Vitamin deficiency and muscle dysfunction. Retinal dystrophy: treatment

Chapter 1. Dystrophies

Dystrophy- a pathological condition various manifestations chronic eating disorders. In this case, not only the function of digestion is disturbed, but also the assimilation nutrients cells and tissues of the human body, the metabolism and vital activity of the organism, its growth and development are disturbed.

Among the many causes of cell and tissue dystrophy, nutritional dystrophy occupies a special place. Synonyms of alimentary dystrophy are the following: starvation disease, edematous disease, protein-free edema, hungry edema, military edema.

This is a disease of prolonged malnutrition, manifested by general exhaustion, a progressive disorder of all types of metabolism and degeneration of tissues and organs with a violation of their functions. This disease is not equivalent to the state of hunger or certain forms of the so-called partial malnutrition, such as vitamin deficiency, unilateral feeding, etc.

In his writings, the writer Flavius mentions the starvation disease. In Europe, it was described for the first time in 1742 by the English physician J. Pringel, who observed it among the soldiers of the besieged troops; outbreaks of starvation were observed in Napoleon's troops. More detailed information about the starvation disease refers to the period of the First World War. From this time scientific research begins this disease. R. A. Luria, V. A. Valdman, A. Belogolovy and others participate in the work. Depending on the conditions that were the root cause of alimentary dystrophy (crop failure, flood, epidemics, wars, blockade, etc.), the form of the course of this disease is formed .

The most complete form of alimentary dystrophy was observed by domestic scientists in besieged Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War. They published their observations in the monograph "Nutritional dystrophy in besieged Leningrad" edited by G. F. Lang. The monograph outlines all variants of the course of this disease. The maximum increase in the incidence occurred by the end of the second month of the blockade. Mortality at that time reached 85%, among the sick men predominated. About 40% of the victims suffered from the edematous form of the disease. The duration of the disease ranged from 2-3 weeks with subsequent death to two years with a gradual recovery.

1. Etiology

The main etiological factor of alimentary dystrophy is prolonged (weeks, months) insufficiency of calories of food consumed. Depending on the degree of nutritional deficiency, the clinical picture of this disease develops.

The main etiological factor is joined by others, which come from the disastrous state of the population (nervous-emotional overstrain, cold, severe physical work). Infectious diseases, especially intestinal ones, also increase the likelihood of developing alimentary dystrophy and aggravate its course.

In the development of alimentary dystrophy, not only quantitative, but also qualitative indicators of the diet, especially the lack of proteins, are important. With a lack of proteins and fats, there is a lack of essential amino acids, fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.

2. Pathogenesis

The disease of alimentary dystrophy can be considered as a clinical manifestation of disturbed homeostasis due to the non-intake of many nutrients in the right quantity and quality.

Clinical observations show that patients with alimentary dystrophy showed signs of insufficient function of a number of endocrine glands - the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads, thyroid gland, etc. (M. V. Chernorutsky).

With continued lack of nutrition, the body uses up its own reserves of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. There is a decrease in blood sugar levels up to hypoglycemic levels (25–40 mg%).

The level of lactic acid increases, acetone and acetoacetic acid appear in the urine in an increased amount, and later the pH of the blood decreases.

With alimentary dystrophy, general hypoproteinemia is noted, globulins predominate in the blood, and the function of the digestive glands changes. Arises enzyme deficiency, which enhances the state of dystrophy of tissues and organs due to impaired absorption of food products and their assimilation.

The production of hormones of the endocrine glands is disrupted, hormonal deficiency develops.

Alimentary dystrophy can be complicated by an infectious disease, which can be the cause of death. In this case, extreme depletion of the neuroendocrine system occurs.

3. Pathological anatomy

IN different periods alimentary dystrophy can be accompanied by various complications. The first period is characterized by small-focal bronchopneumonia, especially in the cold season. In the next period of the disease, signs of acute and chronic dysentery are found, and pulmonary tuberculosis develops in the future.

The corpse gives the impression of a skeleton covered with skin.

With the edematous form of alimentary dystrophy, pathological fullness is observed, the skin is pale, an opalescent gray-white liquid is determined on the incision.

The internal organs are atrophic. The heart of an adult weighs no more than 90 g (normal average is 174 g).

Thrombi are found in the veins of the extremities, which is associated with low mobility of patients. All internal organs are reduced in size. Fat depots are absent.

4. Clinical picture

In the clinical picture of alimentary dystrophy, there are three degrees (stages) of the severity of the disease (MI Khvilivitskaya).

First degree- a distinct decrease in nutrition, pollakiuria, increased appetite, thirst, increased consumption of table salt, as well as at times barely noticeable swelling. Patients are able to work.

Second degree- a sharp decrease in weight with the complete disappearance of fatty tissue on the neck, chest, abdomen and buttocks. The temporal fossae recede. There are general weakness, fatigue, decreased ability to work. There is an increased chilliness due to hypothermia (body temperature 34 ° C), the psyche changes.

Third degree alimentary dystrophy - the disappearance of fat in all organs and tissues. Pronounced general weakness, adynamia, apathy are noted, deep atrophy of the skeletal muscles occurs. The skin is either dry and wrinkled, or persistent edema and ascites. Expressed and persistent changes in the psyche. Severe appetite disorders - from "wolf hunger" to complete anorexia, from persistent constipation to fecal incontinence.

There are changes in the central and peripheral nervous system. Polyneuritis develops.

According to the clinical picture, the following forms of the disease are distinguished: cachectic, edematous and ascitic (observed with edematous form). However, the transition from one form to another is possible. Are celebrated discomfort in the legs (paresthesia), dull pain in the soles, calf muscles, thigh muscles.

Many patients with alimentary dystrophy show signs of parkinsonism.

At the beginning of the disease, patients are easily excitable, can be aggressive, rude. With the progression of the disease, the personality of the victim disintegrates. Increasing memory loss. Feelings of shame and disgust disappear. Gradually, complete indifference and physical immobility sets in. At this time, refusal of food is possible and soon death occurs.

Changes of cardio-vascular system characterized by a decrease in the size of the heart, bradycardia, arterial and venous hypotension. The number of heartbeats is reduced to 44-48 beats per minute, diffuse muscle changes are found: low voltage of the teeth, flattening of T waves, slowing of intracardiac conduction.

Impaired lung function.

Dyspeptic disorders are observed in many patients with alimentary dystrophy. Painful constipation for several weeks. There are cases of atonic intestinal obstruction requiring urgent surgery.

The protein-forming function of the liver is significantly impaired. The body is deficient in protein.

5. Histochemical and luminescent studies of dystrophic processes

For a long time, the concept of "dystrophy" did not have a clearly defined content. It was used both in the nosological sense to refer to a disease (alimentary dystrophy, neonatal dystrophy), and in the biochemical sense to characterize metabolic disorders in organs and tissues, and in the morphological sense as a term equivalent to the terms "degeneration", "rebirth". Particular difficulties of this concept arose from the positions of biochemistry and morphology. Based on clinical and morphological comparisons, G. F. Lang argued that there is no morphological equivalent for a number of severe clinical disorders contractile function myocardium, which have a purely biochemical basis. There was a "morphological impasse" in the problem of myocardial dystrophies. Ya. L. Rapoport puts morphological content into the concept of "myocardial dystrophy".

The wide development of histochemistry and electron microscopy resolved the contradiction between different interpretations of the concept of "dystrophy", allowing structural documentation of metabolic processes in cells and tissues and their disorders. Thus, the concept of "dystrophy" is concretized in certain morpho-chemical concepts. The time has come for visual observation of many metabolic processes occurring in cells, and thus the sharp line between morphology and biochemistry has been erased.

Dystrophy in children is a pathological condition that characterizes various manifestations of chronic eating disorders. In this case, not only the function of digestion is disturbed, but also the absorption of nutrients by cells and tissues of the human body, metabolism, vital activity of the organism, its growth and development.

Dystrophy in children stands out in a special group. According to the classification of G. N. Speransky et al. (1945), three types of dystrophy are distinguished: malnutrition, hypostatura and paratrophy. In subsequent years (1969), G. I. Zaitseva and co-authors made an addition to this classification. They distinguish the type and degree (I, II, III) of the severity of dystrophy, the time of occurrence (dystrophy of prenatal, postnatal and mixed origin), the period of the course (initial, progression and convalescence), building it according to the etiological principle (exogenous, endogenous, exogenous-endogenous ). The attention of pediatricians is attracted by dystrophies of prenatal origin, which manifest themselves from the first days of a child's life and are characterized by a lag in his physical development. This type dystrophy is discussed in domestic and foreign literature under various names - neonatal dystrophy, dystrophy at birth, low birth weight, intrauterine malnutrition, etc. (1961, WHO). Severe forms of intrauterine malnutrition are called neurodystrophies, emphasizing their origin in the central nervous system.

6. Etiology and pathogenesis of dystrophy in children

In the occurrence of dystrophies in children, exogenous and endogenous factors are important.

TO exogenous factors dystrophies include:

Alimentary (underfeeding, qualitative violation of the composition of food, the predominance of carbohydrates in it with a small amount of protein and fat, lack of vitamins);

Infections (dysentery, pneumonia, etc.);

toxic factors;

errors in child care.

TO endogenous causes include the following:

Anomalies of the constitution of the child;

endocrine disorders;

Malformations of organs and systems (central nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, lungs, etc.);

Hereditary metabolic disorders - amino acid, carbohydrate, fat, etc.

Pathogenesis dystrophy is complex. There is a decrease in the excitability of brain cells and disruption of the regulatory activity of the central nervous system, which leads to dysfunction of all organs and systems, including dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption of proteins, fats and vitamins is disturbed, the enzymatic energy of the blood decreases, the processes of assimilation of nutrients by the cells and tissues of the body are disrupted. Eating disorders and metabolism develop. To maintain the vital activity of the body, proteins, fats and carbohydrates of its own tissues are used, which leads to cachexia (exhaustion).

In the formation of intrauterine dystrophies, maternal nutrition during pregnancy is of great importance, which may be sufficient in quantity, but insufficient in quality, i.e., in the content of individual foods. With insufficient content of protein and minerals in the diet of the mother, the child may be born with a lag in growth and weight or overweight due to protein-free edema. Reduced weight of the child is associated with atrophy of organs and tissues.

Atrophy, which is observed in cachexia, is characterized by a decrease in the volume and size of organs as a result of qualitative changes in cells and tissues.

Depending on the cause of atrophy, there are the following types:

1) neurotoxic;

2) functional;

3) hormonal;

4) from malnutrition;

5) as a result of exposure to physical, chemical and mechanical factors.

At the same time, dystrophic changes are also observed in the organs.

With cachexia, fatty tissue in the epicardium, retroperitoneal space, in the perirenal region disappears, diffuse decalcification of the bones is noted, accompanied by pain.

On the basis of etiology, they are distinguished exogenous cachexia And cachexia of endogenous origin.

Most common cause exogenous cachexia is malnutrition in quantitative and qualitative terms. This leads to alimentary dystrophy and alimentary cachexia. Exogenous cachexia includes poisoning with drugs of arsenic, lead, mercury, fluorine, as well as beriberi, beriberi, sprue, pellagra, rickets and developing in chronic stage radiation sickness.

7. Mental disorders

Mental disorders of patients with cachexia are very diverse. In the initial stage, asthenia develops with a predominance of irritable weakness (see above), and with a deterioration in the general condition, apathy (insensitivity, indifference) begins to predominate. Apathetic Syndrome - mental disorder, in which there is complete mental emptiness, mental and physical weakness, exceptional poverty affective sphere up to its complete blockade (“paralysis of emotions”).

Clinic of apathetic syndrome Patients are indifferent both to their own personality and to the surrounding phenomena of life. Desires, desires and aspirations are absent. With the most pronounced depth of damage to emotional reactions, the weakening of all mental manifestations a state of apathetic stupor develops. At the same time, there are no signs of mobilization of attention, intellectual tension. The patient lies on his back, all muscle groups are relaxed, his eyes are constantly open, his gaze is directed into space, without fixing on anything. Night wakefulness is characteristic - "awake coma" or "death with open eyes"(Jaspers (K. Jaspers)). With a less pronounced apathetic syndrome, patients are lethargic, if they give, then monosyllabic answers. Consciousness is preserved, but attention is disoriented.

Etiopathogenesis apathetic syndrome is most typical for protracted symptomatic somatic psychoses in tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid, beriberi, wound sepsis, endocrine disorders, brain damage during trauma, tumor, epidemic encephalitis, etc. Apathetic syndrome develops as a result of severe depletion of the body's reactive forces with the development cachexia and involvement in the process of the diencephalon with impaired conduction of impulses between the cortex and subcortex in organic diseases brain. In the pathological and anatomical picture, there is a predominance of toxic-degenerative processes in the mesenchymal elements of the brain (M. E. Snesarev).

Diagnosis put on the basis of the clinical picture.

The differential diagnosis is carried out with stunning.

Stunning is a form of obscuration of consciousness, manifested by a decrease in consciousness and its devastation. Stun occurs when various diseases causing disorders of the central nervous system.

The main signs of stunning are difficulty in perceiving external influences due to an increase in the excitability threshold of analyzers, a narrowing of the comprehension of the surrounding world due to a slowdown in thinking and a weakening of analysis and synthesis, passivity of thinking due to a decrease in volitional activity, a weakening in the memorization of current events, followed by amnesia. Unlike other states of clouding of consciousness, there are no productive psychopathological symptoms during stunning, such as hallucinations, delirium.

According to the depth of violation of the clarity of consciousness, the following degrees of stunning are distinguished:

1) obnubilation;

2) doubtfulness;

The boundaries between them are usually indistinct.

Obnubilation- fogging, clouding of consciousness, - the mildest degree of stunning. The clear consciousness of the patient is periodically disturbed by a short-term, within a few seconds or minutes, a state of slight stunning: perception and comprehension environment becomes vague and sketchy, the activity of thinking and motor skills decreases. The patient becomes less talkative.

Doubtfulness- pathological drowsiness - a deeper and longer stupor. The perception of external stimuli is difficult: it does not react to weak stimuli; only intense stimuli are perceived (loud conversation, intense light), but the reaction to them is slow and quickly exhausted. The comprehension of surrounding events is superficial, their comparison with past life experience is limited, orientation in place, time and space is upset. Speech is sluggish, laconic, movements are slow, fatigue sets in quickly; responds inadequately to difficult questions and tasks or does not respond at all. The patient himself does not show interest in others, most of the time he lies passively with his eyes closed, half asleep.

Sopor- unconsciousness, insensibility - pathological hibernation, deep stupor. The patient lies motionless, with his eyes closed, his face is amimic, speech contact is impossible. Strong stimuli (strong sound, bright light, painful stimuli) cause undifferentiated, stereotyped defensive reactions.

Coma (deep sleep), coma- turning off consciousness. The patient has no reactions even to the strongest stimuli. In the initial stages, unconditioned reflex reactions are possible (pupillary, corneal reflexes, reflexes from the mucous membranes), which disappear after a while. There are also special forms of deep stunning in the form of apallic syndrome, or akinetic mutism.

Etiology and pathogenesis not fully explored. Stunning can be caused by exogenous and endogenous factors. Exogenous factors include alcohol, carbon monoxide, and others; endogenous factors include uremia, intoxication, traumatic brain injury, intracranial tumors, inflammatory processes and circulatory disorders in the brain. Stunning occurs when the excitability of the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex decreases, when the activity of the second and then the first signal system is inhibited. A diffuse decrease in cortical activity occurs either as a result of damage to the cortical structures of the brain, or in connection with a violation of stimulation of the cerebral cortex from the reticular formation.

Treatment aimed at the underlying disease that caused the dysfunction of the brain. An auxiliary therapeutic effect is provided by psychostimulants such as amphetamine, as well as metabolic drugs such as nootropics, glutamic acid.

Forecast depends on the nature of the disease during which the stunning occurs. An unfavorable prognosis is more often expected.

Clinical picture

The main clinical symptoms of dystrophy in children are: weight and height lag; delayed psychomotor development; decrease in body resistance; dyspeptic disorders.

In most cases, the body weight of a child with dystrophy is reduced, but its increase is also possible. The degree of weight loss can be different, up to a sharp lag. Weight gain is possible with water retention in the body. Children are lethargic, inactive, their reaction to the environment is reduced. There is a tendency to various infections: purulent rashes on the skin, acute respiratory diseases, pneumonia, etc. Clinical signs vitamin deficiency. Dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract is manifested by frequent stools and the composition of feces.

Severe intrauterine malnutrition is divided into four clinical forms:

1) neuropathic;

2) neurodystrophic;

3) neuroendocrine;

4) encephalopathic.

neuropathic form characterized by an increase in the excitability of the child, a sleep disorder, and a reduction in its duration. Manifestations of malnutrition are not pronounced, develop after birth, are persistent. At neurodystrophic form the leading symptom is persistent weight loss, persistent anorexia ( complete absence appetite with an objective need for nutrition, due to organic or functional disorders functions of the center of appetite). Psychomotor development is somewhat delayed. Neuroendocrine form characterized by persistent underweight and significant growth retardation. At birth, physique disorders such as pituitary dwarfism and hemiasymmetry are detected. Sometimes there are symptoms associated with impaired function of the endocrine glands.

8. Cachexia

cachexia(Greek kachexia - “soreness, bad feeling"") - a painful condition associated with insufficient intake of nutrients into the human body or a violation of their absorption. Cachexia occurs against the background of general exhaustion of a person, although in rare cases observed without depletion and even with noticeable fullness. It occurs in various chronic diseases, chronic intoxications, malnutrition and is accompanied by sharp deterioration and disruption of homeostasis.

In this case, oligemia (hypovolemia) is noted, characterized by a decrease in the total blood volume, the ratio of plasma and red blood cells is disturbed. A decrease in the number of red blood cells is observed with anemia of various origins, the content of hemoglobin in the blood decreases. A decrease in the volume of circulating plasma occurs as a result of intensive care diuretics, plasma loss with extensive burns, diarrhea, vomiting.

There is a pronounced physical weakness and phenomena of general asthenia.

Asthenia, as you know, is characterized by increased fatigue and exhaustion, weakening, and even complete loss of the ability for prolonged physical and mental labor. Patients have irritable weakness, expressed by increased excitability, easily changing mood, irascibility, affective lability with features of capriciousness and displeasure, as well as tearfulness. Hyperesthesia is characteristic - intolerance to bright light, loud sounds, pungent odors. Patients complain of headaches, sleep disturbance, with a drop in barometric pressure, Pirogov's symptom is noted. Memory suffers, especially remembering current events.

Asthenic syndrome can develop after suffering somatic diseases, traumatic brain injury, in the initial period hypertension, with atherosclerosis, syphilis of the brain, progressive paralysis, endocrinopathies, schizophrenia, etc.

This condition most often occurs in people with a weak or unbalanced type of higher nervous activity.

Weight internal organs decreases (splanchnomycria), dystrophic and atrophic changes are observed in them.

Cachexia can also lead to dumping syndrome or dumping syndrome, characterized by a combination of clinical, radiological and laboratory signs developing after resection of the stomach due to the rapid flow of gastric contents from the stomach stump into the small intestine.

Dumping syndrome refers to post-gastroresection complications, early and long-term complications after gastrectomy, vagotomy and antrumectomy.

The frequency of these complications averages 10-15%, the size of the removed part of the stomach is 2/3-3/4. Therefore, when surgical treatment pyloroduodenal ulcer preference is given to economical resection of the stomach - antrumectomy with vagotomy.

Complications early period after operations on the stomach, there are violations of evacuation from the stomach stump due to inhibition of the motor activity of the stomach due to surgical trauma, damage to the neuromuscular apparatus, electrolyte and protein metabolism disorders and vagotomy, there is also an acute obstruction of the afferent loop of the anastomosis.

Late complications - post-gastroresection syndrome - include dumping syndrome; afferent loop syndrome; hypoglycemic syndrome with a sharp fluctuation in blood sugar levels followed by hypoglycemia; chronic post-resection pancreatitis due to surgical trauma; metabolic disorders that develop in connection with a violation of the functional synergy of the digestive system; anemia, usually iron deficiency and vitamin.

These complications lead to disruption of the metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, electrolytes, and eventually alimentary cachectic dystrophy (cachexia), or edematous form, develops.

Degeneration of cells and tissues- a pathological process that occurs in connection with a metabolic disorder and is characterized by the appearance in cells and tissues of metabolic products that have been changed quantitatively or qualitatively. Degeneration of cells and tissues is considered as one of the types of damage.

The reasons leading to dystrophy of cells and tissues are very diverse: circulatory and lymphatic disorders, innervation, hypoxia, infection. Intoxication, hormonal and enzyme disorders, hereditary factors, etc. The development of cell and tissue dystrophy is based on a disorder of regulatory mechanisms (cell autoregulation, transport systems, integrative neuroendocrine trophic systems) that provide trophism. Disorders of the mechanisms of autoregulation of the cell, which can be caused by various factors (hyperfunction, toxic substances, radiation, etc.), lead to energy deficiency and disruption of enzymatic processes. Fermentopathy, acquired or hereditary, is the main pathogenetic link and expression of dystrophy of organs and tissues. In case of disruption of the transport systems (microcirculatory bed of blood and lymph), hypoxia develops, and it becomes the leading one in the pathogenesis of such dyscirculatory dystrophies of cells and tissues. With a disorder of the endocrine regulation of trophism (thyrotoxicosis, diabetes, hyperparathyroidism) is associated with the occurrence of endocrine, and with a violation of the nervous mechanisms of trophism (disturbance of innervation, brain tumor, etc.) - neurotoxic and cerebral dystrophy of cells and tissues.

Among the morphological mechanisms leading to the development of dystrophy of cells and tissues, there are:

Infiltration (for example, protein infiltration of the epithelium of the proximal tubules of the kidneys in nephrosis, infiltration of arterial intimal lipoids in atherosclerosis);

Perverted synthesis (synthesis of hemomelanin in malaria, synthesis of pathological glycoprotein - amyloid in plasmacytoma);

Transformation;

Decomposition (decomposition of lipoproteins of cell membranes, for example, hepatocytes with fatty degeneration, or fibrous structures and the main substance of the vessel wall with fibrinoid swelling).

The study of the mechanisms of development of dystrophy of cells and tissues became possible due to the use of histochemistry, electron microscopy, autoradiography, histospectrography, etc.

Depending on the predominance of violations of the type of metabolism, the following types of dystrophies are distinguished:

1) protein;

2) fatty;

3) carbohydrate;

4) mineral degeneration of cells and tissues:

Parenchymal;

Mesenchymal;

Mixed.

Degeneration of cells and tissues can be of a general (systemic) and local character.

Protein degeneration of cells and tissues, or dysproteinosis, is caused by excessive intake of proteins into cells or intercellular substance, perverted protein synthesis or decay tissue structures; the physicochemical and morphological properties of the protein change in this case. Parenchymal dystrophy of cells and tissues:

grainy;

Hyaline drip;

dropsy;

Balloon;

acidophilic;

Horny.

Mesenchymal dystrophy:

Mucoid swelling.

Mixed dysproteinosis is a large group of dystrophic processes that occur when there is a metabolic disorder:

a) chromoproteins - hemosiderosis, melanosis, hemomelanosis, jaundice;

b) nucleoproteins - gout, uric acid infarction;

c) glycoproteins - mucous and colloidal dysproteinoses.

Fatty degeneration of cells and tissues, or lipidosis, is characterized by a change in the amount of fat in fat depots, the appearance of lipids where they are not normally present, and a change in the quality of lipids in cells and tissues. Violation of the exchange of neutral fat is manifested more often in a decrease, less often in an increase in its reserves; it can affect the whole body or a specific part of the body. A general decrease in the amount of adipose tissue is characteristic of cachexia, a local decrease in the amount of adipose tissue is characteristic of regional lipodystrophy; a general increase in fat reserves leads to obesity, a local increase is observed with atrophy of a tissue or organ (fat replacement), with endocrine disorders. Lipid metabolism disorders are most often found in the cells of parenchymal organs (myocardium, liver, kidneys) - parenchymal lipoidosis. Less commonly, it is characterized by deposition various kinds lipids in the reticuloendothelial system - systemic lipoidosis.

Chapter 2

I. Dystrophy in children

1. Clinical picture of dystrophy in children

To the main clinical symptoms dystrophy in children include:

Change in weight and height;

Delayed psychomotor development;

Decreased body resistance;

Dyspeptic disorders.

In most observations, the child's body weight is reduced, but its increase is also possible. The degree of weight loss can be different up to a sharp lag. With water retention in the body, weight gain is possible. With this pathology, children are lethargic, inactive, the reaction to what is happening is reduced, defensive forces organism. They are prone to the development of various infections: pustular skin diseases, acute respiratory diseases; pneumonia. There are signs of vitamin deficiency. The function of the gastrointestinal tract is impaired. The stool is delayed or quickened, its color, reaction and consistency change.

Severe forms of intrauterine malnutrition are divided into four clinical forms: neuropathic, non-dystrophic, neuroendocrine and encephalopathic. The neuropathic form is characterized by an increase in the excitability of the child, a sleep disorder, and a shortening of sleep time. The manifestation of malnutrition is not pronounced, develops after birth, is persistent. In the neurodystrophic form, the leading symptom is a persistent lag in weight. The neuroendocrine form is diagnosed by a persistent lag in weight and height. At the birth of the physique, a type of pituitary dwarfism is noted. Sometimes symptoms associated with impaired function are determined, the form is manifested by severe malnutrition of the III degree, anorexia, a significant lag in psychomotor development.

Depending on the combination of signs of dystrophy, the nature of skin changes, its color, and weight deficit, three variants of intrauterine dystrophy of newborns (Clifford) are distinguished: Clifford I - skin maceration; Clifford II and III - maceration of the skin, its yellow color is combined with hypotrophy of varying degrees. The syndrome occurs during post-term pregnancy due to complex dysfunction of the placenta.

Diagnosis put on the basis of clinical manifestations and indicators of height and weight.

A. Gaucher disease

Fatty degeneration of the walls of blood vessels (mesenchymal lipidosis) underlies atherosclerosis.

Carbohydrate dystrophy of cells and tissues refers to a violation of the metabolism of polysaccharides, mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins. The most common disorders of glycogen polysaccharide metabolism. They are especially pronounced in diabetes when tissue glycogen stores are sharply reduced, and with glycogenosis, characterized by excessive deposition of glycogen (storage disease) in the liver, heart, kidneys, skeletal muscles.

Mineral dystrophies usually have a mixed character: the metabolism of potassium, calcium, iron and copper is disturbed. An increase in the amount of potassium in the blood and tissues is observed in Addison's disease, potassium deficiency explains the occurrence hereditary disease- periodic paralysis. Calcium metabolism disorders - calcification, calcareous degeneration, or tissue calcification, are characterized by the precipitation of lime in the tissues in the form of dense masses; There are metastatic (calcareous metastases), dystrophic (petrification) and metabolic (calcareous gout) tissue calcification. Iron is found mainly in hemoglobin, and the morphology of its metabolic disorders is associated with hemoglobinogenic pigments - chromoproteins. In violation of copper metabolism, hepatocerebral dystrophy can occur, in which copper is deposited in the liver, kidneys, brain, and cornea.

B. Skin dystrophy- a pathological process that occurs in connection with a metabolic disorder and is characterized by the appearance in cells or an interstitial substance of metabolic products that have been changed quantitatively and qualitatively. These changes are often referred to as skin degeneration.

Causes metabolic disorders leading to the development of skin dystrophy are diverse: chronic inflammation, allergic and infectious factors, intoxication, circulatory disorders, malnutrition, hypovitaminosis, diseases of the endocrine glands, malformations, etc.

Skin dystrophies can be systemic or local, congenital or acquired.

Skin dystrophy can be an independent nosological unit, as well as a symptom of any disease. With eczema, dermatitis and other diseases, vacuolization of the epithelium develops (vacuolar degeneration, or degeneration). In some viral skin diseases (chicken pox, herpes zoster), ballooning dystrophy is observed. Horny dystrophy is noted with squamous cell carcinoma skin, Darier's disease. With lichen planus, the epithelium undergoes colloidal degeneration. IN connective tissue skin, mucous degeneration can occur, in which collagen fibers turn into a semi-liquid substance, observed with skin myxedema, myxoma. Piamenic dystrophy occurs in skin cancer, a peculiar and progressive disorganization of the connective tissue is observed in the skin with collagenoses (phases of mucoid swelling, fibrinoid and sclerosis). Lime degeneration of the skin occurs with injuries, scleroderma and tumors.

If dystrophic changes in the skin are not a consequence of previous pathological processes, but occur primarily, then such pathological processes considered as independent nosological forms of skin diseases. They can be congenital and acquired.

Allocate hyperelastic skin of Unna (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) - congenital disorder development of collagen structures, characterized by a sharp extensibility of normal-looking skin. In this case, the retracted skin quickly returns to its original position. Hyperelastic skin is the main symptom of desmogenesis imperfecta. It should be differentiated from flaccid skin - congenital anomaly connective tissue. In contrast to hyperelastic skin, flaccid skin is stretched and hyperplastic, hanging down in large, flabby and wrinkled folds. Sometimes this anomaly is combined with weakness ligamentous apparatus, growth retardation and mental retardation.

Senile dystrophy of the skin is a phenomenon of age-related involution that begins at the age of about 50 years.

Hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, focal acanthosis, hyperpigmentation develop in the epidermis. In the papillary layer of the dermis - the accumulation of basophilic fibrous, granular and lumpy mass - a consequence of the destruction of collagen. There are also hyaline, colloid, myloid dystrophy.

Senile skin dystrophy is manifested by keratosis in the form of raised yellowish-brown plaques with a rough surface or papillomatous growths with a brown warty surface. The skin becomes dry, rough, rough, yellow, sometimes with a slight sheen of the surface, with atrophic and pigmented spots and basaliomas. Unaltered areas of the skin are also observed.

The skin of sailors and farmers has a reddish-brown color, thickened, rough, covered with pigment spots, with foci of keratosis and atrophy.

Rhomboid hypertrophic skin tendystrophy of the posterior surface of the skin of the neck associated with prolonged exposure to sunlight. Microscopy of prepared preparations reveals foci of elastosis and hyamination of collagen fibers. The thickened skin is cut with deep furrows, forming a pattern in the form of rhombuses up to 5 cm in diameter, soft, yellowish-brown in color.

B. Diffuse elastoma of Drobrey- colloid dystrophy of the skin. On the histological section, elastorhexis is visible, swollen elastic fibers that merge with collagen fibers; the resulting felt-like mass is stained black with acid orsep. Hair follicles are dystrophic, the epidermis is atrophic. Diffuse elastoma is formed in elderly men, less often in young men. On the skin of the face, mainly in the area of the cheeks and near the eyes, a sharply delimited diffuse plaque of soft consistency appears, covered with wrinkled skin with papular rashes and multiple punctate depressions formed by enlarged holes. hair follicles(reminds the surface of a lemon).

From the book Quit Smoking Once and For All author Ekaterina Gennadievna Bersenyeva

Literature Alexandrov A.A., Aleksandrova V.Yu. Smoking and its prevention at school. M., 1996. Belyaev I.I. Tobacco is the enemy of health. M., "Medicine", 1973. Blokhin N.N. About the fight against cancer. M., "Knowledge", 1976. Gerasimenko N. The epidemic of smoking in Russia / Anti-zombies. 2002, No. 22. Grinev V.I. self-delivery

From the book Tune in for Healing author

Literature 1. Agadzhanyan N.A., Katkov A.Yu. reserves of our body. M., 1981.2. Alekseev A.V. Psychomuscular training: A method of mental self-regulation. M., 1979.3. Aliev A. Key to yourself. Sketches about self-regulation. M., 1990.4. Anokhin P.K. Biology and neurophysiology conditioned reflex. M.,

From the book Beyond the Possible author Alexander Vladimirovich Likhach

Literature 1. Agadzhanyan N.A., Katkov A.Yu. reserves of our body. M., 1981.2. Alekseev A.V. Psychomuscular training: A method of mental self-regulation. M., 1979.3. Aliev A. Key to yourself. Sketches about self-regulation. M., 1990.4. Anokhin P.K. Essays on the physiology of functional systems. M.,

From the book Preparations "Tiens" and Qigong author Vera Lebedeva

References 1. An Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Substances (Ahong Yao Da Ci Dian), Jiansu College of New Medicine, 1977, made available for English readers by Bensky, D.; Gamble, A.Chinese Herbal Materia Medica, Eastland Press, Seattle, 1986.2. Atkins R. Dr. Atkins' Supplements. Ripol-classic, M.: 2000.3. Twelve steps to health with "Tiens". Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix",

From the book Bone Diseases. The most effective treatments author Alexandra Vasilyeva

Literature Barsov S. Overcoming periodontal disease. / Be healthy, No. 3, 2000. Benevolenskaya L. This is not osteochondrosis, but osteoporosis; Tokarskaya B., I walk after a fracture of the femoral neck / Be healthy, No. 1, 2000. Vasichkin V. I., Petrov O. S. Hello, legs. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 1997. Doronina Yu. A. Tselebnaya

From the book Life Support for Aircraft Crews after a Forced Landing or Splashing (no illustrations) author Vitaly Georgievich Volovich

From the book Life Support for Aircraft Crews after a Forced Landing or Splashing author Vitaly Georgievich Volovich

From the book The Chinese Art of Healing. The history and practice of healing from antiquity to the present day by Stefan Palos

From the book Therapist. Folk ways. author Nikolay Ivanovich Maznev

Literature Avicenna Canon of Medicine. Tashkent, 1994 Adiraja Das Vedic culinary art. M., 1994 Aleutsky N. N. 500 councils of the Solovetsky Monastery. M., 1993Akhmedov R. B. In plants - healing power. M., 1992 Bolotov B. V., Lyubetsky A. E. I believe in immortality. M., 1995 Bondarev G.A.

From the book Mirror Diseases. Cancer, diabetes, schizophrenia, allergies author Mikhail Vladimirovich Kutushov

References 1. Bazin I.S., Garin A.M., Zharkov S.A., Narimanov M.N. N. N. Blokhin RAMS. "Statistical aspects, issues of carcinogenesis and prognostic factors".2. Belousov L. V., Voeikov V. L., Popp F. A. Mitogenetic rays of Gurvich // Priroda.

From book Guidelines according to RTD author A. N. Kokosov

LITERATURE Therapeutic fasting with internal diseases. Methodical manual ... Author: Kokosov A.N., Luft V.M., Tkachenko E.I., Khoroshilov I.E. St. Petersburg, Publishing House "Lan", 1998.-64 p.

From the book The use of unloading and dietary therapy (RDT) in restorative medicine. Manual for doctors of the author No

Literature 1. Algazin A.I., Savenkov Yu.I., Mashkin I.L. The effect of RDT on the severity of allergic processes in patients with atopic bronchial asthma. // Sat. "RDT in the clinic of internal diseases". - M., 1993.-p.63.2. Oganova A.G., Vukolova Z.P., Ashikhmina M.V., Ermolin S.N. Combination

From the book Theory adequate nutrition and trophology author Alexander Mikhailovich Ugolev

From the book The Way of Reiki author Elena Ushakovskaya

From the book Therapeutic Fasting for Internal Diseases. Toolkit author Alexey Nikolaevich Kokosov

From the book Revival without sensations author Albert Yulievich Axelrod

Literature Bunyatyan A. A., Ryabov G. A., Manevich A. 3. Anesthesiology and resuscitation.- M .: Medicine, 1977. Gurvich A. M. Electrical activity of a dying and reviving brain.- Leningrad: Medicine, 1966. Zilber A.P. Respiratory therapy in everyday practice. - Tashkent.

The concept of trophism is a complex of body mechanisms responsible for metabolic processes and the preservation of the normal structure of cells. With dystrophy, the process of self-regulation of cells and the transportation of metabolic products are disrupted.

This disease most often affects young children under three years of age, expressed in the form of delayed physical, psychomotor and intellectual development.

Types of dystrophy

Depending on what processes of the body have been disturbed, dystrophy is divided into: fat, protein, mineral and carbohydrate. According to its distribution, dystrophy differs as extracellular, cellular and mixed.

According to the etiology, this disease can be both congenital and acquired. Genetically congenital dystrophy is caused by metabolic disorders of carbohydrates, fats or proteins that are hereditary. In this case, various tissues of the body and the central nervous system are affected. The disease is particularly insidious, because a deficiency of enzymes necessary for the body can lead to death.

Symptoms of dystrophy

Symptoms of the disease are manifested in the form of: excitation, deterioration of sleep, fatigue, loss of appetite, general weakness and weight loss. The little ones are developmentally delayed.

Depending on the severity of the disease, there may be: a decrease in muscle tone of the body, disorders in the immune system, an increase in the liver and a violation of the stool.

Possible even such as: cardiac arrhythmias, decreased blood pressure, anemia and dysbacteriosis.

Treatment of dystrophy

Treatment of dystrophy in all cases should be carried out in a complex manner, depending on its severity. If the disease is a consequence of any disease, the emphasis in treatment is directed to the cause of the disease. The main method of treatment is to carry out therapy with the help of various diets, as well as the prevention of secondary infections.

In case of a disease of the first degree of severity, children are treated in, but in the case of the second and third degrees, treatment is prescribed in a stationary mode with the placement of the sick person in a separate box.

Upon appointment therapeutic diet first, the body's tolerance for a certain type of food is determined, and only then its volume gradually increases.

Often, patients with dystrophy are prescribed breast milk and fermented milk mixtures. Meals should be fractional - up to ten times a day. Also, the patient needs to keep a food diary, which indicates all changes in stool and body weight. In addition to food, enzymes, vitamins, dietary supplements and stimulants are prescribed.

In order to protect your child from dystrophy, during the period you must carefully monitor your health, give up bad habits and observe the daily routine. After the baby is born, certain rules for feeding and caring must be followed. It is very important to timely various infectious diseases and follow a routine of visiting the pediatrician to control the weight and growth of the child.

Macular degeneration is a malnutrition of the retina in the central zone, where the image of surrounding objects is focused. Visual acuity depends on the condition of this part of the eye. Retinal malnutrition is completely dependent on the food consumed, especially of animal origin. About 40% of the population loses their sight from this disease after 40 years. While macular degeneration is considered incurable, advances in laser therapy combined with nutritional intake may slow down the progression of the disease.

You will need

- sowing oats;
- calendula flowers;
- blueberry;
- mumiyo;
- aloe.

Instruction

To slow down the development of the disease, follow a diet that includes substances that can resist age-related degeneration. These are, lycopein, lutein, bioflavonoids, anthocyanizadas. They are found in fruits and vegetables, especially green and leafy (parsley, dill, celery, cabbage,), strawberries and blueberries, nettles. Exceptionally sprouted wheat.

To treat the disease, take a decoction of oats. To prepare it, take a half-liter jar of whole, clean it of debris and, washing in running water, soak the grain for 3-4 hours. After draining the water from it, place in a three-liter saucepan and fill to the top with filtered water. Putting the pan on low heat, bring to a boil and cook for thirty minutes. When cool, filter and, drain into a jar, place in the refrigerator. Take 4-5 glasses of warmed decoction per day, adding a spoonful of honey and crushed chokeberry, blueberry, blackcurrant or feijoa berries.

Drink an infusion of calendula. To prepare it, take 1 tablespoon of crushed calendula flowers and, having brewed 200 ml of boiling water, insist, wrapped well, for a quarter of an hour. After straining, cool to room temperature and drink 120 ml of infusion 4 times a day,

Dystrophy body is a pathology in which the metabolic process is disrupted, which inhibits normal growth, development and functionality of the organism. This disorder can be diagnosed in people of any age group, but dystrophy is more common among children. There are several types and degrees of this pathological process.

Types and degrees of dystrophy

Dystrophy is classified according to several factors, including the form of manifestation and the time of occurrence. Also, depending on the factors that provoked this disorder, there are primary and secondary forms of dystrophy.

Forms of manifestation of dystrophy
The form of manifestation of dystrophy implies the nature of pathological changes in the body that develop as a result of this disorder. According to this factor, 3 forms of dystrophy are distinguished.

Forms of dystrophy are:

Hypotrophy. It is characterized by insufficient weight in relation to the length of the body and the age of the patient.
Hypostatura. With this form, there is a uniform lack of body weight and height.
Paratrophy. This pathology is manifested by excess weight in relation to body length.

The most significant and common form of dystrophy is malnutrition.

Types of dystrophy by time of appearance
By the time of occurrence, dystrophy can be prenatal ( intrauterine) and postnatal ( extrauterine). The prenatal form of dystrophy develops at the time of intrauterine development, as a result of which the child is born with a congenital pathology. Postnatal dystrophy occurs after birth and belongs to the category of acquired diseases. They also distinguish a combined form of dystrophy, in which deviations in weight are the result of factors that acted as in intrauterine development as well as after birth.

Primary and secondary form of dystrophy
The primary form of dystrophy develops as an independent pathology under the influence of various ( most often alimentary) factors. The secondary form of this disorder is the result of various diseases that inhibit the normal absorption of food, which leads to metabolic disorders.

Degrees of dystrophy
There are 3 degrees of dystrophy, the main difference of which is the intensity of the symptoms of this disease. Also, the degrees of the disease differ among themselves according to the weight deficit that is diagnosed in the patient. To determine the degree of the disorder, the actual weight of a person is compared with that which he should have in accordance with age and gender.

Lack of weight, characteristic of various degrees of dystrophy are:

first degree- weight deficit varies from 10 to 20 percent;
second degree– the lack of weight can be from 20 to 30 percent;
third degree- the lack of weight exceeds 30 percent.

Causes of dystrophy in children

The causes that provoke body dystrophy in people are divided into two categories. The first group includes factors under the influence of which prenatal, that is, congenital dystrophy, develops. The second category includes circumstances against which postnatal, acquired dystrophy occurs.

Causes of prenatal dystrophy
Congenital dystrophy develops under the influence of negative factors that disrupt the healthy formation and development of the fetus.

The causes of congenital dystrophy are as follows:

The main cause of this form of disorder is toxicosis, which affects a pregnant woman.
Having a child before the age of 20 or after 40 also significantly increases the chance of congenital dystrophy.
Regular stress, lack of balance and useful elements in the diet, smoking and other deviations from a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy are also among the causes of this disorder.
Prenatal dystrophy can be provoked by the work of a future mother in a hazardous industry, which is accompanied by increased level noise, vibration, interaction with chemicals.
An important role in the development of congenital dystrophy is played by diseases of a pregnant woman ( impaired functionality of the endocrine system, heart disease, various chronic infections).
Improper attachment of the placenta, placental circulation disorders and other deviations from the norms of the normal course of pregnancy can also cause intrauterine dystrophy.

Causes of postnatal dystrophy
Factors that create an optimal environment for the development of acquired ( extrauterine) dystrophies are divided into internal and external.
Internal causes include pathologies, as a result of which the digestion and absorption of food is disturbed.

The internal causes of extrauterine dystrophy are:

various deviations in physical development;
violations of the number or normal structure of chromosomes;
disorders of the endocrine system;
anomalies of the central nervous system;
immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS).

To a separate group internal factors includes food allergies and a number of hereditary diseases in which certain foods are not digested. These diseases include cystic fibrosis improper functioning of the organs that produce mucus, including the intestines), celiac disease ( intolerance to the protein found in cereals), lactase deficiency ( impaired absorption of the protein found in dairy products).
Another, numerous group of internal causes of dystrophy is formed by diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which are more typical for adult patients.

Diseases that provoke dystrophy in adults are:

oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
polyps of the stomach or intestines of a single or multiple type;
gastritis ( inflammatory changes in the mucous tissues of the stomach);
pancreatitis ( inflammatory disease of the pancreas);
cholecystitis ( inflammation of the gallbladder);
cholelithiasis ( formation hard formations in the gallbladder).

A group of external factors of dystrophy is formed by circumstances due to which the patient does not receive the amount of nutrients that is needed to form a normal weight. This category also includes causes that indirectly inhibit the digestion and assimilation of food.

External causes of acquired dystrophy are:

nutritional factor. It is the most significant cause of this form of dystrophy. In the case of children, the disorder develops due to a lack of breast milk, an incorrectly chosen mixture for artificial feeding, late introduction of complementary foods. In adults, dystrophy provokes an insufficient amount of calories ( for example, due to strict diets), unbalanced diet, predominance or lack of fats / proteins / carbohydrates.
toxic factor. The constant impact of bad ecology, food poisoning or other forms of intoxication, long-term use drugs - all these factors can cause dystrophy.
social factor. Lack of attention from adults, frequent quarrels between parents cause stress and can provoke dystrophy in children. In adult patients, the disorder may develop against the background of an unsatisfactory emotional state due to work, problems in personal life.

Body dystrophy symptoms ( weight)

Symptoms of dystrophy can vary from minor signs ( slight decrease in appetite) to serious health problems ( mental and/or physical development delays). Common signs of this disorder include loss of appetite, weight loss ( children are also stunted), poor sleep, fatigue. Intensity of manifestation common symptoms depends on the severity of dystrophy. Also, for some stages of dystrophy, specific manifestations, unusual for other stages, are characteristic.

Signs of the first degree of dystrophy
The initial form of dystrophy is manifested by a decrease in appetite, problems with sleep, lack of calm. These signs are not very pronounced and not regularly. The elasticity of the skin can be reduced, and weak muscle tone can also be observed. Mild stool problems may be present, such as constipation or diarrhea. If a child suffers from dystrophy of the first degree, he may suffer from infectious diseases more often than his peers. Deviations in weight at this stage vary from 10 to 20 percent. At the same time, it is visually difficult to distinguish a lack of body weight from ordinary thinness. A distinctive characteristic of losing weight in the initial stage of dystrophy is thinness in the abdomen.

Signs of the second degree of dystrophy
At this stage, all the symptoms that were present at the beginning of the disease become more pronounced and appear more often. Patients sleep poorly, move little, often refuse to eat. The tone of the skin and muscles is greatly reduced, sagging of the skin, dryness, and sagging appear. Thinness on the abdomen increases to such an extent that the ribs begin to be strongly visible. In addition to the abdomen, arms and legs begin to lose weight. Children suffering from dystrophy of the second degree, at least once a quarter, suffer from colds. Weight deviations can be from 20 to 30 percent, children are also 2 to 4 centimeters stunted.

Other symptoms of the second degree of dystrophy are:

feeling of nausea, vomiting;
frequent spitting up in children);
undigested foods may be present in the stool;
beriberi, which is manifested by dry skin and hair, brittle nails, cracks in the corners of the mouth;
problems with the thermoregulation of the body, in which the body quickly overheats and / or cools down;
disorders of the nervous system in the form of loudness, nervousness, restlessness.

Signs of the third degree of dystrophy
For dystrophy last stage characterized by marked changes in the appearance and behavior of the patient. Also, in the third degree, numerous pathologies develop on the part of various systems organism. The lack of weight exceeds 30 percent, children are 7 to 10 centimeters stunted. By the appearance of a person, you can immediately determine the presence serious violations metabolism. The subcutaneous fat layer is absent throughout the body, dry, flabby skin fits the bones. Also, the skin loses elasticity and resistance, as a result of which deep folds form throughout the body. All this makes a person look like a mummy.

Other symptoms of late stage dystrophy may manifest as follows:

Appetite is greatly reduced or absent altogether. Stool disturbances become permanent, and frequent vomiting may also be present.
On the face, due to a decrease in the fat layer on the cheeks, the cheekbones protrude strongly and the chin is pointed. Deep cracks form in the corners of the mouth, the mucous membrane of the eyes is dry.
Weak muscle tone is manifested by a distended abdomen ( weaken the abdominal muscles), sunken buttocks, hanging folds of skin above the knees. The skin acquires a grayish tint, due to the lack of vitamins, peeling of the skin may appear.
Body temperature rises in waves, then falls below standard values. The patient's extremities are cold.
The immunity of such patients is reduced, due to which inflammatory processes in the lungs often develop ( pneumonia), kidneys ( pyelonephritis). Often patients with the third stage of dystrophy suffer from dysbacteriosis.
There are violations of the heart rate and other pathologies from the heart muscle. Breathing becomes weak and short.
In children, physical and mental development is suspended. In advanced cases, already acquired skills may be lost. In adults, reflexes are reduced, a depressed state prevails.

Nutrition for dystrophy

Dietary modification is the main treatment for dystrophy. The specificity of the diet depends on a number of factors, among which the most important are the degree of exhaustion of the body and the condition of the patient's gastrointestinal tract.

With dystrophy, there is a deficiency of certain nutrients, so the goal of diet therapy is to restore the lack of resources necessary for the body. However, the assimilation of food in the patient is difficult, due to the impaired function of digestion. In this regard, a rapid increase in the amount of food consumed can provoke a deterioration in the patient's condition. Therefore, diet therapy for dystrophy consists of 3 stages. When implementing each stage of the diet, you must follow strict rules.

Nutrition rules for dystrophy

There are a number of general rules of dietary therapy that should be strictly observed in the treatment of this disorder. Apart from general provisions there are also specific recommendations on the organization of the diet ( provided by a doctor), depending on the form and degree of dystrophy. Compliance with the general rules and medical recommendations will allow for effective diet therapy and accelerate the recovery of the patient.

The general rules for diet therapy for dystrophy are as follows:

Reduction of pauses between meals. The number of meals and the duration of breaks between them depends on the degree of dystrophy. In the first degree, the frequency of meals should be at least 7 times a day. With the second degree of dystrophy, meals should be at least 8, with the third degree - at least 10. These recommendations are relevant for the first stage of the diet. At subsequent stages, the number of meals is gradually reduced, and, accordingly, the pauses between them are increased.
Power control. With dystrophy, it is necessary to control the body's reaction to the food consumed. To do this, you need to keep a diary in which you should note the qualitative and quantitative composition of the meal. You also need to enter data on the patient's stool and urination ( number of trips to the toilet, composition and appearance urine and feces).
Regular analysis. With dystrophy of degrees 2 and 3, you need to regularly take a coprogram ( fecal analysis). The analysis will allow you to assess the digestive capacity of the gastrointestinal tract and adjust diet therapy if necessary.
Regular weighing. To evaluate the effectiveness of diet therapy, it is necessary to weigh yourself at least 3-4 times a week. The diet is considered effective if, starting from stage 2, the weight begins to increase by 25-30 grams per day.

The right choice of food products is an important requirement of the diet for dystrophy. Patients need to choose natural products with a minimum amount of food additives, dyes, preservatives. In addition, for the period of the diet, some alimentary products must be excluded from the diet.

Products to be removed from the menu are:

modified fats ( margarine, sandwich butter);
some animal fats lard, melted fat, lard);
canned vegetables, pickles, marinades;
any types of meat and fish prepared by smoking, drying, curing;
alcohol, as well as drinks containing gases, caffeine, stimulants ( predominantly found in energy drinks).

Stages of a diet for dystrophy

The diet for this disorder includes three stages. First, an unloading stage is carried out in order to restore the functionality of the digestive system. In addition, unloading the diet allows you to remove from the body substances that have accumulated as a result of impaired metabolism. Also, at the first stage, the reaction of the body to certain food products is determined. The second stage of the diet is intermediate and is aimed at the gradual adaptation of the body to normal nutrition. The final stage of diet therapy is to provide the patient with all the necessary nutrients for speedy recovery. The duration of each stage depends on the form of dystrophy and the characteristics of the patient.

The first stage of the diet for dystrophy
The first stage of diet therapy ( adaptive) is aimed at determining the effect of certain products on the digestive system. Conclusions about how well this or that product is absorbed and whether it causes complications such as diarrhea and other signs of intolerance are made on the basis of entries from the food diary.

Determination of food tolerance lasts 2-3 days with first-degree dystrophy. With dystrophy of the 2nd degree, this stage takes from 3 to 5 days, with the 3rd degree - about 7 days. In order to determine how well the consumed products are processed and assimilated, the patient's diet must be reduced.

The rules for reducing the diet at the first stage of the diet are as follows:

at initial form dystrophy diet is reduced by 30 percent of the daily norm;
with dystrophy of the 2nd degree, the volume of consumed products should be 50 percent less;
with dystrophy of the 3rd degree, the amount of food is reduced by 60 - 70 percent of the standard norm.

The standard daily allowance is the daily amount of food for a healthy person, which is calculated depending on weight, age, gender and type of activity ( for adults).

The amount of nutrients necessary for the functioning of the body is compensated by increasing the amount of fluid consumed. For this, natural vegetable decoctions can be used, herbal teas. In some cases, to compensate for the deficiency of salts and electrolytes, the use of drugs such as oralit and / or rehydron is indicated. In severe forms of dystrophy, an intravenous administration of an albumin solution is prescribed ( squirrel) or other nutrient fluids.

The second stage of the diet for dystrophy
The second stage of the diet is called reparation, and its goal is to smoothly transfer the body to a normal diet. At this stage, the volume and caloric content of food consumed gradually increases. Meals need to be 1 - 2 times less than in the first stage of the diet.

The quantitative and qualitative composition of the diet for dystrophy of degrees 2 and 3 is determined by the doctor. The doctor determines the amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates necessary for the body, taking into account the patient's age and the existing lack of body weight. In the first degree of dystrophy, the volume and composition of meals is determined by the condition and taste preferences of the patient. The duration of the second stage is approximately 3 weeks.

Third stage
The final stage of the diet continues until the patient's normal body weight is restored and the digestive processes are normalized. The third stage is characterized by increased food intake. At the same time, the number of meals is reduced in comparison with the second stage for one meal, and the number and calorie content of products increases.

Food for dystrophy

With dystrophy, foods with a high nutritional value should be introduced into the menu. The diet includes both natural products and special medical nutrition. The daily menu should include a balanced composition of proteins ( 1 part), fat ( 1 part) and carbohydrates ( 4 parts). In some cases, with a deficiency, for example, of protein, the doctor increases the rate of protein products in the patient's diet.

Natural products to be included in medical diet, are:

Squirrels. With dystrophy, the diet should include easily digestible proteins that contain sufficient amounts of amino acids. The highest quality protein is found in meat ( veal, chicken, rabbit). To preserve the nutritional value of the meat, it is recommended to steam it. For small children, meat can be mashed. Enough protein is found in eggs, cottage cheese, slightly salted cheese. Be sure to include fish in the menu for dystrophy ( mackerel, herring, tuna), since it contains many useful fatty acids in addition to protein.
Fats. To make up for the norm of animal fats, the diet should include fish and meat of medium fat content, egg yolk. A lot of animal fat useful for the body is found in butter and cream. Provide the necessary volume vegetable fats followed by vegetable oil ( sunflower, olive), nuts ( not recommended for small children), seeds ( flax, sunflower).
Carbohydrates. To provide the body with the necessary amount of carbohydrates, fruit juices, vegetable purees, and natural honey should be present in the diet of a patient with dystrophy. With a carbohydrate deficiency, it is recommended to take sugar syrup, which is prepared from 150 milliliters of warm water and 100 grams of sugar.

In order to provide the necessary amount of nutrients, but at the same time not to increase the volume and calorie content of food consumed, it is recommended to include special therapeutic nutrition in the diet in case of dystrophy. This recommendation is especially relevant for the first and second stages of the diet. An example of clinical nutrition are enpitas, which can be of several types. All enpitas are a dry instant powder, which should be diluted with water before use.

The types of enpits are:

Protein. This medicinal product 44 percent consists of protein and is used to enrich the diet with a complete protein that is easily digested. This enpit is made from products such as milk, cream, sugar. In addition, the powder is enriched with vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B6.
Fatty. Indicated in the absence of the subcutaneous fat layer. The product contains a balanced composition healthy fats, whose share is 39 percent. It is made from whole milk, cream, corn oil and various vitamins.
Fat-free. It is recommended in cases where it is necessary to minimize the amount of fat consumed, but at the same time it is necessary to ensure sufficient protein intake. The fat content of this enpit is 1 percent, as it is produced from skimmed milk.

Enpitas can be consumed in liquid form as a standalone product. Also, the powder can be added to the composition of cereals and other dishes.

Nutrition for dystrophy in infants

For babies ( children under one year old), who have been diagnosed with dystrophy, there are separate recommendations for choosing products. Children under 3 months of age should be breastfed. With a strong deficiency of weight, it is recommended to use protein and mineral supplements to enrich the composition of breast milk. These can be pre-semp, semper additives. If breast milk is not available, the baby should be fed with adapted infant formula.
An important condition for dystrophy is the timely introduction of complementary foods. In some cases, it is recommended to introduce "adult" foods into the diet of an infant at an earlier date.

3 months. From the age of three months, it is recommended that babies be given egg yolk, which must be hard-boiled.
4 months. From this age, vegetables should be introduced into the child's diet, which should be cooked in the form of mashed potatoes.
5 months. After the child is 5 months old, meat should be gradually introduced into his menu ( chicken, turkey, veal), from which puree is prepared ( twice twisted in a meat grinder or in a blender).
6 months. After six months, fermented milk products should be included in the diet. It can be a special children's kefir, yogurt for children, a specialized mixture of agu-2.

How to deal with poor appetite?

Weak appetite is a common occurrence in dystrophy. In a healthy person, the desire to eat arises when the stomach is emptied. With dystrophy, the process of digesting food slows down, so the person does not feel hungry. Sometimes when trying to eat something, patients develop vomiting, which is a peculiar defense mechanism. There are several ways to stimulate appetite that can be used by patients with dystrophy.

Ways to increase appetite are as follows:

Before a meal, the patient needs to eat a dish or drink a drink that enhances the release of digestive enzymes. To do this, you can use juice from sour fruits or berries, pickled or salted vegetables ( A little). Also, before eating, you can drink 50 - 100 milliliters of strong meat broth. Meat broth to improve appetite can also be given to young children from 3 to 4 months, 1 to 2 teaspoons.
Of great importance with a weak appetite is the diet. It is necessary to take food at certain hours, and in the intervals between meals you can not snack.
A significant role in stimulating appetite is played by the appearance of the dish, table setting, and a calm atmosphere. Eating should be in the company of relatives, friends, as the example of other people who eat with appetite has a positive effect.
In the hot season, appetite decreases, as the body loses a lot of fluid. In such cases, some time before eating, it is recommended to drink some cool water, juice or kefir. It should also be at lunchtime, when the temperature reaches its maximum values, not to have a traditional meal, but to postpone it to a later time.

Nervous dystrophy ( anorexia nervosa)

Such a disease as nervous dystrophy does not exist, but this definition is often used to refer to such a disorder as anorexia. This fact is explained by the fact that dystrophy and anorexia have similar symptoms ( weight loss, poor appetite, nervous system disorders). However, the causes of anorexia nervosa differ in many ways from the factors that provoke dystrophy.

Causes of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa belongs to the category of mental disorders and is manifested by deviations in the patient's behavior, as a result of which he is very thin. If, in dystrophy, weight loss is the result of various pathologies or malnutrition, then with anorexia, a person deliberately limits himself to food intake.
People with this disease often suffer from low self-esteem and they begin to lose weight in order to increase their own importance. Experts point out that the real reason anorexia are serious personality problems, and weight control is an attempt to cope with these difficulties.

In most cases, anorexia nervosa develops in adolescence. Lack of popularity among the opposite sex, ridicule of peers can provoke a disease. Sometimes this mental disorder appears against the backdrop of a teenager's desire to match his idol. Often anorexia is a child's protest against excessive parental care. Most often, conflicts between a daughter and a mother are manifested in this way. Anorexia nervosa is most common in economically developed countries, where thinness is massively promoted as a sign of an ideal.

How does anorexia nervosa manifest itself?

In order to achieve the ideal weight from the patient's point of view, he begins to limit himself in food. In the initial stages of the disease, a person excludes traditional "culprits" from his diet. overweight- fats and carbohydrates. Gradually, the patient begins to refuse to use and other vital necessary products. Often with anorexia, deviations from standard norms in behavior develop. So, patients can swallow food without chewing it, hide food from themselves, eat with small appliances.
In addition to diet, people with anorexia often use laxatives, exercise hard, or resort to other methods of losing weight.

Treatment of anorexia nervosa

As in the case of dystrophy, treatment involves eliminating both the symptoms and the causes of the disease. Only if the process of digestion and assimilation of food is corrected during dystrophy, then with anorexia, work is carried out with the thoughts and beliefs of the patient. Therefore, the main therapeutic method for anorexia is psychotherapy.
To eliminate the lack of body weight in anorexia nervosa, diet therapy is prescribed.
In some cases, intravenous administration of various drugs is indicated. Before use, you should consult with a specialist.

Doctor II category

Anorexia - description and classification (true, nervous), causes and signs, stages, treatment, books about anorexia, photos of patients

Myocardial dystrophy (dyshormonal, dysmetabolic, alcoholic, mixed genesis, etc.) - causes, types and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in children and adults

Dystrophy is a disease that is characterized by an eating disorder in a chronic form. In the body of a patient with dystrophy, the metabolism and absorption of useful components are disturbed. In addition, the cells and tissues of the body stop growing and developing.

Specialists distinguish many varieties of dystrophies, classifying them according to the principle of atrophy of cells and tissues in the human body. So, for example, retinal dystrophy is called atrophy of the cardiovascular connections of the human eye, and liver dystrophy is changes in the structure of the cells and tissues of this organ (adipose tissue accumulates mainly in the liver).

The most common type of dystrophy is the so-called alimentary dystrophy. This type of disease is caused by malnutrition with partial or complete starvation of a person.

Like most diseases that are known to physicians in the 21st century, dystrophy can be congenital and acquired. Also, the disease can be inherited. In addition, the disease can be diagnosed in people of different age groups.

Causes of dystrophy

The main cause of dystrophy is human malnutrition. In today's world, about a billion people go hungry or eat irregularly. Dystrophy is the same dangerous disease, as well as viral diseases, since a fatal outcome can be a negative consequence of the disease. That is why it is important to start treatment on early stages occurrence of symptoms of the disease.

Completely different factors can cause dystrophy. It can be social stereotypes, and diets, and a difficult financial situation, and religious beliefs, and physical exhaustion as a result of a long load of the human body. Also, the disease of dystrophy is closely related to wars and various natural disasters, since people during this period are especially acutely hungry due to prevailing life circumstances.

Dystrophy can also be a problem for people who have previously been diagnosed with burns or injuries of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as diseases that make chewing and swallowing difficult. In addition, the consequences of surgical interventions. In these cases, a person independently restricts himself in nutrition, so as not to experience pain once again.

Often, doctors diagnose dystrophy in people who deliberately restrict themselves in food. Artists, ballerinas, dancers, athletes and models are often victims of dystrophy, as they need to meet certain parameters. People with psychological disorders can also deliberately restrict themselves in meals. When an apathetic state occurs, a person loses any interest in the world around him, including the process of eating.

Symptoms of the disease

The symptoms of dystrophy include such external manifestations as: weight loss or gain (with increased weight, the patient's skin is pale and the tissues are loose), inactivity, lethargy, growth retardation, indigestion, poor sleep and appetite. With a hungry illness, a person feels weak muscles and joints, is forgetful or is in an excited state. In patients, immunity is also significantly reduced, the body is much more difficult to fight various infections.

In progress clinical research dystrophy can notice other changes in the human body. In case of starvation in people, the work of a number of endocrine glands worsens - the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, gonads, etc. In this regard, hormonal deficiency also develops.

At poor diet the body begins to use reserves of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Thus, blood sugar levels and pH levels drop sharply. The blood flow itself also slows down. In turn, the level of lactic acid increases significantly, and acetone and acetoacetic acid enter the urine in an amount that is several times higher than normal. Due to the low level of proteins in the body, edema appears on the patient's body. Fat reserves in patients with dystrophy, as a rule, are completely absent.

The internal organs of a person suffering from dystrophy are usually several times smaller than those of a healthy person. Thus, the heart of an adult with starvation disease weighs about 90 grams, while in the average person it weighs about 175 grams. It is noteworthy that all organs in the patient's body are smaller in size than they should be during the normal functioning of a healthy organism.

With the course of the disease, complications can occur at different stages. In cold climates and in the early stages of dystrophy, bronchopneumonia may occur. At the next stages of the disease, complications appear in the form of acute and chronic dysentery and pulmonary tuberculosis. Add to list severe complications as a result of dystrophy, paralysis and disability can also be recorded.

How to determine the presence of dystrophy in a person?

Dystrophy in a mature person can be determined by body mass index (the ratio of weight and the square of body length). The body mass index is normal if 20-25 kg of weight is obtained per square meter. There are 3 stages of dystrophy:

The body mass index is 19.5 - 17.5 kg per square meter. The stage lasts on average from 30 days to several months. The duration of the stage directly depends on the level of dietary restrictions. At the first stage of the disease, the patient loses no more than 20% of the total body weight. At this time, a person feels light and carefree, his mental and physical performance improves slightly. It is difficult for relatives and doctors to convince a person in this state to eat fully.
From 17.5 to 15.5 kg per square meter. The human body loses 21% to 30% of its mass. In the second stage, more serious changes begin in the body. So, the patient begins to lose muscle mass, the metabolic process is disturbed, catabolic processes predominate anabolic, etc. In addition, men begin to have problems with potency, and women may not have critical days during several menstrual cycles.
Less than 15.5 kg per square meter of human height. The weight loss is already more than 30% of the total mass. The patient has no concentration of attention, and everything that surrounds him is indifferent to him. The level of mental and physical performance also falls, it is difficult for the patient to chew and swallow food. If therapeutic nutrition is not started on time, then stage 3 may be the last.

With the development of the disease, characteristic eating behavior is also observed. A person eats a maximum of 2-3 times a day, a serving of food at one time is 100-150 grams (the total calorie content of a serving is up to 1200 kcal.), There are no products in the diet protein origin, animal fats, as well as easily digestible carbohydrates. Also, in the daily diet of a potential patient with dystrophy, bakery products are often absent. If a person has such eating behavior for about 3 weeks and there is a decrease in body volume by 15%, then this indicates the development of dystrophy.

In modern medicine, there is still a problem of timely determination of the correct diagnosis. According to statistics, in 83% of cases of dystrophy, doctors make the correct diagnosis only six months after contacting a medical facility.

Therapeutic nutrition for dystrophy

Daily diet a patient with dystrophy is always very individual. What food to use in each case is determined by several factors. First, according to the stage of development of the disease. Secondly, the patient's intestines must be able to tolerate the food recommended by doctors. Thirdly, in case of hunger illness, it is important to consume foods that neutralize harmful metabolic products in the human body. Most often, the basis of diet therapy for dystrophy is diet No. 15.

With the loss of muscle tissue in a patient, it is necessary to restore it in time. Foods with a high concentration of protein will help build muscle mass. For patients with dystrophy, it is recommended to use nutritional mixtures of amino acids, which will also contain vitamins and L-carotene. Foods with a high concentration of protein are the following: meat, fish, cheese, eggs, cottage cheese. In addition, there is a lot of protein in the composition of products of increased biological value such as soy food base or soy proteins.

Metabolic processes in dystrophy will work if consumed. These include sugar, honey, jam, etc. Foods with vegetable and animal fats (sour cream, cream, butter) will also be useful. different types flour products, cereals of all kinds, dairy and sour-milk products. It is also recommended to eat a lot of vegetables, fruits, greens; drink natural juices from fruits and vegetables, a decoction of wild rose and wheat bran. Also, patients can use weak tea, coffee and cocoa. Healthy meals there will be beetroot, borscht, vegetable, fruit and milk soups, as well as meat and fish broths.

It is not always possible to cure dystrophy only with the help of proper nutrition. Usually rich in useful material the daily diet of the patient is supplemented with medicines and special therapeutic actions. Doctors may also prescribe blood or plasma transfusions, massage, therapeutic gymnastics as well as psychotherapy.

Nutrition in case of illness from the first days of life

In newborns, obstetricians determine dystrophy immediately after the first examination. And proper nutrition is prescribed to the baby literally from the first minutes of life. The basis of the diet of a newborn baby, of course, is the mother's breast milk, which by its nature is abundantly saturated with useful and nutritious substances. Doctors may additionally prescribe feeding therapeutic mixtures, taking into account the perception of the child's intestines of each of the mixtures, as well as the general state of health.

So, a child with dystrophy can be prescribed buttermilk - a fermented milk mixture, which contains a lot of carbohydrates and practically no fat. This mixture passes through the small intestines faster than others, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are less absorbed from the intestines, and the intestines themselves are a little irritated during this process. Churning is able to excite the secretion of the pancreas. As a rule, this mixture is attributed to children with a pronounced poor appetite.

Similar in action to buttermilk is another mixture - protein milk. Unlike the first, this is a more slightly acidic mixture, in which curdled protein and fats predominate. Also in the composition there is a small amount of lactose and salts. Protein milk is the most effective for the secretion of the pancreas and intestines, characterized by increased activity enzymes in the body. This mixture is prescribed for children with a low level of appetite and very little weight gain, but with a sufficient amount of reserve strength.

With the normal functioning of the intestines of the child and for increased secretion of the juices of the small intestines, an oil-flour mixture is prescribed. This is milk, which contains an increased concentration of fats and carbohydrates. The oil-flour mixture, moving through the intestines, provides a high level of absorption of biologically active substances: for example, the beam is absorbed up to 90%, fats - 98% and 87% carbohydrates. As a rule, this high-calorie mixture is prescribed to a child during the reparation period, combining it with other mixtures.

Kefir is also put on a par with the above mixtures. When using kefir, food masses pass through the intestines more evenly than when using mixtures. Thus, nitrogen is better absorbed in the intestines. Kefir well stimulates the work of the digestive glands, while fats are perfectly split and absorbed.

An important nutritional component for patients

One of the most important components in clinical nutrition for patients with dystrophy is vitamin E. It is important to consume vitamin E not only for patients, but also for healthy people. Studies have shown that if this vitamin is absent in a person’s diet, then after a certain time period, he develops muscle dystrophy. That is why it is so important to eat foods rich in vitamin E.

Doctors say that if you start taking vitamin E in the early stages of treating the disease, then dystrophy can be cured exclusively through this biologically active substance. Also, vitamin E will help cure dystrophy, if the patient's body has acute shortage in protein and vitamins A, B6.

For the normal functioning of all systems of the human body, doctors recommend consuming 100-200 mg of vitamin E per day for an adult and about 50-100 mg for a child. A slightly higher daily dose of vitamin E will be required for pregnant women. But in other cases, the dose of vitamin E can be increased. So, with the consumption of vegetable fats, the vitamin intake rate increases (1 tablespoon of fat = 100 mg of vitamin E), with an increase physical activity, stress, puberty and menopause, we also increase the daily intake of this biologically active substance. It is also necessary to consume more vitamin E for people who live high in the mountains or in areas contaminated with radioactive substances.

Vitamin E is found in foods such as hazelnuts, peanuts, pistachios, cashews, walnuts, dried apricots, prunes, sea buckthorn, wild rose, viburnum, wheat, oatmeal, barley grits, spinach, sorrel, etc. In addition, a lot of fat-soluble vitamin E is found in eel, squid, salmon and pike perch.

Folk secrets of nutrition for dystrophy

With dystrophy, you can fight at home. With alimentary dystrophy, which is associated with a lack of nutrients necessary for the body, it is recommended to use oat kvass. To prepare such kvass, we need 0.5 kg of well-washed oat grains, 3 tbsp. spoons of sugar and 1 tbsp. spoon citric acid. We send these ingredients to a three-liter jar and fill them with water. And after 3 days you can already drink oatmeal kvass.

Eggshell is also an excellent tool in the fight against alimentary dystrophy. To prepare the next remedy, we take the egg shells of domestic chickens, wash and grind into powder. Add a few drops of lemon juice to the powder. The resulting clots must be consumed before meals.

In addition, with alimentary dystrophy at home, you can do a simple massage. In the morning, rub a large amount of homemade butter into the patient's muscles. After the procedure, wrap the person in a blanket or sheet. In this position, the patient is in a state of calm for 60 minutes. The procedure must be repeated for about 3 weeks. After a break of 20 days, repeat the massage course again, preferably at least 3 repetitions of the course.

With retinal dystrophy, alternative methods of treatment can also be used. The patient can be instilled in the eyes with a remedy that will include water and cheese from goat's milk (1 to 1). After instillation on the eyes, tie a dark bandage, and let the patient rest for 60 minutes. You can also make excellent eye drops from a decoction of cumin. For a decoction, we need 15 grams of cumin seeds, 200 ml of water, cornflower flowers. We prepare the decoction according to the following scheme: pour cumin seeds with boiled water and boil for 5 minutes, then add 1 spoon of cornflower flowers, let it brew for 5 minutes, filter and can be used for its intended purpose. A decoction of cumin drops into the eyes 2 times a day.

Prohibited foods when sick

In the list of prohibited foods, we include those foods and drinks that doctors do not advise to use in case of dystrophy, as they can aggravate the patient's condition. Patients should give up alcoholic and carbonated drinks, spicy and fried foods, smoked meats, pickles, mushrooms, beans, garlic, onions, tomatoes, radishes, canned food, as well as fatty meats and fish. It is also better to reduce the amount of salt and margarine in the daily diet.

Remember that diet therapy for dystrophy is the basis of treatment and control of the disease. Eating healthy and nutritious foods as recommended by your doctor helps your medications to be better absorbed, and vice versa. Proper nutrition is also a good prevention against hunger illness. The daily diet of a person should include all necessary for the body nutrients, otherwise it will be difficult to maintain health.

Sometimes in the body there are processes that disrupt the metabolic processes in the cells of the body. There are several reasons and factors contributing to this phenomenon. The result of such a pathology is irreversible processes, leading either to an increase in the patient's weight, or to its rapid loss.

This phenomenon is called obesity or so dystrophic changes occur. The latter disease has many features.

A condition such as dystrophic changes in the body occurs in people who have problems with metabolism. Under the influence of certain factors in the human body, damage to cells and the space between them occurs, which leads to a violation of the functional characteristics of the organ in which such processes arose.

According to medical terms, dystrophic changes are a pathology leading to a violation of trophism, i.e., a certain complex of mechanical processes responsible for the metabolism and integrity of the cells of organs and tissues.

According to the functions performed, trophisms are divided into cellular and extracellular. Depending on which trophic changes, the type of acquired dystrophy, as well as its symptoms, also depends.

Children of the first three years of life are most affected by this disease. But the disease also occurs in adults under the influence of a number of factors. There is even such a type of pathology as chronic dystrophic changes - a disease whose symptoms in some people appear every 2-3 years. But the treatment of this disease gives good results and, subject to certain requirements, periods of exacerbation become more rare.

This disease can easily spread to the whole body, then it falls under the classification of "systemic", that is, general, and can be localized in one organ. In this case, the disease is called local. Such a division is extremely important, because the treatment, like the symptoms, in this case, are completely different.

The etiology of the disease is also important. The causes and symptoms of acquired and congenital dystrophy have significant differences. A congenital disease begins to manifest itself from the very first months of a baby's life.

Such an ailment is explained simply: the child has a genetic deficiency of certain substances involved in metabolic processes. As a result, the accumulation of undigested proteins, fats or carbohydrates in the tissues of the body, which ultimately cause a malfunction in the functioning of one or another organ. Without fail, irreversible processes occur in the nervous system. Treatment of congenital dystrophy is impossible, and therefore death occurs in 100% of cases: most children with congenital dystrophy do not survive even to their first birthday.

Genetic varieties of dystrophy

In addition to general dystrophy, there is also a local one that affects one or another organ or a certain part of the body.

The most famous is Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It's innate genetic disease inherited. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an exclusively male disease. It is characterized by such symptoms as a decrease in muscle tone and disruption of the central nervous system.

But the gene responsible for the development of such an ailment as Duchenne muscular dystrophy is carried exclusively by girls. The fairer sex also suffers from certain types of muscle dystrophy, but the symptoms of the disease are milder, and therefore they are not diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

The disease is diagnosed in childhood. If to legal age the child does not start walking or often falls, the pediatrician may assume that the baby is developing an illness. After an examination by an orthopedist and certain examinations (blood test, muscle test, muscle tissue biopsy), this diagnosis is either confirmed or refuted.

If the disease is present, over time, dystrophic changes will affect all parts of the child's body: the muscles will weaken, then atrophy, the joints will deform and lose their shape.

Treatment this disease impossible, because the disease refers to genetic ailments. But the baby and parents are shown psychological support and social adaptation.

The next type of genetic disease is myotonic dystrophy. It is characterized by changes not only in muscles and bones, but also in the pancreas, thyroid gland, heart and brain. Myotonic dystrophy is equally common in both sexes, but women are also carriers. Myotonic dystrophy is manifested by atrophy of the muscles of the face, impaired vision and heartbeat, baldness, and in severe cases, mental retardation.

Dystrophies of internal organs

The most well-known dystrophy of the internal organs is fatty degeneration of the liver. This is a condition in which islands of fat appear in the main filter of the human body, replacing the cells of the liver itself.

Often, fatty degeneration of the liver does not manifest itself in any way, but if treatment is not carried out, the disease turns into cirrhosis of the liver or acute liver failure. Fatty liver disease is treated quite simply - usually the patient is prescribed an enhanced, complete and rational diet.

If metabolic processes are disturbed in the cells that form the patient's heart muscle, myocardial dystrophy occurs. Myocardial dystrophy occurs for various reasons. Contribute to its appearance lack of certain vitamins, alimentary dystrophy, poisoning with toxic substances.

Myocardial dystrophy is a consequence of certain ailments of the cardiovascular system, and therefore myocardial dystrophy does not have clear signs inherent in it. Treatment in this case is aimed at restoring metabolic processes in the cells of the heart, its correct rhythm and nutrition of its cells. Myocardial dystrophy often leads to acute heart failure and death.

Dystrophic changes in the organs of vision

If processes are observed in the eyeball in which its tissues die, a diagnosis of retinal dystrophy is made. If it is not treated, it always leads first to deterioration, and then to complete loss of vision. Eye dystrophy has two forms: acquired and hereditary, that is, congenital. It is divided into two types: peripheral and central.

Peripheral eye dystrophy usually occurs in people who have had injuries eyeballs suffering from myopia or myopia. Central retinal dystrophy of the organs of vision refers to age-related phenomena that affect older people who lead an unhealthy lifestyle or live in ecologically unfavorable areas.

It manifests itself as visual impairment: loss of its sharpness, brightness and clarity. If retinal dystrophy is not treated or the patient treats himself, there is a high probability of complete atrophy of the eyes.

It is treated by an ophthalmologist with the help of laser operations and medications. There are also folk recipes from this disease, but their use must be agreed with a specialist.

Another type of dystrophy of the organs of vision is corneal dystrophy. This disease belongs to the category of hereditary, i.e. congenital. Manifested by various visual impairments in a child. It has several types, determined by the tissues in which it develops.

In addition to visual impairment, corneal dystrophy manifests itself as pain in the eyes, lacrimation, rejection of bright light. Corneal dystrophy is treated depending on its type. Usually this application medications, physiotherapy, surgical operations. Corneal dystrophy may not be transmitted to the child if the mother during pregnancy received all the necessary nutrients and fully slept.

This disease affects not only internal organs, but also such parts of the body as fingers, or rather, nails. A condition in which the nail plate changes its shape is called nail dystrophy.

The reason why nail plate dystrophy develops is one - a violation of the rules for caring for it, errors in manicure, or simply non-compliance with hand hygiene. These factors can be supplemented by weakened immunity, lack of vitamins, poor ecology, infectious diseases and hand injuries.

Nail dystrophy has several varieties that differ in the location and degree of damage to the stratum corneum and the nail bed. Symptoms that mark nail dystrophy are deformation and delamination of the nail plate, its thinning.

Treatment in this case involves the exclusion of the provoking factor and the strengthening of the nails with natural and medicinal means.

Weight loss due to malnutrition

The most common type of this disease is alimentary dystrophy. It develops as a result of proper nutrition of the patient. Alimentary dystrophy is the result of malnutrition, starvation, exclusion from the diet of certain nutrients. The body simply does not have enough food and it consumes its reserves - subcutaneous fatty tissue.

When this supply ends, the body begins to consume proteins, which are the main internal organs. So alimentary dystrophy leads to atrophy of muscles, some organs and endocrine glands. The symptoms of the disease are indirect: alimentary dystrophy manifests itself as pain in the body, a constant feeling of hunger, increased fatigue.

If treatment is not carried out, alimentary dystrophy leads to pathological changes in the heart muscle, stomach and intestines, muscles and bones, endocrine system. It has several degrees of severity. Treatment usually consists of increased nutrition and elimination of the symptoms of the disease.