What are different parts of the brain responsible for? Which part of the brain is responsible for memory?

Scientists consider the frontal cortex as a set of formations that, from an early age, exhibit pronounced individuality in their anatomical structure. Among these formations there are those that are new, " human» fields that develop later in life. These include field 46.

Field 46 is a “human field”, because it is an evolutionary neoplasm that differentiates late. Field 46 is the last to mature and reaches 630% of its initial size. Because this field is inhibitory, you can notice that children do not control their movements and grab everything that is not lying well. This behavior is typical of monkeys.

General

It is impossible to specifically develop the frontal lobes of the brain in children. There is a misconception in society that physical activity promotes increased blood circulation in the brain, thereby developing all areas of the brain. Physical activity fills the motor centers of the brain, while the rest of the brain ‘ resting‘, because When performing different tasks, the brain uses specific centers, rather than the entire brain.

Based on the above, in order to determine exercises for the development of the frontal lobes, we need to find out what functions the frontal lobes are responsible for, with which we can develop the frontal lobes.

The frontal lobe, like others, consists of and substances.

Location

The frontal lobe is located in the anterior parts of the hemispheres. The frontal lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus. Anatomically it consists of four convolutions - vertical and three horizontal. The convolutions are separated by grooves. The frontal lobe makes up one third of the mass of the cortex.

Assigned functions

Evolutionarily, it so happened that the active development of the frontal lobes is not associated with mental and intellectual activity. The frontal lobes arose in humans through evolution. The more a person could share food within his community, the more likely the community could survive. In women, the frontal lobes arose for a specific purpose: sharing food. The men got this area as a gift. Without those assigned tasks that lie on the shoulders of women, men began to use the frontal lobes in a variety of ways (thinking, building, etc.) to demonstrate Dominance.

Essentially, the frontal lobes are brake centers. Also, many people ask what the left or right frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for. The question is not posed correctly, because... in the left and right frontal lobes there are corresponding fields that are responsible for specific functions. Roughly speaking, the frontal lobes are responsible for:

• thinking
• coordination of movements
• conscious control of behavior
• memory and speech centers
• display of emotions

What fields are included?

Fields and subfields are responsible for specific functions that are generalized under the frontal lobes. Because The polymorphism of the brain is enormous; the combination of the sizes of different fields makes up a person’s individuality. Why do they say that over time a person changes. Throughout life, neurons die, and the remaining ones form new connections. This introduces an imbalance in the quantitative ratio of connections between different fields that are responsible for different functions.

Not only do different people have different margin sizes, but some people may not have these margins at all. Polymorphism was identified by Soviet researchers S.A. Sarkisov, I.N. Filimonov, Yu.G. Shevchenko. They showed that the individual ways in which the cerebral cortex is structured within one ethnic group are so great that no common features can be seen.

• Field 8 - located in the posterior parts of the middle and superior frontal gyri. Has a center for voluntary eye movements
• Area 9 - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
• Area 10 - Anterior prefrontal cortex
• Area 11 - olfactory area
• Area 12 - control of the basal ganglia
• Field 32 - Receptor area of ​​emotional experiences
• Area 44 - Broca's Center (processing information about the location of the body relative to other bodies)

• Field 45 - music and motor center
• Field 46 - motor analyzer of head and eye rotation
• Field 47 - nuclear singing zone, speech motor component
  • Subfield 47.1
  • Subfield 47.2
  • Subfield 47.3
  • Subfield 47.4
  • Subfield 47.5

Symptoms of the lesion

Symptoms of the lesion are revealed in such a way that the selected functions are no longer adequately performed. The main thing is not to confuse some symptoms with laziness or imposed thoughts on this matter, although this is part of frontal lobe diseases.

• Uncontrollable grasping reflexes (Schuster reflex)
• Uncontrolled grasping reflexes when the skin of the hand is irritated at the base of the fingers (Yanishevsky-Bekhterev Reflex)
• Extension of the toes due to irritation of the skin of the foot (Hermann's sign)
• Maintaining an awkward arm position (Barre's sign)
• Constantly rubbing your nose (Duff's sign)
• Speech Impairment
• Loss of motivation
• Inability to concentrate
• Memory impairment

The following injuries and illnesses may cause these symptoms:

• Alzheimer's disease
• Frontotemporal dementia
• Traumatic brain injuries
• Strokes
• Oncological diseases

With such diseases and symptoms, a person may not be recognizable. A person may lose motivation, and his sense of defining personal boundaries becomes blurred. Impulsive behavior associated with the satisfaction of biological needs is possible. Because disruption of the frontal lobes (inhibitory) opens the boundaries to biological behavior controlled by the limbic system.

Answers to popular questions

• Where is the speech center in the brain?
  • Located in Broca's center, namely in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus
• Where is the memory center in the brain?
  • Memory can be different (auditory, visual, gustatory, etc.). Depending on which center processes certain sensors, information from this sensor is stored in those centers

Biological Memory is the ability of living organisms to perceive information about irritation, consolidate and store it, and subsequently use the amount of stored information to organize behavior.

There is a distinction between genetic and acquired memory. Genetic memory– information received from parents through reproductive cells. The carrier of genetic memory are nucleic acids. DNA molecules contain information about the structure of a particular organism and its functioning in the form of a genetic code. Acquired (individual) memory- arises in ontogenesis based on life experience and is associated with the properties of the nervous system. There are four types of conscious memory: motor associated with memorizing and reproducing movements; figurative, the basis of which is memorizing objects and their properties; verbal-logical associated with memorizing, recognizing and reproducing thoughts and concepts; emotional memory, responsible for remembering and reproducing sensory perceptions together with the objects that cause them.

Short term memory - memory to events that have just taken place. (memory lasts 0.5 hours).

Long term memory- the main type of memory of a person, thanks to which he can exist as an individual. This memory stores all images, events, knowledge, skills, without exception. This memory is the basis of human conditioned reflex activity.

Age characteristics

A distinctive characteristic of the memory of preschoolers is the predominance of figurative memory, especially visual, over verbal. From the age of 4, voluntary memory skills begin to manifest themselves, expressed in the adoption of the “remember” task. Particularly successful voluntary memory manifests itself in a playful form. The main methods of memorization are repetition. At the age of 6 years, children already have ideas about voluntary methods of memorization in everyday life, but they do not transfer to the educational situation. As general mental development progresses, fundamental changes in memory occur. In the course of mastering educational material, younger schoolchildren widely use judgments and inferences, although at the same time they try to accurately imitate the teacher’s model. The visual-figurative nature of memory and the orientation towards the exact assimilation of what the teacher offers lead to such a feature of memory as literalness, which manifests itself in the reproduction of texts. People don't necessarily become wiser with age, but they often lose self-confidence. We begin to worry about forgetfulness over trifles, which we previously did not attach importance to, for example, the fact that we keep losing our keys or forgetting where we parked the car. This kind of forgetfulness happens to anyone at any age. But at 20 years old it doesn’t bother me one bit, and at 40 years old we are already thinking: “What’s happening to me? Or am I already approaching the end of my life?

Parts of the brain responsible for memory. The left hemisphere responds predominantly, while the right hemisphere dominates involuntary forms of memory. Trauma to the occipital region can lead to defects in visual memory, and disturbances in the parietal region can affect tactile memory. Problems in the motor area of ​​the brain can lead to problems with motor memory.

Sleep, sleep phases, hypnogenic zones of the brain.

Sleep is a special physiological state of a person.

Currently, there are 2 main phases of sleep:

1. REM sleep - the duration of REM sleep is 20-30 minutes. At this time, a person dreams. There is an increase in the tone of the limbs, twitching of the limbs, rotation of the eyeballs, increased breathing and heart rate. If a person wakes up during REM sleep, he is able to remember dreams.

2. The slow-wave sleep phase lasts approximately 1.5-2 hours. It is characterized by complete relaxation of the body, decreased breathing and heartbeat. I don't dream.

The normal sleep duration for an adult is 8 hours. During this time, sleep phases change places several times (about 4 times). A person has at least 4 dreams per night.

Hypnogenic areas of the brain include:

1) Visual tuberosities;

2) Reticular formation;

3) Frontal lobes of the cerebrum.

The parts of the human brain are components of one “team”. The contribution of each participant in the game is important, otherwise coordinated work will not work - and we will not be able to be ourselves. This happens when a person suffers a brain injury. This is exactly how scientists established the functions of various parts of the brain - based on observations of neurologists' patients. Although the brain is a very plastic organ, damaged areas can restore their functions at the expense of other parts.

So, what parts is our brain divided into? What are the main divisions? Western scientists distinguish the rhomboid and neocortex. Let's take a closer look at these departments.

Diamond brain

This is the most ancient region of the brain, also called the reptilian brain. That is, it is common to most evolutionarily advanced species. It is responsible for the most basic functions of the human body. The rhombencephalon consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum. What do they do in the body? This will be discussed further.

Medulla deals with the automatic functions of your body, there are centers for breathing, digestion and regulation of heart contractions. Therefore, if this part of the brain is injured, it is almost impossible to save the person.

Bridge determines the level of our vigor and productivity, and it also transmits sensory impressions higher to the brain. Our performance depends on the state of this part of the brain.

Cerebellum traditionally considered the main organ that deals with motor memory.

Limbic system

This part of the brain is called the emotional brain or the ancient mammalian brain. This is where our feelings live, this is where memory begins. This part of the brain combines memory and emotion to influence our behavior and day-to-day emotional decision-making. This is where value judgments are born. This part of the brain decides what is meaningful and what is not: information is filtered. The parts of the brain included in it are responsible for spontaneity and creativity.

Amygdala responsible for the accumulation of emotionally charged information. Its participation in the formation of the emotion of fear is especially important. It gives the command to release stress hormones, makes our hands sweat, and our hearts beat faster and faster.

Hippocampus deals with memory and a little learning in general. It prepares information for transfer to long-term memory, helps us understand spatial relationships and interpret incoming signals from

Hypothalamus - endocrine brain, closely connected with the pituitary gland. It deals with circadian rhythms (responsible for the desire to sleep longer, and also wakes us up the next day), maintaining a constant environment in the body, controlling the desire to eat, maintaining the balance of fluids.

Thalamus- a point for collecting information from all underlying structures, including about the state of the body and various sensations.

Neocortex

This is the most advanced formation in the brain, the most evolutionarily new. It is called the rational brain because of its extreme importance for human intellectual function. The cerebral cortex (neocortex) is divided into two hemispheres. They control opposite sides of the body. Each of them has different functions.

Frontal lobe - the biggest “boss” of the brain. It does not allow a person to be impulsive, inhibits drives, is responsible for analysis and planning, and in people with its disorders such complex forms of behavior also change as without the normal function of this lobe, altruism and empathy are impossible.

Parietal lobe- a center that allows us to process sensations from the skin and internal organs, including pain. Also helps calculate the speed of objects and is involved in recognition and spatial orientation.

Temporal lobe processes sound perception. Wernicke's area is located here, which allows us to recognize speech.

Occipital lobe perceives and processes visual information, is involved in some forms

Corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres together.

As you can see, the parts of the brain are closely connected and perform a variety of functions, but all of them are necessary so that we can perform the actions we are accustomed to. Good luck with your studies!

Scientists distinguish three main parts of the human brain: the hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain. All three are clearly visible already in a four-week embryo in the form of “brain bubbles.” Historically, the hindbrain and midbrain are considered more ancient. They are responsible for vital internal functions of the body: maintaining blood flow, breathing. The forebrain is responsible for human forms of communication with the outside world (thinking, memory, speech), which will interest us primarily in the light of the problems discussed in this book.

To understand why each disease affects the patient's behavior differently, you need to know the basic principles of brain organization.

1. The first principle is division of functions by hemispheres - lateralization. The brain is physically divided into two hemispheres: left and right. Despite their external similarity and active interaction provided by a large number of special fibers, functional asymmetry in the functioning of the brain can be seen quite clearly. Copes with some functions better right hemisphere (for most people it is responsible for imaginative and creative work), and with others left (associated with abstract thinking, symbolic activity and rationality).
2. The second principle is also related to the distribution of functions across different areas of the brain. Although this organ works as a single whole and many higher human functions are ensured by the coordinated work of different parts, the “division of labor” between the lobes of the cerebral cortex can be seen quite clearly.

In the cerebral cortex it is possible to distinguish four lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal. In accordance with the first principle - the principle of lateralization - each lobe has its own pair.

The frontal lobes can be called the command post of the brain. Here are centers that are not so much responsible for a separate action, but rather provide such qualities as independence and initiative of a person, his ability for critical self-evaluation. Damage to the frontal lobes causes carelessness, meaningless aspirations, fickleness and a tendency to make inappropriate jokes. With the loss of motivation due to atrophy of the frontal lobes, a person becomes passive, loses interest in what is happening, and remains in bed for hours. Often others mistake this behavior for laziness, not suspecting that changes in behavior are a direct consequence of the death of nerve cells in this area of ​​the cerebral cortex

According to modern science, Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common causes of dementia, is caused by the formation of protein deposits around (and inside) neurons, which prevent these neurons from communicating with other cells and lead to their death. Since scientists have not found effective ways to prevent the formation of protein plaques, the main method of drug control against Alzheimer's disease remains the impact on the work of mediators that ensure communication between neurons. In particular, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors affect acetylcholine, and memantine drugs affect glutamate. Others mistake this behavior for laziness, not suspecting that changes in behavior are a direct consequence of the death of nerve cells in this area of ​​the cerebral cortex.

An important function of the frontal lobes is control and behavior management. It is from this part of the brain that the command comes, preventing the performance of socially undesirable actions (for example, the grasping reflex or unseemly behavior towards others). When this zone is affected in dementia patients, it is as if their internal limiter is turned off, which previously prevented them from expressing obscenities and using obscene words.

The frontal lobes are responsible for arbitrary actions, for their organization and planning, as well as mastering skills. It is thanks to them that gradually work that initially seemed complex and difficult to complete becomes automatic and does not require much effort. If the frontal lobes are damaged, a person is doomed to do his work every time as if for the first time: for example, his ability to cook, go to the store, etc. falls apart. Another variant of disorders associated with the frontal lobes is the patient’s “fixation” on the action being performed, or perseveration. Perseveration can manifest itself both in speech (repetition of the same word or whole phrase) and in other actions (for example, aimlessly moving objects from place to place).

The dominant (usually left) frontal lobe has many areas responsible for different aspects of speech person, his attention and abstract thinking.

Let us finally note the participation of the frontal lobes in maintaining an upright body position. When they are affected, the patient develops a shallow mincing gait and a bent posture.

The temporal lobes in the upper regions process auditory sensations, turning them into sound images. Since hearing is the channel through which speech sounds are transmitted to humans, the temporal lobes (especially the dominant left) play a critical role in facilitating speech communication. It is in this part of the brain that the recognition and filling with meaning words addressed to a person, as well as the selection of language units to express their own meanings. The non-dominant lobe (right in right-handed people) is involved in recognizing intonation patterns and facial expressions.

The anterior and medial portions of the temporal lobes are associated with the sense of smell. Today it has been proven that the appearance of problems with the sense of smell in an elderly patient may be a signal of developing, but not yet identified, Alzheimer's disease.

A small, seahorse-shaped area on the inner surface of the temporal lobes (the hippocampus) controls human long-term memory. It is the temporal lobes that store our memories. The dominant (usually left) temporal lobe deals with verbal memory and object names, the non-dominant is used for visual memory.

Simultaneous damage to both temporal lobes leads to serenity, loss of visual recognition and hypersexuality.

The functions performed by the parietal lobes differ for the dominant and non-dominant sides.

The dominant side (usually the left) is responsible for the ability to understand the structure of the whole through the correlation of its parts (their order, structure) and for our the ability to put parts together into a whole. This applies to a variety of things. For example, to read you need to be able to put letters into words and words into phrases. Same with numbers and figures. The same share allows you to master a sequence of related movements necessary to achieve a certain result (a disorder of this function is called apraxia). For example, the inability to dress independently, often noted in patients with Alzheimer's disease, is not caused by impaired coordination, but by forgetting the movements necessary to achieve a specific goal.

The dominant side is also responsible for feeling of your body: for distinguishing its right and left parts, for knowledge of the relationship of a separate part to the whole.

The non-dominant side (usually the right) is the center that, by combining information coming from the occipital lobes, provides three-dimensional perception of the surrounding world. Disruption of this area of ​​the cortex leads to visual agnosia - the inability to recognize objects, faces, or the surrounding landscape. Because visual information is processed in the brain separately from information coming from other senses, the patient in some cases has the opportunity to compensate for problems in visual recognition. For example, a patient who does not recognize a loved one by sight can recognize him by his voice during a conversation. This side is also involved in the spatial orientation of the individual: the dominant parietal lobe is responsible for the internal space of the body, and the non-dominant one is responsible for recognizing objects in external space and for determining the distance to these objects and between them.

Both parietal lobes are involved in the perception of heat, cold and pain.

The occipital lobes are responsible for processing of visual information. In fact, everything that we see, we do not see with our eyes, which only record the irritation of the light acting on them and translate it into electrical impulses. We “see” with the occipital lobes, which interpret signals from the eyes. Knowing this, it is necessary to distinguish between weakened visual acuity in an elderly person and problems associated with his ability to perceive objects. Visual acuity (the ability to see small objects) depends on the work of the eyes, perception is a product of the work of the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain. Information about color, shape, and motion is processed separately in the occipital lobe of the cortex before being received in the parietal lobe to be converted into a three-dimensional representation. When communicating with dementia patients, it is important to take into account that their failure to recognize surrounding objects may be caused by the inability of normal signal processing in the brain and has nothing to do with visual acuity.

Concluding a short story about the brain, it is necessary to say a few words about its blood supply, since problems in its vascular system are one of the most common (and in Russia, perhaps the most common) causes of dementia.

For neurons to function normally, they need constant energy supply, which they receive thanks to three arteries supplying blood to the brain: two internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery. They connect to each other and form an arterial (Willisian) circle, which allows you to nourish all parts of the brain. When, for some reason (for example, a stroke), the blood supply to certain parts of the brain is weakened or completely stopped, neurons die and dementia develops.

Often in science fiction novels (and in popular science publications) the work of the brain is compared to the work of a computer. This is not true for many reasons. Firstly, unlike a man-made machine, the brain was formed as a result of a natural process of self-organization and does not require any external program. Hence the radical differences in the principles of its operation from the functioning of an inorganic and non-autonomous device with an embedded program. Secondly (and for our problem this is very important), the various fragments of the nervous system are not connected in a rigid way, like computer blocks and cables stretched between them. The connection between cells is incomparably more subtle, dynamic, responding to many different factors. This is the power of our brain, allowing it to sensitively respond to the slightest failures in the system and compensate for them. And this is also its weakness, since not a single one of these failures goes away without a trace, and over time their combination reduces the potential of the system, its ability to perform compensatory processes. Then changes begin in a person’s condition (and then in his behavior), which scientists call cognitive disorders and which over time lead to a disease such as.

A person is a complex organism, consisting of many organs united into a single network, the work of which is regulated precisely and impeccably. The main function of regulating the functioning of the body is performed by the central nervous system (CNS). This is a complex system, including several organs and peripheral nerve endings and receptors. The most important organ of this system is the brain - a complex computing center responsible for the proper functioning of the entire organism.

General information about the structure of the brain

They have been trying to study it for a long time, but for all this time scientists have not been able to accurately and unambiguously answer the question 100% of what it is and how this organ works. Many functions have been studied, for some there are only guesses.

Visually, it can be divided into three main parts: the cerebellum and the cerebral hemispheres. However, this division does not reflect the full versatility of the functioning of this organ. In more detail, these parts are divided into departments responsible for certain functions of the body.

Oblong section

The human central nervous system is an inextricable mechanism. A smooth transitional element from the spinal segment of the central nervous system is the medulla oblongata. Visually, it can be represented in the form of a truncated cone with the base at the top or a small onion head with thickenings diverging from it - connecting to the intermediate section.

There are three different functions of the department - sensory, reflex and conductive. Its tasks include controlling the basic protective (gag reflex, sneezing, coughing) and unconscious reflexes (heartbeat, breathing, blinking, salivation, secretion of gastric juice, swallowing, metabolism). In addition, the medulla oblongata is responsible for such senses as balance and coordination of movements.

Midbrain

The next department responsible for communication with the spinal cord is the middle one. But the main function of this department is to process nerve impulses and adjust the performance of the hearing aid and the human visual center. After processing the received information, this formation sends impulse signals to respond to stimuli: turning the head towards the sound, changing body position in case of danger. Additional functions include regulation of body temperature, muscle tone, and arousal.

The human midbrain is responsible for such an important ability of the body as sleep.

The middle section has a complex structure. There are 4 clusters of nerve cells - tubercles, two of which are responsible for visual perception, the other two for hearing. Nerve clusters are connected to each other and to other parts of the brain and spinal cord by the same nerve-conducting tissue, visually similar to legs. The total size of the segment does not exceed 2 cm in an adult.

Diencephalon

The department is even more complex in structure and functions. Anatomically, the diencephalon is divided into several parts: Pituitary gland. This is a small appendage of the brain that is responsible for the secretion of necessary hormones and regulation of the body's endocrine system.

Conventionally divided into several parts, each of which performs its own function:

• The adenohypophysis is a regulator of peripheral endocrine glands.
• The neurohypophysis is connected to the hypothalamus and accumulates the hormones it produces.

Hypothalamus

A small area of ​​the brain whose most important function is to control heart rate and blood pressure in blood vessels. Additionally, the hypothalamus is responsible for some of the emotional manifestations by producing the necessary hormones to suppress stressful situations. Another important function is the control of hunger, satiety and thirst. To top it off, the hypothalamus is the center of sexual activity and pleasure.

Epithalamus

The main task of this department is to regulate the daily biological rhythm. With the help of produced hormones, it influences the duration of sleep at night and normal wakefulness during the day. It is the epithalamus that adapts our body to the conditions of “daylight” and divides people into “night owls” and “larks”. Another task of the epithalamus is to regulate the body’s metabolism.

Thalamus

This formation is very important for a correct understanding of the world around us. It is the thalamus that is responsible for processing and interpreting impulses coming from peripheral receptors. This information processing center brings together data from the visual nerves, hearing aid, temperature receptors of the body, olfactory receptors and pain points.

Posterior

Like previous sections, the hindbrain includes subsections. The main part is the cerebellum, the second is the pons, which is a small cushion of nerve tissue that connects the cerebellum with other parts and the blood vessels that supply the brain.

Cerebellum

In its shape, the cerebellum resembles the cerebral hemispheres; it consists of two parts, connected by a “worm” - a complex of conducting nervous tissue. The main hemispheres consist of nerve cell nuclei, or “gray matter,” folded together to increase surface area and volume. This part is located in the occipital part of the skull and completely occupies its entire posterior fossa.

The main function of this department is the coordination of motor functions. However, the cerebellum does not initiate movements of the arms or legs - it only controls accuracy and clarity, the order of movements, motor skills and posture.

The second important task is the regulation of cognitive functions. These include: attention, understanding, awareness of language, regulation of the feeling of fear, sense of time, awareness of the nature of pleasure.

Large hemispheres of the brain

The bulk and volume of the brain is located in the terminal section or cerebral hemispheres. There are two hemispheres: the left - mostly responsible for analytical thinking and speech functions of the body, and the right - whose main task is abstract thinking and all processes associated with creativity and interaction with the outside world.

Structure of the telencephalon

The cerebral hemispheres are the main “processing unit” of the central nervous system. Despite their different “specializations,” these segments complement each other.

The cerebral hemispheres are a complex system of interaction between the nuclei of nerve cells and nerve-conducting tissues connecting the main areas of the brain. The upper surface, called the cortex, consists of a huge number of nerve cells. It is called gray matter. In the light of general evolutionary development, the cortex is the youngest and most developed formation of the central nervous system and has reached its highest development in humans. It is she who is responsible for the formation of higher neuropsychic functions and complex forms of human behavior. To increase the usable area, the surface of the hemispheres is assembled into folds or convolutions. The inner surface of the cerebral hemispheres consists of white matter - processes of nerve cells responsible for conducting nerve impulses and communicating with the rest of the segments of the central nervous system.

In turn, each of the hemispheres is conventionally divided into 4 parts or lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal.

Occipital lobes

The main function of this conditional part is the processing of neural signals coming from the visual centers. It is here that the usual concepts of color, volume and other three-dimensional properties of a visible object are formed from light stimuli.

Parietal lobes

This segment is responsible for the occurrence of pain and processing signals from the body's thermal receptors. This is where their common work ends.

The parietal lobe of the left hemisphere is responsible for structuring information packages, allowing you to operate with logical operators, count and read. Also, this area forms awareness of the holistic structure of the human body, determination of the right and left parts, coordination of individual movements into a single whole.

The right one is engaged in generalizing information flows that are generated by the occipital lobes and the left parietal lobe. In this area, a general three-dimensional picture of the perception of the environment, spatial position and orientation, and calculation of perspective are formed.

Temporal lobes

This segment can be compared to a computer’s “hard drive” – a long-term storage of information. This is where all the memories and knowledge of a person collected over a lifetime are stored. The right temporal lobe is responsible for visual memory - image memory. Left - all concepts and descriptions of individual objects are stored here, interpretation and comparison of images, their names and characteristics takes place.

As for speech recognition, both temporal lobes are involved in this procedure. However, their functions are different. If the left lobe is called upon to recognize the semantic load of the words heard, then the right lobe interprets the intonation coloring and compares it with the speaker’s facial expressions. Another function of this part of the brain is the perception and decoding of neural impulses coming from the olfactory receptors of the nose.

Frontal lobes

This part is responsible for such properties of our consciousness as critical self-esteem, adequacy of behavior, awareness of the degree of meaninglessness of actions, and mood. General human behavior also depends on the proper functioning of the frontal lobes of the brain; violations lead to inappropriate and antisocial behavior. The process of learning, mastering skills, and acquiring conditioned reflexes depends on the proper functioning of this part of the brain. This also applies to the degree of activity and curiosity of a person, his initiative and awareness of decisions.

To systematize the functions of the GM, they are presented in the table:

Brain department	Functions
Medulla	Control of basic protective reflexes. Control of unconscious reflexes. Control of balance and coordination of movements.
Midbrain	Processing of nerve impulses, visual and auditory centers, response to them. Regulation of body temperature, muscle tone, arousal, sleep.
Diencephalon Hypothalamus Epithalamus	Secretion of hormones and regulation of the body's endocrine system. Awareness of the surrounding world, processing and interpretation of impulses coming from peripheral receptors. Processing information from peripheral receptors Monitoring heart rate and blood pressure. Hormone production. Monitoring the state of hunger, thirst, satiety. Regulation of the daily biological rhythm, regulation of the body's metabolism.
hindbrain Cerebellum	Coordination of motor functions. Regulation of cognitive functions: attention, understanding, awareness of language, regulation of the feeling of fear, sense of time, awareness of the nature of pleasure.
Large hemispheres of the brain Occipital lobes Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Frontal lobes.	Processing of neural signals coming from the eyes. Interpretation of pain and heat sensations, responsibility for the ability to read and write, logical and analytical thinking ability. Long-term storage of information. Interpretation and comparison of information, recognition of speech and facial expressions, decoding of neural impulses coming from olfactory receptors. Critical self-esteem, adequacy of behavior, mood. The process of learning, mastering skills, acquiring conditioned reflexes.

Interaction of brain parts

In addition to the fact that each part of the brain has its own tasks, the holistic structure determines consciousness, character, temperament and other psychological characteristics of behavior. The formation of certain types is determined by varying degrees of influence and activity of one or another segment of the brain.

The first psychotype or choleric. The formation of this type of temperament occurs under the dominant influence of the frontal lobes of the cortex and one of the subsections of the diencephalon - the hypothalamus. The first generates determination and desire, the second section reinforces these emotions with the necessary hormones.

The characteristic interaction of the departments that determines the second type of temperament - sanguine - is the joint work of the hypothalamus and hippocampus (the lower part of the temporal lobes). The main function of the hippocampus is to maintain short-term memory and convert acquired knowledge into long-term memory. The result of such interaction is an open, inquisitive and interested type of human behavior.

Melancholic people are the third type of temperamental behavior. This variant is formed due to increased interaction between the hippocampus and another formation of the cerebral hemispheres - the amygdala. At the same time, the activity of the cortex and hypothalamus is reduced. The amygdala takes on the entire “blow” of exciting signals. But since the perception of the main areas of the brain is inhibited, the reaction to excitement is low, which in turn affects behavior.

In turn, by forming strong connections, the frontal lobe is able to set an active pattern of behavior. When the cortex of this area interacts with the tonsils, the central nervous system generates only highly significant impulses, while ignoring unimportant events. All this leads to the formation of a Phlegmatic model of behavior - a strong, purposeful person with an awareness of priority goals.