Social protection for disabled people. With the adoption of the law, fundamentally new criteria for establishing disability appeared, characterizing a comprehensive assessment of a person’s health status, impairments in a person’s life, as well as determining his need for those and

This article will discuss the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation. We offer you information about what measures the state is taking to help people with disabilities successfully adapt to modern society.

Social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation

Social protection of people with disabilities is a set of measures taken by the state to fulfill its obligations to citizens with disabilities. The measures are prescribed in the Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” and are mandatory for all constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Rehabilitation and habilitation of disabled people

Rehabilitation is measures that will lead to the restoration of abilities lost due to illness. Rehabilitation goals:

save life;
achieve a speedy recovery;
return the person to society.

The concept of habilitation for people with disabilities is measures for them to acquire new knowledge and skills. Habilitation is necessary to regain skills and abilities lost due to illness.

Medical assistance for disabled people

By law, people with disabilities receive medical care free of charge. The country has built special medical institutions that are designed to treat them. For those who are unable to care for themselves, the state has established boarding houses with 24-hour stays.

There is a list of medications, medical equipment and products that can be obtained free of charge with a doctor's prescription. If the pharmacy doesn't have it the right medicine, a delivery request is made, and it must be delivered within 48 hours.

People with disabilities apply for a free trip to a sanatorium once every 3 years based on a doctor’s opinion.

Ensuring unhindered access to information for people with disabilities

At the local level, self-government bodies are trying to provide conditions for unimpeded access to information for people with disabilities.

They do:

equipping with special devices for unhindered access to buildings;
equipping transport with special means for ease of use.

Providing housing for disabled people

The state provides housing for people with disabilities of all groups. It takes time to provide housing to those in need. Therefore, it is important to register on time.

Provision of preferential housing is carried out in 2 ways:

residential premises are allocated under a social tenancy agreement;
subsidies are provided for the purchase of housing from the federal budget.

The subsidy is provided in the form of a certificate, which is used only for the purchase of living space.

To do this, you must provide the following documents:

personal statement;
rehabilitation program;
certificate of disability;
certificate of family composition;
act of inspection of living conditions.

Education for people with disabilities

To ensure that people with disabilities receive education on an equal basis with other citizens, the state has taken measures:

special organizations have been created to carry out educational activities to teach children with developmental disabilities;
children with disabilities, disabled people of groups I and II are guaranteed benefits when entering educational institutions;
students are entitled to an increased stipend.

It is important for people with disabilities to receive high-quality vocational education in order to become in demand in the labor market.

Ensuring employment for people with disabilities

Disability often means the complete or partial loss of a person’s professional ability to work. In cases where a person is able and wants to work, it is difficult for him to find a job that matches his qualifications. Not all employers agree to hire such a “problem” employee. Some unscrupulous employers avoid hiring people with disabilities.

But if the level of qualifications and skills of an applicant with disabilities meets the required level, the employer is obliged to accept him. If you refuse, ask to justify the reasons in writing. If you do not agree with the employer’s conclusions and consider them biased, go to court.

The Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” obliges the employer

prepare workplaces for them and adapt technological equipment so that the employee can work without risk to health.

Material support for disabled people

People with health limitations receive financial support in the form of:

pension payments;
benefits;
payments for compensation for health damage;
compensation.

The pension can be:

labor disability, it is accrued if there is at least a minimum length of service;
social, it is accrued if a person has not worked for even 1 day during his life, or if incapacity for work occurs due to deliberate harm to health.

To apply for a pension, you need to send an application to the Pension Fund for registration.

Social services for disabled people

Household services are carried out:

at home;
in inpatient departments social services;
in the form of consultations.

Home-based programs include:

delivery of food and products;
delivery of medicines, medical assistance;
escort to the hospital;
House cleaning;
funeral services;
supply of water and fuel.

Payments and benefits

To improve the well-being of people with health limitations, the state provides cash payments:

monthly cash payment. This compensation is due to all groups of people with disabilities and disabled children. To receive a payment, send an application to the Pension Fund. Please attach your passport, a certificate of disability from the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise, or a document entitling you to a benefit and a pension certificate to your application.
kit social services.

It includes:

provision of medications prescribed by a doctor;
voucher to a sanatorium;
free transport tickets.

Not everyone has the need to receive these guarantees in in kind. Upon written application, the state will compensate them with money.

Accessible Environment Program

Program " Accessible environment"was created so that people with disabilities no longer feel like outcasts, lead full lives and be successful members of society. The program started in 2011.

The objectives of the program include:

create a competent infrastructure;
create institutions to ensure full-fledged life activities, professional training and involvement in cultural and sports life.

Where and how to protect your rights for people with disabilities

To protect your rights, use the services of qualified lawyers.

The law guarantees that upon presentation of documents confirming the presence of group 1 or 2, you will be consulted free of charge. The same rule applies to disabled children and people with disabilities living in boarding houses.

Free legal services protection of the rights of persons with disabilities is provided only by lawyers who participate in the activities of the state system of free legal assistance. A list of bureaus and lawyers working with people with disabilities is listed on the website of government agencies and bar associations.

If you look at the level of social support for the rights of people with disabilities in the Russian Federation from a formal point of view, it seems quite high. But in reality, achieving all the benefits prescribed by law can be very, very difficult.

Legislative regulation

Topic 17. Technologies of social work with disabled people

1. The concept of disability and its types.

2. Legal basis for social protection of disabled people.

3. Medical and social aspects of the protection of disabled people.

4. Managerial aspects of caring for people with disabilities.

Technologies of social work with disabled people.

The concept of disability and its types

Disabled person - face who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by a disease, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limited life activity and necessitating his social protection.

Limitation of life activity is a complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to provide self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, control one’s behavior, learn and engage in work.

Cripples, blind, deaf, dumb, people with impaired coordination of movement, completely or partially paralyzed, etc. recognized as disabled due to obvious deviations from the normal physical condition person. Persons who do not have external differences from ordinary people, but suffer from diseases that do not allow them to work in various fields as they do healthy people. For example, a person suffering from coronary heart disease is not able to perform heavy physical work, but he is quite capable of mental activity.

All disabled people are divided into several groups for various reasons.

According to the age - disabled children, disabled adults.

By origin of disability: disabled since childhood, war disabled, labor disabled, disabled from general illness.

By degree of work ability: disabled people able to work and incapable of work, disabled people of group I (unable to work), disabled people of group II (temporarily disabled or able to work in limited areas), disabled people III groups (able to work in favorable working conditions).

According to the nature of the disease disabled people may belong to the mobile, low-mobility or immobile groups.

Depending on membership in a particular group, issues of employment and organization of life for disabled people are resolved. Low mobility disabled people (able to move only with the help of wheelchairs or crutches) can work from home or have them transported to their place of work. This circumstance causes many additional problems: equipment of the workplace at home or at the enterprise, delivery of orders to the home and finished products to the warehouse or consumer, material, raw materials and technical supplies, repairs, maintenance of equipment at home, allocation of transport for delivering a disabled person to work and from work, etc.

The situation is even more complicated with immobile disabled people who are bedridden. They cannot move without assistance, but are able to work mentally: analyze socio-political, economic, environmental and other situations; write articles, works of art, create paintings, engage in accounting activities, etc.

If such a disabled person lives in a family, many problems can be solved relatively simply. What if he's lonely? Special workers will be required who would find such disabled people, identify their abilities, help receive orders, conclude contracts, purchase necessary materials and tools, organize sales of products, etc. It is clear that such a disabled person also needs everyday care, starting with the morning toilet and ending with providing food. In all these cases, disabled people are helped by special social workers who receive wages for caring for them. Blind but mobile disabled people are also assigned workers paid by the state or charitable organizations.

Legal basis for social protection of disabled people

A social worker needs to know the legal and departmental documents that determine the status of a disabled person. The general rights of persons with disabilities are formulated in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Here are some excerpts from this legal international document:

“People with disabilities have the right to respect for their human dignity”;

“Disabled people have the same civil and political rights, as other persons";

“Persons with disabilities have the right to measures designed to enable them to acquire the greatest possible independence”;

“Persons with disabilities have the right to medical, technical or functional treatment, including prosthetic and orthopedic devices, to restoration of health and status in society, to education, vocational training and rehabilitation, to assistance, consultation, employment services and other services.” ;

“People with disabilities must be protected from any kind of exploitation.”

Fundamental legislative acts on disabled people have been adopted in Russia. The following legislative acts are of particular importance for determining the rights and responsibilities of people with disabilities, the responsibility of the state, charitable organizations, and individuals:

Law on Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities
Law on compulsory social insurance against accidents
Resolution on benefits for disabled people and families with disabled children
Law on Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations
Disability examination
Rights and benefits

Social services are provided by decision of social protection bodies in institutions subordinate to them or under agreements concluded by social protection bodies with social service institutions of other forms of ownership.

Social services are provided exclusively with the consent of people who need them, especially when we're talking about about their placement in inpatient social service institutions. In these institutions, with the consent of those served, labor activities can be organized under the terms of an employment contract. Persons who have entered into an employment contract receive the right to annual paid leave of 30 calendar days.

Various forms of social services are provided, including:

social services at home (including social and medical services);

semi-stationary social services in departments of day (night) stay of citizens in social service institutions;

stationary social services in boarding houses, boarding houses and other stationary social service institutions;

urgent social services (as a rule, in urgent situations - catering, provision of clothing, shoes, overnight accommodation, urgent provision of temporary housing, etc.).

social counseling assistance.

All social services included in the federal list of state-guaranteed services can be provided to citizens free of charge, as well as on the terms of partial or full payment. Social services are provided free of charge:

1) single citizens (single married couples) and disabled people receiving a pension in an amount below the subsistence level;

2) elderly citizens and disabled people who have relatives but receive pensions below the subsistence level;

3) elderly people and disabled people living in families whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level.

Social services at the level of partial payment are provided to persons whose average per capita income (or the income of their relatives, members of their families) is 100-150% of the subsistence level.

Social services are provided on a full payment basis to citizens living in families whose average per capita income exceeds the subsistence level by 150%.

The sphere of social services for people with disabilities is divided into two main sectors - state and non-state.

Government sector form federal and municipal social service bodies.

Non-state sector social services unites institutions whose activities are based on forms of ownership that are not state or municipal, as well as persons engaged in private activities in the field of social services. Non-state forms of social services are provided by public associations, including professional associations, charitable and religious organizations.

Significant issues of social protection of disabled people received legal framework in the Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”. The law defines the powers of the authorities state power(federal and constituent entities of the Russian Federation) in the field of social protection of disabled people. It reveals the rights and responsibilities of medical and social examination bodies, which, on the basis of comprehensive examination of a person, establishes the nature and degree of the disease that led to disability, the disability group, determines the work schedule of working disabled people, develops individual and comprehensive rehabilitation programs for disabled people, gives medical and social opinions, makes decisions that are binding on government bodies, enterprises and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership.

The law establishes payment terms medical services services provided to disabled people, reimbursement of expenses incurred by the disabled person himself, his relationship with the rehabilitation authorities for the social protection of disabled people.

The law obliges all authorities, heads of enterprises and organizations to create conditions that allow people with disabilities to freely and independently use all public places, institutions, transport, move freely on the street, in your own home, in public institutions, etc.

The law provides for benefits for priority receipt of appropriately equipped housing. In particular, disabled people and families with disabled children are given a discount of at least 50% on rent and utility bills, and in residential buildings that do not have central heating - on the cost of fuel. Disabled people and families that include disabled people are given the right to priority receipt of land plots for individual housing construction, gardening, and farming.

The Law pays special attention to ensuring the employment of people with disabilities. The law provides financial and credit benefits to specialized enterprises that employ disabled people, as well as enterprises, institutions and organizations of public associations of disabled people; establishing quotas for hiring people with disabilities, in particular, for organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, the number of employees in which is more than 30 people (the quota for hiring people with disabilities is set as a percentage of the average number of employees, but not less than 3% ). Public associations of disabled people and their enterprises, organizations, the authorized capital of which consists of the contribution of a public association of disabled people, are exempt from mandatory quotas of jobs for disabled people.

The law defines legal norms for resolving such significant issues of employment of disabled people as the equipment of special workplaces, working conditions of disabled people, the rights, obligations and responsibilities of employers in ensuring the employment of disabled people, the procedure and conditions for recognizing a disabled person as unemployed, state incentives for the participation of enterprises and organizations in ensuring the livelihoods of disabled people .

The Law considers in detail the issues of material support and social services for people with disabilities. Significant benefits and discounts are provided for payment of utilities, for the purchase of disabled devices, tools, equipment, payment health resort vouchers, for use public transport, acquisition, technical care of personal vehicles, etc.

In addition to federal laws, social work specialists need to know departmental documents that provide reasonable interpretations of the application of certain laws or their individual articles.

A social worker also needs to know problems that have not been solved by legislation or have been solved but not implemented in practice. For example, the Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons” does not allow the production of vehicles that do not have adaptations for the free use of urban modes of transport by persons with disabilities, or the commissioning of housing that does not provide adaptations for the free use of this housing by persons with disabilities. But are there many buses and trolleybuses on the streets of Russian cities equipped with special lifts, with the help of which disabled people in wheelchairs could climb onto a bus or trolleybus independently? Just like decades ago, today, residential buildings are put into operation without any devices that would allow a disabled person to freely leave his apartment in a wheelchair, use an elevator, go down a ramp onto the sidewalk adjacent to the entrance, etc. and so on.

These provisions of the Law “On Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities” are simply ignored by everyone who is legally obliged to create the necessary conditions For normal life disabled people.

The current legislation practically does not protect the rights of children with disabilities to a decent and secure existence. The legislation provides for such amounts of social assistance for children with disabilities that directly push them to any work, since a person who has been deprived of everything necessary since childhood cannot live on a disability pension.

But even if decided financial difficulties, the living environment of disabled people has been completely reorganized; they will not be able to take advantage of the benefits provided without appropriate equipment and devices. We need prosthetics, hearing aids, special glasses, notebooks for writing texts, books for reading, strollers, cars for transportation, etc. We need a special industry for the production of disabled equipment and equipment. There are such enterprises in the country. They largely meet the diverse needs of people with disabilities. But in comparison with Western models of wheelchair equipment, our domestic ones lose in many ways: they are heavier, less durable, larger in size, and less convenient to use.

It is all the more gratifying to know that progress for the better has begun. For example, in Moscow, disabled people themselves organized the “Overcoming” rehabilitation center, which not only provides moral, educational, organizational assistance, but also launched the production of wheelchairs that are superior in many respects (weight, strength, mobility, functionality) to the world-famous Swedish ones. strollers. For a social worker, this example is important because it suggests: among the disabled there are many talented master organizers.

One of the tasks of social work is to find these people, assist them in organizing their work, form a team around them and thereby help many.

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Domestic experience in working with people with disabilities in the Russian Federation is based on the legal framework of documents of the world community (constituent acts, declarations, covenants, conventions, recommendations and resolutions of the UN, ILO, UNESCO, UNICEF, etc.), legislative acts of the Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS Member States , laws and regulations of the USSR, RSFSR and the Russian Federation.

The fundamental documents of the world community include

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). Declaration social progress and development (1969). Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (1971). Declaration of the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1971). Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989, especially Articles 23-27), World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children (1990), Convention and Recommendation on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities (1983), etc.

The general basis and guidance for taking action nationally and internationally to protect the rights of persons with disabilities is the Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 9, 1971. 20

According to this Declaration, a disabled person is any person who is unable to provide independently, in whole or in part, the necessities of a normal personal or social life due to a deficiency, whether congenital or not, of his or her physical or mental capabilities,

According to the Declaration, persons with disabilities have the inherent right to respect for their human dignity; regardless of the origin, nature and severity of the injury or disability, have the same fundamental rights as their fellow citizens of the same age, i.e. first of all, the right to a satisfactory life, which should be as normal and fulfilling as possible.

Persons with disabilities also have the right to economic and social security and a satisfactory standard of living. At the same time, they have the right to medical, mental or functional treatment, including the use of prosthetic and orthopedic devices, to restoration of health and status in society, to education, vocational training and rehabilitation, assistance, consultations, employment services and other types of services, which will allow them to maximize their capabilities and abilities and accelerate the process of their social integration or reintegration. Persons with disabilities also have the right to live with their families or in a substitute environment and to participate in all types of activities. social activities related to creativity or leisure activities. If the stay of a disabled person in a special institution is necessary, then the environment and living conditions in it should correspond as closely as possible to the environment and conditions of normal life of persons of his (her) age.21

In order to attract the attention of the world community to the problems of disability and study the potential capabilities of this group of the population, as well as explore opportunities to most fully realize the contribution of people with disabilities to the development process, from 1983 to 1992. The United Nations International Decade of Disabled Persons was celebrated. According to the decision of the PLO, December 3 is considered the International Day of Persons with Disabilities.

In Russian legislation, the rights of people with disabilities are recorded in such important documents as the Declaration of Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, adopted by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on November 22, 1991, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993. The Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Disabled Persons in Russian Federation" dated November 24, 1995, Fundamentals of legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens, adopted by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation on July 22, 1993. Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation "On additional measures of state support for people with disabilities" and "On measures to create accessible services for people with disabilities". living environment" dated October 2, 1992. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On approval of the "Regulations on recognizing a person as disabled" dated August 13, 1996, etc.

Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims our country a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people. The welfare state acts as a guarantor and defender of the interests of the rights and freedoms of not just one social group or several groups of the population, but of all members of society.

Adopted on November 24, 1995, the Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” determined the state policy in the field of social protection of disabled people, the purpose of which is to provide disabled people with equal opportunities with other citizens in the implementation of civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution Russian Federation.

The law introduces a new concept of a disabled person as a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, and leading to limitation of life activity and causing the need for social protection.

With the adoption of the law, fundamentally new criteria for determining disability appeared, characterizing a comprehensive assessment of a person’s health status, impairments in a person’s life, and also determining his need for certain social protection measures.

As criteria for determining disability groups, various degrees of social disability are considered, which may be associated with impaired ability to self-care, movement, orientation, communication, learning, control of one’s behavior, and work.

The first disability group is established for persons with complete permanent or long-term disability who require constant care (assistance or supervision), including those who can be adapted to certain types of work in specially organized individual conditions (special workshops, work at home, etc.).

The second group of disability is given in case of complete or long-term loss of ability to work for persons who do not need constant outside help, care or supervision, as well as in cases where all types of work for a long period are contraindicated due to a possible worsening of the disease.

The third disability group is established when it is necessary to transfer persons for health reasons to a less qualified job due to the inability to continue working in their previous profession (specialty). And also, if necessary for health reasons, significant changes in the CONDITIONS of work in their profession leading to a reduction in the volume of production activities.

Since as a result of treatment, as well as under the influence of favorable social factors, the degree of disability may change, the terms for re-examination of disabled people have been established: for disabled people of the first group - once every two years, for disabled people of the second and third groups - once a year. Disability caused by anatomical defects or irreversible chronic diseases at any age - as well as for men over 60 years of age and women over 55 years of age. is installed indefinitely.

The concept of disability and its types is given in the Federal Law “On Social Protection in the Russian Federation” - a person who has a health impairment with a persistent disorder of body functions caused by a disease, the consequences of injuries or defects leading to limited life activity and necessitating his social protection." .

“Limitation of life activity is a complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-care, move independently, navigate, communicate, behave, learn and engage in labor activity]

Cripples, blind, deaf, mute people with impaired movement, completely or partially paralyzed are recognized due to obvious deviations from the normal physical condition of a person. Persons who have no external differences from ordinary people, but suffer from diseases, are also recognized as disabled; they cannot work in various fields in the same way as healthy people do.

All disabled people are divided into several groups for various reasons.

according to the age - disabled children; disabled people - adults;

by origin of disability - disabled since childhood, war, disabled at work, disabled due to general illness;

by degree of ability to work - disabled people able to work, group 1 /unable to work/, disabled people of group 2 unable to work or able to work in limited areas/, disabled people of group 3 /able to work in benign working conditions/;

By character diseases - may refer to mobile, low-mobility or immobile groups.

Depending on membership in a particular group, issues of employment and organization of life for disabled people are resolved. Low-mobility disabled people (able to move only with the help of wheelchairs and crutches) can work from home or have them transported to their place of work. This circumstance causes many additional problems: equipment of the workplace at home or at the enterprise, delivery of orders to the home and finished products to the warehouse or consumer, material, raw materials and technical supply, repair, maintenance of equipment at home, etc. The situation is even more complicated with immobile disabled people who are bedridden. They cannot move without assistance, but are able to work mentally: analyze socio-political, economic, environmental and other situations, write articles,

If such a disabled person lives in a family, many problems can be solved relatively simply. What if he's lonely? Special workers will be needed to find such disabled people, identify their abilities, help identify orders, and conclude contracts. Such a disabled person also needs daily care, from the morning toilet to the provision of food. In all these cases, disabled people are helped by special workers who receive wages for their care. Blind but mobile disabled people are also assigned workers paid by the state or charitable organizations.

The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Regulations on recognition as a disabled person and the Model Regulations on institutions of the state service of medical and social examination / Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 1996 No. 965/. The procedure and conditions for recognizing a person as disabled, carried out by these institutions, have been determined.

The Regulations say: “Recognition of a person as a disabled person is carried out during a medical and social examination based on a comprehensive assessment of his state of health and the degree of disability. Depending on the degree of impairment of the body and limitation of life functions, a person recognized as disabled is assigned disability group 1, 2 or 3, and for a person under the age of 18 - the category “disabled child.” Corresponding classifications and criteria must be developed and approved.

A medical and social examination can be carried out either in institutions at the place of residence, or at the place of attachment to a state (municipal) health care institution, or at home (if a person cannot come to the institution for health reasons), or in a hospital (if a citizen is undergoing treatment there). Correspondence medical and social examination is also allowed based on the documents provided. This requires either the consent of the citizen undergoing the examination or his legal representative. They also have the right to attract any specialist to participate in medical and social examination with the right of advisory vote at your own expense.

A medical and social examination of any citizen is carried out upon a written application, which must be accompanied by either a referral from a health care institution or a social protection agency, as well as medical documents confirming the violation of his health.

Before receiving a referral for a medical and social examination, a citizen will have to undergo a number of necessary diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitation measures at a medical institution. And only if there is data that firmly confirms the dysfunction of the body (caused by diseases, consequences of injuries and defects), he

sent for medical and social examination. As for the social protection body, it can refer to it only if there are clear signs of disability and the need for social protection, in the presence of medical documents confirming the impairment of body functions. Homeless people are accepted for such an examination upon the direction of the social protection authority.

Three criteria have been identified as necessary grounds for recognizing a citizen as disabled. This is a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, limitation of life activity (complete or partial loss of a person’s ability or ability to carry out self-care, move independently, communicate, control one’s behavior, study or engage in work), the need to implement social protection measures. The presence of only one of these signs is not a sufficient condition for recognizing a person as disabled.

The date of determination of disability is the day of submission of the application with the necessary documents.

The period for which disability is established is determined. Disability of group 1 is established for two years, groups 2 and 3 - for a year.

The category “disabled child” /person under 18 years old/ can be established for a period from 6 months to 2 years, from 2 to 5 years and until the age of 18.

Re-examination of disabled people of group 1 is carried out once every two years, groups 2 and 3 - once a year, and disabled children - within the time limits established by medical indications.

Disability is established without a re-examination period: for men - over 60 years old, for women - over 55 years old, for disabled people with irreversible anatomical defects.

If a person is recognized as disabled, a rehabilitation program is developed for him.

2.2 Legal framework for social protection of people with disabilities

To influence public opinion regarding people with disabilities and develop recommendations to governments on this issue by the United Nations, the period 1983-1992. was proclaimed the Decade of Disabled People. At the beginning of the UN Decade, the World Program of Action for Persons with Disabilities was also adopted.

The Russian Federation, focusing on the achievements of Western civilization, proclaimed itself a legal and social state, brought the country's constitution and federal legislation into line with international standards respect for human rights, and primarily with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the Declaration of Social Progress and Development, the Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 1975, the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities of 1993, and the World Program of Action regarding Disabled Persons adopted by the UN General Assembly.

A social worker needs to know the legal and departmental documents that determine the status of a disabled person. The general rights of persons with disabilities are formulated in the UN Declaration:

“disabled people have the right to respect for their human dignity”;

“disabled persons have the same civil and political rights as other persons”;

“persons with disabilities have the right to measures designed to enable them to gain the greatest possible independence”;

“disabled persons have the right to medical, technical and functional treatment, including prosthetic and orthopedic devices, to restoration of health and status in society, to education, vocational training and rehabilitation, to assistance, consultation, employment services and other types of services”;

“Persons with disabilities must be protected from any kind of exploitation.”

Fundamental legislative acts on disabled people in Russia have been adopted. Of particular importance for determining the rights and responsibilities of people with disabilities, the responsibility of the state, charitable organizations, and individuals are the laws: “On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation” /1995/, “On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people” /1995/.

In July 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Decree “On scientific support for the problems of disability and people with disabilities.” In October of the same year, decrees “On additional measures of state support for people with disabilities” and “On measures to create an accessible living environment for people with disabilities” were issued.

These regulations determine the relationship of society and the state towards people with disabilities and vice versa. Many provisions of these documents create a reliable legal framework for the life and social protection of people with disabilities in our country.

Significant issues of social protection of disabled people received a legal basis in the Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled People in the Russian Federation”. The law defines the powers of government bodies (federal, constituent entities of the Russian Federation) in the field of social protection of disabled people. It reveals the rights and responsibilities of medical and social examination bodies, which, on the basis of a comprehensive examination of a person, establishes the nature and degree of the disease that led to disability, the disability group, determines the work schedule of working disabled people, develops individual and comprehensive rehabilitation programs for disabled people, gives medical and social conclusions, makes decisions that are binding on government bodies, enterprises and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership.

The law establishes the terms of payment for medical services provided to disabled people, reimbursement of expenses incurred by the disabled person himself, and his relationship with the rehabilitation authorities for the social protection of disabled people.

The law obliges all authorities, heads of enterprises and organizations to create conditions that allow people with disabilities to freely and independently use all public places, institutions, transport, and move freely on the street and in public institutions.

The law provides for benefits for priority receipt of appropriately equipped housing. Disabled people and families with disabled children are given a discount of at least 50% of rent and utility bills, and in residential buildings that do not have central heating - from the cost of fuel. Disabled people and families containing disabled people are given the right to priority receipt of land plots for individual housing construction, gardening, farming and dacha farming /Article 17 of the Law/.

The Law pays special attention to ensuring the employment of people with disabilities. The law provides financial and credit benefits to specialized organizations of public associations of disabled people; establishing quotas for hiring disabled people by organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, the number of employees in which is more than 30 people. Public associations of disabled people and their organizations, authorized capital which consists of the contribution of a public association of disabled people, are exempt from mandatory quotas of jobs for disabled people.

The law defines legal norms for resolving such significant issues of employment of disabled people as the installation of special workplaces, the creation of working conditions for disabled people, the rights, responsibilities and responsibilities of employers in ensuring the employment of disabled people, the procedure and conditions for recognizing a disabled person as unemployed, and state incentives for the participation of organizations in ensuring the livelihoods of disabled people.

The Law considers in detail the issues of material support for social and welfare services for people with disabilities.

Significant benefits and discounts are provided for the payment of utilities, for the purchase of disabled devices, tools, and payment for sanatorium and resort vouchers.

The Federal Law "On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons" establishes the basic principles of social service for elderly citizens and disabled persons:

respect for human and civil rights;

provision of state guarantees in the field of social services;

equal opportunities to receive social services;

continuity of all types of social services to meet the individual needs of elderly citizens and the disabled;

responsibility of authorities at all levels for ensuring the rights of citizens in need of social services, etc. /Article 3 of the Law/.

“Social services are provided to all elderly citizens and people with disabilities, regardless of gender, race, nationality and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership of public associations and other circumstances /Article 4 of the Law/.

Social services are provided by decision of social protection bodies in institutions under their jurisdiction or under agreements concluded by social protection bodies with social service institutions of other forms of ownership /Article 5 of the Law/.

Social services are provided exclusively with the consent of people who need them, especially when it comes to placing them in stationary social service institutions. In these institutions, with the consent of those served, labor activities can be organized under the terms of an employment contract. Persons who have entered into an employment contract receive the right to annual paid leave of 30 calendar days.

The law provides for various forms of social services, including:

social services, at home /including social and medical services/;

semi-stationary social services in departments of day/night/ stay of citizens in social service institutions;

stationary social services in boarding houses, boarding houses and other stationary social service institutions;

urgent social services;

social and consulting assistance.

All social services included in the federal list of guaranteed state services can be provided to citizens free of charge, as well as on the terms of partial or full payment.

Services provided free of charge:

1. single citizens / single married couples / and disabled people receiving a pension below the subsistence level;

2. elderly citizens and disabled people who have relatives but receive pensions below the subsistence level;

3. elderly and disabled people living in families whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level.

Social services at the level of partial payment are provided to persons whose average per capita income / or the income of their relatives, members of their families / is 100-150% of the subsistence level.

Social services are provided on a full payment basis to citizens living in families whose average per capita income exceeds the subsistence level by 150%.

The Law "On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons" divides the social service system into two main sectors - state and non-state.

The public sector forms federal and municipal social service bodies.

The non-state sector of social services unites institutions whose activities are based on forms of ownership that are not state or municipal, as well as persons engaged in private activities in the field of social services. Non-state forms of social services are provided by public associations, including professional associations, charitable and religious organizations.

In addition to federal laws, social workers need to know departmental documents that provide reasonable interpretations of the application of certain laws or their individual parts.

The current legislation practically does not protect children with disabilities from a decent and secure existence. But even if financial problems are solved and the living environment of disabled people is completely reorganized, they will not be able to take advantage of the benefits without the appropriate technology and devices. We need a special industry for the production of disabled equipment and equipment. There are such enterprises in the country. In Moscow, disabled people themselves organized the “Overcoming” rehabilitation center, which not only provides moral, educational, and organizational assistance, but also launched the production of wheelchairs that are superior in many respects to Swedish wheelchairs in the world. There are many talented craftsmen and organizers among disabled people. One of the tasks of social work is to find these people, assist them in organizing their work, form a team around them and thereby help many.

Adopted on November 24, 1995, the Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” laid the foundation for modern legal social protection of disabled people, defining as state policy in this area - providing disabled people with equal opportunities with other citizens in the implementation of civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It received legislative formalization of a new concept of social protection of people with disabilities, which is based on the principles and norms of international law adopted in relation to persons with disabilities. The system of social protection measures for disabled people established by federal law creates the necessary prerequisites for the social adaptation of disabled people and their integration into society.

This federal law considers creating a living environment accessible to people with disabilities as one of the directions for their rehabilitation. In particular, it contains a provision on the obligation of bodies and organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, to provide people with disabilities with conditions for free access to social infrastructure and for unhindered use of public transport, means of communication and information. The first document of this series was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 2, 1992. No. 1156 "On measures to create an accessible living environment for people with disabilities." In pursuance of this Decree, by a resolution of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation with a similar name and a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 08.12.94. No. 927 “On ensuring the formation of an accessible living environment for people with disabilities” provides for the introduction into legislative acts on construction issues of requirements for conducting a mandatory examination of design estimates for the development of cities and other settlements, construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures from the point of view of ensuring accessibility for people with disabilities. These acts establish penalties for violation of these requirements.

In the regions of Russia, local expert bodies should establish control over the quality of design documentation for the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures in terms of ensuring access for people with disabilities to buildings and structures for unhindered receipt of the necessary range of services.

Despite the obvious priority and relevance of the problem of social support for people with disabilities, the current situation in Russia in this area is critical.

Airports, railway and bus stations, sidewalks and road crossings should also be equipped with special devices to make life easier for people with disabilities. There should be separate parking lots and rooms for disabled vehicles, and special toilets, which is common in many countries around the world.

In recent years, in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, trends have emerged in resolving this problem. For example, the Moscow City Duma adopted the Moscow Law of January 17, 2001. No. 3 “On ensuring unimpeded access for people with disabilities to social, transport and engineering infrastructure facilities in the city of Moscow.”

This Law defines trends towards the integration of people with disabilities into society, eliminating the discriminatory impact of architectural, transport and communication barriers that infringe on the rights and freedoms of people with limited mobility.

Similar laws have been adopted and are in force in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The state provides for the provision of disabled people qualified medical care free of charge or on preferential terms, and

free provision of medicines and products medical purposes. The procedure for providing various types of medical care to people with disabilities is determined by a number of regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation. However, in violation of Article 13 of the Federal Law "On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation" the Government of the Russian Federation long time did not determine the procedure for financing qualified medical care provided to disabled people, including drug provision. Because of this, many were deprived of the opportunity to receive specialized assistance in federal medical centers, their rights to free or preferential drug coverage are violated.

A positive point is that since January 2001, the procedure for financing the constituent entities of the Russian Federation began to be determined to restore lost income to organizations providing benefits to disabled people.

Thus, in the Kaluga region, by resolution of the Regional Government dated January 19, 2001. No. 19 “On the procedure for reimbursing organizations for expenses associated with providing benefits to residents of the Kaluga region, provided for by the federal laws “On Veterans”, “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation”, “On the Status of Military Personnel”, the procedure for reimbursing organizations for expenses associated with providing benefits is determined Pharmacy organizations have become somewhat better able to dispense medicines according to doctors’ prescriptions to people with disabilities in our region in accordance with the List of Essential Medicines, approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated January 26, 2000 No. 30 and agreed upon with the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Economy of Russia.

But, nevertheless, in most subjects of the Russian Federation, in violation of the above List, which includes more than 400 items of international non-proprietary names of drugs, they limit the prescription of medicines to disabled people on preferential terms to their territorial lists of medicines, which do not include the most important items. This happens despite the fact that a subject of the Federation does not have the right to adopt a list that does not correspond to the federal one.

One of the stages of the process of medical provision for disabled people is Spa treatment . The health resort complex of our country has no analogues in the world. However, some internationally recognized resorts, for example, Caucasian Mineral water, formed over centuries, are currently experiencing serious difficulties. Health resorts are empty due to events in the Chechen Republic, high prices for passenger transport, treatment, food, reduction of preferential vouchers (paid for by enterprises, trade unions).

Today, in general, the situation in the country regarding the provision of disabled people and people suffering from various diseases with sanatorium and resort vouchers is complex.

According to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, the need for expenses for sanatorium-resort treatment of disabled people and participants of the Great Patriotic War in 2001, according to requests from constituent entities of the Federation, is 2 billion 233.3 million rubles, and actual financing is planned in the amount of 995.8 million rubles.

One of the constitutional rights of citizens proclaimed by the state is the right to education. The Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” and “On Education” secures the right of disabled people to pre-school and out-of-school education, to receive basic general and secondary education, primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

For practical implementation by disabled people rights to education Currently in Russia there are educational institutions of various levels, provided with special programs and auxiliary technical means that allow joint education of healthy and disabled people. However, the provision of regular schools with special aids for unimpeded access for people with disabilities, their perception and assimilation of educational material, as well as the psychological readiness of students and teachers for joint learning is still insufficient. According to the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, only in preschool educational institutions of general and compensatory type, 360.5 thousand disabled children are isolated from healthy children and another 279.1 thousand children are in special (correctional) educational institutions.

Currently, work continues on the next version of the draft law “On the education of persons with disabilities.”

The social protection system of the Russian Federation has its own specialized institutions that provide students with secondary vocational education. These are 30 vocational schools and technical schools. By agreement with Germany, two centers were opened in St. Petersburg and Novokuznetsk, where training is carried out at a higher quality level.

However, along with positive aspects reforming the system of vocational education for people with disabilities, it should be noted that the required amount of funding for the institutions included in it is not provided, and a system of employment and social adaptation of people with disabilities from childhood upon graduation from correctional educational institutions has not been formed.

Inalienable The universal human right of a disabled person is the right to work, despite the fact that his ability to work is limited, the right to work is established by the Federal Laws “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” and “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation”, which are aimed at creating real opportunities for disabled people to engage in useful, income-generating activities and provide specific mechanisms for their implementation. To implement

This right requires a clearly expressed state policy to promote the employment of people with disabilities, due to the fact that the position of people with disabilities in the labor market in Russia remains inconsistent with their potential capabilities, and their employment is unreasonably low. Working disabled people make up less than 10% of their total number (5-6 years ago they were 16-18%), employment among disabled people of working age does not exceed 15%. It is especially low for disabled people of groups I and II (8%).

One of the main measures aimed at solving the problem of employment of people with disabilities is the establishment by bodies executive power subjects of the Russian Federation for organizations, regardless of the organizational and legal forms of quotas for employment of this category of citizens. According to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, in 2000, about 12 thousand disabled people were employed within the established quota. During 2000, about 86 thousand people applied to the employment service for assistance in finding employment, and assistance was provided in finding employment for 42.7 thousand citizens with limited ability to work.

The most problematic issue of providing disabled people with technical means of rehabilitation in the Russian Federation is free provision of their specialcialthemmotor vehicles. According to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation and social protection authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the number of disabled people in need of vehicles is 156 thousand people, of which 80 thousand disabled people need a car, 76 thousand people need motorized wheelchairs .

Inadequate funding has led to a long waiting list for special vehicles in the constituent entities of the Federation and gives rise to numerous appeals from disabled people to various government agencies.

In violation of Article 30 of the Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation,” the Government of the Russian Federation has not developed a procedure for assigning and paying certain categories of disabled people (excluding war invalids) monetary compensation for expenses on gasoline or other types of fuel, repairs, maintenance of vehicles and spare parts.

For war invalids, the procedure under consideration has been determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. However, its financing leaves much to be desired. According to the information of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, the need of the constituent entities of the Federation for expenses on providing vehicles in 2001, while the need for expenses for these purposes for war invalids is 4 million 195.5 thousand rubles, and it is planned to allocate 1 million 247, 9 thousand rubles.

One of the most important components of social protection for people with disabilities is pension provision. Pension provision for disabled people is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation”, which contains for them, in comparison with old-age pensioners, seemingly significant advantages. The law stipulates that the disability pension of groups I and II, if they have the necessary length of service, including for those disabled since childhood, is set at 75% of the earnings from which it is calculated. For disabled people, depending on their age, the length of service required is significantly shorter than for old-age pensioners. The latter are entitled to 75% of the rate, according to the general rules, with 40 years of experience for women and 45 years for men.

The required length of service for disabled people is determined on a single scale for both men and women. The longest duration of such experience is 15 years.

But although the highest rate of calculation (75%) has been established for disabled people, in practice it does not work, since the pension is limited to three minimum old-age pensions, and as a result, in percentage terms, the actual pension is no higher than 25-30% of earnings.

Federal Law of July 21, 1997 No. 113-FZ “On the procedure for calculating and increasing state pensions” introduced a different method of calculating pensions using the individual pensioner coefficient. However new order does not make significant changes to the financial situation of disabled people. The pensions of most of them today remain below the subsistence level established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

As follows from the information of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated March 7, 2001. and the Pension Fund of Russia dated March 26, 2001. The average size of a disability pension per month is:

for disabled people due to a general illness - 698 rubles;

for disabled people due to a work injury or occupational disease - 716 rubles;

for disabled people due to military trauma - 627 rubles;

for disabled people due to the Chernobyl disaster - 709 rubles;

The average pension for a war disabled person receiving two pensions is 1,652 rubles.

As part of the reform of the Russian pension system, the President of the Russian Federation in June 2001 adopted two new federal laws “On Labor Pensions” and “On State Pension Security in the Russian Federation”, which proposed the following innovations:

it is proposed to consider the disability pension as consisting of a basic, insurance and funded part;

such a pension can be assigned to disabled people with complete (100%) or partial (at least 50%) loss of ability to work (the causes of disability and the time of its onset, except for disability caused by unlawful actions, do not matter);

a prerequisite for her appointment is the presence of work experience;

It is proposed to establish the basic pension amount for disabled people of groups 1, P, III, respectively, 900, 450, 225 rubles. (the specified basic pension amount increases depending on the presence and number of persons dependent on the disabled person);

the size of the basic part of the labor pension in the event of an increase in prices for consumer goods and services is indexed within the limits of funds allocated in the federal budget for the corresponding year for these purposes (the indexation coefficient is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation);

disabled people (disabled from childhood, disabled children) who are not entitled to a labor pension are proposed to be assigned a social pension in the following amounts: disabled children, disabled children of groups I and II, disabled people of group I - 125% of the basic part of the labor pension; disabled people of group II - 100%; disabled people of group III - 85%.

However, the draft laws do not take into account the requirement of Article 2 of the Federal Law “On the Subsistence Wage in the Russian Federation”, according to which a subsistence minimum is determined to justify the established minimum wages, pensions, and the provision of necessary state social assistance to low-income citizens.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 02/09/2001. No. 99 "On establishing the cost of living per capita and for the main socio-demographic groups of the population in the Russian Federation as a whole for the fourth quarter of 2000." The minimum subsistence level per capita has been established - 1285 rubles. (for the working population - 1406 rubles, pensioners - 962 rubles, children - 1272 rubles).

3. Activities of Kaluga social centers for social protection of disabled people

3.1 Kaluga Territorial Center for Professional Rehabilitation of Disabled People

Kaluga Territorial Center for Professional Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons (KTC PRI) is a state special educational institution of primary vocational education created on the basis of Decree of the Administration of the Kaluga Region N88 of March 20, 1995 "On the reorganization of the Kaluga vocational school-boarding school for the disabled" The center is the legal successor of the Kaluga Vocational Technical School - boarding school for disabled people. The founder of the Center is the department social policy Kaluga region. The rights and obligations of the Founder and the Center in property, financial, legal and other matters are regulated by current legislation, this Charter and the Foundation Agreement. The Center has this Charter, based on the Model Regulations approved by the Government of the Russian Federation "On the center for medical and social rehabilitation of disabled people", "On the establishment of primary vocational education" "On special (correctional) educational institution for students, pupils with developmental disabilities", as well as an appendix to the Charter, approved by the director of the Center in agreement with the Founder, "Regulations on training and production workshops", "Regulations on the Council of the Center", "Rules of internal labor and educational regulations" and others .

In its activities, the Center is guided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation, Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, Decrees and Directives of the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and instructions of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Russia, the Founder, the Government of the Kaluga Region, local administration, the Charter of the Center, the Founding Agreement, as well as other regulations . The Center is a legal entity. The Center is accountable to the Founder and the Committee for State Property Management of the Kaluga Region in terms of the state property assigned to it

GOALS, TASKS, FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTER.

The purpose of the center is to provide highly qualified specialized comprehensive assistance to people with disabilities on issues of labor and medical rehabilitation and implements basic and additional correctional educational programs of primary and secondary vocational education in accordance with established State standards

education, on the basis of the State license for the right to carry out educational activities, including:

1. Implementation of measures for the professional rehabilitation of disabled people in the form of implementing basic correctional educational programs, including on a contractual and paid basis, namely: training young disabled people (15-30 years old) who have not previously had a working profession under primary vocational education programs;

training of disabled people under secondary vocational education programs; training of disabled children of preschool and school age according to adapted and specialized labor training programs in the form of home work and basic education for the purpose of career guidance and initial vocational rehabilitation;

retraining and retraining of disabled people who previously had a profession, as well as advanced training of working disabled people;

vocational training, retraining and retraining of citizens on a paid basis.

2. Implementation of social rehabilitation and vocational guidance for young disabled people on the basis of additional correctional educational programs “Social Rehabilitation” and “Post-Professional Rehabilitation”, including on a contractual and paid basis.

3. Participation in the development of individual programs for professional, social and medical rehabilitation and their implementation.

4. Implementation of psycho-correctional measures for social and professional orientation of disabled people and their adaptation to work.

5. Coordination of the activities of public and state enterprises and organizations, foundations in matters of professional training for social, medical and labor rehabilitation of disabled people, advisory activities with the provision of legal, practical, methodological, technical assistance in these matters.

6. Participation in research activities on the problems of rehabilitation of people with disabilities together with other educational and scientific institutions and the practical implementation of developments on this topic.

7. Carrying out cultural and educational work with disabled people, organizing communication and leisure for disabled people - rehabilitators.

8. Organization and conduct of non-cultural and recreational work, sports events, creation of a base for the development of foreign trade in the region.

9. Carrying out medical monitoring at all stages of rehabilitation measures, prosthetics, treatment, counseling of disabled people in collaboration with medical institutions of the city and region,

10. Creation and operation of a specialized transport service to provide transportation for disabled people.

11. Creating favorable conditions for students to live and study, including:

organization of consumer services with the provision of housing with furniture and equipment, bedding;

organizing catering in accordance with established standards;

treatment and medical examination, advisory and emergency medical care, as well as hospitalization of those in need in medical and preventive institutions, carrying out appropriate sanitary and epidemiological measures:

providing students who are fully state-provided with clothing, shoes, toiletries and hygiene items, and fulfilling the benefits and payments provided for by law.

STRUCTURE OF THE CENTER

The center's structural divisions are united into a number of blocks, which are managed by the Center's deputy directors or chief specialists. List of blocks: administrative, children's rehabilitation, additional general education And. choice of profession, vocational school, medical and physical education and sports rehabilitation, social rehabilitation, economic and technical support.

The ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK includes a management apparatus, a dispatch service, an economics and accounting department, and a computer database group.

THE CHILDREN'S REHABILITATION BLOCK includes a group of teachers, including educators, primary and vocational education teachers, psychologists, solving the problem education, training in labor skills and socio-psychological orientation of disabled children from 3-5 years of age, both at home and in special children's groups based on the "center", identifying opportunities for further education in accordance with medical indications, development of a long-term individual plan of rehabilitation measures. Has a social assistance group for the child's family -

disabled person on all issues related to the complex of rehabilitation measures using the capabilities of other units of the Center and other organizations.

THE BLOCK OF ADDITIONAL GENERAL EDUCATION AND PROFESSION CHOICE includes a group of teacher educators in general education school programs and the profession choice department. The block ensures the equalization of the general educational level of disabled children who did not have the opportunity to attend a public school or who have education in the 7-9 grades of a auxiliary and public school in order to obtain appropriate documents on education and create an educational base for further vocational training or obtaining further education. The department for choosing a profession operates in close cooperation with employment centers, provides socio-psychological and professional testing of rehabilitators at various stages in order to accurately determine the psychosocial physical capabilities disabled person in mastering the professions offered by the Center or to issue recommendations to the relevant units of the Center on sending the rehabilitator to study at the appropriate educational institution.

VOCATIONAL SCHOOL BLOCK operates on the basis curricula vocational training of various skill levels with differentiation of terms and methods of training in accordance with individual plans for the rehabilitation of a disabled person and trains qualified workers and specialists in a wide range of professions that are competitive in the labor market, including those providing self-employment upon completion of the rehabilitation course. Conducts training both on the basis of the Center and on rented training bases of educational institutions of various profiles, creating the most favored nation treatment for the rehabilitator, ensuring social and psychological support for the individual, including providing more high level vocational education for the most prepared rehabilitators on an individual basis, provides training and assists in the admission of disabled people to higher educational institutions at their request.

This block carries out all types of professional educational programs of the Center. Training of qualified workers is carried out in the following specialties:

shoemaker

shoe upper maker shoe repairer seamstress-machine operator

tailor of women's light dress, knitter of knitwear, manufacturer of artistic wood products, artist

production pile

repairman of complex household appliances

BLOCK MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL SPORTS REHABILITATION includes departments of prevention and rehabilitation treatment, duty service group, department of physical education rehabilitation and disability sports Provides diagnostics, treatment, advisory medical care, prosthetics, training classes physical therapy and organization of sports and recreational work in contact with physical education organizations for people with disabilities.

General concept

Who is recognized by law as disabled? The regulatory legal acts that are currently in force in Russia offer a clear definition of the concept of “disabled person.” The legislator determines that such a person is, first of all, a person who has some physical or other pronounced disabilities. Other deviations include mental, sensory or mental.

All disabled people are divided into several groups, depending on the severity of the injury and limitations in their life activities. The most significant is the third group, when a person is deprived of physical activity and does not have the ability to independently carry out certain vital actions. The simplest disability group is the first.

The legislator considers disabled children to be a separate group. For this category in Russia, special opportunities are provided, which are also enshrined in legislation.

Regulatory acts

All special rights and opportunities of disabled people are reflected in legislative acts. In the Russian Federation, both domestic and international legislation is applied to persons of this category. In the first case, the main regulatory act is the Federal Law “On the Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities”. It reveals the whole essence of the features provided for the life of such a category of the population.

As for international legislation, the concept of additional rights of persons with disabilities is widely discussed in the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, on the basis of which Russian legislation in relation to such issues is often interpreted. It presents 50 articles to the attention of lawyers and ordinary readers, which step by step describe all the opportunities that people with disabilities can use.

In addition to these basic documents, Russian legislation has a lot of sectoral laws that stipulate additional rights for people with disabilities. These are: Labor Code, Family Code, Housing Code, as well as some other codes.

Labor legislation

The protection of the rights of people with disabilities in the Russian Federation is widely covered in labor legislation. People engaged in legal labor activities have the right to work for less time than an ordinary person - for 7 hours a day. In total, the weekly working hours are 35. In this case, the employer is obliged to pay wages in full as for an employee performing the same duties for 8 hours a day.

Regarding rest time, a disabled person has the right to 30 days of leave, which must be granted every year. Moreover, such an employee has the right to take advantage of the opportunity to take free leave, the duration of which in total should not exceed 30 days per year.

At any enterprise, the employer is obliged to properly equip a place for a disabled person to perform work duties, and in accordance with his physical characteristics. In addition, the law prohibits the use of labor of this category of employees for overtime, night work, as well as on holidays and weekends. This option is permitted only with the written consent of the disabled person.

To ensure that the employment of people with disabilities is not problematic, the state obliges many categories of employers to organize places for people with disabilities to work at their enterprises, institutions and organizations. For this purpose quotas are established. In the process of staff reduction, the removal of such workers from their positions is prohibited - this also includes the protection of the labor rights of people with disabilities.

Housing legislation

In the field of housing legislation, some benefits are also offered for such a vulnerable group of the population. The Russian law on the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities states that certain groups of people have the right to receive separate housing space; their final list is offered in the article of this regulatory legal act. These include people who are sick active form tuberculosis, as well as those who move in wheelchairs and have abnormalities in the function of the musculoskeletal system. In addition, separate housing is provided for mentally ill persons, for whom the need for supervision by other persons is mandatory. Disabled people with severe forms of kidney damage and those who have recently undergone bone marrow or other organ transplants should also be provided with separate housing, equipped to meet special requirements.

Housing legislation also provides for the protection of the rights of people with disabilities who do not suffer from the above diseases. They can receive out of order housing or a summer cottage with land for running household. In addition, persons with disabilities have the right to pay for all housing services in the amount of 50% of the cost of the total amount.

Family law

The Law on the Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Russian Federation guarantees some opportunities for people with disabilities in the inheritance industry. Thus, in the process of dividing the inheritance, even if a person suffering from a disability is not registered in the will, he must be given a share of all benefits in the amount of at least 2/3. In the event that there is no will, such an heir receives the benefits in equal parts with the others.

The Family Code contains a note that a disabled person, in the event of a divorce procedure, has the right to demand alimony from his former spouse. However, you can refuse this opportunity.

Education system

In the education system, the state also protects the rights of people with disabilities. In particular, this is expressed in providing the opportunity for disabled students to receive special technical means for learning. In addition, they are entitled to a special scholarship, as well as the opportunity to study under a special program designed taking into account the person’s abilities. Disabled applicants have the right to priority admission to the ranks of students at all higher educational institutions in Russia.

During each exam session, a disabled student has additional time to prepare for the answer.

Disabled children have the right to attend specialized school and preschool institutions, which offer a full range of conditions created taking into account certain physical disabilities of the person. In order to exercise this right, parents must send their child to undergo a special medical commission, as a result of which a certificate is provided that is necessary for enrollment in institutions of this nature.

Healthcare industry

The Federal Law on Social Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities provides protection for this category of the population in the field of healthcare. In accordance with its norms, any disabled person has the right to preferential provision of drugs that are necessary to maintain his normal life, as well as medical and technical means and some personal hygiene items, the list of which is determined separately for each group. If it is necessary to carry out prosthetics, it is also carried out at the expense of public funds.

Every year, the local social insurance fund is obliged to provide disabled people with a one-time trip to a sanatorium with payment for accommodation, food and travel in both directions

Branch of culture

Legislative acts that regulate the activities of cultural institutions of various types also offer a number of opportunities that are provided in order to protect the rights of persons with disabilities.

First of all, such regulatory legal acts indicate that unhindered access to each cultural institution must be ensured in the form of the availability of special means. In particular, ramps and lifts can serve as an example of this.

Tickets for cultural events at government institutions are also offered at an additional discount. This is especially true for museums, where entrance for disabled people is available with a 50% discount.

The television broadcasting system also provides additional opportunities for this population group. This especially applies to television programs during which sign language interpretation is provided, and a ticker is also offered.

Pension provision

The Federal Law on the Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities provides wide range opportunities in pension provision. So, any disabled person who has not earned enough to receive a pension seniority, has the right to receive a social pension until he reaches retirement age. In addition, all representatives of this group who have at least one day of work experience in their work record receive a disability pension, calculated according to a separate program.

Tax law

In the field of tax legislation, the rights of people with disabilities in the Russian Federation are also protected. The range of its action is relatively small, but the activities of the state in this area are positively assessed by representatives of this category.

Disabled people in the Russian Federation have the right to take advantage of social tax deduction. In addition, every person with disabilities can be exempt from paying land tax.

Tax legislation provides for complete exemption from payment of state duty, provided that disabled person I or II goes to court with a claim, the cost of which does not exceed 1 million rubles.

Protecting the rights of disabled children

The activities of the state in this area are the most relevant. This is due to the fact that children with disabilities are a particularly vulnerable group of the population that needs additional protection of their rights.

The Law on the Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities provides for the possibility of obtaining a separate pension for a child, for which you should contact Pension Fund. In addition, representatives of this group can use all housing and communal services with a 50% discount, as well as utilities under the same conditions.

According to doctors' prescriptions, a disabled child can receive free medicines that are needed to maintain normal level life and activity. A disabled child can travel on public transport completely free of charge, subject to presentation of the appropriate identification.

Society for the Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

In the system of public organizations in Russia, there is a separate society that is engaged in developing new programs to improve the lives of people with disabilities, as well as monitoring the proper implementation of laws on the rights of people with disabilities and guarantees for them. This structure has branches throughout the Russian Federation, thanks to which any representative of this population group has the right to seek help or advice.

Social protection of the rights of disabled people by this group is provided on a voluntary basis. As part of its activities, charitable funds are collected for treatment or the provision of special technical supplies. In addition, the organization is developing new programs to ensure a higher standard of living for members of this category. Any person has every right contact this structure at your place of residence in order to protect the rights of people with disabilities, since the company has a team of professional lawyers specializing in resolving such issues.

Social help

The legislation of the Russian Federation also guarantees the provision of social assistance for people with disabilities of various groups. As a rule, it is aimed at people who are in difficult financial situations.

Within the framework of such opportunities, a low-income disabled person has every right to receive food packages, material assistance, and clothing from social services. In order to apply for this benefit in practice, it is necessary to provide to the service located in the building of the executive committee at the place of residence a statement of appropriate content, a certificate indicating the presence of disability, as well as its group, and, in addition, a certificate about the composition of the family and its financial position

Every person with disabilities can have the opportunity to stay in social service institutions, rest homes, and rehabilitation centers. In addition, if necessary, all people with disabilities in need can be provided with temporary shelter, in which everything you need for a comfortable stay is organized.

Liability for discrimination against persons with disabilities

In order to ensure an adequate and adequate standard of living for people with disabilities, the legislation provides for criminal liability for their harassment and discrimination. This article was introduced into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on the basis of a similar provision found in Article 5 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It talks about complete ban discrimination against people with disabilities and infringement of their rights. It is on the basis of this provision and article in the Criminal Code that any disabled person has every right to apply to the court to protect their rights in any area of life. As practice shows, most often harassment of people with disabilities occurs in the labor sphere, which is due to the employer’s reluctance to use hired labor for this group of the population.

Social and legal protection of disabled people

graduate work

1.2 Foreign experience social and legal protection of disabled people

In social practice, the idea of equal rights of citizens began to be widely implemented only in the 20th century, and primarily through the protection of equal rights with others for certain segments of society.

Disabled people were the last in a line of those who acquired equal rights with everyone else in the West. Society did not immediately realize that there is no point in democracy if there is social isolation of people with disabilities. Nowhere has the well-being of disabled people come on its own. They fought for him with pickets and rallies. The struggle went in two directions: for the right to have equal conditions and opportunities with other people and for the right to development

innate abilities of the individual, the right to live independently, meaningfully, actively.

The social protection systems for people with disabilities that have developed in developed countries include a number of interrelated elements, represented by the normative consolidation of the rights of people with disabilities, the rights and responsibilities of government bodies, public and charitable organizations, and the forms and methods of their activities in this area.

Constitutional and other normative consolidation of the principle of equal rights of disabled and non-disabled people, the prohibition of discrimination against a person on a number of grounds, including due to disability, is typical for a number of legislation foreign countries.

Expressed and justified by the enlighteners of the 17th century in the concept of natural human rights, the idea of the equality of all people on Earth, as a legal principle, was enshrined in the Declaration of Independence of SITA in 1776. It was later reflected in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of France in 1789, and in other acts .

The achievement of world civilization in the humanitarian sphere was the adoption by the UN of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It did not directly include sections on the treatment of people with disabilities, but it proclaimed the equality of rights of “all people without exception.”

This was followed by the adoption of the UN Declaration of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 1975. “Disabled persons,” it says, “whatever may be the origin, nature and severity of their impairment or disability, have the same fundamental rights as their fellow citizens of the same age, which primarily means the right to a satisfactory life that is as normal and full-blooded as possible."

The principle of equal rights for people with disabilities and non-disabled people assumes that the needs of all individuals without exception are equally important. The means available in society should be used in such a way as to create living conditions for disabled people in which they could carry out all human forms of activity characteristic of each person in a given society.

In the United States of America, the rights of persons with disabilities are enshrined in law and included in common system civil rights that prohibit discrimination against a person. The basic legal act in this matter is the 1990 Law “On Persons with Disabilities,” which protects at the federal level the rights of this social group and prohibits its discrimination in labor relations, in government agencies, in public places, trade, and transport. The law directs all levels of government to ensure that persons with disabilities have “equal access to the benefits of a variety of activities, programs and services.” This includes using public education, health care, social services, courts, polling places, and town meetings. The law requires that "reasonable changes in policies, practices and procedures be made to avoid discrimination against persons with disabilities." In addition, relevant government services and construction companies must take into account the characteristics of people with disabilities when constructing new and reconstructing existing buildings and structures in order to facilitate access to them for people using wheelchairs. Public transport administrations should not discriminate against people with disabilities when providing their services. It is supposed to provide disabled people with adequate facilities when boarding, disembarking and traveling, or provide special vehicles those disabled people who are unable to independently use conventional forms of public transport. The United States Employment of Persons with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination against them in hiring, promotion, vocational training, wages.

The Canadian Constitution also enshrines the principle of equal rights for persons with disabilities and the inability to discriminate against them on the basis of physical or mental disability.

An amendment was made to the Basic Law of Germany in 1994 with the following content: “No one should be disadvantaged because of their disabilities (mental or physical).” Currently, the Federal Republic of Germany has completed the procedure for the adoption of Section IX of the Code of Social Legislation (Rehabilitation and participation of persons with disabilities in society), which summarizes legal regulations relating to issues of rehabilitation and ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities. The amendment made to the Code came into force on July 1, 2001.

The UK Disability Non-Discrimination Act 1995 also includes the principle of equal rights for disabled and non-disabled people.

In Hungary, the principle of equal rights is enshrined in the Law on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Ensuring Equal Opportunities for them, 1998.

There are 36 laws in China that guarantee the rights and interests of people with disabilities.

The availability of statistical data on the number of disabled people in the country, forecasting and identifying the dynamics of growth in the number of disabled people, the causes of disability, developing a system of measures to prevent it, and determining the possible costs of the state for these purposes are important.

In the third millennium, the population of the planet must realize the presence of people with disabilities and the need to create for them normal conditions life, According to statistics, on average 10% of the inhabitants of our planet (more than 500 million people) have congenital or acquired disabilities, one in ten people suffers from physical, mental or sensory defects, and at least 25% of the total population suffers from health disorders. Approximately one in four families has a disabled person.

These figures speak eloquently about the scale of the problem and, in addition to its universal nature, indicate widespread this phenomenon in any country, especially in countries with large populations. According to the information and reference material of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (ref. No. 653/ДГПЧ dated April 25, 2001), there are more than 60 million disabled people in China, which is 5% of the population, in the USA there are 54 million disabled people, which is 19%.

The forecasts for the growth dynamics of the number of disabled people in the world, especially those of active working age, are alarming; for example, in Canada over the next 15 years, their number may more than double. The situation is assessed as most unfavorable among the indigenous population, where mental and physical disabilities Almost 30% of the adult population suffers - a figure more than 2 times higher than the national average (information from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs of April 25, 2001).1 ()

The growth of people with disabilities on an international scale is explained both by the growth of the indicator itself, indicating the deterioration of the health of the planet’s inhabitants, and by the expansion of the criteria for defining disability, primarily in relation to the elderly and especially children. In the general contingent of disabled people, men make up more than 50%, women - more than 44%, 65-80% are elderly people.

The causes of disability in the world are:

illnesses of cardio-vascular system(more than 25%);

malignant neoplasms (more than 22%);

injuries (more than 14%);

respiratory diseases and tuberculosis (about 8%);

mental disorders (about 3%).

Among the class of circulatory diseases, the leading place is occupied by cerebrovascular diseases (more than 35%) and coronary heart disease (more than 37%), the level of which is 15.1 and 14.8 cases per 10 thousand population.

The prevalence of disability is generally higher among urban populations compared to rural residents.

Increase total number disabled people in all developed countries of the world and especially the number of disabled children (ranging from 0.12% in Great Britain to 18% in Canada of the total number of disabled people) has made the problem of preventing disability and preventing childhood disability among the national priorities of these countries (information from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs from April 25, 2001)."

The term “disability prevention,” according to the Standard Rules for the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, means the implementation of a set of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of physical, mental, mental and sensory defects (first-level prevention) or at preventing the transition of a defect into a permanent functional limitation or disability (prevention second level).

In the Federal Republic of Germany, according to the Code of Social Legislation, special attention from the state is paid to the rehabilitation of people with disabilities and measures for early detection of the disease using all available means to involve them as fully as possible in the full life of society, eliminating or reducing the consequences of the disease.

At the initial stage, as a rule, medical services are provided; treatment in hospitals, resort and sanatorium organizations and 19 special rehabilitation centers (with 3,200 beds) through therapeutic exercises and sports, massage, special therapy taking into account the nature of the disability. The centers manufacture prosthetics and provide orthopedic and other aids. In this case, preference is given, if possible, to outpatient treatment.

At the second stage of rehabilitation measures, assistance is provided (taking into account physical capabilities, inclinations, professional suitability and experience) in obtaining the necessary skills for subsequent work in the labor market, vocational training and retraining. These goals are served by 28 vocational education institutions for adults (for 15 thousand places), the curriculum of which includes the acquisition of professions in the field of trade, management, industry, technology, as well as in the field of health and social services. If necessary, accommodation in a boarding school is possible.

For people with mental disabilities, 8 special training centers with similar tasks have been established (for 457 places).

Young people who are under the supervision of doctors, psychologists and teachers and for whom industrial training is contraindicated for health reasons, learn the basics of professions suitable for them in one of 46 special educational institutions (12.3 thousand places in total).

In the USA, Great Britain, Canada, and Germany, as a result of the implementation of national programs for the prevention of childhood disability, almost 100% of newborns are examined for hereditary diseases - phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism, which allows for timely detection of these diseases, targeted treatment and avoiding delays in the mental development of the child. Through the use of cytogenetic and perinatal studies, it is prevented

the birth of children with genetic and congenital diseases. Early audiological diagnostics makes it possible to identify children suffering from congenital deafness and carry out early rehabilitation.

The experience of these states in determining possible costs and the actual allocation of funds for the implementation of rehabilitation measures is positive. According to data for 1999, in Germany (6.6 million disabled people) 53 billion marks (about 675.2 billion Russian rubles) were allocated for these purposes alone, in Canada (4.2 million disabled people) - about 1, 5 billion Canadian. dollars (about 27 billion rubles), in the UK (5 million disabled people) - about 1 billion f. Art., which is 41 billion rubles. (information from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs dated April 25, 2001).13

The legislation of foreign countries establishes institutions for social protection of people with disabilities, determines the range of government bodies involved in the implementation of programs for the protection of these citizens and those responsible for them or coordinating issues of social protection of people with disabilities.

Since the mid-70s, a number of countries around the world have adopted special legislation on the problems of people with disabilities. They are of practical interest for Russia.

In Germany, for example, there are three forms of social protection for people with disabilities, namely social insurance, compensation and assistance.

Issues of social protection of disabled people are regulated by laws:

About disabled people 1974;

On the Uniformity of Rehabilitation Measures, 1974;

On assistance to disabled people in using public transport, 1979;

On the fight against unemployment among disabled people in 2000;

Code of Social Legislation.

These acts contain legal regulations concerning issues of ensuring the rights and rehabilitation of people with disabilities, including guarantees of their voting rights, training, education, use of public transport, special equipment for workplaces, improving their position in the labor market, and reducing unemployment of this category of the population.

The legislative basis for the system of protecting the rights of people with disabilities in the UK is the laws:

National Assistance Act 1948;

About disabled people 1986;

On benefits for lifelong disability and for working disabled people, 1991;

Social Security Act 1994;

on non-discrimination of persons with disabilities 1995, etc.

These laws, along with constitutional rights; proclaim the rights of people with disabilities to training and education, easier and more convenient access to consumer goods, social services, educational institutions and housing, and to get a job. Laws and regulations require that all railway trains put into service must be fully equipped for the carriage of disabled people, including easy access for wheelchairs. Since the end of 2000, these rules have been extended to new city and long-distance buses.

In the implementation of social protection programs for people with disabilities in developed countries of the world they participate, along with government agencies, public organizations and charitable unions.

In the United States, overall oversight of compliance with federal laws regarding persons with disabilities and the prevention of any discrimination against them is assigned to the Department of Justice.

Other federal departments are also vested with control functions to ensure the rights of people with disabilities in various areas;

Ministry of Education (Department of Special Educational Programs);

Department of Health and Human Services (Office for Civil Rights);

Department of Housing and Urban Development (Divisions of Disability Rights and Equal Housing Opportunity);

Ministry of Labor (Office of Labor Agreement Programs);

Ministry of Transport (Federal Administration of Urban Transport under the Ministry);

Department of Veterans Affairs (disabled veterans);

Ministry of Agriculture (department for the distribution of free food assistance coupons for disabled people, exchanged in stores for food);

Civil Rights Commission;

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, etc.

In Canada, programs aimed at addressing the problems of people with disabilities exist in more than 30 ministries, agencies and other government bodies. The overall coordination of social adaptation of persons with disabilities is carried out by the Ministry of Human Resources Development (Bureau for Persons with Disabilities). The Bureau cooperates with other government institutions and monitors scientific research in this area. The main activities of the bureau are;

ensuring compliance with civil rights, training, employment, improving living conditions, solving problems of transporting people with disabilities, their access to all kinds of sources of information. Under the auspices of the Ministry of Human Resource Development there is the Opportunity Fund, the Federal-Provincial Program to Promote the Employment of Persons with Disabilities, and the Social Development in Partnership program.

Canadian Heritage is involved in working with people with disabilities through the Office of Sports, which coordinates Paralympic sports and the construction of specially equipped sports and recreation centers across the country, as well as through the National Parks Authority, which implements a program to improve access to parks and recreation areas for people with disabilities.

The Ministry of Transport is involved in accessibility and safety issues transport system Canada for the Disabled.

Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada provides free and accessible information to various categories of persons with disabilities about disability-friendly travel and provides consular services to them.

The experience of the USA, Great Britain, Canada and other countries indicates that the payment of disability benefits provided for by their legislation is carried out through the implementation of a number of social protection programs for disabled people.

In the United States, disability benefits are provided through the Supplemental Security Benefits Program (SSBP). It is financed and controlled by a federal agency - the Administration for Other Insurance. PDAP is an assistance program that guarantees a minimum income level for people with disabilities in need. The system for calculating benefits is quite complex, it is determined by a number of factors (the degree of disability, marital status, the number of dependents, the level of income received) and is compiled in such a way that as income increases, the amount of the benefit decreases. In particular, the concept of “substantial salary” is introduced, which is currently determined at $740 (about 21,460 rubles) for most disabled people, and at $1,240 (about 36 thousand rubles) per month for those who have lost their sight. If earnings exceed this level, this is considered an indicator of the disabled person’s sufficient ability to work and the ability to independently provide for themselves financially.

The benefit amounts are regularly reviewed and as of January 2001 they amounted to $530 (about 15 thousand rubles) per month per person, and $796 (about 23 thousand rubles) per month for a married couple.

For disabled veterans, the amount of benefits is constantly changing and currently ranges from $101 (for persons with 10% disability) to $2,100 (from 3 to 60 thousand rubles) per month for veterans recognized as completely disabled.

In Canada, the Employment Assistance Program for Persons with Disabilities provides the opportunity for youth to receive special or higher education, and their work experience is also taken into account for subsequent employment. Within the framework of the special program "Youth Employment Strategy" there are certain benefits for employers who employ disabled people under the age of 30, and the cost of special equipment necessary for them is compensated. In accordance with the program "Social Development in Partnership" educational institutions, social councils, Voluntary organizations, non-governmental organizations and non-profit agencies working with people with disabilities are assisted in organizing and funding special projects.

Direct organizations of people with disabilities can also use this program,

A disabled student enjoys a number of financial benefits and benefits under the Canada Student Loan Program. He is given an additional subsidy of 5,000 Canadian dollars. dollars (about 90 thousand rubles) for expenses related to training (for example, for the purchase of a special recording device or payment for the services of an assistant).

Persons who made contributions to the Canadian pension fund during their working career and stopped working due to disability are entitled to receive a preferential pension (until the age of 65).

Most social programs and benefits related to people with disabilities are administered by the provincial governments of Canada. However, since 1996, the federal and provincial governments have made disability issues a collective priority, and in 1998 the Government of Canada and its provincial and territorial governments signed the Together Canada Approach to Disability Plan, which outlines long-term policy directions in this area. which is built on the basis of three ideas:

1) people with disabilities are full members of Canadian society;

2) people with disabilities should have the opportunity to participate in all spheres of society;

3) it is necessary to create conditions for turning disabled people into the most independent members of society. The emphasis is placed on the fact that, regardless of the nature of the programs adopted in the future, people with disabilities become their participants, and not completely dependent, passive recipients of government subsidies.

The UK government's national program is also of interest" New profession for disabled people”, created in April 2000 by the Public Commission on the Rights of Disabled People in cooperation with government bodies and employer associations and establishing that the main income for people who do not have a job due to their disability is disability benefits.

Since April 2000, three types of benefits have been in effect:

1. Weekly benefits for the first 28 weeks of illness (for disabled people and those not receiving sick pay) in the amount of £50.90. Art. (more than 2 thousand rubles);

2. Weekly benefits in the amount of 60.20 f. Art. (about 2.5 thousand rubles) from 29 to 52 weeks of illness;

3. Weekly benefits in the amount of 67.50 pounds. Art. (about 3 thousand rubles), paid after 52 weeks of illness.

In addition to this basic benefit, various categories of disabled people are paid the following types of benefits: lifelong disability benefit - it is designed to provide additional financial assistance to citizens with severe disabilities over 65 years of age, as well as those who received disability in early age and those who did not have time to earn and accumulate capital for themselves. Eligibility for this benefit depends on the degree of the applicant's disability, the need for assistance in caring for him and is assigned if the applicant requires assistance for three months. The part of the benefit that is intended to pay for care assistance depends on the degree of disability and amounts to 53.55, 35.80 and 14.20 f., respectively. Art. (which is equal to 2200, 1500, 600 rubles) per week. The portion of the benefit intended to cover travel expenses is either £37.40. Art. (more than 1500 rub.), or 14.20 f. Art. (about 600 rub.) per week; Severe Disability Benefit is paid to UK citizens aged 16 to 65 years after the first 28 weeks of disability who are unable to receive disability benefits due to insufficient National Insurance contributions. Benefit does not depend on size wages, tax-free, amounts to 40.80 f. Art. (more than 1.6 thousand rubles) per week and, depending on the age of the recipient, can increase by up to 14 pounds. Art. (more than 560 rub.); Disability Income Guarantee benefit is valid from April 6

2001 for severely disabled people under 60 years of age, which depends on income, is paid in addition to other benefits and amounts to £134. Art. (about 5.5 thousand rubles) per week (information from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs dated April 25, 2001).

Since October 1999, a tax credit (essentially a benefit) for disabled people has been introduced, replacing the previously paid benefit to working disabled people, in order to increase their level of income. Since April 2001, the loan amount for one person per week has become 160 pounds. Art. (more than 6.5 thousand rubles) and 246 f. Art. (more than 10.0 thousand rubles) per week for a family with one child.

Since 2001, the British government has provided a one-time phant (cash loan) of £100 per job. Art. (more than 4.0 thousand rubles) for disabled people over 25 years of age who have received disability benefits for one year and want to move from the benefits system to work. Disabled people have the right to work if the work benefits their general condition and spends at least 16 hours a week on it. The salary in this case should not exceed £59.50. Art. (about 2.5 thousand rubles) per week.

Benefits for injuries sustained at work or work-related illnesses depend on the amount of income. Payments for work injuries are made if an accident occurs to an employee at work and if he paid income tax. Professionals and British military personnel are excluded from this scheme. Benefits in this category include: disability benefits resulting from an industrial injury; paid weekly for 90 days from the date of injury. Its size depends on the degree of disability. For 100% disability, 109.30 f. is paid. Art. (about 4.5 thousand rubles), at 90% - 98.37 f. Art. (more than 4.0 thousand rubles), 80% - 87.44 f. Art. (more than 3.5 thousand rubles), 70% - 76.51 f. Art. (more than 3.1 thousand rubles), 60% - 65.58 f. Art. (more than 2.6 thousand rubles), 50% - 54.65 f. Art. (more than 2.2 thousand rubles), 40% - 43.72 f. Art. (more than 1.7 thousand rubles), 30% - 32.79 f. Art. (more than 1.3 thousand rubles); supplement to reduced earnings (in addition to the main disability benefit, the maximum amount is 43.72 pounds sterling, or about 1.8 thousand rubles); child benefit (22.25 pounds sterling, or more than 900 rubles);

allowance for caring for a disabled person if the applicant's age is from 16 to 6^ years, excluding full-time students whose salary does not exceed 50 pounds. Art. (more than 2.0 thousand rubles) per week. Since April 2001, the weekly amount has been £72. Art. (about 3.0 thousand rubles).

International experience in organizing social protection of citizens indicates that costs for these purposes are mainly covered by contributions from employers or financed from insurance premiums. Besides, from. The state budget allocates a certain amount annually, which covers on average up to 10% of expenses.

In the UK, contributions plus budgetary contributions are kept in the National Insurance Fund.

Expenses under non-contributory benefits, means-tested benefits and child benefits are fully covered by the UK general tax system.

According to German law, social protection costs are mainly financed from insurance premiums. The basis of the contribution is formed from wages and labor income. The contribution income, together with other income, such as capital, is sufficient to cover the current year's expenses. Excluding mandatory reserve, this system operates on the principle of current financing.

Basically, only the employee pays the contributions, since the employer subsequently withholds this amount from the employees’ wages for the amount of contributions he has made. The employer pays contributions towards its expenses only for workers with very low incomes and for insurance benefits for injuries.

In addition to income from contributions, government subsidies also play a role in the implementation of disability insurance schemes. All social protection benefits outside the insurance schemes are also financed by the state. The source of this funding is general taxation.

Studying the experience of social protection of disabled people in advanced countries of Europe, Asia, as well as Canada and the USA; in which the position of disabled people allows them to maximize the opportunity to lead a full life, to have equal rights along with other citizens, seems useful for Russia, which is at the initial stage of its development in this matter.

Theory and methodology of social work, part-1, Moscow, 1999, P.139.