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Problems of modern society: what will be the consequences? Basic approaches to solving social problems and their influence on the formation of models of social work.

. Social problems: specifics, levels and solutions.

Issues for discussion:

The concept of a social problem and its origins.

Approaches to defining the concept of “social problem”.

Types and levels of social problems.

Ways to solve social problems.

Technology for solving problems in social work.

The technological task of social work is to

identifying a social problem and using existing knowledge

tools and means at the disposal of social services

timely correction of the social worker’s actions

and behavior of the social work object to provide

him social assistance. Character social problem is

the most important factor on which the determination of

working with the client.

Social problem - This is a complex cognitive task

the solution of which leads to significant theoretical

or practical results . To solve it

relevant information about the social object is required

impact, conditions, circumstances and other

factors influencing his life activity, condition and

behavior.

Social problems can be global in nature,

affecting the interests of a significant part of humanity. So,

demographic, environmental, technogenic, food,

energy and other problems at present

time become global in nature, and their resolution

requires the participation of most states on our planet. Social

problems may concern the interests of individual or

several social systems. For example, social crises

extending to individual countries, national

ethnic communities, associations, blocs or groupings.

Problems may extend to certain areas

life activity of a group of people or individuals. It can

be problems covering socio-economic, socio-

political, spiritual or actually social

spheres of people's life.

For social work,

personal problems that arise during interaction

personality and social environment. The social environment includes

all factors that activate (or block) protection

social interests of the individual, the realization of his needs.

One of the most important conditions for solving a social problem

is its precise formulation. If problem Right

formulated, then this, firstly, allows for

searching for missing information in the right direction;

secondly, it ensures the selection of optimal tools

social impact, and therefore efficiency

social work. One of the most important requirements for

formulating a social problem is its validity.

It must stem from real needs and

prerequisites. Lack of connection with real practical

or theoretical needs makes the problem arbitrary,

far-fetched.

A precisely formulated problem acts as a starting point,

the initial link in complex cognitive-analytical

activities of social services and organizers of social

Practical need and significance of the social problem

not only intensify the activities of social specialists

services, mobilize their intellectual, organizational

and physical potential, but also give the search for technological

solutions are creative, innovative in nature.

In relation to the practice of social work, the concept of “social problem” can be defined as follows: this is a discrepancy between expectations, needs, interests, etc. a specific social subject with similar characteristics of other social subjects.

In the actual practice of social life, social problems can be resolved

view as existing on the following levels of the organization :

- at the level of society as a whole, where society, as a phenomenon, is one-

temporarily both the bearer of a specific problem and the subject of its solution,

example, the problem of transition of economic life;

- at the level of the social community(group, layer) when the carrier of the problem

we are a specific social community, for example, the problem is sharply

th decline in the standard of living of the middle class;

- at the personal level when the carrier of the problem is a specific person

person, personality, for example, problems of communication, relationships with the environment

The scope of competence of social workers includes, first of all,

problems of the second and third levels of the organization. Solving social problems at the macro level is a challenge social policy.

As a rule, a social worker deals with more than one social

problem, but with a whole “bouquet”, a complex of such problems. To solve them successfully, it is necessary to correctly prioritize, i.e., if possible, determine the degree of significance of these problems for a person or group.

Thus, it can be argued that the solution to a social problem begins with analysis of the subject's social situation, which refers to the identification of sides, aspects of social reality associated with a specific situation and a specific problem field of a person or group with which a social worker interacts. With this approach, it is possible to consider in detail the entire range of issues relating to a specific subject.

The results of the analysis of the social situation of the subject allow-

they can make an adequate decision regarding the timing, ways, methods and methods of solving those problems that complicate the life process of the subject. In the process of solving social problems, a number of technological stages.

First– collection, processing and understanding of information about a person or

a group who are faced with a problem and for this reason need the help of a social worker. This stage necessarily includes activities to search and select the most adequate and effective methods for obtaining and processing such information.

Second - methodological, involving the formulation of the main goals

lei that can and should be achieved in the process of providing social assistance, determining the ways, methods and methods of proposed activities that will be aimed at resolving a specific problem.

And finally third, final– is it practical or procedural?

a stage that involves the direct implementation in practice of the decisions that were made in the previous two stages. This is actually the solution to a conscious problem of a specific social subject.

Consistent implementation by specialists of each of the above

stages of activity involves the use of various social technologies. In this case, it becomes possible to classify them as follows:

Firstly, these are technologies of social analysis and social research

studies that allow a deep and detailed study of a specific social situation, analyzing it at various levels. The main levels of analysis of a social situation are: individual level or level

small groups, the level of large social groups and layers, the level of territorial communities of various scales, the national-state level and, finally, the transnational or global level.

Such a “multi-layered” analysis allows not only to compare different

vision and perception of a social problem by subjects of varying degrees

complexity, but also to identify its roots, the main causes of its occurrence, point out the factors complicating the problem, reveal some trends in its functioning and development, and also, general directions her decisions.

Secondly, it is necessary to point out such a class of social technologies,

as technologies of social impact, which involve the organization and implementation of activities to directly solve a specific problem. These include universal social technologies (social diagnostics, social therapy, social adaptation, etc.). In addition to universal technologies, this class includes private social technologies designed to solve the problems of specific social subjects (children, disabled people, the poor, etc.). If social research technologies can be effectively used at the first stage of solving any social problem, then social impact technologies are effective and efficient at the second and third stages of activity. Consideration of these technologies will be the subject of subsequent sections of the tutorial.

Technology for solving social problems. When diagnosing a social problem, you need to keep in mind the stages of its development: emergence, aggravation, resolution. In the diagnostic process, it is necessary to determine how deep the problem is, and depending on this, assess its importance for society, as well as justify the directions for solving it. It should be emphasized that the consequences of solving a problem, depending on what stage of development it is at, are not the same. If, in the process of targeted influence, the problem is resolved at the very beginning of its formation, then the realization of the potential of its stimulating, healthy influence on society can be limited. If the problem is solved at the stage of its self-resolution, then, in essence, you have to overcome its negative consequences. The threads of targeted influence on it will be largely lost. The positive aspects of the original existence of the problem will be overshadowed by its negative consequences. Therefore, to solve a problem, it is important to justify the stage at which it will be most effective.

In the diagnostic process, it is necessary to take into account the dialectical relationship between social problems. This means that the solution to a given problem results in the emergence of a new or even several problems, that is, its solution is relative. For example, the solution to the problem of unemployment in the USSR in the early 30s resulted in the emergence of such problems as ineffective employment, the problem of manual labor, the problem of discipline, etc. Moreover, practice shows that social problems cannot be solved forever. In particular, problems arising as a result of the law of ascending needs are constantly renewed, and in this sense they are eternal. As social development progresses through the resolution of contradictions through social management or spontaneously, problems are removed, but at the same time they are reproduced at a qualitatively new level.

Diagnostics involves assessing the severity of a given social problem, when, based on the analysis, a relationship is established different problems and the key one is identified among them, the elimination of which leads to the solution of many problems. For example, when developing the first Soviet GOELRO plan, experts came to the conclusion that solving the problem of electrification would significantly reduce the cost of living labor and free up time for the actual social development of society, improve the quality characteristics of living labor (its productivity, quality of education, level of qualifications of workers) , significantly change the way of life both in the city and in the countryside, and increase the cultural and educational level of the population. Therefore, it was assessed as key, and the electrification program was defined as the leading link of the plan.

Identification of a fundamental, key problem during the diagnostic process accordingly requires the concentration of resources to solve it. At the same time, it is necessary to distribute resources in such a way that would ensure, although perhaps at a slower pace, the solution of other problems associated with the key one.

When raising the question of the priority and complexity of solving a particular problem, it is necessary to compare the costs and losses that society may incur if social problems are not resolved on time. Most a shining example when society bears big losses, is juvenile delinquency. Nowadays, the state spends huge amounts of money on maintaining various types of correctional institutions for teenagers (colonies, special schools, etc.) and disproportionately little on crime prevention, the creation of various teenage clubs, circles, etc.

As diagnostic techniques, you can use well-known and proven techniques, such as observation (visual, statistical, sociological); building a problem tree; ranking problems by degree of relevance and significance; conducting applied sociological research of a problem situation, including analysis of social statistics data, economic parameters, materials of empirical surveys (questionnaires, interviews, etc.). Forecasting, programming and planning methods can be used to diagnose social problems. Such, for example, as the Delphi method and program-targeted. When diagnosing problems, you can use the method of social patterns, analogies, comparisons, and historical parallels.

Page 1

Solving social problems also involves transforming material production. Now a contradictory situation has arisen in which a radical change in the entire production technology is required, which is capable of changing the relationship of productive forces and nature in the most significant way. Now there is no longer any doubt that this will be associated with the onset of a new scientific and technological revolution. The possibilities of scientific and technological progress and compensating activities of society cannot be underestimated.

The imperative of solving social problems is consistently taken into account in all activities of OAO LUKOIL. Focuses on issues social support employees, providing them with benefits, guarantees and compensation. Average monthly income is constantly growing.

The impossibility of solving a social problem with available cash necessitates turning to science, which is expected to have the means to resolve contradictions that arise in social phenomena and processes. The very fact of such treatment acts as a social order. If it is not possible to fulfill this order based on old knowledge, then there is a need for scientific research new knowledge, gaining additional information, which could be used to solve social problems. The unity of scientific and practical approaches to research is embodied in the formulation of the central questions of the problem. For example, the problem of unemployment essentially comes down to two central questions: what causes unemployment and how to avoid it.

A more preferable way to solve social problems is reform measures, as well as a holistic social management policy aimed at modernizing transformations of society. The purposeful transformation of various spheres of life is accompanied by a simultaneous change in relations between social classes, strata, and groups. Some layers lose their advantages, while others gain them.

Priority is given to solving social problems in the sphere of labor - the main sphere of human activity. First of all, it is necessary to significantly reduce heavy, monotonous work.

It is obvious that the quality of solving social problems in the main part of the economy directly depends on businessmen, managers and executives - leaders at all levels.

Finally, participation in solving social problems improves the internal climate in the team; decent and decent people come to work for the organization. qualified specialists for whom it is important not only to earn a lot of money, but also to be needed, recognized, and realized by people.

A sociological research focus on solving specific social problems in everyday situations.

It should be noted that the search for solutions to social problems undertaken by Mayo bore a significant imprint of the liberal reformism of the 30s.

The fulfillment of production tasks is combined with the solution of social problems in the village.

Much will be done to solve other major social problems, primarily housing.

To what extent is the project aimed at solving social problems? Does its implementation violate existing social conditions? To what extent are the interests of different social groups taken into account?

Before considering the main problems of society in modern Russia, it is necessary to understand what the concept of “social problem” includes.

Social problems, public problems - issues and situations that directly or indirectly affect a person and, from the point of view of all or a significant number of members of the community, are quite serious problems that require collective efforts to overcome them.

The phrase "social problem" appeared in Western European society at the beginning of the 19th century and was originally used to refer to one specific problem - the uneven distribution of wealth.

Currently, the most pressing social problems include the following: alcoholism, banditry, poverty, homeless people, unemployment, child homelessness, high mortality, environmental pollution, disability, inflation, corruption, drug addiction, violation of children's rights, low birth rate, refugee situation and forced migrants, the situation of prisoners and other deprived categories, the situation of people with disabilities, human and civil rights and freedoms, crime, juvenile delinquency, prostitution, the problem of the elderly, the spread of HIV infection and other diseases, the situation in the army, suicide, social inequality , terrorism, threat of man-made disasters, standard of living, extremism, fascism.

The specific list of social problems differs at different times and in different societies, and the discourse of their perception and presentation changes over time.

Calling them social problems, they were considered, firstly, as certain undesirable situations or circumstances in people’s lives that should be eliminated or changed in accordance with the ideals of society and ideas about the “proper” life.” Secondly, the presence of these undesirable conditions or circumstances in society has come to be understood as a task for social actors, which can be recognized, posed and practically resolved through the determination of policies and the implementation of social reforms. Thus, social problems for the first time emerged from the field of social phenomena, as that part of them that is subject to and possible for correction by social efforts.

The final institutionalization of the concept of “social problem” was served by “social surveys” or, as they were also called, “social research”, which became widespread in the second half of the 19th century. initially in England, and then in other European countries and America. Social research collected a huge amount of statistical data on the living conditions of the poorest sections of society. In addition to collecting data describing the social problems of the poor, social research was carried out with the aim of preparing and designing future social reforms. Their data was widely used in parliamentary polemics between aristocratic conservatives and liberal reformers.

The term “problem” comes from Greek and means task. In the very general view the problem is scientific or practical question, requiring its own study and permission. A social problem is a discrepancy between a goal and a result that is perceived by a person as significant for him. This discrepancy arises, as a rule, due to a person’s lack or lack of means necessary to achieve a goal, which leads to dissatisfaction of social needs.

In the process of development of any society, many problems of a general social, group, and individual nature arise. They intersect, interpenetrate, giving rise to other, sometimes more complex, problems, which most often violate the usual principles of life, established living standards and rules of behavior, leads to new forms of social interaction and gives rise to the need for their purposeful resolution.

Sources of social problems

Social problems arise in connection with the emergence of a contradictory situation within the social system. They can also appear as a result of violation of numerous social norms.

Note 1

A social problem in its most simplified form appears as a manifestation of an individual’s activity, which can lead to negative consequences.

Each person performs a large number of actions in the course of his life. Of course, guided by basic norms and rules both at the informal and at the legislative, state level, he strives for stability and quality. But the consequences may be negative character, which leads to the problem. It can be at an intrapersonal level, when a person is in conflict with himself, but the problem can also go beyond the life of one person and be transferred to other members of society.

It is precisely when it goes beyond one person that a problem can rightfully be considered social, since it affects two or more individuals, and they already constitute a social group. Problems may also exist between several social groups, leading to wider conflict. Researchers identify the processes of globalization and industrialization as key sources of social problems, when society does not have time to adapt to new and constantly changing conditions, and internal attitudes begin to confront new, innovative opportunities.

Also, as sources of social problems, claims and their some inadequacy to the possibility of satisfying existing needs, discrepancy between values at the individual and social levels (for example, misunderstanding of people with each other) and hatred (racial, religious, ethnic) are identified.

The consequences are also different, and they depend directly on the type of social problem. Dedicated to this next part our work.

Types of social problems

Today, social problems are one of the most structured social phenomena. This fact is confirmed by the presence of a wide variety of types of social problems that give rise to the corresponding social problems of our time.

It cannot be stated unequivocally that social problems have only a negative impact, since their solution allows society to find new, previously unknown ways of development, and this leads to gradual progress. Among the key social problems of our time, the following types have been identified:

Individual and personal (family) problems. This type of problem consists of difficulties in physical and mental terms (health, development). This also includes problems of well-being (disability, old age, orphanhood), loneliness and social isolation;
Socio-economic problems - unemployment, poverty, big number socially vulnerable people who need support from society and authorities, but do not receive it for any reason (both objective and subjective);
Problems social stratification, which are associated with the stratification of society and the insurmountable difference in the incomes of the poor and rich people. This social problem is the basis of such phenomena as social manipulation and exploitation (especially in work groups);
Behavioral social problems - deviations and asocial characteristics that lead to social defects and anomalies;
Problems of symbolization and social modeling. This type of social problem is a consequence of distortion social values, their replacement. A person perceives the world in a distorted way and tries to impose his vision on other members of society, which leads to contradictions and conflicts in the social sphere;
Socio-political problems consist of a fairly low level of population activity, which leads to tension in society. We especially often see this problem during the election period: a person does not see the point of his participation, because he believes that “his vote does not decide anything.” Thus, when a certain leader or party comes to power, that same person remains dissatisfied, and these are the majority. This gives rise to a social problem on a political basis.

Methods for solving social problems

As we have already defined, a social problem is the discrepancy between the desired result and the existing, real one. Thus, a person is faced with the need to match his needs with the possibilities of satisfying them, which can lead to conflict at different levels. For example, these may be problems of unemployment, social stratification, high mortality rates, lack of protection among the most vulnerable segments of the population and social groups.

Most often, key solutions to such problems come “from above,” that is, from government and governing authorities and leaders. These may be decisions legislative acts, organization of special events and actions to solve emerging social problems.

Another method is to use current Internet capabilities ( social networks, Internet platforms and channels). They are the ones who can openly declare the existence of a social problem, and viewers and users can offer their own alternative ways to resolve them. As a rule, in modern states take into account the role of Internet platforms and rely on the opinions of users of the World Wide Web.

Note 2

There are other ways to solve social problems. One alternative solution could be to work on public opinion. It is produced through actions with leaders, as well as with other representatives of society. This approach to solving social problems is closely related to the problem of managing complex networks, that is, networks such as the cellular network, social media and online communities in which large numbers of people belong. They have common goals, for the achievement of which resources are important.

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Macroeconomics

Social problems of Russia and alternative ways to solve them

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS

1.2 Types of social problems and social policy of the state

CHAPTER 2. MAIN SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF RUSSIA AND ALTERNATIVE WAYS FOR THEIR SOLUTIONS

2.1 Rating of social problems

2.2 Poverty, misery of the population

2.2 Corruption

2.3 Demographic crisis

2.4 Alternative ways to solve social problems

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES USED

ANNEX 1

introduction

Today at beginning of XXI century, our country finds itself at another historical fork in the road. Just like a hundred years ago, as a result of incomplete and largely unsuccessfully implemented reforms, an unstable situation has developed in society, within which many serious contradictions have not been properly resolved and continue to grow, including in an implicit form, inevitably bringing the moment of their conscious or spontaneous permissions. At the same time, the process of awareness and scientific understanding of these contradictions clearly lags behind their emergence and maturation, which increases the risk of losing control over the situation and its development according to a spontaneous destructive scenario. In the 1990s, unprecedented differences in comparison with the Soviet era arose in Russia both in the current income and consumption of the population, and in its provision of real estate and durable goods. As a result, social stratification has increased in the country, which is expressed not only in quantitative parameters. The new population groups that emerged (rich, middle classes, middle- and low-income) formed their own ways of life. At the same time, during the years of recovery, despite favorable average economic indicators, the differences between these structures continued to deepen.

The processes of social reform in Russia indicate the growing relevance and significance of social transformations. Further progress along the path of becoming a civilized market is practically impossible without solving the accumulated problems and contradictions in the social sphere, as well as without the necessary marketization of its industries. The desire to advance only in the financial and economic sector of reforms - liberalization of the rules of economic life without taking into account the entire complex of social realities - led to a “lag in the social rear.” It was mistakenly believed that economic transformations should be carried out first, and then, when the economy is firmly on its feet in market conditions, the turn will come to the person with all his small and large worries. But the economy then stands on one leg; and instead of mobilizing the social energy of the people on a huge scale, the previously accumulated professional and intellectual, spiritual and physical potential is being wasted.

Thus, the relevance of identifying and finding ways to solve social problems in Russia lies in the fact that the social support system, which is based on universal social transfers, subsidies for goods and services, as well as categorical benefits, is fundamentally unable to solve the problem of redistributing resources in favor of the neediest groups population. In conditions of increased underfunding of social programs, this problem has become especially acute, including political. The social environment is not a “container of economic events”; on the contrary, the entire space represents a single and simultaneous socio-economic process.

The main goal of the study is to study social problems that are most significant for Russia and search for alternative ways to solve them

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved:

1. Consider the theoretical foundations of the concept of social problem, social policy of the state;

2. Identify social problems characteristic of Russian society;

3. Analyze the main social problems of Russia and propose alternative ways to solve social problems

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, 5 tables and 6 figures, a conclusion, a list of sources used and 1 appendix.

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects emergence of social problems

1.1 History of the emergence of the concept of “social problem”

Social problems of society are issues and situations that directly or indirectly affect a person and, from the point of view of all or a significant number of members of the community, are quite serious problems, requiring collective efforts to overcome them.

The idea that there are social problems in society seems as old as humanity itself. Actually this is not true. Although difficulties and suffering can be found in any society at any time in history, the idea that they are social problems about which something can and should be done is relatively recent. Researchers argue that awareness of social problems - the general tendency to see and condemn the conditions of misfortune that happen to strangers, non-close people, the determination to change these conditions - could not have appeared until the emergence in Western Europe of the late 18th century of a peculiar complex of four ideas: the old idea of equality and new ideas natural perfection of man, changeability of social conditions and humanism.

The most significant role in recognizing the existence of social problems in Western society of the New Age (i.e., the modern era) was played by:

1) secular rationalism, the essence of which was the conceptual translation of problems and conditions from the ancient theological context of good and evil into the rationalist context of analytical understanding and control;

2) humanism as a gradual expansion and institutionalization of the feeling of compassion Sociology: textbook / Ed. S.A. Erofeeva, L.R. Nizamova. 2nd ed., revised. and additional Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. Univ., 2001. pp. 262-282..

The very phrase “social problem” originated in Western European societies of the early 19th century and was originally used to refer to one specific problem—the uneven distribution of wealth. The concept of a social problem as an undesirable situation that can and should be changed is used somewhat later in Western societies when trying to comprehend social consequences industrial revolution: the growth of cities, and with it the growth of urban slums, the destruction of traditional ways of life, the erosion of social guidelines. In the United States, the concept of a social problem began to be used at the end Civil War 1861 - 1865, which caused a sharp deterioration in the living conditions of most of the population. In England, a significant role in realizing the existence of social problems was played by data from statistical surveys that appeared towards the end of the 19th century. Statistical descriptions of the poverty of certain sections of the British population, presented primarily by C. Booth and B.S. Rowntree, amazed the British public. According to C. Booth C. Life and Labor of the People in London, London, 1889-1891, published in 1889, one third of London residents lived in abject poverty. In London, according to Charles Booth, there were 387 thousand poor, 22 thousand malnourished and 300 thousand starving. Similar data were provided by B.S. Rowntree in relation to the working population English city York, a third of which were in a state of physical or absolute poverty.

“Every social problem,” write Fuller and Myers, “consists of an objective condition and a subjective definition... Social problems are what people consider to be social problems” Fuller R., Myers R. History of a social problem // Contexts of Modernity-2 : Reader. Kazan, 1998. P. 55. Fuller and Myers also proposed the concept of the stages of existence of a social problem, which lies in the fact that social problems do not immediately arise as something final, mature, enjoying public attention and causing an adequate policy for their solution. On the contrary, they reveal a temporal order of development in which different phases or stages can be distinguished, such as: 1) the awareness stage, 2) the policy-making stage, 3) the reform stage. A social problem is thus understood by them as something that is always in a dynamic state of “becoming.” Constructionism presupposes a fundamentally different set of questions compared to objectivism that a researcher of social problems must ask. For example, from the perspective of the traditional objectivist approach to homelessness, important questions are about the number of homeless people in a city, region or society, types of homelessness, why people become homeless, what is the role of alcohol consumption in the homeless subculture, etc.

The constructionist is interested in whether homelessness is a social problem, that is, whether it is a subject of concern and debate on the part of the public, whose claims-claims make homelessness a subject of public attention, how these claims typify homeless people, what is done to make these claims appear convincing, how the public and politicians react to these statements-demands, how these statements change over time, in other words, what is their fate, and therefore the fate of the social problem of homelessness Best J. Constructionist approach to the study of social problems // Contexts of modernity - 2: Reader. Kazan, 1998. P. 80. The study of the social problem of homelessness in Russia involves, in particular, an analysis of the activities of such organizations as Doctors Without Borders, the Nochlezhka Foundation. Website of the Nochlezhka Foundation/ http://www.nadne.ru and some others, by their actions directly or indirectly drawing attention to the situation of homeless people in Russian society and, thus, constructing this problem. One of strengths Constructionism also lies in the fact that this approach, refusing to understand social problems as static conditions, proposes to consider them as a sequence of certain events that make up the activity of putting forward statements and demands. This interpretation is much more consistent with the procedural nature of social reality. As a result, the constructionist approach makes it possible to most closely fit social problems into the context of a transforming society. From this point of view, social problems in Russian society of the last decade arose as a result of certain transformational shifts, such as the opening of channels of interaction through which it is possible to put forward statements and demands regarding certain conditions - the liberalization of mass media, the emergence of constitutional guarantees of the right to free search, receipt, transmission, production and dissemination of information by any legal means, as well as freedom of activity of public associations and the right to peaceful meetings, rallies and demonstrations; development of public opinion research services, etc. Sociology: textbook / Ed. S.A. Erofeeva, L.R. Nizamova. 2nd ed., revised. and additional Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. Univ., 2001. pp. 262-282..

So, traditionally, social problems have been and are understood to be certain “objective” social conditions - undesirable, dangerous, threatening, contrary to the nature of a “socially healthy”, “normally” functioning society.

Social problems can be global in nature, affecting the interests of a significant part of humanity. Thus, demographic, environmental, technogenic, food, energy and other problems are currently becoming global in nature, and their resolution requires the participation of most states on our planet.

Social problems may concern the interests of individual or several social systems. For example, social crises spreading to individual countries, national-ethnic communities, associations, blocs or groupings. Problems can extend to certain areas of life of a group of people or individuals. These can be problems covering the socio-economic, socio-political, spiritual or social spheres of people’s lives.

One of the most important ways the solution to the problem is precise definition. There is even an opinion that correctly posing a problem is half of its solution. Therefore, if the problem is correctly formulated, then this, firstly, allows you to choose the right path to search for the missing information; secondly, it provides the necessary set of social impact tools.

1.2 Types of social problems and social policy of the state

social problem crisis poverty

Changes in the level and quality of life of the Russian population over the past 20 years have transformed into acute socio-economic problems that have had no less acute demographic consequences. Among them:

Catastrophic decline in income and material security of the main part of the population;

High proportion of poor people with extremely poor definition of poverty level;

Unprecedented polarization of living conditions;

Significant levels of unemployment and non-payment of wages;

Degradation of social security and actual destruction of the social sphere, including housing and communal services.

All this could not but affect the state of the population: its natural decline and depopulation began, the quality of the population decreased, and an ineffective model of external and internal migration emerged.

Currently, the most pressing social problems in Russia include the following:

Poverty, Social inequality, Standard of living

Unemployment

Child homelessness

Inflation

Corruption

Addiction

High mortality rate

Terrorism

The threat of man-made disasters

Crime, etc.

Let's take a closer look at some social problems characteristic of Russian society:

Poverty is a characteristic of the economic situation of an individual or social group, in which they cannot satisfy a certain range of minimum needs necessary for life, maintaining working capacity, and procreation. Poverty is a relative concept and depends on the general standard of living in a given society. Poverty is a consequence of diverse and interrelated causes, which are grouped into the following groups:

Economic (unemployment, low wages, low labor productivity, uncompetitiveness of the industry),

Social and medical (disability, old age, high morbidity rate),

Demographic (single-parent families, large number of dependents in the family),

Educational qualifications ( low level education, insufficient professional training),

Political (military conflicts, forced migration),

Regional-geographical (uneven development of regions).

Inflation (lat. Inflatio - inflation) - an increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. With inflation, the same amount of money will, over time, buy fewer goods and services than before. In this case, they say that over the past time the purchasing power of money has decreased, money has depreciated - it has lost part of its real value.

Corruption (from Lat. corrumpere - to corrupt, Lat. corruptio - bribery, damage) is a term that usually denotes the use by an official of his powers and the rights entrusted to him, as well as the authority, opportunities, connections associated with this official status for the purpose of personal gain, contrary to law and moral principles. Corruption is also called bribery of officials, their corruption.

Standard of living (level of well-being) -- level material well-being, characterized by the volume of real income per capita and the corresponding volume of consumption. In reality, the concept of the level of well-being is not identical to the concept of the standard of living. The standard of living is a broader concept and is characterized not only by the volume of real income per capita, but also by a number of non-monetary factors, such as:

The opportunity to do what you love;

Level of calm;

Health;

Habitat;

The amount of lost time;

The opportunity to spend time with loved ones, rest and relax.

In economics, (general) living standards are measured using indicators. Typically the indicators are economic and social indicators. Often such indicators are considered:

Average GDP per capita,

Gross National Income (formerly Gross National Product),

Per capita income and other similar indicators in the economy.

The UN evaluates living standards according to the HDI index, which it provides in its annual Human Development Report. At the end of 2012, Belarus is in 50th place, Russia is in 55th place, Ukraine is in 78th place, Kazakhstan is in 69th place, Latvia is in 44th place, Estonia is in 34th place (the highest high rate in the post-Soviet space). In 1st place in 2013 Norway. In 2nd place is Australia, in 3rd place is the USA.

Social problems in a democratic state are solved by the government through social policy. Social policy - policy in the field of social development and social security; a system of activities carried out by a business entity (usually the state) aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of certain social groups, as well as the scope of studying issues related to such policies, including historical, economic, political, socio-legal and sociological aspects, as well as examination of cause-and-effect relationships in the field of social issues. However, it should be taken into account that there is no established opinion as to what should be understood by the expression “social policy”. Thus, this term is often used in the sense of social administration in relation to those institutionalized (that is, enshrined in legal and organizational terms) social services that are provided by the state. Some authors consider this use of the term to be erroneous.

The traditional areas of social policy are the following: education, health care, housing and social insurance (including pensions and individual social services).

The instruments for implementing the state's social policy are social guarantees, standards, consumer budgets, minimum wages and other threshold social restrictions. Social guarantees are provided on a legislative basis, fixing the duties and responsibilities of both the state to citizens and citizens to the state. Funds are allocated as a priority for the implementation of federal programs to support families and children, the disabled and the elderly, health care, and the development of educational and cultural services. Significant financial resources are concentrated in the following extrabudgetary social funds: pension, employment, social insurance, health insurance.

Social standards are a means of ensuring the rights of citizens in the field of social guarantees provided for by the Constitution. They are also necessary to determine financial standards. State minimum social standards are developed on a unified basis legal framework and general methodological principles. For example, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation establish the cost of living per capita based on the proposal of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation and the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics. This indicator is used to assess the standard of living of the population, in the development and implementation of social policy, federal social programs, to justify the minimum wage and the minimum old-age pension, as well as to determine the amount of scholarships, benefits and other social payments and the formation of budgets at all levels. The minimum consumer budget serves as the basis for planning support for low-income segments of the population during an economic crisis, and is also used to calculate the minimum wage and pensions. In the version of the increased standard, it ensures normal reproduction of the labor force, and in the version of the lower standard it is an indicator of the subsistence (physiological) minimum. The subsistence minimum is the minimum income, one of the most important instruments of social policy. With its help, the standard of living of the population is assessed, income is regulated, and it is taken into account in social payments. The subsistence minimum is a cost estimate of the minimum scientifically based set of food products, non-food products and services necessary to preserve health and maintain human life at a certain level of economic development. It includes food costs based on minimum sizes consumption, expenditures on non-food goods and services, as well as taxes and mandatory payments.

The state also determined the legislative scope of guaranteed social services provided on a free and preferential basis. Threshold values for indicators in science, education, culture, and healthcare are being developed; they are taken as a basis when calculating the volume of financing for these industries. According to the Declaration of Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, pensions, benefits and other types of social assistance must ensure a standard of living not lower than the minimum subsistence level established by law.

The basis of the state's social policy is the social doctrine of the development and formation of Russian society. Social doctrine is the most general methodological ideas about the fundamentals of politics in the transition period, revealing analytical and theoretical principles relating to the modern social situation, key problems and contradictions in the social sphere, criteria for action in the transition period, the concept of a social program, mechanisms and methods for solving the most important social tasks.

The doctrine is the foundation of the strategies formed by the state. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that transformation processes today have a certain specificity, namely that the population’s adaptation to changed socio-economic conditions occurs against the backdrop of an acute civilizational crisis, characterized by a massive change in fundamental mechanisms and instruments of social regulation. Habitual norms are being destroyed social relations, there is a change in the value system, when old stereotypes are gradually discarded, and new ones are formed much more slowly.

The peculiarities of the current state of society determine the seven main principles of the Russian social doctrine, which determines the social concept of the country's development, its social policy and corresponding action programs. Rimashevskaya N.M. “Reforming the social sphere of Russia: problems, searches for solutions.” 2012. //Information and analytical portal “Socpolitika”

The first principle is the optimal combination of liberalism and social guarantees.

The second principle is a radical increase in work motivation, aimed at all groups as a whole and each segment of the population separately.

The third principle is that the central place among social institutions today is occupied by the family, which has a decisive influence not only on demographic processes in society, but also on the state of social capital. It is organically interconnected with the family, through the formation of human health.

The fourth principle includes the activation of local government and civil society organizations (charitable structures and social initiatives). Along with reliance on the family, social policy is designed to support the restoration and renewal of specialized institutions based on the values of freedom, human solidarity and mutual assistance. The need to mobilize people for the purposes of social policy requires that today part of the work on implementing social programs should be entrusted to self-organizing institutions. In the business environment, it is necessary to formulate norms of a stable image, inextricably linked with charity, with free participation in social programs and humanitarian actions.

The fifth principle concerns the interaction of federal and regional efforts, the cardinal problem of which is the determination of their mutual responsibilities. The severity of this problem is enhanced by the presence of a significant number of regions that benefit from federal subsidies.

The sixth principle relates to the technology of constructing a social program of action, as well as to the development of strategy and tactics within the framework of social policy. We are talking about the echeloning of activities in time. The economic component of the reform clearly showed that a hasty solution to such large-scale and complex problems multiplies Negative consequences, which, in fact, accompany any transformation. All the more seriously and carefully, with great preliminary study and testing, one should take the transformation of the social sphere, which concerns, without exception, every citizen of the country.

Seventh principle. Gender and national-ethnic aspects of the population's condition should be strictly taken into account. This refers to the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, as well as ensuring equal opportunities for social activities and the socio-cultural development of ethnic groups. Social policy must include gender and national-ethnic components as its integral components. Specific steps and stages of transformation of the social sphere include correlation with gender asymmetry and the state of individual ethnic groups in the country.

Chapter 2. Main social problems of Russia and alternative ways to solve them

2.1 Rating of social problems

According to a VTsIOM survey conducted at the beginning of 2012, as a result of which 1,600 people were interviewed in 140 localities in 42 regions, territories and republics of Russia, this is what the ratings of the importance of the main social problems of modern Russia look like (see Table 2.1.).

Table 2.1.- Results of the VTsIOM survey Results of the VTsIOM survey economics. finance. sociology world of measurements3/2012

Which of the following problems do you consider the most important for yourself personally and for the country as a whole:
inflation, rising prices for goods and services
unemployment
alcoholism, drug addiction
corruption and bureaucracy
standards of living
crime
health situation
pension provision
situation in the housing and communal services sector
economic crisis
situation of youth
delays in salary payments
demographic situation (fertility, mortality)
the influence of oligarchs on the economic and political life countries
Russia's position in the world
National security
situation in the education sector
democracy and human rights
terrorism
state of morality
situation in the army
ecology and environmental conditions
relations with CIS countries
interethnic and interfaith relations
implementation of national projects
extremism, fascism
energy security

In this list of pressing problems, what worries people personally differs significantly from what they believe is important for the country as a whole (these ideas are made up of statements officials in mass media). According to this criterion, the ratings presented in the 2nd and 3rd columns of the table differ. The rise in prices is seen as equally significant for itself and for the country; unemployment at the beginning of 2009 did not yet affect everyone, and government officials promised an even greater increase; For some reason, alcoholism and drug addiction are merged into one problem in surveys, and for themselves personally, people do not place the degree of importance of these problems as high as it is positioned by the country's top officials. The population itself evaluates its own standard of living more negatively than this indicator appears according to official estimates, while at the same time demographic problems - low birth rates and high mortality rates are difficult for people to take on individually: people do not rate these problems very highly in their personal ratings and classify them as problems of the whole society.

In general, the data from the sociological survey showed that public opinion is the result of the information and propaganda activities of the authorities: what the authorities consider a problem is seen by the people as a problem. Many problems simply do not come to the attention of the population - they are not on TV.

If we study the issue using statistical data, the picture turns out different. The list of real problems of society over the past ten years is as follows - although it is difficult to say which of them are the most acute and which are less so.

Obviously, poverty is leading the way in one of the richest countries in the world. Probably one of the reasons for this is corruption. Further mention should be made of the alcoholization of the country, the spread of drugs, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the spread of tuberculosis, child homelessness and population extinction in general.

It cannot be said that information about real social problems is now unavailable, as in Soviet time when, for example, data on the number of psychiatric or tuberculosis patients was classified. Reports from the Ministry of Health and Social Development, Rosstat and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences are available on the Internet, but they are not distributed by the media, and the average person has little chance of learning about them.

Such data - medical, statistical and sociological - make it possible to identify the main social diseases. It should be noted that the ranking of social problems - an assessment of the relative importance, severity - is very difficult process, since most problems are interdependent, stemming from one another, some are short-term in nature, others are long-term or historically inherent in our people. Therefore, social problems are considered further without assessing their relative importance.

2. 2 Poverty, poverty of the population

Poverty tops the list of problems identified by the population; in public opinion polls, people indicate it as the most acute. The growth in income of the entire population “on average” over the past ten years was ensured by the increase in the income of the richest fifth of the population and, above all, the very top of society, amounting to half a percent. Three quarters of the population during this time only became poorer; only 15-20% of the population can be considered a slowly growing “middle class”. According to UN criteria, 20-30% of the population live in poverty, three quarters of the Russian population live in poverty. Unlike Western countries, we did not have a “trickle down” of income from the rich to the poor, rather, “the poor got poorer, the rich got richer.” The gap between the richest strata - the top 10% of the population - and the poorest 10% is, according to various estimates, 15-20 times. The main cause of poverty is obviously not the poverty of the country rich in mineral resources, but the economic policies of the ruling class. Over the past ten years, the main “impoverishing” parameters of economic policy have been mothballed. First of all, the official level of the minimum wage, the minimum wage, is set at a level ten times lower than in developed countries: in our country this minimum is 120 euros, in France - 1200 euros, in Ireland - 1300 euros. Benefits, benefits, fines, average salaries, and pensions are calculated from this modest base. Accordingly, businesses are allowed to pay an average salary of $500 a month, which, again, is several times less than in Europe and America. Hence the miserable pensions - less than 25% of the average salary (as opposed to 44%, as in Europe). Besides, everything minimum income, supported by the state, are calculated from the “subsistence basket” of 1991, which assumes only physical survival. All subsequent increases in the cost of living only somehow prevented the extinction of the poorest strata.

The main shameful feature of Russian poverty is working-age adults, employed or unemployed, whose wages and benefits are below the subsistence level; they make up 30% of all poor people. In addition, Russian poverty “ child's face": 61% of all poor families are families with children. With all the calls from the authorities for young families to have more children, in reality the birth of a child, and especially two, plunges a young family into a state of poverty or destitution.

Research by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2012 shows that 59% of the Russian population is poor. The middle class in the country, determined according to European methods, is only 6-8%. At the same time, the characteristics of the stratum of the Russian poor are such that only welfare state. This indicator is also striking: only 19% of Russians have a computer at home.

A large-scale study of Russian society was conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His main conclusions are presented in the book “Russian Society as It Is” “Russian Society as It Is”, published by New Chronograph, 2011. Sociologists have divided Russian society into 10 strata (Fig. 2.1.).

Figure 2.1 - Standard of living of the Russian population based on average monthly income per family member, 2012, in%

The criteria for determining the strata included the average monthly income per family member. To fall into the category of the poor, you had to have less than 5,801 rubles per person, low-income - 7,562 rubles, relatively prosperous - from 14,363 rubles per month.

The first 2 strata are people below the poverty line and at the poverty line. There are 16% of those in Russia. The third and fourth strata are Russians teetering on the brink of poverty and low-income people. They make up 43% of the population. Researchers emphasize that the fourth stratum (low-income) is characterized by the so-called. “modal”, or the most typical standard of living of a Russian. In total, these four strata, whose representatives can be combined with one word “poor”, make up 59% of the country’s population. Four more strata - from the fifth to the eighth - make up 33%: this is the so-called. "middle strata of Russian society." Finally, the 9th and 10th strata are the so-called. “prosperous Russians” (researchers’ term), there are 6-8% of them. By the standards of Western countries, they are more likely to belong to the middle and upper middle class. If we proceed from the “method by contradiction,” then, according to the terminology of these sociologists, 92-94% of Russians can be classified as “disadvantaged” strata.

At the same time, real disposable cash income (income minus mandatory payments, adjusted for the consumer price index), according to preliminary data, in 2012. compared to 2011 increased by 4.2% in December 2012. compared to the corresponding period of the previous year - by 4.9%. (Table 2.2)

Table 2.2 - Real disposable cash income and expenses of the population of Russia, 2011-2012 Electronic version of the publication "Russia" 2013. Statistical reference book"//http://www.gks.ru/

In December 2012 The monetary income of the population amounted to 4979.9 billion rubles and increased compared to December 2011. by 10.4%, cash expenses of the population - respectively 4695.6 billion rubles and by 11.2%. The excess of the population's cash income over expenses amounted to 284.3 billion rubles.

In the structure of cash income of the population at the end of 2012. compared to the corresponding period in 2011. the share of income from property and wages (including hidden wages) with a decrease in income from business activities and social benefits.

However, the positive growth in cash income of the population had virtually no effect on the total volume of cash income of the population, which in 2011-2012. distributed as follows (Table 2.3)

Table 2.3 - Distribution of total cash income of the population, in % Electronic version of the publication "Russia" 2013. Statistical reference book"//http://www.gks.ru/

			Dynamics
Cash income
including for 20 percent groups of the population: first (with lowest income)


fourth
fifth (with the highest incomes)

Thus, the total volume of monetary income increased in the population group with the highest incomes, while among the population with the lowest incomes and the low-income population, the increase in the total volume of monetary income had practically no effect. In 2012, according to preliminary data, the share of the 10% most affluent population accounted for 30.8% of total cash income (in 2011 - 30.7%), and the share of the 10% least affluent population accounted for 1.9% (1 .9%) (Table 2.4).

Table 2.4 - Distribution of the population by average per capita monetary income, as a percentage of the total population

		Reference 2011
Whole population
including with average per capita cash income per month, rubles






over 45000.0
1) Preliminary data.

Poverty in Russia at present largely depends on such characteristics as the type of settlement, age, household characteristics, etc. Socio-demographic characteristics determine the nature and scale of Russians’ spending and influence life chances in the sphere of consumption and in the labor market.

Number of economically active population in December 2012 amounted to 75.3 million people, or more than 53% of the total population of the country, of which 71.3 million people, or 94.7% of the economically active population, were employed in the economy and 4.0 million people (5, 3%) did not have an occupation, but were actively looking for it (in accordance with the methodology International Organization Labor they are classified as unemployed). In state institutions of the employment service, 1.1 million people are registered as unemployed. Electronic version of the publication "Russia" 2013. Statistical reference book"//http://www.gks.ru/ (Figure 2.2).

Rice. 2.2- Share of unemployed in Russia, 2012, in%

The average age of the unemployed in 2012 was 35.1 years. Young people under 25 years old make up 28.3% of the unemployed, people aged 50 years and older - 17.9% (Figure 2.3)

Figure 2.3 - Structure of unemployed citizens of Russia. 2012, in%

The main factors influencing the standard of living in Russian conditions are the type of settlement in the place of current residence and during the period of primary socialization, the nature of the dependent load and the type of household as a whole, the state of health of the individual and his age (the latter, however, matters only when we're talking about about pre-retirement and retirement age). In developed countries, the influence of these factors on the life chances and standard of living of the population is largely neutralized due to social policy measures: building an effective healthcare system and pension provision, demographic policy measures, etc. In Russia, some of the social inequalities that arise under the influence of socio-demographic factors are not even designated (for example, inequalities associated with the place of socialization), but those that are are designated (inequalities associated with health status, pension status, dependent burden of children, etc. .), are not regulated effectively. Although, in conditions of favorable economic conditions over the past six years, the level of well-being of the Russian population as a whole has increased, the situation of all socio-demographic groups located in the zone high risk poverty and low-income conditions have relatively worsened, and some (single-parent families, pensioner households, etc.) have fallen sharply. This allows us to say that during the economic crisis, the situation with the standard of living of these groups of Russians will deteriorate at an accelerated pace, and it is they who will increasingly constitute the low-income and poor segments of the population.

2. 3 Corruption

The topic of corruption for Russians is a subject special attention and relationships. Corruption, in fact, is not a separate social problem. This systemic disease society, birth defect a new political economic system, the basis of the relationship between government and business and within the government itself. Over the past decade, corruption has increased tenfold; however, it also increased in the 90s. It is on the corruption potential of the problem, the expected “rollback”, that its solution or non-solution depends: if this is the holding of some kind of world championship in Russia, then success is guaranteed, but if the problem is homelessness, then there is little chance of a solution.

According to the head of the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor's Office A. Bastrykin, the amount of damage caused by corrupt officials, customs officers, prosecutors and police officers - this is only in investigated criminal cases - approached 1 trillion rubles "Statistics of corruption in Russia" Anti-Corruption Commission / 2013 / / http://kpbsk.ru/korruptsiya-v-rossii/statistika-korruptsii-v-rossii.html. Wherein greatest number Corruption-related crimes were committed in the areas of law enforcement, control and audit activities and in local government bodies. According to K. Kabanov, chairman of the National Anti-Corruption Committee, the total amount of real corruption damage is 9-10 trillion rubles. in year. This is what concerns corruption in the upper echelons of power.

In general, the average bribe in 2012 compared to 2011 tripled and exceeded 27 thousand rubles. Over the past year, a third of the population paid bribes at least once. In the list of “non-corruption” Russia is in 146th place in the world, which it shares with Ukraine, Kenya, and Zimbabwe. The only countries worse in this regard are Afghanistan, Iraq, Chad and Somalia.

The number of corruption-related crimes increased by almost a quarter in 2012, according to the report of Russian Prosecutor General Yuri Chaika on the state of law and order in 2012 received by the Federation Council. “The number of registered corruption crimes increased last year compared to the previous year by 22.5% and amounted to 49,513, while in 2011 - 40,407” “The number of corruption crimes has increased” Report of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Yuri Chaika” “RAPSI” http:/ /korrossia.ru/,” the document says. More than 13.5 thousand persons were brought to criminal liability.

The structure of corruption crime continues to be dominated by fraud, misappropriation or embezzlement committed through the use of official position. At the same time, the number of crimes such as crimes against state power, interests of civil services and service in local governments. Also, the report notes, the reduction in the number of registered cases of both giving and receiving bribes is “concerning.”

Corruption has long (several centuries) become an integral part of the national mentality; the desire not to act according to the law, but to “solve matters” is instilled with mother’s milk. Hence the interest in combating this phenomenon is understandable. The All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) provided another portion of popular sentiment regarding the fight against corruption. I don’t know how seriously you can believe in these numbers, however, the results of the surveys as of April 2013 came out as follows: “Statistics of corruption in Russia” Anti-Corruption Commission / 2013 // http://kpbsk.ru/korruptsiya- v-rossii/statistika-korruptsii-v-rossii.html:

Have you seen any results in the fight against corruption recently?

Yes, the country is doing a lot to fight corruption - 7%

There are results, but they are not too significant - 38%

There are no real results, everything remains as it was - 41%

The situation is getting even worse, corruption is only getting worse - 11%

Difficult to answer - 3%

Damage from corruption represents the amounts illegally received by officials and the profits of businessmen as a result of the transaction. But practically, the overwhelming majority of funding for solving social problems comes from state budgets at various levels and, according to numerous estimates, as a result of competitions and tenders for the distribution of these funds, half of them go to “kickbacks” to corrupt businessmen and officials. It turns out that half of the social part of the state budget does not go to its intended purpose, i.e. is stolen. It is not surprising that representatives of all socially oriented sectors of the economy, without exception, talk about “underfunding” of their areas of activity, it would be reasonable to add “and the theft of public funds.”

2. 4 Demographic crisis

The demographic phenomenon, called the “Russian cross” in sociological terminology, was recorded in Russia in 1992, when the curve depicting mortality went up sharply and crossed the birth rate line. Since then, the mortality rate has exceeded the birth rate, at times by one and a half times: we have become a country with a European birth rate and an African death rate. According to official forecasts, by 2025 the population will decrease to 130 million people, and according to some estimates, to 85 million. Russia is the only developed country dying out in peacetime. The main causes of record mortality are diseases, including socially determined ones, murders and suicides, road deaths, alcohol poisoning Bagirov A.P. Conceptual approaches to the formation of reproductive policy in Russian Federation/ A.P. Bagirova, M.G. Abilova // National. interests: priorities and security. - 2013. - N 3. - P.2-6..

According to estimates, the permanent population of the Russian Federation as of December 1, 2012 amounted to 143.3 million people and since the beginning of the year increased by 276.2 thousand people, or by 0.19% (at the corresponding date of the previous year there was also an increase in the population by 156.6 thousand people, or 0.11%).

The increase in population in 2012 was due to natural and migration growth. At the same time, migration growth amounted to 98.3% of the total population growth. General characteristics of population reproduction in the Russian Federation in 2011-2012. presented in table. 2.5.

Table 2.5 - Vital indicators Federal State Statistics Service. Demography / 2013 //http://www.gks.ru/

	January-November	For information
		per 1000 population
			increase (+), decrease (-)	2012 VC 2011	people of the population for 2011 as a whole
Born

of which children under 1 year of age
Natural increase (+), decrease (-)

Divorces
1) Here and further in the section, monthly registration indicators are given in annual terms. In connection with the transition to expanded birth criteria (order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated December 27, 2011 No. 1687n “On medical criteria birth, the form of the birth document and the procedure for its issuance") in the civil registry office since April 2012, the birth and death of newborns with extremely low body weight (from 500 to 1000 grams) are subject to registration. 2) Per 1000 births.

In 2012 in Russia there was an increase in the number of births (in 79 constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and a decrease in the number of deaths (in 70 constituent entities).

In the whole country in January-November 2012. the number of births exceeded the number of deaths by 4,600 people. At the same time, in 43 subjects of the Russian Federation there is an excess of the number of deaths over the number of births, of which in 10 subjects of the Russian Federation it was 1.5-1.8 times.

Figure 2.5 - Number of births and deaths, 2011-2012, thousand people Federal State Statistics Service. Demography / 2013 //http://www.gks.ru/

Natural population growth in January-November 2012 recorded in 40 subjects of the Russian Federation (in January-November 2011 - in 28 subjects).

Changes in the mortality rate of the Russian population due to diseases and external causes in 2011-2012 are presented in Appendix 1. In Figure 2.6. The dynamics of mortality of Russians depending on external causes is presented.

Figure 2.6.- Dynamics of mortality due to external causes, 2011-2012, thousand people. Federal State Statistics Service. Demography / 2013 //http://www.gks.ru/

As can be seen from Fig. 2.6., the share of mortality from transport accidents has increased, there has been a decrease in mortality due to alcohol poisoning, suicide and murder, although the share of mortality for these reasons is large.

Obviously, not seeing an opportunity to actually reduce mortality, the authorities are focusing on increasing the birth rate. There has been some growth here - from 12.6 cases per 1000 people in 2011 to 14.1 cases per 1000 people in 2012. Further this growth will slow down A.G. Vishnevsky. Russia: demographic results of two decades // World of Russia: sociology, ethnology. - 2013. - N 3. - P.3-40.. Meanwhile, the fact that in a country forced to deal with enormous problems, natural demographic growth began in 2012 does not mean that the situation here is invariably positive. In the 1990s, there was a catastrophic decline in the birth rate that accompanied the period of change political system. Therefore, when young people born between approximately 1993 and 2005 reach childbearing age, we should expect a marked decline in the total fertility rate.

In general, the announced statistics indicate an improvement in the quality of life: unemployment remains at a consistently low level of about 5.4%, and an improvement in housing conditions (mortgages broke records last year, the volume of loans issued increased more than 1.5 times and approached 1 trillion rubles), the effectiveness of government policy (availability of maternity capital and the possibility of using it to improve housing conditions). A reduction in mortality by 4-7% indicates an increase in quality medical care And general health nation. For the Russian economy, an increase in the birth rate means an increase in workers, which will increase the domestic market, consumption within the country and will stimulate economic development. The improvement is due to a sense of stability in the country - the economic and political situation has improved significantly. Also one of the reasons is the payment of maternity capital at the birth of a second child; in 2012 it amounted to 387,640 rubles, in 2013 it was already 408,960 rubles.” According to experts, this trend will continue in 2013 and can be considered sustainable.

2.5 Alternative ways to solve social problems

Problems of modern society: what will be the consequences? Basic approaches to solving social problems and their influence on the formation of models of social work.

Types of social problems

Methods for solving social problems

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INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS

1.2 Types of social problems and social policy of the state

CHAPTER 2. MAIN SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF RUSSIA AND ALTERNATIVE WAYS FOR THEIR SOLUTIONS

2.1 Rating of social problems

2.2 Poverty, misery of the population

2.2 Corruption

2.3 Demographic crisis

2.4 Alternative ways to solve social problems

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES USED

ANNEX 1

introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects emergence of social problems

1.2 Types of social problems and social policy of the state

Chapter 2. Main social problems of Russia and alternative ways to solve them

2.1 Rating of social problems

2. 2 Poverty, poverty of the population

2. 3 Corruption

2. 4 Demographic crisis

2.5 Alternative ways to solve social problems

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