Physiological bases of mental phenomena. Summary: Physiological foundations of the human psyche
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..…..... 3
1. The structure of the human psyche………………………………………….…...... 5
2. Basic human mental processes……………………………....... 7
3. Mental states. Their impact on people's activities .................... 14
4. Mental Properties person……………………………………………….. 19
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………... 24
List of used literature………………………………….…...…..... 25
INTRODUCTION
The theme of this test work "The main forms of manifestation of the human psyche" occupies an important place in the study of personality psychology within the discipline "Psychology and Pedagogy".
The relevance of the topic is determined by the need for modern man possess scientific knowledge about the human psyche. Such knowledge helps in solving problems, both in everyday life and in the field of professional activity. In a broader sense, such knowledge is actively used by specialists from various industries to solve, for example, the problems of rational distribution of functions between a person and a computer, the problems of designing automated workstations for specialists in various fields, and the problems of developing systems. artificial intelligence, robotics and others.
The problematic presentation of the topic is due to the fact that the manifestations of the human psyche cannot be considered only through the study of brain activity. Of course, “the close connection between the psyche and the activity of the brain is beyond doubt, damage or physiological inferiority of the brain leads to the inferiority of the psyche. Although the brain is an organ whose activity determines the psyche, the content of this psyche is not produced by the brain itself, its source is the external world. That is, it is through the interaction of a person with the material and spiritual environment that surrounds him that the development, formation, functioning and manifestation of the mental takes place. Therefore, in the work it is necessary to consider the main forms of manifestation of the human psyche, not just as a result of the work of our nervous system, but first of all, as a result of a person’s social and labor activity, his communication with other people.
A person does not just penetrate the world with the help of his cognitive processes. He lives and acts in this world, creating it for himself in order to satisfy his needs, performs certain actions. Mental processes, states and properties can hardly be comprehended to the end, if they are not considered depending on the conditions of a person's life, on how his interaction with nature and society is organized. Although all forms of manifestation of the psyche are studied separately, in reality they are connected with each other and form a single whole.
1. The structure of the human psyche
The human psyche is a qualitatively higher level than the psyche of animals (Homo sapiens is a reasonable person). Consciousness, the human mind developed in the process of labor activity, which arose due to the need to carry out joint actions to obtain food during a sharp change in the living conditions of primitive man. And although the specific biological and morphological features of a person have been stable for millennia, the development of the human psyche took place in the process of labor activity. Labor activity is productive; labor, carrying out the process of production, is imprinted in its product, i.e., there is a process of incarnation, objectification in the products of people's activity of their spiritual forces and abilities. Thus, the material, spiritual culture of mankind is an objective form of embodiment of the achievements of the mental development of mankind.
The human psyche is complex and diverse in its manifestations. There are three large groups of mental phenomena (see table 1).
Table 1. The structure of the human psyche.
Mental processes are a dynamic reflection of reality in various forms of mental phenomena. The mental process is the course of a mental phenomenon that has a beginning, development and end, manifested in the form of a reaction. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that the end of a mental process is closely connected with the beginning of a new process. Hence the continuity of mental activity in the waking state of a person. Mental processes are caused by both external influences and irritations of the nervous system coming from the internal environment of the organism. Mental processes provide the formation of knowledge and the primary regulation of human behavior and activities.
A mental state should be understood as a relatively stable level of mental activity that has been determined at a given time, which manifests itself in increased or decreased activity of the individual. Every person experiences different mental states on a daily basis. In one mental state, mental or physical labor proceeds easily and productively, while the other is difficult and inefficient. Mental states are reflex in nature: they arise under the influence of the situation, physiological factors, progress of work, time and verbal influences.
The mental properties of a person are the highest and most stable regulators of mental activity. The mental properties of a person should be understood as stable formations that provide a certain qualitative and quantitative level of activity and behavior, typical for this person.
Each mental property is formed gradually and is the result of reflective and practical activity.
2. Basic human mental processes
Feelings are a reflection individual properties objects that affect the senses. Sensations are objective, since they always reflect an external stimulus, and on the other hand, they are subjective, since they depend on the state of the nervous system and individual characteristics. How do we feel? In order for us to become aware of any factor or element of reality, it is necessary that the energy emanating from it (thermal, chemical, mechanical, electrical or electromagnetic) first of all be sufficient to become a stimulus, that is, to excite any of our receptors. Only when electrical impulses arise in the nerve endings of one of our sense organs, can the process of sensation begin. The most common classification of sensations - I. Sherrington:
1) exteroceptive - arise when exposed to external stimuli on receptors located on the surface of the body;
2) interoreceptive - signal what is happening in the body (hunger, thirst, pain);
3) proprioceptive - located in the muscles and tendons.
I. Sherrington's scheme allows us to divide the total mass of exteroceptive sensations into distant (visual, auditory) and contact (tactile, gustatory) sensations. Olfactory sensations occupy an intermediate position in this case. The most ancient is organic sensitivity (the feeling of hunger, thirst, satiety, as well as complexes of pain and sexual sensations), then contact, primarily tactile (sensations of pressure, touch) forms appeared. And the most evolutionarily young should be considered auditory, and especially visual systems receptors.
Reception and processing by a person of information received through the senses ends with the appearance of images of objects or phenomena. The process of forming these images is called perception ("perception"). The main qualities of perception include the following:
1) Perception depends on past experience, on the content of a person's mental activity. This feature is called apperception. When the brain receives incomplete, ambiguous or contradictory data, it usually interprets them in accordance with the already established system of images, knowledge, individual psychological differences (according to needs, inclinations, motives, emotional states). People who live in round dwellings (Aleuts) find it difficult to navigate in our houses with an abundance of vertical and horizontal straight lines. Factor apperceptions explains significant differences in the perception of the same phenomena different people or by the same person in different conditions and at different times.
2) Behind the existing images of objects, perception retains their size and color, regardless of the distance from which we look at them and at what angle we see. ( White shirt remains white for us in both bright light and shade. But if we saw only a small piece of it through the hole, it would seem to us rather gray in the shadow). This feature of perception is called constancy.
3) A person perceives the world in the form of separate objects, existing independently of him, opposing him, that is, perception is subject character.
4) Perception, as it were, "completes" the images of the objects it perceives, supplementing the data of sensations necessary elements. This is integrity perception.
5) Perception is not limited to the formation of new images, a person is able to realize the processes of “his” perception, which allows us to talk about meaningfully generalized character perception.
For the perception of any phenomenon, it is necessary that it be able to cause a reaction, which will allow us to "tune" our senses to it. Such an arbitrary or involuntary orientation and concentration of mental activity on some object of perception is called attention. Without it, perception is impossible.
Attention has certain parameters and features, which are largely a characteristic of human abilities and capabilities. The main properties of attention usually include the following:
1. Concentration. This is an indicator of the degree of concentration of consciousness on a particular object, the intensity of communication with it. Concentration of attention means that a temporary center (focus) of all psychological activity of a person is formed.
2. Intensity. Characterizes the efficiency of perception, thinking and memory in general.
3. Stability. The ability to maintain high levels of concentration and intensity of attention for a long time. It is determined by the type of nervous system, temperament, motivation (novelty, importance of needs, personal interests), as well as external conditions human activity.
4. Volume - the number of homogeneous stimuli that are in the focus of attention of an adult - from 4 to 6 objects, for a child - no more than 2-3. The amount of attention depends not only on genetic factors and on the ability of an individual's short-term memory. The characteristics of the perceived objects and the professional skills of the subject also matter.
5. Distribution, that is, the ability to focus on several objects at the same time. At the same time, several focuses, centers of attention are formed, which makes it possible to perform several actions or monitor several processes at the same time, without losing any of the field of attention. Napoleon could, according to some evidence, dictate seven important diplomatic documents to his secretaries at the same time.
6. Switching attention is understood as the possibility of a more or less easy and fairly quick transition from one type of activity to another. Switching is also functionally related to two processes in different directions: turning attention on and off. Switching can be arbitrary, then its speed is an indicator of the degree of volitional control of the subject over his perception, and involuntary, associated with distraction, which is either an indicator of the degree of mental instability or indicates the appearance of strong unexpected stimuli.
Memory is a cognitive quality, mechanisms and processes that ensure that a person remembers, preserves and reproduces experience and significant information. Memorization, preservation, recognition, recall and reproduction are the main processes of memory. / 3, p. 94 /
It is customary to distinguish between mechanical and semantic memorization. The process of rote memorization is boring. In this case, the internal, essential connections of phenomena and events are not revealed; multiple repetitions are required. Semantic, or logical, memorization is based on a deep penetration into the meaning of phenomena or objects. Retention is a non-passive process of retaining information. In psychology, the dependence of preservation on personality attitudes (professional orientation of memory, vindictiveness emotional memory), conditions and organization of memorization. special role in the preservation of information, action algorithms, their practical application, practice plays. Playback is the process of retrieving stored material from memory. Reproduction is involuntary, when a thought pops up in memory without the intention of a person, and arbitrary, when the identity of the perceived and stored in memory is established. The best aid to recall is the reliance on recognition. By comparing several similar ideas or images, a person can more easily remember, and sometimes just recognize the right ones among them.
Memory develops in the fight against forgetting. Forgetting is the reverse process of remembering. Forgetting turns out to be the deeper, the less often certain material is included in the activity, the less significant it becomes for achieving actual life goals.
There are the following types of memory: verbal-logical and figurative. Figurative memory is divided into visual, auditory, motor. Depending on the setting for the duration of storage (remember for a few minutes or keep in mind for a long time), short-term and long-term memory are distinguished.
Thinking is a mental cognitive process consisting in a person's mediated and generalized reflection of reality in its essential and complex connections and relationships. Thinking is impossible without language. Thanks to thinking, a person learns not only what can be directly perceived with the help of our senses, but also what is hidden from direct perception and can be known only as a result of analysis, comparison, generalization.
The main forms of thinking are: concepts, judgments and conclusions. A concept is a thought that reflects the general, essential and distinctive (specific) features of objects and phenomena of reality. The content of concepts is revealed in judgments, which are always expressed in verbal form - orally or in writing, aloud or to oneself. A judgment is a reflection of the connections between objects and phenomena of reality or between their properties and features. Judgments are either true or false. Inference - a conclusion about certain objects, phenomena, processes. There are two main types of inference:
1) inductive (induction) inference from particular cases to a general position
2) deductive (deduction) - from a general position (judgment) to a particular case.
Synthesis is the restoration of what has been dissected into a whole on the basis of essential connections revealed by analysis. The comparison operation consists in comparing things, phenomena, their properties and identifying commonality or differences between them. The operation of abstraction consists in the fact that a person is mentally distracted from the non-essential features of the subject being studied, highlighting the main, main thing in it. Generalization is reduced to the unification of many objects of phenomena according to some common feature. Concretization is the movement of thought from the general to the particular, often this is the allocation of some specific aspects of an object or phenomenon. Classification involves assigning a separate subject, phenomena to a group of objects or phenomena. This is the summing up of the particular under the general, usually carried out according to the most significant features. Systematization is the mental arrangement of many objects in a certain order. Depending on the nature cognitive activity In psychology, a person is distinguished between visual-effective, figurative and abstract thinking.
Visual-effective thinking is manifested directly in the process of human activity. Figurative thinking proceeds on the basis of images, ideas that a person perceived and learned earlier. Abstract, abstract thinking is carried out on the basis of concepts, categories that have a verbal design and are not figuratively represented.
The thinking of each person is characterized by certain qualities: depth, flexibility, breadth, speed, purposefulness, independence, and some others.
Speech is the mental process of using language to exchange information, communicate, and solve other problems. Human speech develops and manifests itself in unity with thinking. The content and form of a person's speech depend on his profession, experience, temperament, character, abilities, interests, states, etc. With the help of speech, people communicate with each other, transfer knowledge, influence each other, influence themselves. Speech in professional activity is a carrier of information and a means of interaction. IN speech activity A specialist can distinguish oral and written speech, internal and external, dialogic and monologue, everyday and professional, prepared and unprepared.
Imagination is a mental process of creating new images, ideas and thoughts based on existing experience, by restructuring a person's ideas. Imagination is closely related to all other cognitive processes and occupies a special place in human cognitive activity. Thanks to this process, a person can anticipate the course of events, foresee the results and consequences of his actions and deeds. It allows you to create programs of behavior in situations characterized by uncertainty.
Imagination is active and passive. In psychology, two types of active imagination are distinguished: recreative and creative. For example, an experienced lawyer on the basis of individual facts, traces of the incident, as it were, recreates a fairly complete picture of the situation. Creative imagination is the process of creating new images, i.e. images of objects that do not exist in reality. Invention, rationalization, development of new forms of education and upbringing are based on creative imagination. Imagination can also be passive, leading a person away from reality, from solving practical problems. A person, as it were, goes into the world of fantasy and lives in this world, doing nothing (Manilovism) and thereby moving away from real life. The value of a person is determined by what types of imagination prevail in it: the more active and significant, the more mature the person.
3. Mental states. Their impact on human activities
Mental states of a person are characterized by integrity, mobility and relative stability, interconnection with mental processes and personality traits, individual originality and typicality, extreme diversity, polarity. They can be personal and situational, deep and superficial, short-term and lingering, positive and negative. But some type of process may predominate in them, giving them a special color. On this basis, they are divided into emotional (excitement, experience, anxiety, etc.), cognitive (interest, attentiveness), volitional (collection, mobilization). The actions of a person, his activity depend on his mental state.
Consider how positive and negative mental states of a person affect professional activity.
Of great importance for the efficiency of labor activity is mental condition professional interest. A specialist with a strong professional interest is looking for situations that would allow him to survive the state of professional interest, that is, he works actively, with full dedication of strength, knowledge and abilities. The state of professional interest is characterized by: awareness of the importance of professional activity; the desire to learn more about it and to be active in its field; concentration of attention on the range of objects associated with a given area, and at the same time these objects begin to occupy a dominant position in the mind of a specialist. Finally, the state of professional interest in the overwhelming majority of cases is accompanied by pleasant emotional experiences.
The diversity and creativity of professional activities make possible occurrence an employee has mental states that are close in their content and structure to the state of creative inspiration characteristic of scientists, writers, artists, actors, musicians. The state of creative inspiration is a complex set of intellectual and emotional components. It is expressed in a creative upsurge; sharpening of perception; increasing imagination; the emergence of a number of combinations of original impressions; the manifestation of an abundance of thoughts and the ease of finding the essential; full focus and growth physical energy which lead to a very high efficiency, to a mental state of joy in creativity and insensitivity to fatigue. The inspiration of a professional is always the unity of his talent, knowledge and painstaking everyday work.
In many professions important role plays decisiveness as a mental state of readiness to quickly make a decision and carry it out. However, decisiveness is by no means haste, haste, thoughtlessness, excessive self-confidence. The necessary conditions for decisiveness are breadth of thinking, insight, courage, great life and professional experience, knowledge, and systematic work. Hasty “decisiveness”, as well as indecision, that is, a mental state characterized by a lack of psychological readiness to make a decision and leading to an unreasonable delay or failure to perform actions, is fraught with adverse effects and more than once led to life, including professional, mistakes.
Along with positive states in a person in the process of his life, negative (asthenic) mental states can also occur. For example, indecision as a mental state can arise not only when a person lacks independence, self-confidence, but also due to novelty, ambiguity, confusion of a particular life situation in extreme (extreme) conditions. Such conditions lead to the emergence of a state of mental tension.
Let us note the state of "business" tension, that is, the tension that arises as a result of the complexity of the activity performed or work in extreme conditions. Here the emotional tension is necessary condition productive intellectual activity, since a conscious assessment is always preceded by an emotional one, which performs the function of a preliminary selection of hypotheses. Speaking against erroneous verbal assessments, emotions can perform positive function"correction" of search activity, leading to objectively correct results.
That is, even negative emotions can play a positive role due to the fact that there is an interaction between "intellectual" and "situational" emotions.
But exposure to extreme conditions of activity can lead to the emergence of a specific state of neuropsychological tension in a person, called stress. This is such an emotional stress that, to one degree or another, worsens the course of life, reduces a person’s working capacity and his reliability in work. In relation to stress, a person does not have purposeful and adequate reactions. This is the main difference between stress and a tense and difficult task, to which (regardless of its severity) the person performing it responds adequately. In a state of stress, difficulties arise in the implementation of functions related to the orientation of thinking towards solving certain problems. This is due to the fact that stress acts as a factor that destroys the preliminary "emotional planning", and ultimately the entire scheme of the forthcoming activity or communication. At severe stress arises general reaction excitement, and the person's behavior becomes disorganized, the level of performance drops sharply. An even greater increase in stress leads to general inhibition, passivity, and inactivity. The cause of stress is emotionally negative stimuli (for example, failures in activities and communication, fear of criticism or making a responsible decision, "time pressure", information overload, etc.).
The state of stress in a person can often be accompanied by such a complex mental state as “anxiety”, “anxiety”, “anxiety”. Anxiety is psychological condition, which is caused by possible or probable troubles, unexpectedness, changes in the usual environment and activities, a delay in the pleasant, desirable, and is expressed in specific experiences and reactions. But the state of anxiety does not always prevent successful activity. Everything here depends, on the one hand, on the specific content, depth and duration of the state of anxiety, and on the other hand, on the adequacy of this state to the stimuli that caused it, on the presence or absence of self-control, on the forms of reaction and the degree of "viscosity" given state. So, anxiety will be a positive mental state if it is caused in a person due to the fact that he takes the fate of other people to heart, the cause he serves. "Mild" forms of anxiety serve as a signal to a person to eliminate shortcomings in work, to cultivate decisiveness, courage, confidence in own forces. If anxiety arises for insignificant reasons, is inadequate to the objects and situations that caused it, takes forms that indicate a loss of self-control, is long-term, “viscous”, is poorly overcome, then such a state, of course, negatively affects the implementation of activities and communication.
Difficulties and possible failures in life, under certain conditions, can lead to a person not only mental states of stress and anxiety, but also a state of frustration. When applied to a person, frustration in the very general view can be defined as a complex emotional-motivational state, expressed in the disorganization of consciousness, activity and communication and resulting from prolonged blocking of goal-directed behavior by objectively insurmountable or subjectively presented difficulties.
Frustration manifests itself when a personally significant motive remains unsatisfied or its satisfaction is inhibited, and the resulting feeling of dissatisfaction reaches a degree of severity that exceeds the "tolerance threshold" of a particular person, and shows a tendency to stabilize. Typical reactions to the impact of frustrators, i.e., situations that cause frustration, are aggression, fixation, retreat and substitution, autism, regression, depression, etc.
The action of frustrators can also lead to the fact that a person replaces an activity that has turned out to be blocked with another one that is most accessible to or seems to be so. A private way out of the state of frustration by changing activities leads to the loss of perseverance, diligence, perseverance, organization, focus.
4. Mental properties of a person A
A character is an individual (proper for a given person) combination of stable mental characteristics, traits, attributes, data. Character largely determines the way a person behaves in various life situations and circumstances. From the definition of character, it follows that each person has some basic (dominant), clearly expressed and other, weakly expressed features.
Character traits are determined by the characteristics of human behavior, and it is on this basis that various classifications(typology) of characters. The most obvious classification is associated with the division of people into weak "spineless" and decisive or, as they say, people "with a strong character." A person with a strong character shows perseverance and will in solving his problems, he is independent, independent, stubborn. Let us note at the same time that such a person does not always correctly understand the tasks facing him. In other words, strong character is not necessarily directly related to developed intellectual abilities, although it contributes to their development.
On the other hand, a “characterless” person may have creative and intellectual talents, but is not capable of realizing these inclinations in the face of the difficulties of real life. His life credo is to "go with the flow", such people depend on circumstances, but do not create them.
As a result, some people prefer activities associated with the constant overcoming of difficulties, others - work in conditions that do not require constant overcoming of obstacles and solutions. difficult problems. People with one type of character are extremely sensitive to own success and the success of others, another type of character appreciates calmness and the absence of the need to make independent decisions to a greater extent. Externally Various types Characters are manifested through the manner of behavior, through the ways of responding to the actions of other people. So, a person can be rude or delicate, respectful or unceremonious, polite or not paying attention to others.
There are different types of character classifications. For example, one of the most early classifications associated the type of character with the type of physical constitution of a person. Within its framework, such types of character were defined as asthenic, characteristic of thin, tall people; picnic, peculiar fat people, etc. Classifications based on an assessment of a person's style of communication with other people and on a person's attitude to work activity are more developed. One of these classifications, developed by the German psychologist and psychiatrist Karl Leonhard, includes 12 character types.
1. Hyperthymic type. People are optimistic, enterprising, talkative, energetic, very sociable, often have a "high spirits". However, they like to “jump” from topic to topic, they are frivolous, prone to projecting, they can hardly endure discipline, loneliness, and hard work.
2.Demonstrative type. A character showing the ease of establishing interpersonal contacts, the desire for leadership, approval and praise. Love for power, self-confidence, often boasting and a desire not only to work, but to lead are characteristic.
3. Extraverted type. People with this character are sociable, have many acquaintances and friends, love social entertainment, all their interests are directed to the outside world.
4. Disty type. Such people are distinguished by low contact with others, they are prone to pessimism, cohabitation, a secluded lifestyle, they are distinguished by seriousness, conscientiousness, they value their friends, and have a heightened sense of justice.
5. Introvert type. People - introverts are "immersed in themselves", closed, do not need communication, restrained, often give the impression of people "torn off from life".
6. Cycloid type. Distinguishing feature - frequent change moods and, consequently, manners of behavior. These people behave like hyperthymics during periods of high spirits and like dysthymics during periods of bad mood.
7.Stuck type. hallmark is a certain boredom, "getting stuck" in often insignificant areas of work. Such people strive to achieve high results, are demanding of themselves, but it is difficult for them to conduct dynamic work that requires constant switching from one issue to another.
8.Pedantic type. People with this character often manifest themselves as bureaucrats, they have excessive accuracy, a desire for absolute order, although they are conscientious, accurate workers, serious and reliable performers.
9.Alarm type. People with this character are characterized by uncertainty, timidity, low contact with others. However, such people are serious, self-critical, friendly and executive.
10. Emotive type. People with this character prefer communication only with a narrow circle of the elite, they often carefully hide their grievances from everyone without showing them to others, they have a heightened sense of duty, they are compassionate, kind, although overly sensitive.
11.Exalted type. The main features are increased enthusiasm, often without sufficient grounds, mood swings with brightness and sincerity of feelings.
12. Excitable type. The main features are impulsiveness, weakening of control over inclinations and impulses, irascibility.
This classification of characters is not complete; the types of characters identified in it often intersect with each other in many ways. In reality, there are an infinite number of types of characters, each of which is a certain combination of individual traits.
Temperament is defined as part of the traits of character properties associated with relatively quick reactions to changing situations. In other words, temperament determines the dynamic traits of a person's character and psyche. Today, following Hippocrates, 4 main types of temperament are distinguished in psychology: sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic.
Sanguine - a person with a strong, balanced psyche, easily reacting to changes in the situation, mobile both physically and mentally, a person who normally responds to good luck and trouble. The behavior of a sanguine person is distinguished by curiosity, openness, interest in various events of the outside world.
Melancholic - a person with an easily vulnerable psyche, prone to deeply and, perhaps, not quite adequately experience even minor failures. Sluggishly react to the surrounding world. People of this type have a rather weak type of nervous system. Their behavior looks indecisive, they are prone to endless hesitation and are not capable of making quick decisions. The most typical reactions to the outside world are fear, uncertainty, confusion, defensiveness.
Phlegmatic - a type of person who is both externally and internally calm and calm. The lack of explosiveness external behavior people of this type are similar to melancholic. But the phlegmatic is fundamentally different in his stable inner world. He possesses strong type nervous system, which is manifested in the presence of stable and clearly expressed aspirations and desires, in a stable, balanced calm mood. People of this type are little affected by external troubles, inert and balanced in behavior.
Choleric is a type of people with an unbalanced character and a strong nervous system. Outwardly, the actions of the choleric are distinguished by speed, passion and purposefulness. The choleric is always immersed in his own affairs, they say about such people: “He burns at work and does not notice anything other than his goals.” These people are very emotionally excitable. The behavior of a choleric person is characterized by the features of overcoming, fighting, in the presence of external resistance, such a person easily falls into a rage, shows anger, aggression.
From the above definitions different types temperaments, we can conclude that in many ways the types of temperaments and types of characters intersect. In a certain sense, the classification of people according to types of temperament is special case classification by type of character.
Personal abilities - a property associated with special personality traits that favor the rapid and relatively easy mastery of some business, its effective implementation and progressive success. Distinguish between private abilities and abilities for a particular profession. The private ones include intellectual, creative, business, organizational, artistic, etc. They are due to the special development of individual qualities. The ability to a certain type of activity is always a personal complex. They include separate private abilities and qualities related to other properties - orientation, character. Work not according to one's ability is unproductive, difficult, burdensome.
The orientation of the personality is its leading psychological property, which represents the system of its motives for life and activity, which determines the selectivity of relations, positions and activity. Its microstructure includes the worldview, human needs, his ideals and life goals, as well as interests, social attitudes, inclinations and motives.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it should be noted that this work is of practical importance. Knowledge of the features of mental phenomena is very important for every person. With the help of mental processes, we cognize the world. The features of our perception, thinking, memory, speech described in the work will tell everyone how to develop and improve certain processes, since this is important for cognitive activity. Mental states can have both positive and negative impact on human activity in general. It is necessary to learn to control your states in order to achieve higher professional results. It is also important for communication and self-realization of the individual. Mental properties, expressed in the abilities, orientation of the personality, its temperament and character, play a decisive role for a person in choosing a profession, occupation, hobbies, hobbies. That is why it is necessary to determine the main features of your character, to find out what type of temperament you belong to. All this knowledge will help you realize yourself in life and find your calling.
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PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEM IN PSYCHOLOGY: how physiological and mental processes are correlated The principle of psychophysical interaction: physiological processes directly affect mental ones, and mental processes affect physiological ones. The principle of psychophysical parallelism speaks of the impossibility of a causal interaction between mental and physiological processes. The principle of dualistic parallelism speaks of the independent essence of the spiritual and material principles. The principle of monistic parallelism sees two sides of one process in mental and physiological processes.
Gippenreiter Yu.B. “... Physiological processes and mental processes are only two sides of a complex, diverse, but single process of human life ...” “... From the fact that the brain process accompanies any, even the most complex and subtle “movements of the soul”, it does not follow that these movements" can be adequately described in physiological language..."
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITIES AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DIFFUSE NERVOUS SYSTEM GIT HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system consists of two departments: the central nervous system - a set nerve formations in the cerebral cortex, motor centers of the brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord; peripheral nervous system, which is nerve fibers(nerves), nerve nodes and plexuses, sensitive nerve endings connecting receptors, muscles with the spinal cord and brain.
Schematic representation of a neuron 1. Nerve cell with a nucleus; 2. Process nerve cell(axon); 3. Myelin (pulp) sheath that dresses the axon; 4. Terminal branching of the axon in the muscle fiber; 5. A break in the image of the axon (the length of the axon is many hundreds of times greater than the size of the nerve cell).
Neural circuit Nerve cells consist of a neuron and tree-like processes - dendrites. An axon is an elongated dendrite that connects a neuron to the bodies or processes of other neurons. A myelinated axon forms a synaptic contact with a third neuron
General structure of the analyzer Each analyzer consists of three parts: 1. Peripheral perceiving organ (receptor); 2. Conductive afferent, i.e., centripetal path, along which nervous excitation is transmitted from the periphery to the center; 3. Cortical part of the analyzer (central link).
PROCESSES OF EXCITATION AND INHIBITION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Irritation is the process of the influence of the external and internal environment on the nerve cells located in the human sense organs. Rest is the state of a neuron in the absence of external influences and irritation. Excitation is the process of releasing its own energy by a neuron in response to irritation, leading to the generalization of action potentials and the spread of impulse activity in the nervous system. Inhibition is an active process, as a result of which the excitation of a neuron stops or its occurrence is hindered. IRRITATION STATE OF EXCITATION NEURON AT REST STATE OF INHIBITION ACTIVE STATE OF NEURON
PATTERNS OF EXCITATION AND INHIBITION PROCESSES Irradiation is the ability of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition to propagate in the central nervous system from one of its elements (sections) to another. The dominant is a temporarily dominant focus of excitation, subordinating the activity of the nerve centers at the moment, directing it and determining the nature of the response. Concentration is the ability of the processes of excitation and inhibition to return (after irradiation) to the original focus (section), where the excitation or inhibition force was the highest, and therefore the preservation of their traces is most stable. Induction of nervous processes - the mutual influence of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
Lobes and areas of the cerebral cortex Main functions: occipital lobe - vision; temporal lobe - hearing and speech; parietal lobe- responses to sensory stimuli and movement control; frontal lobe - coordination of the functions of other areas of the cortex; motor cortex - control of voluntary muscles; sensory cortex - bodily sensations.
Division of the cerebral cortex into areas and fields (classification according to K. Brodman) 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 43 (partial) representation of skin and proprioceptive sensitivity; 4 motor zone; 6, 8, 9, 10 premotor and accessory motor areas; 11 representation of olfactory reception; 17, 18, 19 representation of visual reception; 20, 21, 22, 37, 41, 42, 44 representation of auditory reception; 37, 42 auditory speech center; 41 projections of the organ of Corti; 44 motor center of speech.
Cortical projection of sensitivity and motor system(according to Penfield) The map of the motor cortex shows areas of the motor cortex, the stimulation of which leads to the contraction of certain muscle groups. Separate areas can encode the angular position of the joints, driven by the corresponding muscles.
The general structure of the reticular formation of the human brain The reticular or reticular formation is a collection of sparse, resembling a thin network of neural structures anatomically located in the spinal, medulla oblongata and hindbrain. Reticular formation: affects the electrical activity of the brain, on functional state cerebral cortex, subcortical centers, cerebellum and spinal cord; is directly related to the regulation of basic life processes: blood circulation and respiration.
REGULARITIES OF THE HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY GENERAL ACTIVITY OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX SIGNALING ACTIVITY OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
PATTERNS OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY The patterns of the processes of excitation and inhibition are irradiation, concentration and induction of nervous processes; The analytical and synthesizing activity of the cerebral cortex is a complex activity of the cortex hemispheres by fine differentiation of stimuli and the establishment of various connections between them; Dynamic stereotypy (consistency in the work of the cerebral cortex) - provides holistic reactions of the body to external stimuli and, at the same time, the adaptation of these reactions to changing environmental conditions. Signal activity of the cerebral cortex - in the work of the human cerebral cortex there are two signal systems: the first is a system of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes to direct signals from the outside world, and the second is words; The functional systems of the psyche are such a combination of nervous processes and organs of the human body that allows you to effectively perform a certain intended action; The action results acceptor is a psycho-physiological mechanism for predicting and evaluating the results of activities.
Hippocrates "... A person must fully realize the fact that it is from the brain - and only from the brain - that our feelings of joy, pleasure, fun, as well as our sadness, pain, sorrow and tears ... "... We think with the brain and with its help we can see and hear and are able to distinguish between ugliness and beauty, good and evil, what is pleasant and unpleasant ... "
Sechenov I.M. mental phenomena are included in any behavioral act and represent a kind of complex reflexes, i.e. physiological phenomena; a reflex is not a mechanical response of the nerve center to an external stimulus, but the coordination of movement with a feeling that performs a signal role; the work of the receptor is only the signal half of the integral mechanism (analyzer); the other half is the work of the muscles.
CONCEPTUAL REFLECTOR ARC ACCORDING TO SOKOLOV E.N. AND Izmailov Ch.A. BLOCK DIAGRAM Three systems of neurons: afferent (sensory analyzer) - ensures the receipt and processing of information; effector (executive, responsible for the organs of movement) - ensures the development of commands and their implementation; modulating (controlling the connections between the afferent and effector systems) - exchanges information between the first two. The feedback mechanism regulates the excitability of receptors, effectors and the neurons themselves Afferent system Afferent system Modulating system Modulating system Effector system Effector system Feedback
Bernstein N.A. Even the simplest acquired movement, not to mention the complex human activity and behavior in general, cannot be performed without the participation of the psyche. The formation of any motor act is an active psychomotor reaction. At the same time, the development of movement is carried out under the influence of consciousness, which carries out a certain sensory correction of the nervous system, which ensures the implementation of a new movement. When the movement is mastered and brought to automatism, the control process leaves the field of consciousness and turns into a background one.
Clark Leonard Hull A living organism is a self-regulating system with specific mechanisms of behavioral and genetic-biological regulation. These mechanisms are mostly innate and serve to maintain optimal conditions for physical and biochemical balance in the body - homeostasis - and are activated when this balance is disturbed.
Anokhin P.K. The influence of external factors of the external environment that a person experiences is called situational afferentation. The reaction to impacts unusual for a person has the character of an orienting reaction and is a stimulus for the manifestation of activity. The acceptor of the result of an action is the goal towards which the action is directed. In the presence of an action acceptor and an action program formulated by consciousness, the execution of the action begins, while the will is turned on, as well as the process of obtaining information about the fulfillment of the goal. Information about the results of an action has the character of a reverse afferentation and is aimed at forming an attitude in relation to the action being performed. Information passes through the emotional sphere and causes certain emotions that affect the nature of the installation. Luria A.R. He proposed to single out anatomically relatively autonomous blocks of the brain that ensure the functioning of mental phenomena: The first block is designed to maintain a certain level of activity (the reticular formation of the brain stem, the deep sections of the midbrain, the structures of the limbic system, the mediobasal sections of the frontal and temporal lobes brain). The second block is associated with cognitive mental processes and is intended for the processes of obtaining, processing and storing information (areas of the cerebral cortex, which are located in the posterior and temporal regions of the cerebral hemispheres). The third block provides the functions of thinking, behavioral regulation and self-control (the structures are located in the anterior sections of the cerebral cortex).
Subject: Physiological basis human psyche and health
INTRODUCTION
1. THE CONCEPT OF THE HUMAN PSYCHE
2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHE
3. MAIN MECHANISMS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
5. BASICS OF HEALTH OF THE PSYCHE
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Human health is determined by several components. One of the most important are the state of the nervous system and the nature of the processes occurring in it. A particularly important role in this is played by that part of the nervous system, which is called the central, or brain. The processes that go on in the brain, interacting with the signals of the surrounding world, play crucial in the formation of the psyche.
The material basis of the psyche is the processes occurring in the functional formations of the brain. These processes are very strongly influenced by the various conditions in which the human body is located. One of these conditions is stress factors.
An increase in the number of stresses is humanity's retribution for technical progress. On the one hand, the share of physical labor in production has decreased. wealth and in everyday life. And this, at first glance, is a plus, as it makes life easier for a person. But, on the other hand, a sharp decrease in motor activity disrupted the natural physiological mechanisms of stress, the final link of which should be movement. Naturally, this also distorted the nature of the flow of life processes in the human body, weakened its margin of safety.
Target of this work: the study of the physiological foundations of the human psyche and the factors influencing it.
An object study: the processes that determine mental activity.
Item study: the mechanisms of the central nervous system, which determines the mental state and factors affecting its work.
Tasks this work:
1) to study the basic mechanisms and features of the functioning of the brain,
2) consider some factors that affect health and psyche.
1. THE CONCEPT OF THE HUMAN PSYCHE
The psyche is a property of the brain to perceive and evaluate the surrounding world, to recreate on the basis of this the internal subjective image of the world and the image of oneself in it (worldview), to determine, on the basis of this, the strategy and tactics of one's behavior and activities.
The human psyche is arranged in such a way that the image of the world that is formed in it differs from the true, objectively existing, first of all, by the fact that it is necessarily emotionally, sensually colored. A person is always biased in building an internal picture of the world, therefore, in some cases, a significant distortion of perception is possible. In addition, perception is influenced by desires, needs, interests of a person and his past experience (memory).
According to the forms of reflection (interaction) with the outside world in the psyche, two components can be distinguished, to some extent independent and at the same time closely interconnected - consciousness and the unconscious (unconscious). Consciousness is the highest form of brain reflectivity. Thanks to him, a person can be aware of his thoughts, feelings, actions, etc. and, if necessary, control them.
A significant proportion in the human psyche is the form of the unconscious, or unconscious. It presents habits, various automatisms (for example, walking), drives, intuition. As a rule, any mental act begins as an unconscious one and only then becomes conscious. In many cases, consciousness is not a necessity, and the corresponding images remain in the unconscious (for example, vague, "vague" sensations of internal organs, skeletal muscles, etc.).
The psyche manifests itself in the form of mental processes or functions. These include sensations and perceptions, ideas, memory, attention, thinking and speech, emotions and feelings, will. These mental processes are often called components of the psyche.
Mental processes are manifested in different people in different ways, they are characterized by a certain level of activity that forms the background against which the practical and mental activity of the individual takes place. Such manifestations of activity that create a certain background are called mental states. These are inspiration and passivity, self-confidence and doubt, anxiety, stress, fatigue, etc. And, finally, each personality is characterized by stable mental characteristics that are manifested in behavior, activities - mental properties (features): temperament (or type), character, abilities, etc.
2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHE
The brain is a huge number of cells (neurons) that are connected to each other by numerous connections. The functional unit of brain activity is a group of cells that perform a specific function and is defined as nerve center. Similar formations in the cerebral cortex are called nerve networks, columns. Among such centers there are congenital formations, which are relatively few, but they have essential in the control and regulation of vital functions, such as respiration, thermoregulation, some motor and many others. Structural organization such centers are largely determined by genes.
Nerve centers are concentrated in different departments brain and spinal cord. Higher functions, conscious behavior are more associated with the anterior part of the brain, the nerve cells of which are located in the form of a thin (about 3 mm) layer, forming the cerebral cortex. Certain parts of the cortex receive and process information received from the sense organs, and each of the latter is associated with a specific (sensory) area of the cortex. In addition, there are zones that control movement, including the vocal apparatus (motor zones).
The most extensive areas of the brain are not associated with a specific function - these are associative zones that perform complex operations communication between different parts of the brain. It is these zones that are responsible for the higher mental functions of the human being.
A special role in the implementation of the psyche belongs to the frontal lobes of the forebrain, which is considered the first functional block of the brain. As a rule, their defeat affects the intellectual activity and emotional sphere of a person. At the same time, the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex are considered the block of programming, regulation and control of activity. In turn, the regulation of human behavior is closely related to the function of speech, in the implementation of which the frontal lobes also participate (in most people, the left).
The second functional block of the brain is the block for receiving, processing and storing information (memory). It is located in back departments the cerebral cortex and includes the occipital (visual), temporal (auditory) and parietal lobes.
The third functional block of the brain - the regulation of tone and wakefulness - provides a full-fledged active state of a person. The block is formed by the so-called reticular formation, structurally located in the central part of the brain stem, that is, it is a subcortical formation and provides changes in the tone of the cerebral cortex.
It is important to note that only the joint work of all three blocks of the brain ensures the implementation of any mental function of a person.
The formations located below the cerebral cortex are called subcortical. These structures are more associated with innate functions, including innate forms of behavior and with the regulation of the activity of internal organs. The same important part of the subcortex as the diencephalon is associated with the regulation of the activity of the endocrine glands and touch functions brain.
The stem structures of the brain pass into the spinal cord, which directly controls the muscles of the body, controls the activity of internal organs, transmits all brain commands to the executive links and, in turn, transmits all information from the internal organs and skeletal muscle higher parts of the brain.
3. MAIN MECHANISMS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The main, basic mechanism of activity of the nervous system is reflex- the body's response to irritation. Reflexes can be congenital or acquired. There are relatively few of the first in humans, and, as a rule, they ensure the performance of the most important vital functions. innate reflexes, inherited and genetically determined, are rather rigid systems of behavior that can change only within narrow limits biological norm reactions. Acquired reflexes are formed in the process of life, the accumulation of life experience and purposeful learning. One of the forms of reflexes is known - conditional.
A more complex mechanism underlying the activity of the brain is functional system. It includes a mechanism for probabilistic forecasting of future action and uses not only past experience, but also takes into account the motivation of the corresponding activity. Functional system includes feedback mechanisms that allow you to compare what you have planned with the real one and make adjustments. Upon reaching (ultimately) the desired positive result, positive emotions are turned on, which reinforce the neural structure that provides the solution to the problem. If the goal is not achieved, then negative emotions destroy the unsuccessful building in order to "clear" the place for a new one. If the acquired form of behavior has become unnecessary, then the corresponding reflex mechanisms go out and are inhibited. The information trace about this event remains in the brain due to memory and can restore the entire form of behavior years later, and its renewal is much easier than the initial formation.
The reflex organization of the brain is subject to a hierarchical principle.
Strategic tasks are determined by the cortex, it also controls conscious behavior.
Subcortical structures are responsible for automatic forms of behavior, without the participation of consciousness. The spinal cord, together with the muscles, carries out incoming commands.
The brain is usually having to deal with multiple tasks at the same time. This possibility is created due to the coordination (coordination) of the activity of closely related nerve ensembles. One of the functions in this case is the main, leading, associated with the basic need at a given time. The center associated with this function becomes the main, dominant, predominant. Such a dominant center slows down, suppresses the activity of closely related, but impeding the fulfillment of the main task of the centers. Thanks to this, the dominant subjugates the activity of the whole organism and sets the vector of behavior and activity.
4. FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN
Usually the brain works as a whole, although its left and right hemispheres are functionally ambiguous and do not perform the same tasks. integral functions. In most cases, the left hemisphere is responsible for abstract verbal (verbal) thinking, speech. What is usually associated with consciousness - the transfer of knowledge in verbal form, belongs to the left hemisphere. If the left hemisphere dominates in a given person, then the person is "right-handed" ( left hemisphere governs the right side of the body). The dominance of the left hemisphere can influence the formation of certain features of the control of mental functions. Thus, a "left-hemispheric" person gravitates toward theory, has a large lexicon, it has a high physical activity, purposefulness, the ability to predict events.
The right hemisphere plays a leading role in operating with images (figurative thinking), non-verbal signals and, unlike the left, perceives the whole world, phenomena, objects as a whole, without breaking it into parts. This allows you to better solve the problem of establishing differences. A "right hemispheric" person gravitates towards specific types of activity, is slow and taciturn, endowed with the ability to feel and experience subtly.
5. BASICS OF HEALTH OF THE PSYCHE
A low probability of satisfaction of a need usually leads to the emergence of negative emotions, an increase in the probability - positive ones. It follows from this that emotions perform very important function evaluation of an event, an object, irritation in general. In addition, emotions are behavior regulators, since their mechanisms are aimed at enhancing the active state of the brain (in the case of positive emotions) or its weakening (if negative). And, finally, emotions play a reinforcing role in the formation of conditioned reflexes, and positive emotions play a leading role in this. A negative assessment of any impact on a person, his psyche can cause a general systemic reaction body - emotional stress (tension).
Emotional stress is triggered by stressors. These include influences, situations that the brain evaluates as negative, if there is no way to defend against them, get rid of them. Thus, the cause of emotional stress is the attitude to the corresponding impact. The nature of the reaction therefore depends on a person’s personal attitude to the situation, impact and, consequently, on his typological, individual characteristics, features of awareness of socially significant signals or signal complexes (conflict situations, social or economic uncertainty, expectation of something unpleasant, etc. .).
Due to the social motives of behavior in modern man widespread received the so-called emotional stress of tension caused by psychogenic factors, such as conflict relations between people (in a team, on the street, in the family). Suffice it to say what serious disease, like myocardial infarction, in 7 cases out of 10 is caused by a conflict situation.
However, if the stressful situation lasts for a very long time or the stress factor turned out to be very powerful, then the adaptive mechanisms of the body are exhausted. This is the stage - "exhaustion", when efficiency decreases, immunity falls, ulcers of the stomach and intestines form. Therefore, this stage of stress is pathological and is referred to as distress.
For a modern person, the most important stress factors are emotional. Modern life in all its manifestations very often causes negative emotions in a person. The brain is constantly overexcited and tension builds up. If a person performs delicate work or is engaged in mental work, emotional stress, especially prolonged, can disorganize his activity. Therefore, emotions become very an important factor healthy conditions human life.
To reduce stress or its undesirable consequences could physical activity, which optimizes the relationship between different vegetative systems, is an adequate "application" of stress mechanisms.
Movement is the final stage of any brain activity. By virtue of systemic organization The movement of the human body is closely related to the activity of internal organs. This pairing in to a large extent mediated through the brain. Therefore, the exclusion of such a natural biological component as movement noticeably affects the state of the nervous system - the normal course of the processes of excitation and inhibition is disturbed, and excitation begins to predominate. Since during emotional stress, excitation in the central nervous system reaches great strength and does not find a "way out" in the movement, it disorganizes normal work brain and the course of mental processes. In addition, an excess amount of hormones appears, which cause metabolic shifts, which are expedient only with a high level of physical activity.
As already noted, the motor activity of a modern person is insufficient to relieve tension (stress) or its consequences. As a result, tension accumulates, and a small negative impact is enough for a mental breakdown to occur. At the same time, a large amount of adrenal hormones are released into the blood, which increase metabolism and activate the work of organs and systems. Since the functional strength of the body, and especially the heart and blood vessels, is reduced (they are little trained), some people develop severe disorders of the cardiovascular and other systems.
Another way to protect against negative consequences stress is a change in attitude towards a situation. The main thing here is to reduce the significance of the stressful event in the eyes of a person ("it could have been worse", "it's not the end of the world", etc.). In fact, this method allows you to create a new dominant focus of excitation in the brain, which will slow down the stressful one.
A special kind of emotional stress is informational. The scientific and technological progress in which we live causes a lot of changes around a person, has a powerful impact on him, which surpasses any other environmental influence. Progress has changed the information environment, has created an information boom. As already noted, the amount of information accumulated by mankind is approximately doubling every decade, which means that each next generation needs to assimilate a much larger amount of information than the previous one. However, the brain does not change, nor does the number of cells it consists of increase. That is why, in order to assimilate the increased volume of information, in particular in the field of education, it is necessary either to increase the duration of training or to intensify this process. Since it is quite difficult to increase the duration of training, including economic reasons, it remains to increase its intensity. However, in this case, there is a natural fear of information overload. By themselves, they do not pose a threat to the psyche, since the brain has enormous capabilities for processing large amounts of information and protecting it from its excess. But if the time required for its processing is limited, this causes a strong neuropsychic tension - informational stress. In other words, undesirable stress arises when the speed of information entering the brain does not correspond to the biological and social capabilities of a person.
The most unpleasant thing is that a third factor joins the factors of the volume of information and lack of time - motivational: if the requirements for the child from parents, society, teachers are high, then the mechanisms of self-defense of the brain do not work (for example, avoidance of studies) and as a result, information overload occurs. At the same time, diligent children experience special difficulties (for example, in a first grader, when performing control work, the mental state corresponds to the state of an astronaut during spacecraft takeoff).
No less information overload is created by various types of professional activities (for example, an air traffic controller sometimes has to control up to 17 aircraft at the same time, a teacher - up to 40 individually different students, etc.).
CONCLUSION
Processes on the basis of which the central nervous system, which determines the human psyche, is quite complex. Her study continues to this day. In this work, only the basic mechanisms on which the work of the brain is based, and, therefore, the psyche, were described.
Individual characteristics of the psyche are determined by the characteristics of internal mechanisms that determine the factors that explain the behavioral characteristics of a person, his endurance, performance, perception, thinking, etc. One of these factors is the dominance of one of the hemispheres of the brain - the left or right.
Usually, emotion is defined as a special kind of mental processes that express a person's experience of his relationship to the world around him and himself. The peculiarity of emotions is that, depending on the needs of the subject, they directly assess the significance of objects and situations acting on the individual. Emotions serve as a link between reality and needs.
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that general health a person also largely depends on mental health, that is, on how well the brain functions.
It should be noted that numerous circumstances of modern life lead to an excessively strong psycho-emotional stress of a person, causing negative reactions and conditions leading to disruptions in normal mental activity.
One of the factors that help fight stressful situations is sufficient physical activity, which reduces the level of negative effects of stress that affect the psyche. However, the most important solution to this problem is to change the "attitude" of the person himself to the negative situation.
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To better understand the laws of the functioning of human mental activity, you should know the features of work physiological mechanisms that underlie the existence of the psyche: “Psychology that is not based on physiology is also untenable, like physiology that does not know about the existence of anatomy,” said V.G. Belinsky.
The psyche, according to A.G. Maklakov - "this is a property of highly organized living matter, which consists in the subject's active reflection of the objective world, in the construction by the subject of a picture of this world inalienable from him and the regulation of behavior and activity on this basis."
Man has the highest form of mental reflection, called consciousness. According to A.G. Maklakov “man possesses not only highest level mental development, but also a more developed nervous system "-" the physiological basis for the existence of the psyche.
The structure of the central nervous system
The human nervous system consists of two sections: central and peripheral. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. Its various parts are different types complex nervous activity. The higher one or another part of the brain is located, the more complex its functions.
Brain - " central department nervous system of animals and humans, providing the most perfect forms of regulation of all functions of the body, its interaction with the environment, higher nervous activity, and in humans, higher mental functions.
The brain consists of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. In these main sections of the central nervous system, the most important structures that are directly related to the functioning of the human psyche are also distinguished: the thalamus, hypothalamus, bridge, cerebellum, medulla oblongata.
Almost all departments and structures of the central and peripheral nervous system are involved in receiving and processing information, however, the cerebral cortex is of particular importance for the human psyche, which, together with the subcortical structures that make up the forebrain, determines the features of the functioning of consciousness and human thinking.
The central nervous system is connected with all organs and tissues human body. This connection is provided by the nerves that come out of the brain and spinal cord. In humans, all nerves are divided into two functional groups. The first group includes nerves that conduct signals from the outside world and body structures. The nerves included in this group are called afferent. Nerves that carry signals from the central nervous system to the periphery (organs, muscle tissues, etc.) belong to another group and are called efferent.
The central nervous system itself is a collection of nerve cells - neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body and processes - dendrites (perceiving excitation) and axons transmitting excitation). The contact of an axon with a dendrite or the body of another nerve cell is called a synapse.
Most neurons are specific, i.e. perform certain functions. For example, neurons that conduct impulses from the periphery to the CNS are called sensory neurons. In turn, the neurons responsible for the transmission of impulses from the CNS to the muscles are called motor neurons. The neurons responsible for ensuring the connection of some parts of the CNS with others are called local network neurons.
At the periphery, axons connect to miniature organic devices designed to sense various kinds energy of mechanical, electromagnetic, chemical, etc.) and converting it into the energy of a nerve impulse. These organic devices are called receptors. They are located throughout the human body. There are especially many receptors in the sense organs, specially designed for the perception of information about the surrounding world.
There are several groups of receptors. This division into groups is caused by the ability of receptors to perceive and process only one type of influence, therefore, receptors are divided into visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, skin, etc. The information received with the help of receptors is transmitted further to the corresponding section of the central nervous system, including the cerebral cortex. It should be noted that information from the same receptors comes only to a certain area of the cerebral cortex.
I.P. Pavlov introduced the concept of an analyzer. This concept denotes a relatively autonomous organic structure that ensures the processing of specific sensory information and its passage at all levels, including the central nervous system. Consequently, each analyzer consists of three structural elements: receptors, nerve fibers and the corresponding parts of the central nervous system.
The cerebral cortex is upper layer the forebrain, formed mainly by vertically oriented neurons, their processes - dendrites and bundles of axons going down to the corresponding parts of the brain, as well as axons that transmit information from the underlying brain structures. The cerebral cortex is divided into areas: temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital, and the areas themselves are divided into even smaller areas - fields.
