Cervical cancer early stromal invasion. Invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of tumor cells - cancer

Cervical cancer (CC) is a malignant tumor that occupies one of the leading positions among all cancer pathologies in women. The disease is classified as a tumor of “visual localization”, but in 40% of cases the neoplasm is diagnosed on late stages.
In Russia, more than 12,000 new cases of cervical cancer are detected annually, with the peak incidence occurring in patients aged 40-55 years. In 7% of cases, the tumor occurs in women under 30 years of age; after 70 years, the incidence rate reaches 16%. Most often, the neoplasm is diagnosed at the stage of invasive carcinoma, which directly correlates with low treatment effectiveness, quality of life and a less favorable prognosis than with the non-invasive form of the disease.

Forms of the disease

Let's look at the main differences between invasive and non-invasive cervical cancer. The degree of invasion (germination) is assessed based on instrumental methods examinations.

On early stages the tumor grows quite slowly, without affecting surrounding tissues, without provoking the development of metastases. Therefore, when malignant cells are localized exclusively in the outer layers of the epithelium, the tumor is designated as non-invasive cervical cancer. By TNM classification rubric T (tumor) is marked as T0.

With further growth into deeper tissues, the index is assigned to the tumor - “cancer in situ”, which indicates tumor invasion into the underlying tissues. In this case, the tumor is considered pre-invasive.

With all the above options, it is possible to perform organ-saving treatment. Women who have not given birth even retain their fertility.

Subsequently, when the tumor grows to the depth of the organ by more than 5 mm, they speak of invasive cervical cancer. The next stage is the spread of the tumor to the body of the uterus, pelvic walls, vagina, bladder, and rectum.

Thus, invasive cervical cancer includes tumors with an index of T1b or more. The process of degeneration of one form of cervical cancer into another can last for several years.

Clinical picture

Symptoms of cervical cancer are usually divided into general and specific signs. General symptoms are associated with the patient’s impairment of well-being; women note:

General weakness and decreased performance;
Slight (low-grade) increase in temperature;
Dizziness;
Lack of appetite;
Sharp weight loss.

Specific symptoms are directly related to damage to the cervix. In the early stages, the disease is asymptomatic. The first symptoms of the disease often develop at stages 3-4 of cancer pathology.

Signs of cervical cancer are:

Colorless or whitish discharge (leucorrhoea), sometimes mixed with blood;
Bloody discharge after sexual intercourse or a gynecological examination, between menstruation in fertile women, after the onset of menopause;
Appearance unpleasant odor from the vagina;
Prolongation of menstrual bleeding;
Swelling of the legs in the presence of damage to the inguinal lymph nodes;
Pain in the pelvic area;
Defecation disorder;
Difficulty and painful urination;

The appearance of urine or feces in the vagina, which indicates the occurrence of fistulas.

The listed symptoms usually develop at stages 3 and 4 of cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly undergo gynecological examination in order to promptly identify and begin treatment for cervical cancer.

Diagnostics

cervical cancer is confirmed on the basis of histological examination of cervical tissue obtained as part of diagnostic curettage, biopsy or conization.

Optimal scope of examination:

Colposcopy.
Histological examination.
MRI of the pelvis (MRI is more informative than CT in assessing the depth of invasion and the transition of the tumor to the parametrium and adjacent organs; the accuracy of determining the depth of invasion using MRI is 71-97%);
CT scan of the pelvis, abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space (when detecting metastases in the lymph nodes, the information content of CT and MRI is the same).
Positron emission tomography (PET) or PT-CT.

Treatment

Treatment tactics are formed at a consultation of an oncologist, radiologist, chemotherapist and others narrow specialists if indicated.

Algorithm therapeutic effects with cervical cancer is formed based on the stage pathological process, the patient’s health status, her age, the size of the tumor and the extent of metastases. Chemotherapy and radiation are used before surgery to reduce the size of the tumor, or after excision of the tumor to destroy the remaining tumors. cancer cells.

Treatment methods

Surgical intervention. If with non-invasive cervical cancer it is possible to perform non-mutilating operations with good result(cervical conization combined with curettage cervical canal), then in the presence of invasive carcinoma, extensive surgical interventions such as hysterectomy are performed ( complete removal uterus with cervix) with lymph node dissection (removal of lymph nodes). If tumor invasion into the rectum or bladder is diagnosed, then exenteration (evisceration) of the pelvic organs is performed (removal of the uterus, cervix, Bladder, rectum). However, for invasive cancer, treatment is rarely limited to surgical treatment only, but is carried out in combination with chemoradiotherapy.
Chemotherapy. The method is based on the reception medicines, which suppress the activity of malignant cells. Chemotherapy is used as monotherapy or in addition to radiotherapy, surgical treatment. The use of pharmaceuticals can increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy, reduce the risk of developing metastases, and control disease relapse. For this purpose, the following are prescribed: Hydroxycarbamide, Bleomycin, Cisplatin, Etoposide.
Radiotherapy. The technique is widely used in combination with surgery in the early stages of the disease. For common forms of cervical cancer – the only way reduce the volume of the tumor mass. For treatment, internal (brachytherapy) and external irradiation are used. After a course of therapy, complications often arise in the form of post-radiation damage to the skin and internal organs.

In cases where the cervical tumor cannot be removed (significant local spread, presence distant metastases), chemoradiotherapy is used as an independent method.

Forecast

With the development of a non-invasive form of cervical cancer, in 90% of cases it is possible to achieve full recovery patients. However, as the tumor grows and malignant cells spread into surrounding tissues, the prognosis worsens significantly. Subject to timely and adequate therapy full life It is possible to recover about 60% of patients with the second stage of cancer.

With the development of stage 3 CC, tumor growth can be stopped in 30% of cases. The fourth stage is considered terminal, but the use modern techniques allows to achieve stabilization of the process in 10% of patients, subject to strict adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen.

Cervical cancer is a disease that leads to malignant transformation of the integumentary epithelium. In the early stages, oncopathology is characterized by an asymptomatic course. However, over time, the woman develops minor signs of the disease: unusual discharge, pain in the lower abdomen, difficulty defecating and urinating. Only timely diagnosis And adequate therapy allow you to completely recover from the disease.

Invasive cervical cancer is dangerous cancer, because in most cases it occurs with mild symptoms. This pathology is diagnosed when a cancerous tumor affects the tissues located under the epithelial lining of the cervix.

The invasive form of the tumor is less likely than non-invasive cancer and is detected in the early stages of development. oncological process, which worsens the survival prognosis. More often from this pathological condition women suffer childbearing age. With late detection and initiation of treatment of such malignant neoplasms there is a high probability of death.

Causes of the disease

A common cause of this pathological condition is the human papillomavirus. In women it leads to dysplasia epithelial cells and creates conditions for further malignant degeneration. HPV, which often causes non-invasive, invasive and pre-invasive cervical cancer, is transmitted in most cases through sexual contact. Higher risk of occurrence similar pathology in women who often change sexual partners. To others possible reasons development of this cancer include:

hormonal imbalances;
frequent infections genitourinary system;
early onset of sexual activity;
irrational use of hormonal contraceptives;
smoking;
decreased immunity of any etiology.

The development of pathology can be provoked by surgical interventions that were performed to eliminate pathologies of female reproductive organs. IN special group at risk include women who have had frequent abortions.

Characteristic symptoms

The clinical manifestations of this pathological condition largely depend on the degree of tumor development:

Due to organ involvement urinary system Often there is a violation of the outflow of urine varying degrees expressiveness. Signs appear indicating damage to other organs. Often develops renal failure. Severe swelling appears lower limbs. For last stage The development of the oncological process is characterized by the presence of symptoms indicating severe intoxication of the body. Patients have complaints about:

prostration;
apathy;
frequent headaches;
nausea;
vomiting;
loss of appetite, etc.

On initial stages pathological process, tumor formation looks like a small ulcerated area on the mucous membrane. Often the pathology is supplemented by bluish seals on the cervix and papillary defects. At the later stages of the pathological process, the appearance of extensive growths is observed, on the surface of which deep ulcers and foci of necrosis are visible.

Diagnostic methods

When the slightest sign development of the oncological process, a woman needs to contact a gynecologist as soon as possible. First of all, the doctor collects anamnesis and conducts a physical examination of the patient using mirrors. In the future for production accurate diagnosis The following studies are prescribed:

A biopsy is necessarily performed for the purpose of further histological examination of the obtained samples. X-ray and bone scintigraphy may be required to detect metastases.

For precise definition the degree of neglect of the oncological process, a CT or MRI is prescribed.

Treatment

In most cases, complex therapy is prescribed, which involves surgical intervention, radiation and chemotherapy. If the disease is detected at an early stage, resection of part of the cervix may be performed. In more advanced cases, not only the cervix, but also the entire uterus is removed. At surgical stage During treatment, regional lymph nodes may also be removed.

When treating this cancer, irradiation is often performed in the areas affected by the cancerous tumor. This method used when surgery cannot be performed due to existing contraindications.

An additional treatment method is chemotherapy. It can be prescribed both before the surgical intervention to stop tumor growth, and after removal of the tumor to eliminate metastases. The treatment option largely depends on general condition, age and severity of the patient’s medical history.

Possible complications

A complicated course is often observed in the later stages of pathology development. TO possible consequences invasive cancers include:

renal failure;
massive bleeding;
cachexia ( sudden loss weight, change mental state patient);
respiratory failure;
disturbances in the outflow of urine;
disorders of the cardiovascular system.

The appearance of complications worsens the prognosis, and treatment is delayed.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing this pathological condition, women are recommended to begin sexual activity no earlier than 18-20 years old. You should always use the means barrier contraception and avoid frequent changes sexual partners. Hormonal contraceptives can only be used on the recommendation of a doctor.

To reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer, it is necessary to monitor genital hygiene and undergo timely treatment for any inflammatory diseases genitourinary system. Many experts recommend vaccination against the human papillomavirus for women at risk. This helps reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer in the future. All women over 20 years old should undergo routine examinations with a doctor at least once a year. This will allow you to identify pathology in the early stages and cure the disease.

It can be said that cancer cells to a certain extent do not respond to the mechanisms that control growth and development normal tissue. During the proliferation of normal tissue, direct contact of a cell with its neighbors usually serves as a signal to stop proliferation. This contact inhibition is absent in tumor tissues.

When administered subcutaneously cancer cells immunodeficient mice experience tumor growth and development, which never happens when healthy cells are introduced. Cancer cells differ from healthy cells in the composition of membrane glycoproteins and micropotentials on cell membrane, and are also characterized increased content sialic acid. The locomotor cellular apparatus (microtubules and microfilaments) of cancer cells degrades, the cell loses its inherent forms, migration of the cytoplasm of the cancer cell to the zone of contact with healthy cells.

Simultaneously cancer cells become locally invasive, although the biochemical basis of this property has not yet been clearly identified. Tumor cells often exhibit reduced adhesiveness compared to normal cells. An important point The mechanism of invasion is the secretion of certain enzymes. Some enzymes play a key role in the proteolysis of the intracellular matrix, which always accompanies the invasion of cancer cells. These enzymes include the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family, which includes collagenases, gelatinases, and stromolysins.

These enzymes excreted in an inactive form. The subsequent cleavage of the sulfhydryl group and the addition of a metal atom (most often zinc) lead to a change in the conformation of the enzyme and transfer it to the active state. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) stop the action of these enzymes. Some tissue types are inherently more resistant to invasion. For example, this is a compact bone, fabrics large vessels And cartilage tissue. Presumably, the ability to invade tumor cells appears as a result of transformation normal processes reconstruction and restoration of healthy tissues. However, it is currently unknown which specific changes in the genetic structure of cancer cells are responsible for invasive growth.

As tumor growth it releases angiogenic factors into the blood, which stimulate tumor growth by blood vessels and the formation of a network of capillaries. The tumor vascular system may become a target for various types anticancer therapy. The tumor stimulates endothelial cell proliferation by releasing angiogenic cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TGF, and fibroblast growth factors. Endothelial cells, in turn, can stimulate the growth of tumor cells. In one gram tumor tissue there may be up to 10-20 million endothelial cells that are not neoplastic.

Antigens of normal endothelial cells, including profactors of blood clotting, can be dysregulated in endothelial tissue actively proliferating under the influence of a tumor. In addition to the action of cytokines, hypoxia developing in the tumor blood supply network can stimulate the release of EGFR and other factors. During angiogenesis, endothelial cells penetrate into the tumor stroma and actively divide there to form the primordia of new capillaries, which then develop into vascular system tumors. As in the case of tumor cell invasion, this process occurs with the participation of MMPs produced by the endothelium and their natural inhibitors.

At local invasion tumor cells can enter the vascular system and give rise to metastases. The sequence of events during metastasis is shown in the figure. Spread of cancer cells throughout lymphatic system, which is especially typical for carcinomas, occurs when tumor cells enter the lymphatic ducts with their subsequent settling in places where the ducts branch and in the nearest lymph nodes. This is usually followed by infiltration of tumor cells into distant lymph nodes. Distribution via bloodstream occurs when cancer cells penetrate into blood vessels near the site of primary tumor localization or through thoracic ducts. Cancer cells picked up by the bloodstream are then captured by nearby capillary networks, most often networks of the liver and lungs, and settle in them. When assessing the direction of metastasis, it is very important to take into account the primary location of the tumor.

For example, tumors digestive tract usually metastasize through portal vein to the liver. Tumors can also metastasize directly through adjacent tissue. Thus, neoplasms arising in the abdominal cavity can very quickly disperse throughout the entire intraperitoneal space, and the cells lung cancer can migrate through the pleura. Some tumors metastasize to certain organs and fabrics, others - haphazardly. Sarcomas, for example, almost always metastasize to the lungs; breast cancer also affects the tissues of the axial skeleton. Nevertheless biological mechanisms that explain this selectivity have not yet been found.

Regional lymph nodes can perform a barrier function, preventing the spread of metastases beyond the area of primary tumor localization. It has not yet been clearly clarified how and due to what specific immune mechanisms The lymph nodes create a barrier to the spread of the tumor.

Penetrating into the bloodstream in the area of the primary tumor, cancer cells can then reach other organs and tissues. In order to give rise to new tumor foci, these cells in a new place must, firstly, penetrate the tissue through the endothelium of the capillaries, and secondly, survive attacks from local immune systems defenses, such as phagocytic cells and so-called natural killer (NK) cells.

Ability to invade and spread to distant organs and tissues in various types of tumors varies greatly. This ability is apparently determined by the degree of expression of that part of the genome that determines the malignant growth of cells. Indeed, over time, almost everything cancerous tumors accumulate more and more genetic changes in their cells and acquire the ability to invade and metastasize. But even with clinical detection of a tumor, metastases and invasion may appear only after several years. A typical example is low-grade carcinoma. It should be noted that even the same types of cancer with the same degree of differentiation of tumor cells metastasize differently in different patients.

All this speaks to the need search for molecular markers, which could predict the outcome of cancer more accurately than diagnosis based on the histological type of tumor (although last method is currently the most accurate possible). In addition, even a specific tumor may be in to a large extent heterogeneous and consist of cells that differ in their metastatic potential, as has been shown in cloned subpopulations isolated from the same tumor. The biological reasons for this variability are currently unknown.

It is absolutely clear that for successful treatment of cancer patients it is necessary to conduct large-scale research in the field of finding the mechanisms of tissue invasion, metastatic growth and search biological reasons heterogeneity of tumors. The lack of homogeneity in tumors, the similarity of tumor cells with healthy cells of the tissue that gave rise to it, and the absence of a clear single criterion by which one could distinguish a cancer cell from a healthy one - all this together means that our discussions about antitumor immunity or about the mechanisms of action of cytostatic drugs drugs should be taken with a fair amount of skepticism, especially if they are based on experiments with homogeneous tumor cultures.

Infiltrative (invasive) breast cancer includes tumors that grow beyond the duct or lobule in which they formed. Accordingly, invasive breast cancer can be ductal or lobular.

Features of ductal infiltrative breast cancer

This type malignant tumors mammary gland - the most common. It is diagnosed in 80% of cases. When examining biopsy material obtained from the tissues of such a tumor under a microscope, specialists most often do not detect any specific features cancer cells. In this case, we talk about invasive breast cancer without signs of specificity (NST - No Special Type). In the description of such neoplasms you can also find the abbreviation NOS (not otherwise specified).

Initially, the cancer focus is localized in epithelial tissue, lining one of the ducts through which during lactation women's milk flows to the nipple. Until the carcinoma grows into other tissues, i.e. no infiltration occurs, it is not an invasive cancer and is classified as in situ (“in situ”). Unfortunately, in most cases, such “stationary” tumors transform into invasive ones after 5-10 years.

Ductal infiltrative cancer grows quickly, begins to metastasize early, and is prone to relapse. At the same time, competent comprehensive treatment allows you to bring out stable remission the vast majority of women with this diagnosis.

Features of lobular invasive breast cancer

Lobular carcinomas in situ grow and develop more slowly than ductal carcinomas, some of them may never develop into an infiltrative form.

Therefore, when such a neoplasm is detected in some situations, oncologists adhere to the so-called “active surveillance tactics.” However, its presence is a prognostically unfavorable sign, so the patient can independently make a choice in favor of breast removal.

If at histological examination In the cells of a “fixed” lobular tumor, receptors for sex hormones or special proteins are found, the patient can be prescribed courses of anastrozole, tamoxifen and other drugs, the action of which leads to disruption of the vital processes of cancer cells or to inhibition of their growth, reproduction and migration into surrounding tissues. In some cases, this treatment is sufficient to long time stabilize the woman's condition.

Invasive lobular cancer is rare and accounts for 3 to 10% of all reported cases. Such a lesion is not always determined in the form of a solid node: sometimes there is an enlargement of part of the mammary gland without local compactions.

Lobular infiltrative cancer has other differences from ductal cancer. For example, neoplasms often simultaneously appear not in one, but in several lobules, and in approximately 20% of women, tumors are found in both mammary glands.

Treatment

Treatment for infiltrative breast cancer is always complex. Depending on the histological type of tumor and the stage of the process, it may include:

Partial or complete removal of the organ, in case of bilateral damage - both glands. As a rule, the axillary lymph nodes on the affected side are removed along with the mammary gland.
Chemotherapy – neoadjuvant (before surgery) and/or adjuvant (after surgery). In the first case, chemotherapy is aimed at reducing the size of the lesion and inhibiting the activity of tumor cells, which facilitates the surgeon’s tasks and improves the prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy is used to prevent metastasis and consolidate the results of surgery.
Radiation treatment, which is usually prescribed in postoperative period. Modern radiotherapy systems allow radiologists to achieve maximum effect at minimal risk complications. After total removal of the mammary gland, the chest wall is usually irradiated, as well as the locations of groups of lymph nodes - axillary, supra- and subclavian, parasternal areas. The duration and intensity of radiotherapy is determined on an individual basis.
Hormone therapy - if the analysis of biopsy material reveals the hormone-dependent nature of the neoplasms.
Targeted therapy. This method may be highly effective in the treatment of HER2-positive invasive cancer.

Reconstructive surgery after total organ removal for invasive breast cancer

One of the serious psychological problems problem that women face after breast removal is the feeling of losing their physical attractiveness. This problem can be solved with breast reconstruction using:

tissue of the patient’s abdomen or back;
implants;
combinations of implants and body tissues.

Whatever method is chosen, after restoration the breasts have a smooth shape. That's why plastic surgeon also reconstructs the nipple. Usage modern implants makes it possible to form a dummy organ that does not require replacement for a long time and does not lose its shape and elasticity.

Not related to age, social class or gender. Pathology can appear in any person. However, in percentage The proportion of men among the sick is negligible. Exist different shapes breast cancer. In this article we will take a closer look at the invasive variant of the pathology.

The structure of the female breast

To better understand the pathogenesis of the disease, it is necessary to understand the anatomy of the breast. It is customary to distinguish the following parts in its structure:

connective tissue;
mammary gland;
ducts;
lobules of mammary glands.

Another important part of the breast is lymphadenitis. They trap cancerous elements and harmful microorganisms, performing a protective function.

Pregnancy promotes increased milk production in the glands. Then it flows out of the nipples through the ducts. Certain types of malignant neoplasms of the gland begin their development, affecting several. These include invasive cancer.

Description of the disease

Invasive breast cancer is serious. It is characterized by the spread of the tumor into the fatty or connective tissues. Invasion refers to the ability of malignant elements to separate from the primary focus and quickly affect surrounding organs. This is one of the conditions for tumor metastasis. The treatment tactics depend on the invasiveness or non-invasiveness of the tumor.

In this disease, cancer cells rapidly invade nearby lymph nodes. At advanced stages, their activity extends to spinal cord, liver and kidneys. If malignant elements are found outside the mammary glands, this type of pathology is called metastatic breast cancer.

Main reasons

Invasive breast cancer progresses slowly. Its occurrence may be preceded by precancerous diseases, such as mastopathy. Let us consider in more detail the main causes of pathology.

Mastopathy. The disease develops against the background of an imbalance of hormones in the body. Most often diagnosed in women under 40 years of age. Characteristic for mastopathy severe pain, nipple discharge. Tumor-like nodules form in the breast, which leads to changes in organ tissue and cancer.
Fibroadenomas. This pathology predominantly develops in young girls. Nodular formations of a benign nature appear in the chest. As a result of injury, lack of treatment or hormonal imbalance, they begin to increase in size, affecting healthy tissue.
Abortion. Surgical procedures not only terminate pregnancy, but can also provoke reverse development glandular tissues. As a result, compactions form from which cancer develops.
Lactation. Refusal breastfeeding is another cause of invasive cancer.
Absence intimacy. Irregular sex life violates hormonal balance in the body, which negatively affects the condition of the mammary glands.

Clinical manifestations of the disease

No one can be immune from breast cancer. According to statistics, every ninth representative of the fair sex suffers from manifestations of this disease. According to doctors, there may be several times more patients. More than a million women are unaware that they have a tumor. In the early stages, the pathology is practically asymptomatic, and it can only be diagnosed with the help of comprehensive examination. Unfortunately, the appearance of the first signs often means that the disease has progressed to new stage development. What symptoms indicate invasive breast cancer?

Change in nipple skin color.
The appearance of a small lump or lump in the chest area.
Changes in the size and shape of the breast.
Bloody causing burning and discomfort.

If similar symptoms are present, you should immediately consult a doctor to identify the causes.

Forms of the disease

IN medical literature Several variants of pathologies representing invasive breast cancer are described. Such diseases include:

Pre-invasive cancer. The neoplasm does not spread to neighboring organs, but remains in the milk ducts.
Lobular cancer. The disease is diagnosed extremely rarely (in 15% of cases). The neoplasm develops in the lobules and ducts of the glands and can metastasize to neighboring tissues. Main symptom pathologies - chest pain on palpation.
Invasive ductal carcinoma. The tumor forms in the milk ducts. Malignant cells gradually multiply in adipose tissue, but quickly metastasize to other organs. Ductal carcinoma It is considered the most common form of invasive breast disease (about 80% of cases among all cancers).

Diagnostic methods

Diagnosis of the disease usually begins with self-examination. Structure female breast allows you to identify compactions during palpation. Changes in the skin, shape of the nipple and other symptoms indicating the severity of the pathology can also be detected independently. If you suspect a disease, you should consult a doctor. The specialist should conduct a physical examination and prescribe additional examination. Mammography and MRI are usually used for diagnosis. If tumors are detected, a biopsy is performed. The resulting samples are then sent to a laboratory for analysis. The results of the study make it possible to determine the hormonal status of the tumor and its characteristics.

Separately, we should talk about when and why to donate blood for tumor markers. This analysis is used to diagnose the disease and then to monitor the treatment. Tumor markers are macromolecules that are synthesized in a woman’s body in response to the activity of cancer elements. When their level exceeds the norm, we can talk about the presence of a pathological process, but not always. In some cases, an increase in the number of macromolecules in the blood indicates an allergy, benign education or inflammation. If invasive cancer is suspected, the concentration of the following 27-29, HER2 should be checked. For getting reliable results On the eve of the test, you should rest and do not drink alcohol. Blood for tumor markers is donated from a vein. The results are interpreted by a doctor in the laboratory.

Treatment Options

There are several methods of combating invasive cancer: surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, biological, hormone therapy. Commonly used complex treatment. First, the doctor removes the tumor. Then the patient is prescribed radiation therapy. It allows you to increase the effectiveness of treatment by 70%. Irradiation is necessarily indicated for patients whose tumor size exceeds 5 cm. Chemo-, hormono- and biological therapy used as system methods fight cancer. If progesterone or estrogen receptors are detected in the gland tissues, use hormonal treatment. If these elements are absent, chemotherapy is prescribed.

Prognosis for recovery

The prognosis for this disease depends on the results of the therapy. Invasive lesions of the mammary glands are characterized by a high percentage deaths. Therefore, many countries are beginning to introduce screening programs that make it possible to detect oncology in the early stages. There are four of them in total. Invasive breast cancer stage 2 or 1, diagnosed in a timely manner, ends in recovery in 90% of cases. Positive dynamics are possible only with proper treatment. The survival rate for stage 3 cancer is 47%, and for stage 4 cancer it is about 16%. At later stages, invasive breast cancer is difficult to treat. The prognosis worsens significantly with the appearance of metastases.