you are over 55 and smoke or have smoked in the past, it is a good idea to discuss the benefits and risks of regular lung cancer screening with your doctor.

The results of some studies suggest that early diagnosis of the disease is the key to a complete cure. On the other hand, computed tomography often reveals the presence of benign tumors and other, much less dangerous ailments, but doctors, of course, suspect lung cancer and refer the patient for invasive studies, exposing him to unnecessary risk and unnecessary anxiety.

Diagnostics

Treatment of stage 4 lung cancer with metastases is a difficult task, focused primarily on alleviating the patient's symptoms. Is it possible to completely cure the disease? Yes, but only if diagnosed early. If a doctor suspects lung cancer, he or she will order diagnostic tests to look for abnormal cells and rule out other diseases and conditions. The most commonly used diagnostic methods are:

• Imaging studies. An x-ray of the lungs may reveal the presence of an abnormal collection of cells in the form of a mass or nodule (growth). Scanning by computed tomography allows you to determine the presence of small tumor foci that may go unnoticed on x-rays.
• Cytological examination of sputum. If you suffer from a persistent wet cough, examination of sputum under a microscope can help identify abnormal (cancerous) cells in the discharge.
• Biopsy. This study is the extraction of a sample of abnormal tissue for laboratory analysis.

stages

After confirming the diagnosis, the doctor will determine the stage of development of the oncological disease. On its basis, further treatment of lung cancer is planned.

Studies aimed at determining the stage of cancer usually include imaging procedures - they allow you to determine the presence or absence of metastases. These are computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and bone scintigraphy (bone scanning). Some of these procedures have contraindications, so your doctor should prescribe imaging studies.

There are the following stages of the disease:

• I. Cancer cells are found only in the lung, they have not spread to the lymph nodes. The tumor usually does not exceed 5 cm in diameter.
• II. The tumor is larger than 5 cm in diameter. In some cases, it retains a small size, but the pathological process extends to nearby structures: the chest wall, diaphragm, and the lining of the lungs (pleura). The cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.
• III. Treatment of lung cancer at this stage is much more complicated. The tumor can get even larger and capture other internal organs located next to the lungs. In some cases, the tumor remains relatively small, but cancer cells are found in distant lymph nodes.
• IV. The pathological process went beyond one lobe and captured the second or distant internal organs and parts of the body. The treatment of stage 4 lung cancer with metastases is aimed primarily at relieving symptoms and ensuring the longest possible life expectancy for the patient.

Treatment

Treatment of lung cancer is prescribed by a doctor, but the patient has every right to participate in the choice of specific methods and medications. Therapy depends on the general state of health, the type and stage of the disease, as well as the preferences of the patient. As a rule, it is necessary to apply two or more methods of dealing with the disease at once in order to ensure high efficiency of therapy. The main treatments for lung cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted drug therapy.

In rare cases, patients refuse the prescribed treatment. Withdrawal is usually dictated by the following considerations: sometimes the side effects of some fairly aggressive methods exceed the potential benefits of therapy. Such patients are offered options to relieve symptoms of the disease, such as pain or shortness of breath.

Surgery

During surgery, the doctor removes the cancerous tumor and part of the surrounding healthy tissue. Treatment of stage 4 lung cancer excludes the possibility of surgery. In the earlier stages of the disease, the surgeon may resort to the following procedures:

• wedge resection. In this operation, the doctor removes a small piece of the lung in which the cancer was found, along with some healthy tissue.
• segmental resection. The surgeon removes a larger piece of the lung, but not the entire lobe.
• Lobectomy is the removal of an entire lobe of one lung.
• Pneumoectomy (pulmonectomy) is a surgical operation to remove the entire lung.

If surgery is indicated to treat lung cancer, the doctor will likely remove the lymph nodes from the chest as well, as they may show signs of cancer spread.

The operation always entails some risks - for example, bleeding or infection is possible. In any case, breathing problems can be expected after surgery. If only a piece of the lung is removed, the remaining tissue will grow over time and allow for easier breathing. You may need to learn special breathing exercises.

Chemotherapy

Treatment of lung cancer with chemotherapy involves the use of specific drugs to destroy pathologically altered cells. Often, the doctor prescribes several drugs for intravenous administration or oral administration (in the form of tablets) at the same time. Medicines are taken in courses for several weeks or months at short intervals - the body needs time to recover.

Chemotherapy completes the treatment that began with surgery: the drugs kill the remaining cancer cells. Sometimes medications are taken before surgery to reduce the size of the tumor and make it easier for the surgeon. In some cases, chemotherapy is included in the complex treatment of stage 4 lung cancer and is used to reduce pain.

Radiation therapy

Radiotherapy is irradiation with high-power energy flows, for example, x-rays. The procedure can be carried out using external or internal radiation sources. In the second case, radioactive material is placed in needles or catheters and introduced into the body in the immediate vicinity of the tumor focus.

Radiation treatment for lung cancer may be considered as an alternative to chemotherapy after surgery. In addition, radiotherapy is indicated as the primary treatment for tumors that cannot be removed surgically. In the advanced stages of the disease, radiation is used to reduce pain and relieve other symptoms of lung cancer.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy is a relatively new type of cancer treatment that involves taking drugs that target specific abnormalities in cancer cells. Among them are:

• "Bevacizumab". This drug interferes with the extra blood flow needed to feed the tumor. As is known, the blood vessels passing through the accumulation of cancer cells supply the tumor focus with oxygen and nutrients and thereby contribute to the growth of the pathological neoplasm. "Bevacizumab" is prescribed simultaneously with chemotherapy, when the treatment of lung cancer with metastases with folk remedies does not give the expected effect. The drug is an ideal tool for the complex therapy of non-small cell lung cancer, however, its use carries the risk of some side effects (bleeding, thrombosis, increased blood pressure).
• Erlotinib. This drug blocks chemicals that promote the growth and division of cancer cells. Erlotinib is prescribed for non-small cell lung cancer with specific genetic mutations. To determine the effectiveness of this tool, a preliminary cytological examination of pathologically altered cells is necessary. Side effects such as skin rash or diarrhea are possible. The most intense effect of the drug was noted in non-smoking patients.
• "crizotinib". This tool blocks chemical compounds that allow cancer cells to exceed normal in size and life expectancy. The drug is also recommended for those diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer. The treatment, which is reported regularly, is to prevent the development of further genetic mutations in abnormal cells. When using Crizotinib, nausea or visual disturbances are possible.

Alternative medicine

Patients with cancer often have high hopes for the treatment of lung cancer with folk remedies. Stage 4 cancer (however, like any other) is not amenable to any methods of alternative medicine, however, folk remedies can help alleviate the patient's pain and other symptoms of the disease. Thus, the possibilities of alternative medicine can be combined with the use of more conservative methods of treatment. The doctor will help you choose the best option. Most often, patients consider the following alternative methods of fighting lung cancer:

• Acupuncture. During the session, the specialist places small needles at specific points on different parts of the body. If you've been diagnosed with left lung cancer, acupuncture treatment can help relieve pain and lessen the side effects of conventional therapy. While acupuncture can certainly be used to treat the symptoms of cancer, there is no evidence that it directly affects the tumor and the spread of cancer.
• Hypnosis. Professional hypnosis is a type of therapy in which a specialist puts the patient into a trance-like state. This state contributes to the relaxation of the whole organism, and the patient at the same time receives a psychological setting for pleasant and positive thoughts. Hypnosis is used to eliminate increased anxiety, neurogenic nausea and pain.
• Massage. This is a technique in which the specialist manually applies pressure on the skin and muscles of the patient. Massage relieves the anxiety and pain associated with lung cancer patients.

Prevention

There are cases when both traditional therapy and the treatment of lung cancer with folk remedies are ineffective. Stage 4 of the disease is most often detected during the initial diagnosis, and for many patients a complete cure is no longer possible by this time. It is always easier to prevent a disease than to fight it later. The following preventive measures for lung cancer are known:

• do not smoke;
• avoid passive smoking;
• check the level of radon in the home;
• avoid exposure to carcinogens at work;
• eat more fresh fruits and vegetables;
• play sports more often.