Mental reflection of reality. Levels of psychic reflection
This concept is philosophical, because this reflection is not in the literal sense. It represents a certain phenomenon that manifests itself with the help of images and states of the individual passed through consciousness.
In other words, mental reflection is special shape the dynamic connection of a person with the world, during which new desires appear, worldviews and positions are formed, and specific solutions to certain problems are developed. Any individual is capable of managing his personal reality, presenting it in artistic or some other images.
Features and Properties
Mental reflection has a number of certain moments, which are its individual manifestations. There are some features mental reflection:
- Mental images appear during a person’s active pastime.
- Mental reflection makes it possible to carry out some kind of activity.
- It has a proactive character.
- Allows you to reliably represent the world.
- Progresses and improves.
- Changes through individuality.
Characteristics of this process
As for healthy person, then he has the following criteria for mental reflection:
1. Dynamism. Throughout life, every person's thoughts, attitudes and feelings change. That is why the mental reflection can also change, because various circumstances influence it very significantly.
2. Activity. This process cannot coexist with passive behavior or regression. Thanks to this quality of the psyche, the individual, without even realizing it, is constantly looking for the best and most comfortable conditions.
4. Subjectivity. Despite the fact that this process is objective, it is also influenced by the individual’s past, his environment and his own character. That is why characterization includes subjectivity. Each of us looks at the same world and events in our own way.
5. Speed. Our ability to solve some problems with lightning speed exists thanks to the psyche. It has the right to be called superior to reality.
Stages and levels
Even if this process seems like something integral to us, it is still divided into several stages. The main stages and levels of mental reflection include:
The degree of importance and significance of incidents or phenomena has a great influence. Some of these incidents disappear, leaving only the most necessary episodes.
An individual, thanks to thinking, creates his ideals, makes plans, controls consciousness as best he can. This is how personal experience comes about.
2. Sensory criterion. This level is also called sensory. It is where mental images are built based on what we perceive through our senses. This influences the transformation of information in the required direction.
3. Logical thinking. At this level, actual events have no meaning. A person uses only those skills and abilities that are present in his consciousness. The universal human experience that the individual knows about is also important.
All stages of psychic reflection naturally intersect and interact. This process occurs thanks to comprehensive work sensory and rational activity of the individual.
Forms
Reflection is not alien to all living organisms when they come into contact with other objects. Three forms of mental reflection can be distinguished:
2. Biological. This form is characteristic only of living beings, and this is its peculiarity. Thanks to it, such organisms can “mirror” both living and alternative nature.
The biological form of mental reflection is divided into several types:
- Irritability (the response of living beings to the realities and processes of this world).
- Sensitivity (the ability to reflect other objects in the form of sensations).
- Mental reflection (the ability to change one’s character depending on the situation).
3. Mental. The most difficult and progressive form of reflection. She is not considered an inactive mirror duplicate of this world. It is clearly related to scanning,decisions.
First of all, it is the surrounding world that is actively reflected in connection with a specific problem, danger or need. This form is characterized by:
- Reflection as stages of overcoming an individual with himself, own life and habits.
- Reflection as self-control and development.
- Reflection as a stage of studying the personality of others.
- Reflection as a stage of learning by an individual public life and relationships.
Understanding the psyche as a part certain type reflection allows us to assert that it does not arise suddenly or accidentally, like something incomprehensible in nature. Psychic reflection can be studied as the transformation of derivative imprints into subjective experience and on this basis build a spatial image.
Thus, the foundation of mental reflection is the primary interaction with environment, but this process requires auxiliary activity to create images of objects in the field of the subject’s behavior. Author: Lena Melissa
Psyche (from the Greek psychikos - spiritual) is a form of active reflection by the subject of objective reality, arising in the process of interaction of highly organized living beings with the outside world and carrying out a regulatory function in their behavior (activity). The central category in this definition is the active display or reflection of reality.
Mental reflection is not a mirror, mechanically passive copying of the world (like a mirror or a camera), it is associated with a search, a choice; in mental reflection, incoming information is subjected to specific processing, i.e. mental reflection is an active reflection of the world in connection with some necessity, with needs. This is a subjective, selective reflection of the objective world, since it always belongs to the subject, does not exist outside the subject and depends on subjective characteristics. You can define the psyche as a “subjective image of the objective world” - this is our idea or picture of the world, according to which we feel, make decisions and act.
The fundamental property of the psyche - subjectivity - determined introspection as the main method of its research from ancient times until the emergence of the first research centers at the end of the 19th century. Introspection is self-observation organized according to special rules.
IN domestic psychology Basically, a rationalistic way of cognition is adopted, based on logic and experience, which connects the psyche with the activity of the brain, the development of which is determined by the evolution of living nature. However, the psyche cannot be reduced simply to the nervous system. Mental properties are the result of neurophysiological activity of the brain, but contain the characteristics of external objects, not internal ones physiological processes, with the help of which the psyche arises. Signal transformations taking place in the brain are perceived by a person as events taking place outside of him - in external space and the world.
Mental phenomena are correlated not with a separate neurophysiological process, but with organized sets of such processes, i.e. psyche is a systemic quality of the brain, realized through multi-level functional systems brain, which are formed in a person in the process of life and his mastery of historically established forms of activity and experience of mankind through active activity. Thus, specifically human qualities (consciousness, speech, work, etc.) are formed in a person only during his lifetime, in the process of assimilating the culture created by previous generations. Consequently, the human psyche includes at least three components, as shown in Fig. 3.
Fig.3. The structure of the subject’s mental reflection of the external and internal world.
Functions of the psyche.
The definition and concept of the psyche, analyzed above, gives an idea of the functions of the psyche or answers the question - why does the subject need a psyche?
Even W. James, the founder of the functional approach in psychology (the forerunner of behaviorism - the science of behavior) believed that the psyche serves the purpose of adapting the individual to the surrounding world and therefore reflects it. Accordingly, the functions of the psyche include: 1) reflection, 2) adaptation necessary for survival and interaction with the environment - biological, physical, social. From the definition of the psyche it is clear that it also performs 3) a regulatory function, that is, it directs and regulates the activity of the subject and controls behavior. In order to regulate behavior adequately to the conditions of external and internal environment, that is, adaptively, it is necessary to navigate this environment. Consequently, it is logical to highlight 4) the orientation function of the psyche.
The mental functions mentioned above 5) ensure the integrity of the body, which is necessary not only for survival, but also for the preservation of physical and mental health subject.
Modern domestic psychologists expand the list of traditionally considered mental functions. Thus, V. Allakhverdov in his works pays great attention 6) cognitive or educational function of the psyche and considers the psyche as an ideal cognitive system. One of the famous Russian methodologists B. Lomov, based on systematic approach, highlights 7) the communicative function of the psyche, since the psyche of the subject arises and develops in interaction with others, that is, it is included as a component in other systems (an individual within a group, etc.).
Ya. Ponomarev drew attention to the fact that human behavior can be non-adaptive (for example, creative behavior - where a person, when implementing his ideas, sometimes acts contrary to common sense and the instinct of self-preservation). Accordingly, he added 8) the function of creative activity, which leads a person to create new reality that goes beyond what already exists.
It seems that this is an incomplete list of the functions of the psyche, that is, why and for what it is needed by an individual, personality and subject of activity. Psychological science awaits new discoveries on the path of research psychic phenomena.
Subject and tasks of psychology.
Psychology is the science of the laws of development and functioning of the psyche. The object of psychology is the psyche. The subject of the study of psychology is, first of all, the psyche of humans and animals, which includes many phenomena. With the help of such phenomena as sensations and perception, attention and memory, imagination, thinking and speech, a person understands the world. Therefore, they are often called cognitive processes.
Other phenomena regulate his communication with people and directly control his actions and actions. They are called mental properties and states of the individual (these include needs, motives, goals, interests, will, feelings and emotions, inclinations and abilities, knowledge and consciousness).
Psychology also studies human communication and behavior
Tasks of psychology:
1. Qualitative study of all mental phenomena.
2. Analysis of all mental phenomena.
3. Study psychological mechanisms mental phenomena.
4. Implementation psychological knowledge into the lives and activities of people.
The connection between psychology and other sciences. Branches of psychology.
It is impossible to understand the psyche and behavior of a person without knowing his natural and social essence. Therefore, the study of psychology is associated with human biology, the structure and functioning of the central nervous system.
Psychology is also closely related to the history of society and its culture, since in the formation mental functions person vital role played by the main historical achievements - tools and sign systems.
Man is a biosocial being; his psyche is formed only within the framework of society. Accordingly, the specifics of the society in which a person lives determines the characteristics of his psyche, behavior, worldview, social interactions with other people. In this regard, psychology is also connected with sociology.
Consciousness, thinking and many other mental phenomena are not given to a person from birth, but are formed in the process individual development, in the process of upbringing and education. Therefore, psychology is also related to pedagogy.
The following branches of psychology are distinguished:
1) General psychology - studies cognitive and practical activities.
2) Social psychology - studies the interactions between the individual and society
3) Developmental psychology - studies the development of the psyche from the conception of a person to his death. It has a number of branches: child psychology, psychology of adolescents, youth, adults and gerontology. Pedagogical psychology has as its subject the psyche (student and teacher) in conditions educational process(training and education).
4) Labor psychology - examines the psyche in the conditions of work.
5) Psycholinguistics - deals with the study of speech as a type of psyche.
6) Special psychology: oligophrenopsychology, deaf psychology, typhlopsychology.
7) Differential psychology - explores all kinds of differences in the human psyche: individual, typological, ethnic, etc. 8) Psychometry - comprehends questions mathematical modeling psyche, problems of measurement in psychology, methods quantitative analysis results of psychological research.
9) Psychophysiology - studies the relationship between the interaction of biological and mental, higher physiology nervous activity and psychology.
Methods of psychology.
The main methods of psychology, like most other sciences, are observation and experiment. Additional ones are introspection, conversation, survey and biographical method. IN Lately Psychological testing is becoming increasingly popular.
Self-observation is one of the first psychological methods. This is the choice of a method for studying mental phenomena, the advantage of which is the ability to directly, directly observe a person’s thoughts, experiences, and aspirations. The disadvantage of the method is its subjectivity. It is difficult to verify the data obtained and repeat the result.
The most objective method is experiment. There are laboratory and natural views experiment. Advantage of the method: high accuracy, the opportunity to study the facts, not visible to the eye observer, special devices.
Questionnaires are used in psychology to obtain data from large group subjects. There are open and closed types of questionnaires. IN open type The answer to the question is formed by the subject himself; in closed questionnaires, subjects must choose one of the options for the proposed answers.
The interview (or conversation) is conducted with each subject separately, and therefore does not provide an opportunity to obtain detailed information as quickly as using questionnaires. But these conversations make it possible to record emotional condition a person, his attitude, opinion on certain issues.
There are also various tests. In addition to tests intellectual development and creativity, there are tests aimed at studying individual characteristics person, the structure of his personality.
4. The concept of the psyche and its functions.
Psyche is general concept, denoting the totality of all mental phenomena studied by psychology.
There are 3 main functions of the psyche:
Reflection of the influences of the surrounding world
A person’s awareness of his place in the world around him
This function of the psyche, on the one hand, ensures the correct adaptation of a person in the world. On the other hand, with the help of the psyche, a person realizes himself as a person endowed with certain characteristics, as a representative of a particular society, social group different from other people and being in a relationship with them, a person’s correct awareness of his personal characteristics helps to adapt to other people, properly build communication and interaction with them, achieve common goals in joint activities, and maintain harmony in society as a whole.
Regulation of behavior and activity
Thanks to this function, a person not only adequately reflects the surrounding objective world, but has the ability to transform it.
5. Structure of the psyche ( mental processes, conditions, properties and neoplasms).
Psyche is a general concept denoting the totality of all mental phenomena studied by psychology
Typically, the following main components are distinguished in the psyche: mental processes; mental neoplasms; mental states;mental properties.
Mental processes are a component of the human psyche that arises and develops in the interaction of living beings with the outside world. Mental processes are caused both by external influences of natural and social environment, as well as different desires and varied needs.
All mental processes are divided into cognitive ones. which include sensations, ideas, attention, memory; emotional, which can be associated with positive or negative experiences, volitional, which ensures decision-making and execution.
The result of mental processes is the formation of mental formations in the personality structure.
Mental new formations are certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by a person throughout life, including during training.
Mental states are phenomena of vigor or depression, efficiency or fatigue. calmness or irritability, etc. Mental conditions arise due to various factors, such as health status, working conditions, relationships with other people.
On the basis of mental processes and mental states, personality properties (qualities) are gradually formed.
Characteristics of mental reflection.
Mental reflection is a correct, true reflection.
Features of mental reflection:
It makes it possible to correctly reflect the surrounding reality;
Mental reflection deepens and improves;
Ensures the appropriateness of behavior and activities;
Has a proactive character
Different for each person
Mental reflection has a number of properties:
– Activity. Mental reflection is an active process.
Subjectivity. This is expressed in the fact that we see one world, but it appears differently for each of us.
Objectivity. Only through correct reflection is it possible for a person to understand the world around him.
Dynamism. That is, the mental reflection has the property of changing.
Anticipatory character. This allows you to make decisions ahead of the future
Our consciousness is a reflection of the external world. Modern personality is capable of very fully and accurately reflecting the surrounding world, unlike primitive people. With the development of human practice, it increases, which allows it to better reflect the surrounding reality.
Features and PropertiesThe brain realizes the mental reflection of the objective world. The latter has internal and external environment his life. The first is reflected in human needs, i.e. in general feeling, and the second - in sensory concepts and images.
- mental images arise in the process of human activity;
- mental reflection allows you to behave logically and engage in activities;
- endowed with a proactive character;
- provides an opportunity to correctly reflect reality;
- develops and improves;
- refracted through individuality.
Properties of mental reflection:
- mental reflection is capable of receiving information about the surrounding world;
- it is not a reflection of the world;
- it cannot be tracked.
Characteristics of mental reflection
Mental processes originate in active work, but on the other hand they are controlled by psychic reflection. Before we take any action, we imagine it. It turns out that the image of the action is ahead of the action itself.
Mental phenomena exist against the background of human interaction with the outside world, but the mental is expressed not only as a process, but also as a result, that is, a certain fixed image. Images and concepts reflect a person’s relationship to them, as well as to his life and activities. They encourage the individual to continuously interact with the real world.
You already know that mental reflection is always subjective, that is, it is the experience, motive, and knowledge of the subject. These internal conditions characterize the activity of the individual himself, and external reasons act through internal conditions. This principle was formed by Rubinstein.
Stages of mental reflection
Patterns of internal mental activity
2.1. The concept of the psyche
2.1.1. Features of mental reflection
2.1.2. Structure and functions of the psyche
2.1.3. Psyche and features of the brain structure
In order for a manager to successfully influence the psyche of his employees with a view to its development, he needs to rely on individual experience(empirically acquired knowledge about the psyche) and knowledge of psychology. Psychology as a science studies the human psyche.
Psyche- this is a person’s subjective reflection of objects and phenomena of objective reality, which is a function of the brain.
Psychology is guided by the following principles:
· human psyche - superior product development of matter, brain function;
· mental processes are subjective images of objective reality;
· personality and human activity are in unity, the psyche is manifested and formed in activity;
· the most important aspects of the human psyche are socially conditioned;
· external influences influence a person through his inner world (mental states, experience, qualities, etc.).
These provisions follow from the theory of reflection, which forms the core modern theory knowledge.
Mental reflection is not a mirror, mechanical, passive copying of the world; it is associated with search and choice. Incoming information is subjected to specific processing in connection with some necessity or needs. Mental reflection is subjective, since it belongs to the subject and depends on his subjective characteristics.
However, the psyche cannot be reduced simply to the properties of the nervous system. Although the brain is an organ whose activity determines the psyche, the content of this psyche is not produced by the brain itself, its source is the external world.
Mental properties are the result of neurophysiological activity of the brain. The transformation of signals that occurs in the brain is perceived by a person as a set of events in external space and the world as a whole. The great Russian physiologist I.M. Sechenov proved that the basis of everything mental is a reflex act.
The great Russian scientist-physiologist I.P. Pavlov created the doctrine of higher nervous activity (HNA), identified four types of HNA and substantiated it experimentally. He developed new principles physiological research, providing knowledge of the activity of the organism as a single whole, located in unity and constant interaction with the environment.
The human psyche is not given to a person in a ready-made form from the moment of birth and does not develop on its own. Only in the process of communication and interaction of a person with other people, in the process of his assimilation of the culture created by previous generations, does he develop human psyche and specifically human qualities (consciousness, speech, work, etc.). Otherwise, nothing human appears either in behavior or in the psyche (the Mowgli phenomenon).
The psyche includes at least three components:
· the outside world, nature, its reflection;
· full brain activity;
· active transfer of human culture and human abilities to new generations.
Expedited mental development people contributed to three major achievements of humanity:
1) invention of tools;
2) production of objects of material and spiritual culture;
3) the emergence of language and speech.
Mental reflection is characterized by a number of features:
· it makes it possible to correctly reflect the surrounding reality, and the correctness of the reflection is confirmed by practice;
· the mental image itself is formed in the process of active human activity;
· mental reflection deepens and improves;
· ensures the integrity of behavior and activities;
· refracted through a person’s individuality;
· is anticipatory in nature.
