Advice for vacationers, advice from experts. Concept of mental state
In the section on the question What is the difference between mental and psychological? It doesn’t matter what it relates to, but in general. given by the author Mediocritas the best answer is mental from the word psyche (mental health, for example, meaning the state mental state), and psychological (psyche plus science) - in principle, the same, only used in psychiatry medical intervention, and in psychology - various non-medics. methods (and there is also psychotherapy - between these two concepts): trainings, correction methods, relaxation, art therapy, sand therapy, play therapy, etc., etc. Cool question, I tried to answer as taught
Answer from Crooked[newbie]
Use the training link
Answer from Itramon[guru]
The answers are complete nonsense.
This is not about psychiatry.
And about the Psyche
It is impossible to say for example Psychological condition Well, if we are not talking about the state of a psychologist..
You can say Mental from the word psyche, that is, a state and not psychology Science
Answer from Neurosis[active]
Psyche is “soul” from some language. Psychology is the science of the soul. Accordingly, mental is something related to the psyche (mental state). Psychological - related to the science of psychology (psychological method).
Answer from reed[active]
Mental is medicine, psychology, science
Answer from ЃPR[newbie]
the mental arises spontaneously and the psychological through logical reasoning
Answer from Kazmagambetov Kaiyrzhan[active]
Mental is medicine.. psychology is science...
Answer from Larisa[guru]
Mental is closer to medicine, to the body and similar disorders. Psychological - closer to the soul.
Answer from YYZHAYA[guru]
But in general it’s big. In the first case there is a mental disorder, in the second there may simply be vegetoneurosis. The first is treated by a psychiatrist, the second by a psychotherapist or psychoanalyst. It's better to see a psychotherapist.
2nd functional impairment.
From time to time we come across such concepts as “mental” and “psychological” when talking about health, condition, mood. But we don’t always understand what they really mean, only by guessing their meaning. In fact, these two concepts are different from each other and apply to different conditions human health. Let's figure out what the difference between them is.
Based on the WHO definition, mental health represents a state in which a person can realize his own potential, cope with ordinary life stresses, work productively and fruitfully, and contribute to the life of their community. That is, they are like this mental characteristics, which allow a person to be adequate and adapt safely to the environment. The antipode to this state will be psychical deviations And mental illness. It is worth noting here that a person’s mental health is not a guarantee of his mental health. And vice versa, having mental health, you can have some mental disorders.
German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin proposed classification of mental abnormalities, the absence of which in a narrow sense implies a person’s mental health:
1) psychosis – severe mental illness
2) psychopathy - character anomalies, personality disorder;
3) neuroses – mild mental disorders;
4) dementia.
Difference psychological health from the mental is that mental health relates to individual mental processes and mechanisms, and psychological health relates to the personality as a whole and allows us to highlight the actual psychological aspect Problems mental health Unlike medical aspect. Psychological health involves mental and personal health.
Psychologically healthy man knows himself and the world both with reason and feelings, intuition. He accepts himself and recognizes the importance and uniqueness of the people around him. He develops and participates in the development of other people. Such a person takes responsibility for his life, first of all, upon himself and learns from unfavorable situations. His life is filled with meaning. This is a person who is in harmony with himself and the world around him.
That is human psychological health is a complex of emotional, intellectual, physical and mental aspects.
There is no specific standard for defining psychological health, since it depends on a number of factors: the status of a person, his field of activity, living environment, etc. There are, of course, certain frameworks within which there is a balance between reality and adaptation to it. The norm is expressed in the ability to overcome certain difficulties and adapt to certain circumstances.
It is worth noting that if the norm for mental health is the absence of pathology and symptoms that prevent a person from adapting to a certain environment, then for psychological health the norm is the presence of certain personal characteristics that contribute to adaptation to society, where he develops himself and contributes to the development of others. Deviation from the norm in the case of mental health is a disease; in the case of psychological health, it is a lack of opportunity for development in the process of life, an inability to fulfill one’s life tasks.
In the section on the question: how does the human psyche differ from the psyche of animals? given by the author Irochka)) the best answer is for some - nothing
Answer from Wake up[guru]
in fact, the giraffe thinks about the same thing as a person
Answer from No clique[guru]
The psyche of animals is natural and that of humans is artificial.
Answer from Neuropathologist[master]
Animals have consciousness, but no thinking.
Answer from hospitable[guru]
the absence of a huge pile of problems with which a person complicates life for himself and others.
Answer from Andry Titov[active]
I think that humans are more based on consciousness and thought, animals on impulsive desire, instinct.
Answer from Yoveta cool[guru]
The human psyche is 100 times more mental and psychopathic than that of animals
Answer from Natalia Balbutskaya[guru]
Types of memory and attention color vision, a completely different range of sounds in humans, many animals hear sounds below or above the threshold that humans have, the same is true in smells. A person usually has a complex logical chain associations. And for an animal it’s simpler - meat = food, water = drink))
In addition, a person can plan his actions, and an animal, although it has an algorithm of actions, mostly reacts to stimuli immediately.
Answer from Elena Filatova[guru]
Comparing the psyche of animals with the human psyche allows us to highlight the following main differences between them.
1. An animal can act only within the framework of a situation that is directly perceived, and all the acts it performs are limited by biological needs, that is, motivation is always biological.
Animals don't do anything that doesn't serve them. biological needs. The concrete, practical thinking of animals makes them dependent on the immediate situation. Only in the process of orienting manipulation is an animal able to solve problematic problems. A person, thanks to abstract, logical thinking, can foresee events and act according to cognitive necessity - consciously.
Thinking is closely related to broadcasting. Animals only give signals to their relatives about their own emotional states, while a person uses language to inform others in time and space, conveying social experience. Thanks to language, every person uses experience that humanity has developed over thousands of years and which she has never directly perceived.
2. Animals are capable of using objects as tools, but not a single animal can create tools. Animals do not live in a world of permanent things and do not perform collective actions. Even watching the actions of another animal, they will never help each other or act together.
Only man creates tools according to well-thought-out plans, uses them for their intended purpose and preserves them for the future. He lives in a world of permanent things, uses tools together with other people, takes on the experience of using tools and passes them on to others.
3. The difference between the psyche of animals and humans lies in feelings. Animals are also capable of experiencing positive or negative emotions, but only a person can sympathize with another person in grief or joy, enjoy pictures of nature, and experience intellectual feelings.
4. The conditions for the development of the psyche of animals and humans is the fourth difference. The development of the psyche in the animal world is subject to biological laws, and the development of the human psyche is determined by socio-historical conditions.
Both humans and animals are characterized by instinctive reactions to stimuli, the ability to gain experience in life situations. However, only a person is capable of appropriating social experience, which develops the psyche.
From the moment of birth, the child masters how to use tools and communicate skills. This, in turn, develops the sensory sphere, logical thinking, shapes the personality of the individual. A monkey in any conditions will manifest itself as a monkey, and a person will only become a person if his development takes place among people. This is confirmed by cases of human children being raised among animals.
A.V. Petrovsky identifies the following significant differences between the psyche of animals and humans:
Differences in the thinking of humans and animals. Many experiments have proven that higher animals are characterized only by practical thinking. Human behavior is characterized by the ability to abstract from a given specific situation and anticipate the consequences that may arise in connection with this situation. The “language” of animals and the language of humans are different and this also determines the difference in thinking.
The second difference between man and animal is his ability to create and preserve tools. Outside specific situation the animal never singles out a tool as a tool, does not retain it for use. Man creates a weapon according to a pre-planned plan.
The third difference is in feelings. Both animals and humans do not remain indifferent to what is happening around them. However, only a person is able to empathize in grief and rejoice at another person.
The most important difference between the animal psyche and the human psyche lies in the conditions of their development. The development of the psyche of the animal world followed the laws of biological evolution. The development of the human psyche itself, human consciousness, is subject to the laws of historical development. But only a person is capable of appropriating social experience, which develops his psyche to the greatest extent.
3.4. Consciousness as the highest level of the psyche
A qualitatively new level of development of the psyche was the emergence of human consciousness. Consciousness - highest level man's reflection of reality. The main condition for the emergence and development of human consciousness is the joint instrumental activity of people mediated by speech. Consciousness is interpreted in Russian psychology as the highest form inherent only to humans mental reflection reality in the light of historically established social relations and sociocultural experience. Along with sociocultural conditioning, consciousness is characterized by activity, intentionality (direction towards a specific object), varying degrees of clarity, motivational-value character and the ability for reflection - introspection and reflection of one’s own contents.
The sphere of scientific interests of psychology includes two fundamental problems of consciousness: 1) the socially determined nature of the formation of consciousness in ontogenesis; 2) dynamic relationship between conscious and unconscious substructures in the whole system human psyche.
The psychological structure of consciousness includes the following most important characteristics: the first characteristic of consciousness is already given in its name: consciousness is knowledge about the world around us. A person gains knowledge through cognitive processes; the second characteristic of consciousness is the distinction between subject and object enshrined in it, i.e., that which belongs to the “I” of a person and his “not-I”; the third characteristic of consciousness is ensuring goal-setting human activity; the fourth characteristic is the presence of emotional assessments in interpersonal relationships.
The characteristics of consciousness are formed in the speech activity of people.
Unconscious
Not all mental phenomena are realized by a person. Some phenomena of reality that a person perceives, but is not aware of this perception, are recorded by the lower level of the psyche, which in turn forms the unconscious. The unconscious is understood as a specific form of reflection of reality, in which an account of the actions being performed is not given, the completeness of orientation in time and place of action is lost, and speech regulation of behavior is disrupted. The unconscious principle is represented in almost all mental processes, properties and states of a person. The sphere of the unconscious includes all mental phenomena that arise in sleep; some pathological phenomena; human reactions that arise in response to sensations that actually affect a person, but are not felt by him; movements that were conscious in the past, but through repetition have become automated and therefore no longer conscious.
For the first time, the unconscious in the structure of personality was identified by S. Freud. According to his theory, the personality structure includes three spheres: the unconscious (id - “it”), consciousness (ego - “I”), superego (“super-I”). In the development of mental states, S. Freud identified a number of mechanisms, which he called the defense mechanisms of the “I”. These include mechanisms of denial, repression, projection, rationalization, inclusion, compensation, identification, sublimation. Psychological defense mechanisms work in combination.
At present, the question of the relationship between the unconscious and the conscious remains complex and is not resolved unambiguously.
Psyche and consciousness are so close, but different concepts. Having a narrow and broad understanding of each of these words can confuse anyone. However, in psychology the concepts of psyche and consciousness have been successfully separated, and despite their close relationship, the boundary between them is quite easy to see.
How does consciousness differ from the psyche?
Psyche, if we consider the term in in a broad sense, are all mental processes conscious of a person. Consciousness is the process of a person controlling himself, which we are also aware of. Considering the concepts in a narrower sense, it turns out that the psyche is aimed at perceiving and assessing the external world, and consciousness allows us to evaluate the inner world and realize what is happening in the soul.
Human psyche and consciousness
Talking about general characteristics these concepts, it is worth paying attention to the main ones of each of them. Consciousness is the highest form of mental reflection of reality and has the following properties:
- availability of knowledge about the surrounding world;
- distinction between subject and object (“I” of a person and his “not-I”);
- setting a person's goals;
- the presence of relationships to different objects of reality.
In a narrow sense, consciousness is considered as highest form psyche, and the psyche itself – as the level of the unconscious, i.e. those processes that are not realized by the person himself. The area of the unconscious includes various phenomena - responses, unconscious behavior, etc.
Development of the human psyche and consciousness
The development of the psyche and consciousness is usually considered with different points vision. For example, the problem of mental development includes three aspects:
It is believed that the emergence of the psyche is associated with the development of the nervous system, thanks to which the entire body functions as a single whole. Nervous system includes irritability as the ability to change state under the influence external factors, and sensitivity, which allows you to recognize and respond to adequate and inappropriate stimuli. It is sensitivity that is considered the main indicator of the emergence of the psyche.
Consciousness is peculiar only to man - it is he who is capable of realizing the flow of mental processes. This is not typical for animals. It is believed that the main role in the emergence of such differences is played by work and speech.
