The role of philosophy in the modern world essay. Philosophy in the modern world

(instead of conclusion)

As we already know, philosophy is a form of spiritual activity aimed at posing, analyzing and solving fundamental ideological issues related to the development of a holistic view of the world and man. These include problems such as understanding the uniqueness of man and his place in the universal integral existence, the meaning and purpose of human life, the relationship between being and consciousness, subject and object, freedom and determinism, and many others. Accordingly, the main content and structure of philosophy and its functions are determined. Moreover, the internal structure of philosophical knowledge itself is very complexly organized, simultaneously holistic and internally differentiated. There is, on the one hand, a certain theoretical core, consisting of the doctrine of being (ontology), the theory of knowledge (epistemology), the doctrine of man (philosophical anthropology) and the doctrine of society (social philosophy). On the other hand, around this theoretically systematized foundation, a whole complex of specialized branches or branches of philosophical knowledge was formed quite a long time ago: ethics, aesthetics, logic, philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, philosophy of law, political philosophy, philosophy of ideology, etc. Taken in the interaction of all these structure-forming components, philosophy performs a wide variety of functions in the life of man and society. The most important of them include: ideological, methodological, value-regulatory and prognostic.

In the course of almost three thousand years of development of philosophical thought, the idea of the subject of philosophy, its basic content and internal structure was constantly not only clarified and specified, but often significantly changed. The latter occurred, as a rule, during periods of dramatic social change. It is precisely this period of radical qualitative transformations that modern humanity is experiencing. Therefore, the question naturally arises: how and in what direction will the idea of the subject, the main content and purpose of philosophy change in that new, as it is most often called, post-industrial, or information, society? The answer to this question remains open today. It can only be given in a general and preliminary form, which does not in any way pretend to be categorical or unambiguous, but at the same time it is a fairly clear answer. We are talking about highlighting the problems of man, language in its generalized modern understanding, the foundations and universals of culture. All of these are different attempts to discover new aspects of human experience in philosophy, making it possible to better understand both the own content of philosophy and its purpose in society. It seems that this trend is stable and dominant, determining the general perspective and specific directions for the development of philosophy for decades to come.

Apparently, philosophy, as before, will be understood as a specific form of human spiritual activity, focused on solving fundamental ideological problems. It will continue to be based on the study of the deep foundations of human activity, and above all, productive creative activity, taken in all the diversity of its types and forms, as well as on the study of the nature and functions of language in its modern generalized understanding. In particular, it is necessary to understand much deeper and more thoroughly the features of that specific type of reality, which is the so-called virtual reality, which exists and is expressed by means of modern electronic technologies, including using the World Electronic Web (the Internet and its analogues).

Finally, we will suggest that in the near future there will be an intensification of the tendency for philosophy to acquire its status as a kind of body of practical wisdom. During its formation and initial stages, European philosophy had this status, but then lost it, concentrating efforts on creating very complex, relatively complete systems, mainly using purely theoretical, logical means and methods. As a result, she largely abstracted herself from the real demands and needs of a specific living person. Philosophy, apparently, will try to once again become - of course, taking into account all the realities of our time - necessary for a person to understand and solve problems that arise in the course of his daily life.

Literature and sources

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Much still remains unclear in the understanding of those universals of culture that are now brought to the fore in philosophical research. It is necessary, for example, to understand the composition, set of the universals of culture themselves, their relationships with each other and with philosophical universals (categories), to better outline the relationship of the philosophical approach to understanding the nature, foundations and universals of culture with those studies of culture that are carried out in such specialized branches modern scientific knowledge, such as cultural studies, cultural history, sociology and psychology of culture, textual criticism, etc.

Most likely, the differentiation of philosophical knowledge will continue. At the same time, it is important that in philosophy, as in other most advanced branches of special scientific knowledge, the process of differentiation is carried out simultaneously with the integration of philosophical knowledge around its own theoretical core - ontology, epistemology, anthropology and social philosophy. This will allow us to avoid the currently observed dissolution of the content of philosophy in the problems of related disciplines - political science, philosophy and history of science (scientific studies), sociology. Systematic and in-depth historical and philosophical research is called upon to play a particularly important role in the integration of philosophical knowledge. It is in the enormous cognitive potential of the centuries-old history of philosophical thought that one of the most important internal sources of constant growth of that specific type of knowledge, which is philosophy, is contained.

And here the need to assimilate the experience and traditions of not only Western European, but also all world philosophical thought will increasingly come to the fore. First of all, we are talking about the experience and traditions of the development of philosophy in the countries of the East - in China, India, the countries of the Middle East and the Mediterranean, with their emphasis on the spiritual, moral self-improvement of man, the establishment and maintenance of harmonious relationships with nature. The same can be said regarding the experience of the development of Russian philosophical thought, including its religious and philosophical direction. Starting with A. S. Khomyakov, through V. S. Solovyov, a galaxy of outstanding representatives of the Silver Age and up to the middle of the 20th century. Russian philosophical thought has accumulated enormous spiritual wealth, containing the diversity of all human experience, the achievements of human spiritual powers and abilities, the ideas of Russian cosmism, the moral quest of many outstanding representatives of Russian literature and artistic culture in general.

Many of the fundamental ideas put forward in their time by philosophical thought are firmly entrenched in the language and arsenal of methods and tools used in modern scientific knowledge. This applies, for example, to philosophical interpretations of the relationship between part and whole, features of the structure and structure of complexly organized developing systems, the dialectics of the accidental and the necessary, the possible and the actual, the variety of types and forms of regularity and causality. It is especially important that the subject of special scientific research is increasingly becoming the person himself and the characteristics of his consciousness, cognitive and mental activity in the form of a whole complex of so-called cognitive sciences, not to mention special scientific approaches and methods for studying human social life. In general, it can be said with a high degree of probability that the time is not far when research into many problems that are an integral part of the worldview will be carried out through the joint efforts of philosophy and various branches of specialized scientific knowledge, which, in turn, will require certain adjustments to be made in the understanding of the subject and the main content of philosophy.

Among the diverse functions of philosophy, its prognostic function, its active and active participation in foreseeing and forecasting the ideals of the future, a more perfect structure of human life, and in the search for new ideological orientations, is becoming increasingly important in modern conditions. The consciousness of modern people is becoming more and more planetary and, in this sense, global. But this trend towards deepening the internal integrity and interconnectedness of humanity has not yet been adequately reflected in politics, economics, culture, and ideology. On the contrary, as noted above, the uneven development of states is increasing, and the not always justified differentiation in the distribution of public wealth, material goods, and the social conditions of life of people and nations. To this day, the desire to solve international and domestic problems through the use of force, i.e., using economic, financial, military-technical means, especially its superiority in global information technologies and streams (television, all the various means of video and audio production, cinema, Internet, show business). Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop such models and scenarios for the development of mankind, when the tendency towards increasing unity and integrity of the human community does not contradict the national interests of states, historically formed spiritual and cultural traditions, and the way of life of each people.

A serious threat is posed by problems that worsened in the second half of the 20th century. crisis situations in the development of Western civilization: environmental, anthropological, spiritual and moral. According to many thinkers, politicians, scientists, the very existence of humanity is in question. There is a need for new strategies for relating to nature and man, for a more harmonious combination of all forms of implementation of his creative and transformative activities.

The development of universal human values has become extremely important. Almost all the major thinkers of our time pose and discuss this problem in one way or another, although for the most part they identify and comprehend the difficulties present here, rather than offering specific ways and means of solution. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that one of the most fundamental prerequisites for both posing and understanding this problem and searching for ways and means to solve it lies in the development of dialogue between the philosophical traditions of the West and the East and, more generally, intercultural dialogue, which is vital in a pluralistic civilization.

Finally, let us suggest that in the near future there will be an intensification of the tendency for philosophy to acquire its status as a kind of body of practical wisdom. During its formation and initial stages, European philosophy had this status, but then lost it, concentrating efforts on creating very complex, relatively complete systems, mainly using purely theoretical, logical means and methods. As a result, she largely abstracted herself from the real demands and needs of a specific living person. Philosophy, apparently, will try to once again become - of course, taking into account all the realities of our time - necessary for a person to understand and solve problems that arise in the course of his everyday life.

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Most likely, the differentiation of philosophical knowledge will continue. At the same time, it is important that in philosophy, as in other most advanced branches of special scientific knowledge, the process of differentiation is carried out simultaneously with the integration of philosophical knowledge around its own theoretical core - ontology, epistemology, anthropology and social philosophy. This will avoid the currently observed dissolution of the content of philosophy in the problems of related disciplines - political science, philosophy and history of science (scientific studies), sociology. Systematic and in-depth historical and philosophical research is called upon to play a particularly important role in the integration of philosophical knowledge. It is in the enormous cognitive potential of the centuries-old history of philosophical thought that one of the most important internal sources of constant growth of that specific type of knowledge, which is philosophy, is contained.

Finally, I will suggest that in the near future the tendency for philosophy to acquire its status as a kind of body of practical wisdom will intensify. During its formation and initial stages, European philosophy had this status, but then lost it, concentrating efforts on creating very complex, relatively complete systems, mainly using purely theoretical, logical means and methods. As a result, she largely abstracted herself from the real demands and needs of a specific living person. Philosophy, apparently, will try to once again become - of course, taking into account all the realities of our time - necessary for a person to understand and solve problems that arise in the course of his daily life.

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Philosophy, by its very purpose, tries to penetrate into the very essence of the universe and in its quests comes into contact with all areas of science and art, with religion, and helps a person in understanding the world and himself. Modern philosophy has received a new form by expanding all its main functions, giving them relevant creative and practical content. The most important achievements of modern philosophy are a civilized approach to the analysis of social phenomena and a worldview principle, the content of which is an understanding of the world in connection with the inclusion of man as a consciously active factor. In the development of philosophy, the problem of man in the surrounding world has always been the leading one, and currently it plays a decisive role in understanding the modern world.

The modern world is moving away from capitalism and socialism, but it is necessary to preserve everything positive that people created at previous stages of social development, enrich it with an analysis of the new realities of life.

Man, as thinking matter, increasingly realizes himself as an actively operating factor in the social and natural environment around him, in all of existence on the scale of the universe. This defines the idea of a person as a conscious participant in world evolution, makes him responsible for the results of his activities, places increased demands on the level of the subjective factor as a whole, and highlights the professional, moral and spiritual qualities of the individual. His self-knowledge and self-awareness, the determination of mechanisms of regulation and self-regulation of the spiritual sphere, mastering the knowledge of the functioning of the intellect, and establishing control over the results of one’s activities are becoming increasingly important.

The emerging modern scientific picture of the world also includes the achievements of technical sciences, which currently provide the greatest increase in new knowledge. Achievements of technical sciences in the field of information processes, microelectronics, artificial intelligence cybernetics, biotechnology and other modern scientific fields reflect a deep structural revolution not only in engineering and technology, but also in the entire system of material and spiritual culture. Scientific and technological progress, defining a qualitatively new state of science as a whole, simultaneously characterizes the formation of a new form of philosophical thinking - modern philosophy. Mastering modern philosophical culture increases the level of professional knowledge, provides guidance in scientific activity, and allows us to develop mechanisms for implementing the activities of society in accordance with the requirements of the time.

Conclusion: The transition of humanity to a qualitatively new stage of development in social, spiritual, cultural relations is today only a real possibility of its recovery from the global crisis, but it is still far from being a realized state. Difficulties and dangers in carrying out this task stem mainly from the person himself: a low level of consciousness, society’s lack of understanding of the causes and mechanisms of the functioning of natural, anthropological and social phenomena in their interaction as specifically special elements of a single world existence. Humanity must fully master the achievements of spiritual culture, the science of rational management and regulation of world processes. This task cannot be solved without modern philosophical knowledge about the world.

Philosophy/ 3. History of philosophy

Zhidiy M.V., Ph.D. Galkina L.I.

Lugansk National University named after Taras Shevchenko , Ukraine

The role of philosophy in the modern world

At the end of the XX and beginning of the XXI centuries humanity is on the verge of great changes. Already today we can trace some contours of the development of world civilization in the future: unprecedented possibilities of information technology, new methods of communication, accelerated integration of the world, its diversity and multipolarity. Each country is faced with the problem of choice: how to enter the future civilization and take its rightful place in it, ensure a high quality of life and personal development? Choosing a development path always involves identifying certain ideological guidelines, in the formation of which philosophical thinking plays an important role. Philosophy is directly and closely related to social practice, is woven into it, responds to its needs, and therefore plays a huge role in society, social clashes, and the formation of the human personality.

The higher the level of historical development and the more urgent the solution of social problems, the more responsible the role of philosophy becomes. It constitutes the ideological and methodological basis for the search for means and directions of movement towards the future, reveals the social features of the largest complications, and warns of the dangerous illusion of underestimating the complexities of social transformations.

In modern conditions, the tasks of philosophy are associated, first of all, with the development of consciousness, which assumes the responsibility of people in the face of global problems generated byhuman civilization in XX V. These include: firstly, the problem of preventing war and ensuring peace. It is due to humanity's entry into the nuclear age. Today, the prevention of nuclear suicide has become a value system with which any program for organizing and restructuring public life must be compared.

Secondly, global environmental problems and the resulting need for radical changes in people's attitude towards the natural environment. Thirdly, due to the acceleration of social development in XX V. The problem of human communications, communication, and overcoming the alienation of a person from the social conditions of life generated by him has become extremely acute. The increasing complexity of social processes and the expansion of the field of human communications often causes increased stress and dehumanization of social connections.

These and other vital problems of our time have an ideological character, and therefore are transformed into the formulation of those philosophical questions that each era formulates and solves in its own way: questions of the meaning of human existence, humanity, problems of freedom, justice, morality. Never in the past has man possessed such knowledge, so technically armed and powerful as he does now, but never has he been so vulnerable and confused in the face of global and local problems.

Such a contradiction and complexity of human existence and society in XX - early XXI V. led to a wide variety of philosophical trends, trends and schools. One of the most influential areas in Western philosophy is philosophical anthropology, in particularfunctionalist school of philosophical anthropology, one of the main representatives of which wasErnst Kassirer(1874-1945). He argued that the essence of a person can be known only through its functional manifestations, for example, through active labor,cultural And creative activity.

Existentialists proclaimed the most important problem of human existence, the meaning of his life. They were looking for an answer to the question: is life worth living? Thus, A. Camus emphasized that

people, like Sisyphus, are forced to engage in meaningless, monotonous labor all their lives and are therefore not free.

The most important achievements of modern philosophy are a civilized approach to the analysis of social phenomena and the study of human problems from ideological positions. Scientific and philosophical analysis of the new realities of life, the role of the consciously active factor plays a decisive role in understanding the modern world. The crisis of modern society shows the urgency of the main problem of philosophy - the problem of man.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences S.P. Kapitsa, who also dealt with the problems of demography, rightly noted that at present the social sciences have a colossal backlog, and in world science, not physics, but human biology comes to the fore in importance. The most significant difference between people and animals is the ability to “think, think, transfer these thoughts from generation to generation...”.

In modern conditions, when the spiritual crisis of society is intensifying, there is a growing need to correlate the goals and results of various types of activities with humanistic ideals, with the tasks of the survival of mankind. The problem of confrontation between one’s own “I” and the outside world is a universal and deeply individual problem; in the 21st century it is especially acute.

Philosophical ideas do not age with time. Each new generation gives them a new interpretation.Philosophy contributes to the formation of a person’s holistic worldview position,formation of the qualities of a cultural personality: orientation towards truth, truth, kindness;expanding a person’s horizons, developing spiritual potentials.

Literature:

1. Kapitsa S. From a society of knowledge to a society of understanding [Electronic resource] /Sergey Kapitsa. - Access mode: http://portal21.ru/1691/